Search

Strategic partnerships (SPs) have grown exponentially over the last decade in the Asia-Pacific. However, little remains known in the international security studies (ISS) literature regarding why they have proliferated now and how to best understand what they mean for regional security. In this article, I argue that SPs are best understood as a new security practice in the Asia-Pacific that allows states and multilateral actors to flexibly manage threats, strategic challenges, and interests through cooperation and common norm building. To evidence this argument, I adopt a functional approach to SPs that draws upon the mainstream ISS theories of realism, liberalism and constructivism and synthesises them where possible to draw attention to a wide range of causal factors responsible for them. Analyses guided by eclecticism can provide an all-encompassing tool for explanatory and comparative studies on Asia-Pacific security to draw a broader range of conclusions than any one approach allows for. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Learning and development are well established as concepts in educational psychology. Gert Biesta has used terms such as "learnification" and "developmentalism" to describe a tendency that, in his view, removes existential qualities from teaching and education. Although important in the right contexts, the concepts do not represent the core of what education should be about, he claims. Jostein Sæther notes that in many ways he shares Biesta's view on the most fundamental quality of education, i.e., helping young people exist as independent subjects in confrontation with their own will, responsibility, and freedom. In this paper, he addresses the overarching question of whether it is possible and desirable to think educationally about psychology in educational theory, specifically through relating Biesta's critique to selected handbooks, reviews, and metaliterature. Sæther does not propose integrating educational psychology into Biesta's existential theory but rather hopes to open a dialogue on different points of view that challenge each other in fruitful ways. The process of discussing certain principles, problems, and examples should yield a certain kind of "unclean" educational psychology, one that is relevant to "subjectification." There are problems related to eclecticism and the tension between essence and existence, yet, in this context, Sæther sees a dialogical project as the only way forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past decades, psychology and sociology researchers have independently identified similar patterns of cultural dispositions. These patterns notably involve differences in terms of eclecticism, openness, and aesthetic disposition. While some scholars have theoretically fused these constructs, the extent to which they empirically overlap is unclear. In addition, the extent to which personality traits vary with social factors has received insufficient attention to date. The present study had 3 main goals. First, we assessed the respective influence of social and psychological factors on aesthetic disposition and eclecticism. Second, we sought to clarify the contours of the constructs of aesthetic disposition, eclecticism, and openness. Third, we examined the social contingency of personality traits. Based on the assessment of aesthetic disposition and of both cinematographic and musical eclecticism in high-school students (N = 873), the conducted analyses revealed that personality trait openness and socioeconomic status were the best psychological and social predictors of cultural dispositions. In addition, our results suggest that the constructs of aesthetic disposition and eclecticism, on the one hand, and of "cultural openness" and personality trait openness on the other hand, cover distinct phenomena. Our findings also indicated that cinematographic and musical eclecticisms correlated moderately. The view of a general, or cross-area, eclecticism might thus be misleading. Finally, a strong positive association between socioeconomic status and personality trait openness was found. All in all, these findings stress the importance of adopting an interdisciplinary approach to cultural dispositions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article revisits the classic Needham question by reassessing its heuristic value, analytical pitfalls, and historiographical significance. It also examines the definition, logic (internal and external), and modernity of science before providing a macro-comparative view of its early modern development at both ends of Eurasia. This article advocates a more eclectic approach to the history of techno-science that combines different sets of seemingly dichotomous variables with the aim of explaining its diversified change in different spatial-temporal contexts. It concludes by calling attention to the enigma of China's techno-scientific resurgence over the past several decades, which constitutes a modern sequel to the Needham puzzle that foregrounds its growing contemporary, futuristic, and global relevance. Needham's powerful narrative on cross-cultural dialog, earnest desire to fuse Eastern and Western science as well as optimistic vision of human progress are the most important intellectual legacy of his pioneering work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to describe a new coding and data analysis method for qualitative researchers, especially in education and health inquiry. We label this method Heroic Coding, a proposal for understanding the role of education and health personnel in apocalyptic scenarios. We propose this method as a subtype within Literature and Language Coding methods described in Saldaña's The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers. Heroic Coding employs, in the first cycle coding, an eclectic strategy and, in the second cycle, an elaborative strategy to refine conceptual dimensions about heroes and heroic subjectivities. This article uses a data set from empirical research in education policy enactments to illustrate Heroic Coding in action. Furthermore, we reflect on future possibilities and limitations of this coding method for qualitative research in apocalyptic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pragmatism, responding to the call for 'decentring International Relations', fosters analytical eclecticism for resolving inter-paradigmatic disputes. John Dewey's pragmatism aligns seamlessly with constructivism, offering nuanced insights. However, in bilateral relations, pragmatism is often confined within realist frameworks, lacking analytical rigor for understanding governmentality. In this article, the author challenges this by emphasizing relational power dynamics and non-neutral knowledge, introducing 'balancing pragmatism' rooted in 'bricolage' for nuanced governance. Leveraging Foucauldian insights, the author reconceptualizes governance pragmatism within the power-knowledge interplay, illustrated by the India–Bangladesh Land Boundary Agreement (LBA). The LBA's success challenges realist power paradigms, recognizing the pivotal role of Foucauldian dynamics in enhancing pragmatic balancing. This enriches the constructivist paradigm with discerning governance. Interpreting pragmatism through a Foucauldian lens in the LBA underscores implications for bilateral governance, highlighting analytical eclecticism and adaptability within a Foucauldian framework to address geopolitical challenges. It advocates for a more inclusive analytical approach in international relations. Understanding 'balancing pragmatism' is crucial for practitioners, challenging the state-centric paradigm and emphasizing nuanced governance through the transformative intersection of power and knowledge. Interpreting pragmatism as a Foucauldian-informed balancing act, as seen in the LBA, holds broad implications for IR, urging scholars to integrate Foucault's dynamics for nuanced global analyses of pragmatic balancing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay reviews Celso Furtado's intellectual legacy, highlighting his enormous importance for economic thought. It adopts the method of comparing Furtado to another great Brazilian economist, Mário Henrique Simonsen, emphasizing the superiority of the former over the latter in several essential aspects. It also discusses the relation of Furtado to Keynes and the Keynesian economic tradition, on the one hand, and to Marx and Marxism, on the other. It highlights, in conclusion, his links to nationalism and romanticism, expressed in his attachment to Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The question of whether Islamic philosophy can be considered as an authentic form of philosophy has been a subject of prolonged discourse. Various perspectives have emerged, presenting three distinct approaches to this matter. The first approach, primarily advocated by orientalists, contends that Islamic philosophy lacks authenticity. Contrarily, the second viewpoint asserts that while Islamic philosophy exhibits eclecticism, it represents a form of creative eclecticism. Finally, the third perspective posits that Islamic philosophy is unequivocally authentic, affirming its rightful place within the realm of philosophical discourse. Regrettably, Islamic philosophy, despite its profound significance during the Middle Ages, has not received the recognition it truly deserves within the pages of philosophical history books. Authors have often allocated only brief sections to this rich philosophical tradition, overlooking its depth and influence. It is frequently emphasized that Islamic philosophy serves as a continuation of Greek philosophy, acting as a vital bridge that connects the realms of Ancient Greek philosophy and medieval Western philosophy. Orientalists regarded Muslim philosophers as mere interpreters of Ancient Greek philosophers, ignoring their philosophical authenticity. Recent studies have revealed that this prejudiced approach of the orientalists is fallacious. Medieval Islamic philosophy, which reached its golden age during the 9th-13th centuries, began to be rediscovered. Islamic philosophy introduced completely novel themes with Sufism and theology, and, developed fresh and innovative perspectives by integrating Greek philosophy. In particular, unique insights and movements have been put forward on subjects such as Ghazalism, Illuminationism, Eastern philosophy, occasionalism, methodical skepticism, the theory of creation ex nihilo, prophecy, the relationship between philosophy and religion, and critical analysis of the ideas put forth by ancient philosophers. While the Western world underwent a “dark age” during The Middle Ages; the Islamic world experienced a remarkable and intellectually vibrant “philosophical” movement. The movement, which can be called the “Miracle of the Muslims”, holds significant prominence within universal culture, in terms of both being an inseparable part of Islamic civilization and a crucial milestone in the development of Western philosophy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Walter Charleton is an often-overlooked figure in the history of seventeenth-century philosophy, frequently thought of as a mere conduit for the ideas of others, rather than a significant thinker in his own right. As a self-described "eclectic," Charleton saw himself as avoiding dogmatism by selecting the best ideas from his sources and fitting them together into a new, coherent system. Here I argue his method allowed him to innovate on his sources, and led to attempts at overcoming the limitations of the systems he drew on. My focus is Charleton's Natural History of the Passions (1674) and what it takes from René Descartes's Passions of the Soul (1650). There are two benefits to this analysis. First, it will help contextualise Charleton's work and defend him against the accusation of lacking originality. Second, it will further our understanding of a hitherto understudied facet of Descartes's influence in early modern England. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building on recent scholarship on the role of the Frankfurt Book Fair in contemporary book culture, this paper looks at FBM2021, Canada's guest-of-honour campaign for the 2021 Frankfurt Book Fair. FBM2021's brand, "Singular Plurality," depended on Indigenous authors and their writing to signify the post-reconciliation eclecticism that is at the heart of Canadian Heritage's current cultural export strategy. The sign of reconciliation—part of a settler strategy that Lowman and Barker identify as transcendence ––is particularly treacherous in this context because it folds Indigenous writers and their work into a creative-economy logic that depends on cultural diversity as a unifying sign, while actively suppressing questions regarding Indigenous sovereignty. We argue that the campaign's silencing of questions of production is the motor of transcendence. Drawing on a survey we conducted with Indigenous-owned publishers in Canada, we attend to the unique needs of Indigenous-owned publishers to make visible the fact that reconciliation is not simply a matter of culture; it is at the same time always a matter of political and economic sovereignty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the beginning of the twentieth century, in Havana, the technical requirements of timber as a construction material together with the desire to be fashionable gave rise to an architecture in wood that assimilated in its decoration the ornamental masonry detailing typical of contemporary Neoclassical and Eclectic architecture. Cuban traditional construction methods and techniques were combined with influences from abroad, especially from the US, to create a local product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawn inspiration from phenomenal attributes and translating them into heuristic model tools is one of the effective means to promote architectural form innovation. However, over-reliance on perception indicates greater risks in decision-making. Nowadays, AI-generated Content (AIGC) technology combines the advantages of information comprehensiveness and modelling efficiency, providing new possibilities for the translation of architectural attributes. Based on attribute study, this paper proposes a new approach to spatial translation that uses the Generative Adversarial Network (VQGAN + CLIP) to realize the visualization of abstract concepts and then adds multi-dimensional influence through the Keyframe Style Transfer technology. The eclectic attribute is used as an example for the 2D and virtual 3D translation feasibility experiments. The article aims to improve the scientificity and influence of spatial translation through a technical organization from the perspective of architects. While providing an innovative, democratic and efficient aided-design tool also highlights a new angle for AIGC-involved pre-design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to explore how rural has been approached from Geography in Argentina in the last decade, through what topics, by which perspectives, through an analysis of academic production published in Geography journals of different universities in the country. Using the technique of content analysis, numerous scientific writings have been traced that not only show the continuity of the process of renewal of rural geography under emerging questions of inquiry and new ways of approach, but also reinforce the eclecticism and heterogeneity of this field of studies in Argentina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What does the decline in paradigmatic self-identification mean for how international relations (IR) scholars think about the world? We answer this question with a 2020 survey among nearly two thousand IR scholars. We uncover a two-dimensional latent theoretical belief space based on scholarly agreement with conjectures about the state, ideas, international institutions, domestic politics, globalization, and racism. The first dimension separates status quo–oriented scholars from more critical scholars. The second dimension captures the realist–institutionalist divide. We have three key findings. First, non-paradigmatic scholars vary greatly in their theoretical beliefs. Second, measurement invariance tests show that there is a similar structure underlying the beliefs of paradigmatic and non-paradigmatic scholars. Third, we find no evidence that non-paradigmatic scholars rely less on their theoretical beliefs in making predictions about conflict, institutions, political economy, democracy, and human rights. Instead, the positions of scholars in the two-dimensional theoretical belief space rather than self-assigned paradigmatic labels correlate with predictions about the world. Our findings suggest that non-paradigmatic scholars are not so different from self-identified Liberals, Constructivists, and Realists, although the decline of paradigmatic self-identification may still matter for how scholars organize debates and disciplinary divides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jusqu'aux années vingt, les Juifs de France restent hermétiques à la dynamique de développement des activités sportives dans la société française. Mais, confrontées à des vagues successives d'immigration et à une montée progressive de l'antisémitisme, les communautés juives développent dans l'entre-deux-guerres un ensemble de réseaux et d'organisations favorables au développement des activités corporelles. Le sport devient alors un outil au service de ces organisations juives, qui l'utilisent selon des modalités et objectifs parfois très différents. Ne partageant pas exactement les mêmes visions de l'individu à former ni les mêmes objectifs, elles ne parviennent pas à s'associer pour se constituer en une institution sportive juive commune, influente, structurante et stable dans l'hexagone. L'étude du développement du sport communautaire juif est finalement pertinente pour mettre en évidence les multiples fonctions et valeurs attribuées aux activités corporelles, elles-mêmes dépendantes des volontés, aspirations et débats politiques des communautés. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Popular attitudes in support of authoritarian alternatives and weak party systems constitute important threats to democratic consolidation and the stability of new democracies. This article explores popular alienation from established political actors in Tunisia. Under what conditions do citizens support alternatives to the elites in power and the institutional infrastructure of a new democracy? Drawing on an original, nationally representative survey in Tunisia administered in 2017, this article examines three categories of popular attitudes in support of political outsiders.Military interventionism appears in people's preferences for anti-system politics—the most immediate challenge to the country's stability and democratic transition. Anti-political establishment sentiments are shown in people's preferences for an enhanced role of the country's main trade union as a civil-society alternative to political party elites. Finally, outsider eclecticism is the seemingly incoherent phenomenon of concurrent support for a civil society actor and the military as an 'authoritarian alternative.' Anti-establishment sentiments will continue to be an important element in Tunisian post-authoritarian politics, evidenced by the rise to power of Kais Said in the 2019 presidential elections and his 2021 decision to dismiss parliament. In turn, popular support for military intervention may have implications for the country's domestic security and peaceful transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examining the writings of more than 150 IRA prisoners, this article explains why a majority of jailed republicans supported the movement's strategic reorientation between the anti-criminalisation protests of the late 1970s and the Good Friday Agreement of 1998. First, it argues, experiences of prison protests, culminating in the hunger strike of 1981, inclined prisoners to endorse electoral interventions to counter their isolation. Sinn Féin's subsequent successes impelled prisoners to back electoralism more constructively, envisioning an all-Ireland 'pan-nationalist' front. By the end of the 1980s, many republican prisoners regarded tactical eclecticism as vital for their campaign's advance. Second, the article contends, throughout the 1980s and 1990s, prisoners pragmatically approved new methods as open-ended experiments. Electoralism, pan-nationalism, and, in the 1990s, peace talks were supposed to aggregate and strengthen the struggle. Tactics were dispensable, and worthwhile only insofar as they enhanced the perceived prospects of victory. By the Good Friday Agreement, prisoners espousing a transitional, constitutional route to Irish unification regarded even the IRA's 'armed struggle' as suspensible. Woven through prisoners' voluminous acclaim for tactical adaptability, traditions of intra-movement discipline and unity cohered the bulk of the IRA's prison population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

L'opposition entre psychanalyse et thérapies cognitivo-comportementales semble s'être irréductiblement installée dans les esprits, au point d'apparaître et de fonctionner de nos jours comme un lieu commun. Le présent article montre que des praticiens français des deux bords ont pourtant cherché, par le passé, à dépasser leurs antagonismes en travaillant ensemble au sein de la toute première association française dédiée à l'étude des thérapies comportementales. Tout en mettant en lumière un chapitre méconnu de l'histoire de la psychiatrie hexagonale et de l'éclectisme en psychothérapie, cette enquête incite à penser à nouveaux frais les enjeux des divergences contemporaines entre psychanalystes et praticiens des thérapies comportementales et cognitives. La méthode employée est celle de l'histoire sociale et culturelle des sciences. Notre étude s'est nourrie des publications des principaux acteurs de ce dialogue, des archives de l'Association Française de Thérapie Comportementale et Cognitive, ainsi que d'une série d'entretiens avec plusieurs figures majeures de l'histoire du comportementalisme français. Le psychiatre et psychanalyste Daniel Widlöcher fut le principal artisan de cette « improbable rencontre ». En tant que membre fondateur, puis président de l'Association Française de Thérapie Comportementale (AFTC), le professeur Widlöcher s'est en effet employé à comparer les méthodes, indications et opportunités de ces deux approches thérapeutiques, a publié à cet effet, et contribué à la création d'un institut de formation au sein de ladite association. En s'appropriant au tournant des années 1990 les méthodes cognitives, la deuxième génération de thérapeutes évoluant au sein de l'AFTC s'est davantage employée à se démarquer du paradigme psychanalytique que leurs prédécesseurs. La publication du rapport de l'INSERM sur l'efficacité des psychothérapies (2004), puis du Livre noir de la psychanalyse (2005) mit définitivement à mal les efforts entretenus par le passé pour conjuguer les deux approches. Bien avant qu'une polarisation extrême ne s'instaure au milieu des années 2000, des praticiens de la psychanalyse et des thérapies comportementales se sont employés à dépasser leurs différences en vue de trouver un terrain d'entente, propice à la mise en œuvre de cothérapies. Le nœud de la discorde entre psychanalystes et praticiens des thérapies comportementales dépasse de simples enjeux et débats d'ordre théorique et pratique. L'article conclut que cette controverse est indéniablement liée à des questions de pouvoir au sein des instances académiques, de reconnaissance ou de visibilité sociale, de même qu'à des enjeux économiques. The opposition between psychoanalysis and cognitive-behavioral therapies seems to have become irreducibly entrenched in people's minds, to the point of appearing and functioning today as a commonplace. The present article shows that French practitioners from both sides have, in the past, tried to overcome their antagonisms by working together within the very first French association dedicated to the study of behavioral therapies. While shedding light on a little-known chapter in the history of French psychiatry and of eclecticism in psychotherapy, this investigation encourages us to think afresh about the issues at stake in the contemporary divergences between psychoanalysts and practitioners of behavioral and cognitive therapies. The method used is that of the social and cultural history of science. Our study was based on the publications of the main actors in this dialogue, the archives of the Association Française de Thérapie Comportementale et Cognitive, and a series of interviews with several major figures in the history of French behaviorism. The psychiatrist and psychoanalyst Daniel Widlöcher was the main architect of this "unlikely encounter." As a founding member and later president of the Association Française de Thérapie Comportementale (AFTC), Professor Widlöcher worked to compare the methods, indications, and opportunities of these two therapeutic approaches; published about his findings; and contributed to the creation of a training institute within the AFTC. By appropriating cognitive methods at the turn of the 1990s, the second generation of therapists evolving within the AFTC made a greater effort to distance themselves from the psychoanalytical paradigm than their predecessors. The publication of the INSERM report on the effectiveness of psychotherapy (2004), followed by the Livre noir de la psychanalyse (2005), definitively undermined the efforts made in the past to combine the two approaches. Long before the extreme polarization of the mid-2000s, practitioners of psychoanalysis and behavioral therapies worked to overcome their differences in order to find common ground for the implementation of cotherapies. The crux of the discord between psychoanalysts and behavioral therapy practitioners goes beyond mere theoretical and practical issues and debates. The article concludes that this controversy is undeniably linked to questions of power within academic bodies, recognition or social visibility, as well as to economic issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper contributes to the reassessment of the role of Lucretius' De rerum natura and Epicurean philosophy in early Christian writings by conducting a close study of Carmen 23 composed by the poet Paulinus of Nola. While previous scholarship has examined classical influences on Paulinus' poetry, especially from Vergil, no existing study has attended to Paulinus' incorporation of Epicurean elements. This paper argues that in Carmen 23 Paulinus incorporates Epicurean doctrines and Lucretius' poetic imagery to appeal to an audience familiar with Epicurean ideas. Through the creative fusion of Epicurean physics with Christian metaphysics, Paulinus conjures up a poetic world in which the natural and spiritual realms constantly interact. While using Lucretian imagery to direct his audience's gaze toward the natural world, Paulinus nevertheless reveals a higher reality in which the invisible operation of God's spirit governs and perfects the mechanism of nature. In thus stretching his poetic imagination to encompass the working of nature and spirit, Paulinus invents a new eclectic literary form and a kind of physiological miracle account that blends naturalism and mysticism. As such, Carmen 23 attests to Paulinus' literary achievement in repurposing a classic of Epicurean philosophy and Latin poetry for Christian panegyric and hagiography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article canvasses the model of history of philosophy developed by the French philosopher Charles Renouvier in the second half of the nineteenth century. Such a model rested on a precise assumption: the entire history of philosophy would be nothing more than the diachronic embodiment of sets of contradictory conceptual pairs, which Renouvier calls "dilemmas" and whose solution would only be practical. The aim of this article is not only to lay out the distinctive traits of Renouvier's history of philosophy but also to highlight the militant nature of his historiography. In fact, the theory of dilemmas was pitted against the historiographical model that was dominant in Renouvier's formative years, namely the eclectic spiritualism of Victor Cousin, who rather sought to distil from each philosophical system its truth content. In this context, the history of philosophy, far from being the philological discipline it is for us today, has in fact a primarily instrumental and polemical, if not political, value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dissent has its own special place in art education. It has two stereotypical, polarized faces. The first is a classical institution modelled on Italian and French academies. As official places, they aimed at elevating art to the rank of science and making it an expression and instrument of power. The opposite image of the school is an oasis of intellectual freedom, a space for inventiveness, a place for applying unusual teaching methods and organizing the academic community. The most famous examples are avant-garde acctivities. This historical division is unreliable in fact. Dissent or even rebellion can be an instrument of morality and principles that could be followed. Quite unexpectedly, a peculiar anarchism can be found in the first art academy run by the Carracci. The name 'academy' popularized among the Italian humanists and Marsilio Ficinno, drew attention to the informal nature of scientific associations, opposing the fossilized formula of the university existing since the Middle Ages. It is surprising then that Joseph Beuys just created the Free International University. The very name of school and its understanding indicate a significant dichotomy not only in art education, but also in art theory. The point is not that the model of education has simply loosened over time. The above-mentioned facts reflect great disputes about the essence of art, about its relationship with science, everyday life, and practical application. An analysis of specific programs will allow us to see the sense of the mutual connections between rebellion and principles in modernizing artistic education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The antiutopian effect of Game of Thrones (GoT) is examined as a form of mass entertainment. The first part of this article approaches GoT from the standpoint of dialectical contradiction between Fantasy and Realism peculiar to GoT's eclectic nature. The second part puts forward a hypothesis about the social basis of GoT horizons, taking into account the fragmented and niched state of contemporary TV audiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ong, Murphy and Joseph argued that exposition of pluralistic practice embraces specific ontological 'positions' for different schools of psychotherapy which equates to an 'ontological eclecticism' that is antithetical to person-centered and experiential psychotherapies. I will however argue that the ontology underlying all schools of psychotherapy is universal and invariant; and that it is intertwined with the ontic (contingent and changeable) mode of psychotherapy. Regarding the latter, I suggest ways in which therapists may respond to, and co-experience, the client's personal experience of his or her particular racial/ethnic cultural milieu. I will conclude by discussing the ontologically relational stance that is inherent in both person-centered and pluralistic practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Philosophical counselling is a heterogenous field. Since the ends of philosophical counselling are diverse, it would be reasonable to assume that practitioners utilize a diverse range of means. While some practitioners endorse methodological eclecticism--the freedom to use any and all philosophical material and methods, I will make the case that a Socratic approach (in which the practitioner assumes the role of a critical dialogical partner with a view to helping the participant access, assess and modify her worldview) is predominant. Widespread application of the Socratic approach might be justified if it was the only and / or best means to attain a general objective of philosophical counselling, or if its application facilitated the realization of a variety of distinct objectives. I will argue that neither condition is satisfied. Firstly, I will argue that the Socratic approach is not the only means to achieve the shared objective of increasing participant autonomy, and that it may not be the most efficacious. Secondly, I will argue that the Socratic approach is inadequate to achieve many of the ends of philosophical counselling. I will conclude that oversubscription to the Socratic approach is unnecessary given the plethora of philosophical means that are available to the practitioner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A plausible Greek New Testament text can be automatically generated by a computer program using statistical analysis and algorithms that weigh the earliest manuscript data in a manner simulating a reasoned-eclecticism approach. This method offers several substantial advantages by providing a consistently weighed text that is openly transparent, without any theological bias, and scientifically reproducible, and the results are very similar to our best modern critical tests. This initial accomplishment could have a number of future implications for the field of textual criticism regarding advances in the use of statistics and algorithms for further refinements in the production of critical texts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay reads Barbara Guest's poem "The View from Kandinsky's Window" from her 1989 collection Fair Realism alongside Wassily Kandinsky's own theories of form and abstraction. It argues that Guest's poetic reinvention of historic avant-garde aesthetics on the page can be taken as an exemplary case for new feminist theorizing of the avant-garde as a set of decentered, provisional, and heterogenous practices. Guest's engagement with Kandinsky is initially situated in the context of Clement Greenberg's criticisms of the painter throughout the 1940s. According to Greenberg's formalism, Kandinsky is shown to have "failed" due to his provincialism, eclecticism, and disharmonizing of scale. Guest's poem can be seen as valuing and accentuating each of these qualities and in so doing it presents a subtle defence of Kandinsky's aesthetics and becomes an example of the kind of intermedia contamination which Greenberg's theorizing on "pure" modernist painting had attempted to delimit. Guest's counter interest in "de-limiting" the work of art--removing boundaries imposed by period, style, and media--is contextualized within debates on the "limit" within avant-garde aesthetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While scientific evidence on argumentation among preschool children is on the rise, it is dispersed over a number of different fields, which may obfuscate its visibility, merit, and potential. The aim of this systematic review was to synthesize the existing research and, as such, shed more concerted theoretical and empirical light on the origins as well as early development of the human capacity to argue. Based on 57 included studies, we show that it has been approached from numerous theoretical perspectives, with the dialogic view of argumentation and a productive eclecticism between argumentation, developmental, learning, and linguistic theories as the main theoretical denominators. The review also documents that young children's argumentation displays a range of structural-discursive, socio-interactional, and developmental features, positioning them as argumentative agents in their own right. We discuss the implications of our findings in terms of further theory building and their practical significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because of his hostility to pure nature theory, Henri de Lubac has typically been viewed as opposing Francisco Suárez's metaphysics. His proximate target was the neo-Suárezianism to which he was exposed during his Jesuit formation. Suárez was the Jesuit order's intellectual founding father and his ideas continued to shape Jesuit philosophy and theology, sometimes in opposition to neo-Thomism. Although de Lubac contested Suárez's promotion of new and modern theology, Suárez positively informed his approach to key topics: appetite and its end; nature, desire, and the supernatural; the perfection of nature; essences as unique existents; eclecticism; and political resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Latin American and Latinx composers continue to contribute to music by bringing a subtle universe of sounds shaped by their agency and cultural history. Composer Max Lifchitz (b. 1948) bridges his artistic output with entrepreneurship and pedagogy. Since migrating from Mexico to the United States, Lifchitz has constructed a multifaceted persona as a cultural broker. As a composer, Lifchitz's self-defined eclecticism forms the basis of his musical voice, which reconciles opposites and flows between contrasting compositional aesthetics, cultures, and techniques. In 1980, he created the North/South Consonance organization, which has been an open and anti-canonical space for composers from different aesthetics, traditions, and ethnic and gender identities to share their works with new music audiences. In Lifchitz's role as a pedagogue, he positions music as a pluriversal tool to generate epistemological equity and inclusion and a more intercultural educational experience. Despite his contributions to contemporary Western art music, his impact on new music has not yet been studied. Therefore, the article's purpose is to examine Lifchitz's extensive and complex contributions from a transmodern theoretical perspective as postulated by philosopher Enrique Dussel (b. 1934) to demonstrate how the composer's music and persona represent qualities of this philosophical theory and promote the redefinition of art music and the musician's role in the twenty-first century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A growing number of political and policy scientists have utilized institutional theory to explain how the purposeful actions of agents shape and are shaped by structural, institutional, and agential factors. Most current studies, however, have conflated and/or combined the fundamental concepts of structure, institution, and actor, overlooking how their interactions shape policy and institutional outcomes. Furthermore, such research lacks an approach that allows a more comprehensive means to integrate the various dimensions of such interactions. By studying these distinct but interdependent causal factors through an integrative approach, we provide a richer, more comprehensive understanding of contingent conditions, agency, and outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we describe the spiritual and kinship alliances between heads of an urban Santo Daime church from Rio de Janeiro and some leaders of the Yawanawá people from the Amazonian region. We suggest that these alliances involve exchanges and dialogical relationships that hold different meanings for the diverse social actors that take part in them. Further, we argue that equivocation and functional misunderstandings have an important role in these multidirectional dialogues. Based on this case study, we approach the Yawanawá strategies for capturing otherness, and the insertion of the daimistas in the indigenous sociality networks. We focus especially on the Yawanawá mode of producing kin by capturing non‐indigenous people and their participation in exchange networks that encompass multiple regimes of value. From the daimista point of view, we describe these relationships using the native category of "eclecticism." We suggest that the daimistas attempt to translate the Yawanawá shamanic knowledge and the consumption of the "forest medicines," experiencing the performance of "becoming indigenous." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article "Renaissance of Populism in Africa - Development boost or neoliberal regime change?" examines the question of whether there is a revival of populism in West Africa. The term "populist" is often used in Africa to describe various phenomena. However, it is difficult to define populism in Africa, as authoritarian leaders prevail and many parties do not have a political ideology. According to Danielle Resnick, populist strategies in Africa consist of four key elements: direct connections to the urban poor, anti-elitism, an economically eclectic message, and the mobilization of rural voters. It is also noted that populism in Africa occurs in two waves, triggered by disappointment with democratic experiments and the emergence of a corrupt elite. The article also raises the question of whether there has been a third wave of populism since 2010. An example of this is Senegal, where the leader of the anti-globalization party PASTEF, Ousmane Sonko, challenges the ruling coalition. China is criticized as an intruder in Africa, and anti-Chinese populism is on the rise. In Zambia, Hakainde Hichilema was elected president, with his anti-China populism helping him. It is discussed whether he will be successful in a society permeated by socialist values. A study shows that many young Africans do not consider Western democracy suitable and want to find their own democratic structures. [Extracted from the article]

Objective/Context: This article aims to explain the causes of the virtual disintegration of the Union of South American Nations (UNASUR) from the perspective of analytical eclecticism. It is part of the growing literature around the debate on the end of International Relations theory in which analytical eclecticism and integrative pluralism emerge as viable but contested explanatory strategies. Methodology: Based on recent historical evidence and a voluminous body of research on the object of study, we start from analytical eclecticism and sequentially analyze UNASUR from neoclassical realism, institutional liberalism, and social constructivism to comprehensively explain the case. Conclusions: While any of our three approaches can convincingly explain the reasons for UNASUR's failure, none of them by itself captures the full complexity of its demise. The explanations provided by these analytical approaches are not contradictory but complementary. The creative combination of different International Relations approaches enhances our understanding of an atypical case in the history of Latin American regionalism, generally characterized by the resilience of regional organizations. The analysis of the disintegration of UNASUR reveals structural challenges and tension factors for South American regionalism. It helps understand why PROSUR, as the supposed successor to UNASUR, has not yet taken off. Originality: Research on UNASUR and its destiny has been prolific. Rival explanations such as neoclassical realism, institutional liberalism, and social constructivism have prevailed. This article is the first to collect and integrate these explanations to provide a comprehensive response that accounts for the complex process of South American disintegration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is a reply to Sid Ahmed Goudjili's article, appearing in this issue, on the critique of analytical eclecticism in IR. The reply attempts to engage with the main, but not all, ideas in the article, it seeks to open an in-depth debate not about the merits or limits of analytical eclecticism in International Relations discipline, which have been widely addressed in the recently growing literature, but rather about understanding analytical eclecticism itself, what it means, what it does, what we as IR students and scholars do with, its position on the idea of the grand theory, and how it relates to International Relations theories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is a review of an edited volume that examines the political thought of Nicholas Rengger, a professor of International Relations at the University of St Andrews. The book explores Rengger's engagement with the philosophy of Michael Oakeshott and his unique perspective on world politics. The review highlights the strengths and weaknesses of Rengger's approach, including his eclectic references and his critique of international anarchy as a contingent circumstance. The review also discusses the contributions of other authors in the volume, as well as criticisms of Rengger's views. Overall, the review suggests that the book provides valuable insights into Rengger's thinking and offers a fresh perspective on international relations. [Extracted from the article]

With the aim of understanding solidities and disturbances in journalism as a belief system, the study investigates how television journalists in Slovenia have been re-articulating their roles against normative principles, professional ideals, and media performance during the COVID-19 lockdown. As procedures and forms of television news production were importantly re-configured, analysis of qualitative interviews with editors and journalists reveals eclecticism in journalistic roles, re-articulated in the connections between journalism, power and the public, leading to contradictory assessments with respect to journalism's autonomy and responsibility. While the salience of the dominant monitorial role, referring to the journalistic provision of "objective" news and the surveillance of power on behalf of the public, was initially evident, deeper analysis showed not only a variety and disagreement concerning, but also paradoxes in, perceptions that resemble facilitative and collaborative roles. These findings reflect a particular manifestation of historical contradictions in Slovenian journalism's relationship to power and the public during the public safety crisis and the many social contingencies during the lockdown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article elaborates on the following two questions and their implications. First, how can we as analysts offer compelling explanations for weak states' agency and behaviours in the current global political and economic environments marked by multiplicity and fluidity? Second, what are the major causal factors that enable or influence weak actors' agency, and under what conditions is their agency facilitated or constrained? Although an extensive literature in the discipline of International Relations (IR) confirms that today's world is highly complex and diverse in terms of who or what matters in global politics, the subject of weak states and their agency is still not adequately discussed. Furthermore, the issues of methodology and theorising for the subject remain uncharted territory. By reflecting upon the main arguments and empirical findings of our special issue, this concluding article makes a case for 'open-ended' analytic eclecticism as an alternative methodological/analytical scheme, and lays preliminary ground for theorising weak states' agency in the changed and changing global environments in the twenty-first century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the adoption of an entangled eclecticism perspective in Learning Experience Design (LXD), integrating a sociotechnical-pedagogical systems approach. It emphasizes the significance of considering the sociocultural, technological, and pedagogical dimensions of learning as a cohesive, interconnected ecology to design effective learning experiences. The authors discuss the implications of this perspective on learning outcomes, methodologies, and the selection of relevant theories for design. The aim is to guide the creation of learning experiences that are not only effective, efficient, and appealing but also deeply empathetic, culturally sensitive, and responsive to the evolving dynamics of learning environments. Concluding that LXD is a complementary approach to traditional learning design, the paper underscores its evolution, drawing from multiple traditions to offer a holistic framework for educational design and technology. This approach strives for learning experiences that are not just effective and efficient, but also culturally sensitive and empathetic, adapting to the dynamic nature of learning environments. Broader implications of this approach and directions for future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This forum is about race and racism in critical security studies, as well as the latter's reparative possibilities. Having witnessed critical security studies emerge as a multiracial challenge to traditional security studies in the 1990s, I set out here to briefly explore critical security studies in four parts. Distorting the origins of critical security studies One of the leading security scholars, [14]: 30), defines critical security studies as 'a sub-field within the academic discipline of international politics concerned with the pursuit of critical knowledge about security'. [Extracted from the article]

This article explores the predominantly White brass band scenes of the carnivals of New Orleans and Rio de Janeiro as producing rituals of intensified social distinction. The bands' musical practices realize aesthetic preferences of distinct racialized communities forged through relational positioning. Offering alternatives to the "heritage repertoires" of these carnivals based in musical Blackness, these bands' musical eclecticism forms an aesthetic articulation of "alternative Whiteness," which seeks to "disinherit" both hegemonic Whiteness of conservative cultural politics and commodification of Blackness. The article theorizes contemporary carnivalesque translocality in consideration of longer histories of festive circulation in the Atlantic World. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay focuses on the term eclecticism and parallel words for mixture in South Asia. There are many contemporary words to theorize artistic mixture, from those that are trained on how different elements mix—including bricolage, assemblage, and pastiche—to those like hybridity, mestizaje , and creolization, which powerfully address cultural mixture within the asymmetrical power dynamics of colonialism. Here I consider what eclecticism might add to the theorization of mixed arts and propose a process of translation to reimagine foundational European terms in art history. To do so, I attend to eclecticism's history in Europe and at the Maratha court in western India, align it with other terms for artistic selection and fusion in South Asia—such as the process of "patching" arts together in an album, or muraqqaʿ —and contend with eclecticism's relationship to empire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article historicises a dream analytic intervention launched in the 1930s by Scottish psychiatrist and future professor of psychological medicine at the University of Glasgow (1948–73), Thomas Ferguson Rodger (1907–78). Intimate therapeutic meetings with five male patients are preserved within the so-called 'dream books', six manuscript notebooks from Rodger's earlier career. Investigating one such case history in parallel with lecture material, this article elucidates the origins of Rodger's adapted, rapport-centred psychotherapy, offered in his post-war National Health Service, Glasgow-based department. Oriented in a reading of the revealing fourth dream book, the article unearths a history of the reception and adaptation of psychoanalysis from within a therapeutic encounter and in a non-elite context. Situating Rodger's psychiatric development in his Glasgow environment, it then contextualises the psychosocial narrative of the fourth book in relation to contrasting therapeutic commitments: an undiluted Freudianism and a pragmatic 'commonsense' psychotherapy, tempered to the clinical psychiatric, and often working-class, interwar Glasgow context. An exploration of pre-recorded dreams, transcribed free associations, and 'weekly reports' reveals that in practice, Rodger's Meyerian attitude worked productively with Freudian techniques to ennoble the patient's psychosocial testimony and personal wisdom. This psychotherapeutic eclecticism underpinned and made visible the patient's concurrent faith in and resistance to psychoanalytic interpretation. Chronicling a collaborative route to psychotherapeutic knowledge within a discrete encounter, the article situates post-war treatment values in the interwar impasse of outpatient psychiatry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the article is to analyze the theoretical aspect of the concept of musical modernism O. Korchova, to identify debatable aspects important for the creation of the inter-artistic theory of modernism. Methodology: used historical, cultural, and comparative methods, with the involvement of philosophy and psychology. The scientific novelty of the study is that the musicological concept of modernism is compared with the literary, which proves the need to create an inter-artistic theory of modernism, necessary in the practice of stylistic analysis of modernist works. Conclusions. An important achievement of O. Korchova's research is the search for a "stylistic formula" of each composer of the epoch. The artist is looking not just for a consonant style or form, but for himself and his style. Individual style does not arise from simple combinations of borrowed. Styles of modernism conflict with each other, to combine them, to avoid eclecticism, you need to find a way and a reason to combine. The way to find your style is never purely artistic, it is always vital. Modernists, putting art in the first place in aesthetics, discovered the concept of life creation, which distinguishes the modernist from the artists of previous eras. Life-creation is a special way of an artist into art, movement simultaneously in two dimensions, external and internal, their constant coordination and gradual transformation of oneself, with life and works together, into a cultural phenomenon. And if this happened - then something unique was formed, unique, completely individual, and at the same time universal, something original and holistic, something that will become a value for contemporaries and descendants, that is, the author's style. Just as it is not easy for every artist to find his style, so it is not easy for a researcher to find a formula for this style. But without such a goal, the study of creativity will be historiographical, descriptive, and rhetorical. It is important for every scholar who studies specific texts of culture to understand the trends of the era and the psychology of the creative process, all the laws that unite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies of populism have shifted from substantive to discursive/performative and institutional perspectives in recent decades. This shift resolved some long-standing problems but insulated the analysis of populism from theoretical and methodological debates in the social sciences. Theoretical restrictions have gone hand in hand with geographical neglect: The near-exclusive focus on the United States, Europe, and Latin America reinforces the blind spots of these existing approaches. An integration of overlooked regions holds the potential for theoretical reconstruction, even though such comparative broadening could as well simply reproduce the persistent impasses. Moreover, post-2016 developments have induced a return to substantive issues, throwing into sharp relief what populism studies have been missing during the past decades. The main challenge today is synthesizing socioeconomic analyses with institutionalist and discourse-theoretical advances without falling into eclecticism. Breaking away from the entrenched regional orientations to embrace a more global-historical methodology could help such an endeavor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I was initially reluctant to become a sociologist because my father, William Foote Whyte, was a prominent sociologist. Growing up during the Cold War led me in sequence through studying physics to Russian studies and then into Chinese studies, and I finally chose sociology as the best discipline for research on China, the primary focus of my career. The theoretical and methodological eclecticism of our discipline enabled me to do research on many intriguing research problems regarding contemporary Chinese society, first at a distance from Hong Kong and then through a series of collaborative surveys conducted within China. I found I could use sociological theories to more accurately and objectively interpret Chinese social patterns, while at the same time some paradoxical features of Chinese society enabled me to challenge existing social science theories. Over the course of my career I was gratified to see the sociological study of China move from being a somewhat marginal specialty into joining the mainstream of our discipline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale, aims, and objectives: We consider the question "What should we do?" in the context of clinical research/practice. There are several steps along the way to providing a satisfactory answer, many of which have received considerable attention in the literature. We aim to provide a unified summary and explication of these "steps along the way". The result will be an increased appreciation for the meaning and structure of "actionable clinical knowledge". Methods: We review the literature to identify pertinent works dealing with evidence production and translation into actionable clinical knowledge. We draw from insights in this literature about various aspects of reasoning relevant to clinical questions and integrate these into a unified approach to the processes that lead to actionable clinical knowledge. Results: We collect, collate, and integrate some of the work by Bauer, Carper, Goldman, Haack, McHugh and Walker, and Upshur and colleagues and obtain guidelines to aid in the evidence‐to‐actionable‐clinical‐ knowledge transition. Conclusions: Clinical decision‐making is not infallible, and the steps we can take to minimize error are context dependent. Medical evidence, produced as it is by human effort, can never be perfect. We will be doing well by assuring that the evidence we use has been produced by a reliable process and is relevant to the question posed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay focuses on a little-understood phase of Franco Moretti's work that spans 1976 to 1986. My aim is to shed light on Moretti's cultural background as it was formed in that period and to account for the transition from the Trotskyist, politically-militant stance of his first book, Literature and Ideologies in England in the 1930s , to the idiosyncratic, seemingly disengaged character of Signs Taken for Wonders and The Way of the World. Adorno's concept of 'unrestrained individuation' plays a crucial role in the argument. Following a personal political crisis, Moretti opted to enact a form of critical individuation, encoding the explicit social antagonism of the earlier years within a highly personal style and a new theoretical eclecticism. In this way, by disguising it as an alluring form of individualism, Moretti managed to smuggle an antagonistic critical discourse into an increasingly neoliberal world that would soon prove hostile toward it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]