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This paper shows how the homo oeconomicus has evolved from utility at work to consumption and then to the mystification of profit in a context of financialization and long-term crisis. Thus, a semantic slippage occurs, which distorts the achievements of capitalism, such as individualism and self-interest, for a libertarian belief -alien to liberalism, to Bentham's utilitarianism and marginalism- in which it is not possible to define social utility, nor the connection between the "rationality" of individual decisions and social choices. Usefulness is confused with profit in the primacy of today's business mentality and is often reflected in individual behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corrado Gini was a key intellectual in the Fascist establishment. His scientific programme included statistics, demography, eugenics, economics, and sociology, as well as occasional forays into political thought and anthropology. Historians have focused on his statistics and eugenics, in connection with his spell as head of the Italian bureau of statistics. This article, integrating economics with the other threads of Gini's programme, takes economic anthropology as a standpoint to reassess the inspiration behind his whole oeuvre. That anthropology consisted of two parts: the criticism of economists' 'economic man' and the attempt to replace it with an instinctual economic agent, inspired by the nationalist rhetoric of 'young peoples' bound to conquer the world. Once the perspective is enlarged, the usual definition of Gini as a technocrat proves insufficient, for his science incorporated essential pieces of Fascism's political ideology and cultural legitimacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The second digital wave has positioned artificial intelligence and digital platforms as new general purpose technologies, has driven the emergence of new value sources: prediction and circulation values, and has created a new explanatory phase into the relationship between digitalisation and economy: the digital transition. The governance of the digital transition, fully inserted in globalised capitalism, are not being able to reduce polarisation, economic inequalities, or the worsening environment. The article argues that failure in economic policy is closely linked to failure in political economy. The prevailing neoclassical approach is not being able to comprehensively explain the foundations, behaviour and results of digital economic life. To overcome this limitation, the article proposes a new narrative, the emergence of a new explanatory figure of economic behaviour and exchange. Homo digitalis extends the egotistical, isolated, and rational precepts of Homo economicus, and incorporates the scope of social welfare and environmental sustainability as enabling goals. The main components of Homo digitalis are the emergence of multiple biological, social and virtual identities and worlds; the integration of new forms of artificial and intelligent life into our bodies and minds (transhumanism); and the consolidation of a new egalitarian rule based on the access-platform-collaboration identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses objectivity in economics. It criticizes a closed science, ‘view from nowhere’ conception of economics and defends an open science, ‘view from somewhere’ conception of objective science. It ascribes the first conception to mainstream economics, associates it with its principle practices – reductionist modeling, formalization, limited interdisciplinarity, and value neutrality – and argues their foundation is the Homo economicus individual conception. Two problematic consequences of adopting this stance are: (i) value blindness regarding the range and complexity of human values; (ii) fatalism regarding human behavior associated with employing a tenseless representation of time. The paper contrasts the principle practices of an open science, view from science conception – complexity modeling, mixed methods, strong relationships to other disciplines, and value diversity – and argues their foundation is a socially and historically embedded economics individual conception that avoids the value blindness and fatalism problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper sheds light on some aspects of what contemporary clinical theory calls "borderline" condition providing a description of a key figure of late-modern culture that I will call Homo dissipans (from Latin dissipatio, -onis = scattering, dispersion). Homo dissipans is the opposite of Homo œconomicus, the form that "narcissism" takes on in contemporary "achievement society," solely concerned with rational action aimed to utility and production. In order to define Homo dissipans, I follow French philosopher, anthropologist, and novelist Georges Bataille's descriptions of two core phenomena: "excess" and "expenditure." The former can be defined as a surplus of energy that according to Bataille characterizes human existence, animated by a general movement of exudation and dilapidation and an inexhaustible drive to "pour out" of oneself, especially outside the limits of composure and reasonableness. The latter is an ethical attitude which gives its approval to excess and to its metamorphic and destructive power. The Homo dissipans' credo is to profitlessly dissipate the surplus of energy, escape into a world of pure intensities in which all forms – including identity – dissolve and surrender themselves to transformation. I argue that Bataille's ideas about "dissipation" can help us reconsider two features attributed to borderline personality disorder which have been extensively described and sometimes stigmatized – "identity diffusion" and "stable instability" – and to better recognize, understand, and make sense of their phenomenology in the clinical context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is a collection of book reviews from the journal Agricultural History. The first review discusses a book that focuses on the management of agricultural farms in the French-speaking world from the 18th to the 19th century. The reviewer praises the book for its synthesis of past scholarship and its potential for future research, but criticizes the lack of political actors in the narrative. The second review examines a book that explores the outlook of peasants in northern France, Belgium, and Switzerland during the 18th and 19th centuries. The book analyzes the peasants' farm management records and highlights their concerns for their households, community, and reputation. The reviewer commends the author for his contribution to agricultural history and the understanding of peasant rationality. The third review discusses a book that explores the complex relationships between humans and other species in Australia's Murray-Darling Basin. The book presents various case studies and emphasizes the interconnectedness of human societies and ecosystems. The reviewer notes the book's pluralistic approach and its contribution to the field of environmental history. [Extracted from the article]

The Latin American Integration Route (RILA) and the Bioceánico Corridor emerge as important integration initiatives that can bring significant benefits to the countries through which the Corridor passes, Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina and Chile, in the economic field, based on the context of economic human rights, to observe the behavior of agents, and their compliance with the values of decent living conditions. In this context, this article aimed to analyze the right of integration into the RILA and the Bioceânico Corridor, seeking to understand the legal and institutional aspects involved, with a focus on the economic impact. The proposed methodology is descriptive-qualitative, carried out through an integrative literature review, in which the following databases were used: Scielo, Scopus and Web of Science, which resulted in a total of 12 articles. Secondary data resulting from the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and the Institute of Applied Economic Research (Ipea) were also collected, which resulted in probabilities, providing different challenges such as: taxation rates between countries, reduction of protectionism, corruption, integration of universities and exchange. For Porto Murtinho and Carmelo Peralta, the expectation is that with the growth of the logistical flow and exports, the per capita income will increase and leverage social improvements in the municipalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The philosophy of economics is considered a subfield within contemporary philosophy that aims to study and analyze the main philosophical problems of economic science. Philosophical thought plays a fundamental role in the teaching of economics, since it offers an immeasurable wealth in which to seek sources of inspiration or learning for economic knowledge. This article aims to reflect on the study of the philosophy of economics as a proposal for an elective curricular unit in the reform of the philosophy degree at the University of Zulia, which incorporates an anthropological foundation, through the analysis of the notion of economic man in the main currents or schools of economic thought. Both the problems of economic theory and those of economic policies have philosophical and ideological support, as well as moral consequences. Likewise, the two main problems that economic science faces are the question of homo oeconomicus and the issue of values, from the philosophical perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article argues that the alien monster of Jordan Peele's Nope (2022) should be read as part of the long legacy of capitalist monster octopuses, and that identification and recognition of the monster octopus in this context allows for a greater understanding of Peele's specifically gothic critique of capitalism within the film. The article reviews the history of the monster octopus in literature, art, cinema, and political cartoon, outlines Nope's relationship to and development of these earlier texts, and then examines how the film uses the monster octopus to highlight capitalism as a monstrous system that we can neither survive nor afford to look away from. Critical perspectives explored in the article include Gothic Studies, Financial History, and Critical Race Theory, and Nope is examined as an example of the Economic Humanities in contemporary horror cinema. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Frank Knight was an enigmatic thinker: about economics, individual behavior more generally, ethics, epistemology, and a number of other subjects. However, his views on some topics often created tensions with his views on other topics. This paper will examine two of these Knightian tensions: his views on the relationship between homo economicus the actual human behavior and his views on the relationship between rational economic behavior and normative economics. It will be argued that Knight anticipated many of the anomalies identified by behavioral economics and yet did so while defending homo economicus to some degree. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the form that narcissism takes in contemporary society in the light of Homo œconomicus – a concept developed by philosopher Foucault to describe a key figure of late modernity: the entrepreneur of himself whose core values are utility (every action must be directed towards production) and optimization (what costs more than it produces is a dead branch to be cut). Homo œconomicus is the subject of so-called "achievement society." Its imperative is summed up in the formula "You can!" that generates heavy constraints because it is introjected as "If I can, then I must!," and self-coercion is more fatal than hetero-coercion because no resistance can be put up against oneself. He is also the subject of the "society of the spectacle" in which a part of the world represents itself in front of the rest of the world and shows itself to be superior to it. The spectacle is not simply a set of images, but a type of social relationship between people mediated by images, generating alienation from oneself and from the Other. Using Homo œconomicus as a grid for understanding contemporary pathological forms of narcissism, I describe the values and the life-world of narcissistic persons including the ways they experience time, space, others, and their own body. I finally suggest a therapeutic of this form of existence based on the recognition of its value-structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a scenario portraying the economic and human costs that antimicrobial resistance could impose on society 30 years from now, if it is not addressed soon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban transformation in Turkey, ranging in scale from gigantic infrastructural investments to small property‐redevelopment ventures, has posed one of the most puzzling questions for scholars and activists: Why do the urban poor, despite being the most vulnerable to such projects, continue to partake in the populist mobilization around the ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP)? Grounded in an analysis of how neoliberal assemblages are entangled with urban land markets at the margins of Istanbul, I argue that neoliberal policies are not necessarily implicated in the prevalence of depoliticized individuals, conceptually framed as homo oeconomicus, but can also serve to create a fertile environment for populist mobilization. The partisans and sympathizers of the AKP find that their social and political activities, from neighborhood organizations to single‐party hegemony in the parliament, are inherently inseparable from economic values. At this nexus between populist politics and economic forces, global capital emerges as a salient interlocutor that interfaces with political developments and social characteristics, having various predispositions and predilections—an actor whose miraculous powers can be unleashed and destructive tendencies controlled only through collective political mobilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay challenges some of the recent scholarship which claims that Michel Foucault was more sympathetic to neoliberalism than is typically acknowledged. Accordingly, it considers the possible motivations for Foucault's 1978-1979 lecture course, The Birth of Biopolitics ; the relationship between liberalism and the various forms of power identified by Foucault; and, finally, claims that Foucault's account of the 'care of the self' was itself informed by the neoliberal theory of human capital. It finds that Foucault regarded neoliberalism as coercive social arrangement on par with the other forms of power/knowledge targeted by his work. And it concludes with some reflections on how Foucault's account of the 'aesthetics of existence' might facilitate resistance to neoliberalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper describes the impact of the Economy of Francesco (EoF) on the economic debate and practices, within the framework of the Catholic Social Teaching. EoF was a cultural and experiential process and event held online and through a number of meetings around the world between March 2020 and September 2022. The anthropological limitations of homo economicus, with his methodological egoism and procedural rationality, and the need for a broad approach to education are discussed. The paper highlights strengths and weaknesses of EoF and reviews what has been already accomplished in the process and what is still to be accomplished. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rational choice approach to religion (RCAR) applies neoclassical economic principles to religion to create models of religious behavior. It presents both those principles and the resulting models as universal. Most critics of that approach have challenged those models' empirical predictions. In contrast, this article develops an 'upstream' critique of the theory by examining the problems with its chosen approach in economics itself. The history of that discipline shows that the utility-maximizing figure of Homo economicus is a modern construct, as is the notion of a self-correcting free market. Both are contextual and ideological, not universal. Early 20th-century sociologists already provided a comprehensive and radical rebuttal of these ideas – a critique that was a major source of the early sociology of religion. Recent alternative approaches by economists show that neoclassical formalism even fails to account for basic economic phenomena. Models built on this formalism – such as RCAR – thus cannot be naively imported to explain religious action. This does not mean that the sociology of religion should avoid economics tout court. Some non-formalist economic approaches show much more promise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An upper crustal earthquake (ML 5.5) occurred on February 5, 2022 at 21:18 GMT (08:18 local time on February 6) at the northeastern shelf of Sakhalin Island. The earthquake is related to a displacement along the Piltun–Chaivo Fault, which was ignored from consideration as a seismogenerating source until recently. This earthquake occurred in an area of positive increments of critical stresses caused by the catastrophic 1995 Nefterorsk earthquake. The nature of the studied earthquake is most likely tectonic. The accumulated tectonic stress together with static stresses, which were initiated by the strongest earthquake at the northeast of the island, led to vertical displacements (a reverse fault) along an east-dipping fault. The earthquake source is characterized by latitudinal almost horizontal compression stress. The first instrumental data on strong ground movements in the nearest earthquake zone have been analyzed, which is valuable for engineering seismology. The macroseismic data according to the internet response from the local population are analyzed. The results of this work can be relevant from the practical viewpoint, because economic human activity on the exploration of mineral deposits expands each year. Thus, the current data on active geological structures in the shelf zone promote the refinement of a seismic potential of oil and gas producing territories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

More than 90 years after Lionel Robbins more or less defined the subject of economics in his famous essay, it is time to redress the issue in light of recent developments and new insights. Robbins used the figure of Robinson Crusoe to define homo economicus as an agent that makes choices in conditions of scarcity. By re-reading and re-interpreting the story of Crusoe, we make more sense of the narrative when we envisage people engaged in practices by which they realize what is important to them, that is, their values. Homo economicus becomes a special case pertinent to the instrumental economies of markets and organizations. In the so-called human economies of the home, the social, cultural, and natural world, people use the inputs that they acquire in the instrumental economies to realize what is important to them, such as families, friendships, science, art, religion, meanings. This shift in perspective will have far reaching consequence for the way economists think and theorize and enables them to connect with the value-based approach that is increasingly dominating the worlds of business and politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present some findings of a research that aimed to know what are the subjective effects of indebtedness for state teachers in Rio Grande do Sul/Brazil. In this article, we focus on analyses and discussions concerning the production of teachers' indebtedness and the precariousness of their lives due to neoliberal rationality. The research work, whose methodology was a composition of an analysis of archeo-genealogical inspiration and the cartographic process, included interviews with eight teachers and analysis of reports from newspapers of large circulation, from the teachers' union, cartoons and reports on the Internet on the theme. Here we analyze the impacts of neoliberal governmentality in the condition and daily life of teachers considering the austerity policies conducted by state governments, the effects of public debt and the concept of neoliberal homo oeconomicus, addressed by Michel Foucault. The neoliberal logic structures the conduct of subjects as entrepreneurs of themselves, with emphasis on competition and individual accountability. We discussed the issue of debt as biopolitics, the implications of teachers' financial and moral indebtedness and the proletarianization of the profession, which led us to highlight a notion of precariousness not only corresponding to the low remuneration received by teaching professionals, but of life itself; in these circumstances, (mere) survival is normalized and credit for "life" is assured. We conclude by discussing the mutation of the popular saying that opens the title, in an attempt to link indebtedness and the precarization of life, an approach that we believe requires further study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The black box method was developed as an "asocial control" to allow for payoff-based learning while eliminating social responses in repeated public goods games. Players are told they must decide how many virtual coins they want to input into a virtual black box that will provide uncertain returns. However, in truth, they are playing with each other in a repeated social game. By "black boxing" the game's social aspects and payoff structure, the method creates a population of self-interested but ignorant or confused individuals that must learn the game's payoffs. This low-information environment, stripped of social concerns, provides an alternative, empirically derived null hypothesis for testing social behaviours, as opposed to the theoretical predictions of rational self-interested agents (Homo economicus). However, a potential problem is that participants can unwittingly affect the learning of other participants. Here, we test a solution to this problem in a range of public goods games by making participants interact, unknowingly, with simulated players ("computerised black box"). We find no significant differences in rates of learning between the original and the computerised black box, therefore either method can be used to investigate learning in games. These results, along with the fact that simulated agents can be programmed to behave in different ways, mean that the computerised black box has great potential for complementing studies of how individuals and groups learn under different environments in social dilemmas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The strategy method is often used in public goods games to measure an individual's willingness to cooperate depending on the level of cooperation by their groupmates (conditional cooperation). However, while the strategy method is informative, it risks conflating confusion with a desire for fair outcomes, and its presentation may risk inducing elevated levels of conditional cooperation. This problem was highlighted by two previous studies which found that the strategy method could also detect equivalent levels of cooperation even among those grouped with computerized groupmates, indicative of confusion or irrational responses. However, these studies did not use large samples (n = 40 or 72) and only made participants complete the strategy method one time, with computerized groupmates, preventing within-participant comparisons. Here, in contrast, 845 participants completed the strategy method two times, once with human and once with computerized groupmates. Our research aims were twofold: (1) to check the robustness of previous results with a large sample under various presentation conditions; and (2) to use a within-participant design to categorize participants according to how they behaved across the two scenarios. Ideally, a clean and reliable measure of conditional cooperation would find participants conditionally cooperating with humans and not cooperating with computers. Worryingly, only 7% of participants met this criterion. Overall, 83% of participants cooperated with the computers, and the mean contributions towards computers were 89% as large as those towards humans. These results, robust to the various presentation and order effects, pose serious concerns for the measurement of social preferences and question the idea that human cooperation is motivated by a concern for equal outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The resource management platform based on the resource library has different structures, which brings a lot of inconvenience to the sharing of educational resources. However, the scale of the school is constantly expanding, the number of campuses and departments within the school increases, and the number of teachers and students increases. These new circumstances need the development of an open, secure, and effective school administration system that can operate online at any time and from any location. The "plan norm model" of educational management decision-making goals controls the decision-making dynamic structure. Whether the decision-making object is an "economic man" or a "social man," its dynamic structure is built on a top-down control sequence, with the only variation being the control mechanisms used. In colleges and universities, educational administration management is an essential aspect of educational management. It is a work with strong timeliness, heavy workload, and high accuracy requirements, affecting the overall situation of teaching. This paper proposes an information integration platform based on SOA, which integrates various enterprise application systems into a unified platform by using a loose coupling structure, realizes information sharing among application systems, and meets the needs of cross-departmental enterprise business. As a new architecture idea, service-oriented architecture can package existing assets and reuse existing assets. It can also minimize the impact of demand changes because its implementation is loosely coupled. When users need to add or modify a function, they only need to make a few modifications in the presentation layer or business process layer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The very interface of economics and psychological science is to amend the neoclassical economic theorizing and to demonstrate the ways individuals make real-life choices. The agenda of behavioral economics, thus, oftentimes goes beyond mere normative standards of economic man to include descriptive and prescriptive canons as well while explaining and predicting human conduct. Nudging people and helping them to make optimal choices has been one of the promising lines of inquiry in recent times. Nudging has been fruitfully employed to make individuals engage in desirable behaviors, physical exercise being one of them, which is otherwise not possible or difficult. Walking, if not physical exercise, proves to be an economically accessible solution for everyone to an array of health issues like cardiovascular diseases or obesity. Building on the previous body of research, the present study aims at examining the effect of nudge on people going for a morning walk in the garden. More precisely, we predicted that nudging would increase the number of rounds an individual takes in the ground. A field experiment with a repeated-measures design is conducted on people living in Mumbai city (N = 38) to test this prediction. Results indicate a significant effect of nudging on the number of rounds taken by people. A discussion of theoretical and practical implications of the study is followed by suggestions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since its inception in the late 1970s, behavioural economics has gone from being an outlier to a widely recognized yet still contested subset of the economic sciences. One of the basic arguments in behavioural economics is that a more realistic psychology ought to inform economic theories. While the history of behavioural economics is often portrayed and articulated as spanning no more than a few decades, the practice of utilizing ideas from psychology to rethink theories of economics is over a century old. In the first three decades of the 20th century, several mostly American economists made efforts to refine fundamental economic assumptions by introducing ideas from psychology into economic thinking. In an echo of contemporary discussions in behavioural economics, the ambition of these psychology-keen economists was to strengthen the empirical accuracy of the fundamental assumptions of economic theory. In this article, we trace, examine, and discuss arguments for and against complementing economic theorizing with insights from psychology, as found in economic literature published between 1900 and 1930. The historical analysis sheds light on issues and challenges associated with the endeavour to improve one discipline's theories by introducing ideas from another, and we argue that these are issues and challenges that behavioural economists continue to face today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economics, when categorized as a science, immediately becomes a rigid, highly structured subject that must comply with certain parameters in order to optimally satisfy human needs. Precisely, by showing interest in the human being, the vision must expand to focus not only on laws, rules and logic of the economic market, but also consider the socio-cultural and environmental interactions and even the balanced and balanced individual aspect, since these indicators can determine the rational or ideal consumption behavior of people in a highly competitive world. In this sense, this reflection article proposes a new vision of the consumer economy where the trend points to a balance of the individual vision with social, cultural and even environmental awareness, aspects enhanced this millennium by the SDGs and by the consequences of the Covid 19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The resource management platform based on the resource library has different structures, which brings a lot of inconvenience to the sharing of educational resources. However, the scale of the school is constantly expanding, the number of campuses and departments within the school increases, and the number of teachers and students increases. These new circumstances need the development of an open, secure, and effective school administration system that can operate online at any time and from any location. The "plan norm model" of educational management decision-making goals controls the decision-making dynamic structure. Whether the decision-making object is an "economic man" or a "social man," its dynamic structure is built on a top-down control sequence, with the only variation being the control mechanisms used. In colleges and universities, educational administration management is an essential aspect of educational management. It is a work with strong timeliness, heavy workload, and high accuracy requirements, affecting the overall situation of teaching. This paper proposes an information integration platform based on SOA, which integrates various enterprise application systems into a unified platform by using a loose coupling structure, realizes information sharing among application systems, and meets the needs of cross-departmental enterprise business. As a new architecture idea, service-oriented architecture can package existing assets and reuse existing assets. It can also minimize the impact of demand changes because its implementation is loosely coupled. When users need to add or modify a function, they only need to make a few modifications in the presentation layer or business process layer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we use experimental methods to probe how far individuals depart from choices consistent with "Rational Economic Man" and whether these departures are associated with financial and numeric literature on the one hand, and, more fundamentally, with impulsive or analytical thinking—i.e., with cognitive reflection. We examine a purposely biased sample of Greek undergraduates enrolled in a course heavy on statistics and probability who participated in a battery of tests. Specifically, we use the Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT) jointly with numeric and financial literacy tools to understand how "irrational choices" result. Despite the expected bias, responders with lower CRT are more likely to be susceptible to behavioral biases, even when controlling for numeracy and financial literacy. In agreement with other studies, gender is associated with significance differences, which operate both independently and through the mediation of CRT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores South Korean "thrift" television by examining Homo Economicus (EBS), a reality TV show that challenged participants to save ten thousand dollars in six months with guidance from financial advisors. Situating thrift television within the broader sociohistorical context of the long recession after the 1997 Asian financial crisis, I show how Homo Economicus suggested frugality as a way of life in a time of precarity and economic polarization by providing techniques of compulsory thrift and turning participants into aspirational savers. Gendered narratives of consumption played a pivotal role in the process and the program took millennial women as its main target of intervention. Gendered thrift television exemplifies the ways media culture problematizes women's consumption while failing to address structural gender inequality. I also discuss the close relation between thrift television and online financial communities that served as a crucial space where thrift television found its financial experts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What is commonly referred to as “depression” indicates a heterogeneous complex disorder that includes distinct psychopathological forms. A more accurate classification can be achieved by assessing the individual experiences of depression and tracing back each of these forms to the specific vulnerable structure from which they emerge. Each of these vulnerable forms of existence can be characterized by focusing on their values. I identify four main prototypes. Homo melancholicus is impressive for their over-normality, extreme social adjustment, and conformism; their depressive decomposition is characterized by the experience of loss. The values of homo œconomicus are utility (every action must be directed toward production) and optimization (what costs more than it produces is a dead branch to be cut); their depressive decomposition is marked by insolvency. Homo dissipans’ values are excess (feeling animated by an inexhaustible drive to “pour out” of oneself, especially outside the limits of composure and reasonableness) and expenditure (an ethical attitude that gives its approval to excess and to its metamorphic and destructive power); their depressive decomposition is epitomized by inner incoherence and emptiness. The style of homo nevroticus form of existence is subjugated by the condemnation to limitation and the diktat of prohibition; their depressive decomposition is characterized by frustration and demoralization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this study was to analyze the labor resources migration phenomenon from Ukraine in the context of theoretical basics of it generalization and against the background of its evolution and world trends, to identify its specific features, real consequences and possible perspectives regarding the regulation possibility taking into account the specifics of the nature and structure of this phenomenon in this country. The research methodology is formed on the basis of the classic economic theory of migration in combination with the behavioral approach and the interpretation of human as homo oeconomicus. Methods were used in the research process: dialectical, historical and semantic analysis, method of theoretical generalization and scientific abstraction, induction and deduction, monographic, graphic, statistical and analytical. The main findings are related to the detection of the tendency to increase the scale of labor migration from Ukraine even under conditions of pandemic, the identification of threats and harms connected with this phenomenon. Substantiated recommendations for eliminating the threats and harms of international labor migration from Ukraine may have practical applications. The originality of the article is determined by its timeliness and by diversified set of used sources of information, what together forms its value as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Individuals, considered a rational entity in terms of economics, aim to maximize their level of well-being with scarce resources. On the other hand, it is known that individuals are not always a rational being. Behavioral economics suggests that individuals will engage in irrational behavior in their economic decisions. Accordingly, he makes the concept of homo economicus a topic of discussion by engaging in irrational behavior at the decision stages of individuals against traditional economic assumptions. In this study, 605 works obtained by scanning the word "behavioral economics", which are included in the SCI, SSCI and AHCI citation indexes through the Web of Science database between 19752020, are examined bibliometrically. After that, social network analysis is used to visualize corporate, author and country collaborations. When evaluating the publications covered in the study, the countries, institutions and the most cited areas that contribute to the field are visualized using the Vosviewer program. According to the results obtained in the study, studies on "behavioral economics" have experienced an increase since 2008. It is determined that the most commonly used keyword is the word "behavioral economics", which gives the field its name. As behavioral economics is a field between various disciplines, joint working networks for the field are identified and time-oriented trend analysis is considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using social exchange theory, this article presents a new theory for understanding the strategic choices made by social movement leaders—the "movement exchanges" theory. It looks at how leaders engage in exchanges of valued rewards with constituencies, institutional political players, bystander publics, and voluntary organizations. Leaders receive from these players important rewards (like committed activists, political leverage, and resources) for achieving movement goals. In turn, leaders make strategic choices (expressed in frames, tactics, targets, and claims) that other players find rewarding, favoring persistent exchanges across time. By considering movements' simultaneous exchanges with several players, the theory makes sense of choices that remain puzzling for major movement theories. It also blends strategic behavior with culture (in the form of utopias, ideology, and emotions) but does not require the maximizing assumption of the homo economicus. I use the case of the contemporary Chilean student movement to illustrate the theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contemporary approaches to "non-market accounting" depend critically on methods of "monetization," i.e., determining prices for goods outside the market. Monetization constitutes a case of economic measurement in a narrow sense that has not yet been analyzed in the literature on measurement in economics. Monetization, I will argue, uses homo economicus—originally created as a model to explain existing prices—as a measuring device, one that generates new prices for goods that are not traded on markets. Homo economicus, though long contested in microeconomics, is thus enjoying a dubious revival in non-market accounting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the problem of monetary identity, which needs a detailed study in the context of the transformation processes of the modern world. The relevance of the study is that the identity of modern man is becoming unsteady. In seeking guidance for constructing one’s own “Self”, a person finds himself at a crossroads. They lose the identity they had from birth as members of traditional society and are forced to build it independently. The article reveals the preconditions for the emergence of an identity crisis in the context of the development of capitalism and the formation of the economic man. The purpose of the article is to determine the peculiarities of the formation of monetary identity, which has become essentially a by-product of the spread of Western values. To achieve this goal, a structural-functional analysis of social interactions of the subjects of identification has been conducted, as well as general scientific methods of synthesis and generalization of materials, analysis, comparison, deductive and inductive methods, etc. have been used. The main features of monetary identity are that a person begins to be guided by one’s own selfish principles, and money becomes the main value for such a person, appearing as a universal value that is equivalent to all other material values. In the modern world, monetary identity appears as a global and unstable one, it is formed artificially and serves the modern market for profit within the consumer society. It is concluded that in the modern world, money not only serves to improve the objective circumstances of life, but also becomes a means of achieving public recognition. The problem of monetary identity is especially relevant for Ukraine as a country that focuses on the Western type of management with its achievements, values and at the same time problems, and therefore requires further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For many years, humorist Ephraim Kishon diligently brandished his satirical whip at Israel's socio-economic socialist structure, while vividly portraying the vicissitudes of the Israeli 'homo economicus' in the labyrinth of modern life. This line of writing brought him his fame, both in Israel and abroad. At the later stages of his career though, a significant portion of his work was dedicated to the relationship between Israel and its neighbors and between Israel and the world. In this area Kishon has articulated and cemented a stern nationalistic worldview. A systematic analysis of this worldview is a matter for several articles. In this article I will focus on Kishon's treatment of national entities that are not part of Israel's immediate circle of confrontation (i.e., its neighboring Arab states) but are rather scattered far and wide all over the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, I deal with the notion of 'academic identity' holistically, seeking to bring together the teacher and researcher roles of academics in the neoliberal university. The article begins from the perspective of early-career academics who occupy the majority of fixed-term, teaching-only contracts in Higher Education, arguing that such casualisation of academic labour entrenches the role of the academic as Homo economicus. Drawing on the work of Foucault, I demonstrate how a neoliberal governmentality is now not only exerted upon academics from without, but increasingly they are subjecting themselves to the logic of efficiency and effectiveness too. The neoliberal governmentality of the university thus influences and shapes academic subjectivities, such that what it means to be an academic is confined to this marketised logic. Despite the pressures placed on academics to 'produce' measurable outputs and demonstrate their impact, I argue that moving beyond Homo economicus is possible, arguing instead for a re-claiming of 'the academic' as Homo academicus. The idea of Homo academicus can only be supported when three conditions are present: collegiality is afforded greater importance than competition; the discourses of 'productivity' and performativity are balanced against simply 'doing good work well' (Pirrie in Virtue and the quiet art of scholarship, Routledge, London, 2019), and; academics are mindful to practice the 'quieter' intellectual virtues, including the virtue of 'unknowing' (Smith in J Philos Educ 50:272–284, 2016). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human behavior lies somewhere between purely self-interested homo economicus and socially-motivated homo reciprocans. The factors that cause people to choose self-interest over costly cooperation can provide insights into human nature and are essential when designing institutions and policies that are meant to influence behavior. Alcohol consumption can shed light on the inflection point between selfish and selfless because it is commonly consumed and has global effects on the brain. The present study administered alcohol or placebo (N = 128), titrated to sex and weight, to examine its effect on cooperation in a standard task in experimental economics, the public goods game (PGG). Alcohol, compared to placebo, doubled the number of free-riders who contributed nothing to the public good and reduced average PGG contributions by 32% (p =.005). This generated 64% higher average profits in the PGG for those who consumed alcohol. The degree of intoxication, measured by blood alcohol concentration, linearly reduced PGG contributions (r = -0.18, p =.05). The reduction in cooperation was traced to a deterioration in mood and an increase in physiologic stress as measured by adrenocorticotropic hormone. Our findings indicate that moderate alcohol consumption inhibits the motivation to cooperate and that homo economicus is stressed and unhappy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates distinctiveness of work-related precarity in neoliberal orders by pursuing two main arguments. First, precarity prevailed in pre-welfare state capitalist and current era display marked similarities regarding political ideas and workers' experiences. Second, neoliberal precarity manifests its distinctiveness in the human factor and the socioeconomic circumstances surrounding it. That is, in the previous era of precarity, the labouring men who is in pursuit of social protection and solidarity refused to refashion themselves as homo economicus, thanks to a protective socioeconomic environment where countermovements against the unfolding realities of free-market gathered momentum. In the neoliberal era, incorporation of market values in everyday lives, digital automation and reorganization of the work facilitated the transformation of labouring men into homo economicus, who can function without seeking solidarity and social protection. Thus, neoliberal precarity renders it highly uncertain whether it is possible to re-embed the markets into society in a foreseeable future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most economists are aware that homo economicus is not a 'conception of man,' but only a useful assumption. Still, homo economicus is usually interpreted as an assumption about individual agents. It is individuals who are assumed to be perfectly informed and rational. Homo economicus, however, should not be understood as an assumption about individuals as such. The assumption is only applicable where human action takes place under certain institutional preconditions. It can be applied usefully when we are dealing with legally separate individuals who interact in a monetized market economy where the production process is guided by capital-based enterprises. In short, the institutions characterizing capitalism are also those that allow for the application of the homo economicus assumption. It is necessary to make these institutional preconditions explicit because they are not natural constants and, depending on their design, some of them have ambiguous effects on the market process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2019, a new strategy in wildlife conservation was announced: so-called "rhino impact bonds," designed to support the conservation of African black rhinos, with the ultimate aim of establishing a global "conservation debt market." This essay takes this development in the financialization of wildlife conservation as an object lesson in the mutual imbrication of guilt, debt, and the (non)human in the age of the Anthropocene. To this end, it traces a theoretical trajectory that explicitly frames the figure of "Man" in terms of Schuld, starting with Nietzsche's Genealogy of Morals. The essay takes Nietzsche's "sovereign individual" to refer not to the human species as a whole but rather a specific "genre" of the human, namely what Sylvia Wynter calls homo oeconomicus. In "overrepresenting" himself as the paradigmatic human, this figure has established capital accumulation as the goal of all human life. From here, the essay turns to Walter Benjamin's characterization of capitalism as a religion whose ultimate aim is not salvation but universal debt/guilt, and finally to Adorno's account of nature conservation as domination. The rhino bonds represent the logical consequence of this trajectory, namely the expansion of the principle of universal debt to the entire natural world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous literature suggests an "economist effect": business and economics students behave more like Homo economicus than do those from other disciplines. Does this represent selection of selfish maximizers into the disciplines, or a causal effect of study? We argue that common findings that behavior gets no "worse" over time represent overly simplistic tests. Our experiment investigates changes not just in behavior, but also in how participants feel about this behavior. Although we replicate the previous behavioral result, we find evidence that students learn to (1) attach less‐negative normative weight to maximizing behavior, and (2) employ greater sophistication in its implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

If homo economicus exists anywhere, surely he must be found among financial traders. Amid the shouting and shoving of trading pits and the manic clicking and phone slamming of electronic trading desks, the atomized, rational, self-interested agency of neoclassical economic theory appears to emerge. Ethnographers of traders have refuted atomism and instead proposed a socially embedded but still rational and self-interested agent: an embedded homo economicus. I take this critique a step further and argue that traders are neither rational nor self-interested. Certainly, traders present themselves as rational and self-interested, but a 'thick' understanding of their social performances and cultural forms proves otherwise. My analysis focuses on the practice of friendly betting among Chicago traders. Despite its competitive appearances, friendly betting constitutes a non-rational, non-self-interested system of gift exchange and evinces why the myth of embedded homo economicus is both beguiling and false. This conclusion cuts to fundamental issues of agency and practice, and calls for widespread scepticism of theories of rational self-interest. As neoclassical economic theory and market ideology spread around the globe and rational self-interest becomes increasingly normalized, we must be wary of confirmation bias and remember the old ethnographic principle that people aren't always what they say they are. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We discuss how experiments can inform heterodox modelling of complex environment. • We discuss the concept of validity in experiments. • We discuss the evidence on bounded rationality and heuristics coming from experiments. • We discuss the evidence on homo oeconomicus, with regards to reciprocating behaviour, social norms and trust. The article discusses whether and to what extent experiments can contribute to a research paradigm based on the study of human behaviour in complex evolving environments and on the problem of asymmetric adjustment among different components of economic system along certain trajectories, focusing on the possibility that experimental evidence may represent an external consistency check on this type of heterodox modelling. It considers the evidence on rationality of human agents, and the possibility to identify a microfoundation alternative to homo oeconomicus, discussing the evidence on humans as strong reciprocators, as trusting individuals and as embedded in social norms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the spring of 1968, over 6,000 poor people—Black, Chicano/a, white, Puerto Rican, and Native American from rural areas to urban centers—converged on Washington, DC, to call attention to poverty and inequality in the wealthiest and most powerful nation in the world. This six-week demonstration was part of Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.'s final and oft-forgotten Poor People's Campaign. Fifty years later, thousands of people in over forty states have taken part in reviving the effort with the Poor People's Campaign: A National Call for Moral Revival. Rather than seeing this new iteration as merely a reenactment of the '68 campaign, this article draws on participant observation, interviews with campaign leaders, and archival research to reconstruct an obscured and continuous history of anti-poverty movement organizing from 1968 to the present—from the welfare rights movement of the 1960s and 1970s to the National Union of the Homeless of the 1980s and 1990s, from the Poor People's Economic Human Rights Campaign of the early 2000s to the Moral Mondays and Fight for $15 movements of recent years—that directly connects to today's rearticulation of the Poor People's Campaign. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we investigate how infrastructure and care shape commoner subjectivities. In our research into an urban youth farm in Aotearoa New Zealand, we heard and observed profound tales of growth and transformation among youth participants. Not only were our interviewees narrating stories of individual transformation (of themselves and others), but they also spoke of transformations in the way they engaged with the world around them, including the land and garden and its many species and ecological systems, the food system more generally, the wider community and their co-workers. Such transformations were both individual and collective, having more in common with the collective caring subject homines curans than the autonomous, rational work-ready subject of homo economicus. Using postcapitalist theory on commons, commoning and subjectivity, we argue that these socio-affective encounters with more-than-human commons enabled collective, caring commoner subjectivities to emerge and to be cultivated through collective care in place. We suggest that the commons can be thought of as an infrastructure of care for the counter-city, providing the conditions for the emergence and cultivation of collective caring urban subjects. • A postcapitalist counter-city in post-earthquake Christchurch challenges capitalist city discourses. • Collective work on an urban youth farm fosters caring subjectivities and challenges individualist subjectivities. • An urban farm can nurture a more-than-human community, transforming vacant space into a commons. • Urban commons can be infrastructures of care for the counter-city, fostering postcapitalist subjectivities and futures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A close reading of two interrelated Executive Orders issued by the Governor of the U.S. State of Virginia exposes modern Law's twofold paradoxes. While the first stems from perennial judicial-political disjunctive opposition between responsibility for self-preservation and collective wellbeing, the second paradox comes into view with the rise, in eighteenth-century North America, of homo oeconomicus who, newly endowed with rights has the (additional) right not to obey government orders. The entanglement of the two, enfolded in decisive contradiction accompanying the formation of Virginia together with the U.S., defines the fault line in all emergency regulation designed to protect populations in a pandemic that threaten lives and livelihoods. Framed by theoretical borrowings from late Foucault (on governmentality) that encompasses various strategic techniques for making society function equitable, and from Balibar's discussions on "the individualist tradition," I argue with Menke's Critique of Rights that the Virginia Emergency Orders expose the historical precariousness of the (neo)liberal subject of interest, reiterating what Schmitt saw as Hobbes' central political concern, namely that without "the mutual relation between Protection and Obedience" anarchy would threaten the order forged by contract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theorists have long disagreed about the impact of socio-economic modernization on social trust. The pessimistic school asserts that modernization undermines the structural conditions for high levels of trust. The optimistic account argues that it delivers economic security and human empowerment and thereby enhances trust. Adapting these contrasting theories to the specific case of China, this article puts them to the test with survey data from the World Values Survey. Exploiting the condition of highly uneven levels of regional development, combined with common political institutions and a shared cultural heritage, the study conducts a multi-level analysis of survey data from over 1900 individuals and a wide range of regional statistics from 61 county-level units. While trust in family members and particular trust beyond the family are unaffected by levels of regional modernization, we find robust evidence to suggest that regional modernization is associated with substantially higher levels of general trust. The results further suggests that higher general trust in more developed regions does not lead to an enhanced conversion of particular into general trust. This indicates that general trust is nurtured through the contextual effect of residing in more modern social environments. Overall, these findings provide substantial support for modernization optimists and lend themselves to a reinterpretation of a widely discussed "trust crisis" in China, which to date is often interpreted according to the pessimistic view of modernization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In his lectures on neoliberalism, Michel Foucault argues that neoliberalism produces subjects as 'entrepreneurs of themselves'. He bases this claim on Gary Becker's conception of the utility-maximizing agent who solely acts upon cost/benefit-calculations. Not all neoliberalized subjects, however, are encouraged to maximize their utility through mere calculation. This article argues that Foucault's description of neoliberal subjectivity obscures a non-calculative, more audacious side to neoliberal subjectivity. Precarious workers in the creative industries, for example, are encouraged not merely to rationally manage their human capital, but also to take a leap of faith to acquire unpredictable successes. It is this latter risk-loving, extra-calculative side to neoliberal subjectivity that economists usually designate as 'entrepreneurial'. By confronting Foucault with the theories of entrepreneurship of the Austrian School of Economics, Frank Knight, and Joseph Schumpeter, the Foucauldian analytical framework is enriched. Neoliberal subjectivation is not the monolithic promotion of utility-maximizing agents, but the generation of a multiplicity of modes for entrepreneurs to relate to oneself and the market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fatigue damage of rail steel is an important issue affecting economic and human safety. In this paper, the effect of different quenching rates on the fatigue crack growth of hypereutectoid rail is analyzed. The material parameters C and m of the Paris formula are measured. The results show that an increase in cooling rate of rail decreases the value Paris law parameter C, increases the value m and decreases fatigue crack growth rate. This can be attributed to the decreased in the lamellar spacing and cluster diameter of the pearlite with an increase in cooling rate. More specifically, the smaller lamellar spacing and the cluster diameter make the crack pass easily through the cluster boundary of pearlite, which increases the number of zigzag crack growth paths and branching cracks that can help restrain fatigue crack growth. The fatigue fracture characteristic of hypereutectoid rail is that with an increase in cooling rate, the fatigue striation spacing and river pattern of the fracture surface become smaller, the crack growth path tends to zigzag, the tearing edges become deeper and the surface is relatively rougher. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]