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Electrospinning is a cost-effective but very intricate method of producing polymeric nanofibers at room temperature. Unfortunately however, it is extremely difficult to predict the diameter or other properties of the fibers produced via electrospinning a prior. In this paper, we present a new approach to simulate fiber formation during electrospinning. Our work builds on the mathematical framework that was originally developed by Reneker and Yarin in 2000. Our approach incorporates the 3D electrostatic field that surrounds the fiber in a Lagrangian discrete particle tracking algorithm that tracks the trajectory of the fiber in air and predicts its deposition velocity and diameter. We investigate the effects of electrostatic field spatial variation on fiber electrospinning and compare our results with those obtained using a constant electrostatic field, the traditional approach, and with experiments (conducted using polyurethane). We considered three different electrospinning configurations of single-needle-plate-collector, single-needle-drum-collector, and two-needles-drum-collector to investigate how different electrostatic fields impact fiber formation. The computational model developed in this work helps to advance the current state of the art in modeling the electrospinning process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrospinning is an important technique to fabricate nanofibers. In recent years, near-field electrospinning (NFES) has been developed to enhance the control of nanofiber deposition compared to conventional electrospinning, achieved by reducing the operating distance and electric field. This enables the construction of high-aspect ratio 3D structures in a self-aligned, layer-by-layer manner. However, the alignment of fiber deposition can be hindered by charge accumulation in the polymer fibers. Furthermore, a theoretical understanding of the underlying fiber deposition mechanism is still lacking. Herein, we present a numerical model for studying the charge transport, dissipation, and accumulation of NFES polymer fiber deposition. The model reveals that the presence of a trapped state in polymeric materials imposes limitations on the quality of charged fiber deposition. Moreover, the effect of different substrate materials on charge dissipation in fiber deposition is studied. To validate the model, we compare the simulation results with NFES experiments, demonstrating qualitative agreement. We also analyze the effect of the fiber materials and experimental parameters on the printing quality. This model provides an approach to analyze and optimize the operating parameters of NFES to achieve precise and stable nanofiber deposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Man‐made superhydrophobic membranes are of interest for various applications in energy, environment, and medical fields. However, simultaneously achieving durable superhydrophobicity, robust waterproofness, and high breathability of the membranes is still challenging. Herein, an efficient and powerful strategy is reported to create superhydrophobic membranes with perdurable liquid repellency and robust breathability via combining humidity‐induced electrospinning with coat‐crosslinking technology. The micro/nano rough structure is in situ constructed based on manipulating the phase separation of electrospun jets; meanwhile, the waterborne acrylic resins are bridged to the surface of nanofiber to endow the membranes with stable low surface energy via coating and crosslinking treatment. Eventually, the resultant membranes present superhydrophobicity with a water contact angle of ≈154°, good self‐cleaning and anti‐icing properties, robust waterproofness of 83.4 kPa, and high breathability of 3.71 kg m−2 d−1. More interestingly, the nanomaterials can maintain durable superhydrophobicity even after exposure to various severe conditions. The successful creation of high‐performance superhydrophobic membranes opens a new avenue for synthesizing advanced functional materials for application in a variety of fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The escalating environmental impact of pollution and the imperative to reduce carbon emissions have heightened the significance of developing biobased materials from natural biomass for electronic devices. This study investigates the utilization of biofermentation‐produced recombinant spider silk and animal‐derived hemin to create a novel biobased electret for field‐effect transistor memory. A critical challenge arises from the incompatibility between natural photoresponsive molecules and insulating biomaterials, resulting in severe phase separation that compromises film quality and morphology uniformity. This study systematically examines the effects of various film deposition and manufacturing techniques on the biobased electret's morphology, phase separation, and performance. Different methods demonstrate distinct advantages in terms of molecular aggregation/segregation, morphological homogeneity, and device performance. Phototransistor memory devices fabricated using spin coating and spray coating techniques exhibit robust aggregations and high memory windows of ≈30 V. Conversely, devices produced through solution shearing and electrospinning methods display enhanced smooth morphologies and high photoresponsivity. The phototransistor memory comprising electrospun fibers holds the potential to achieve the highest memory ratio, reaching ≈105. These findings not only highlight the applications of biobased materials through scalable film deposition processes but also underscore the importance of refining their morphology, phase separation, and performance in optoelectronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to their ability to adapt to subtle changes in response to various external and internal stimuli, smart hydrogels have become increasingly popular in research and industry. However, many currently available hydrogels suffer from poor processability and inferior mechanical properties. For example, the preparation of a hydrogel network that can be subjected to melt processing and electrospinning is challenging. Herein, a series of mechanically strong, shape‐memory hydrogels based on polyacrylic acid (PAAc) chains containing 20–50 mol% of crystallizable n‐octadecylacrylate (C18A) segments are prepared by an organosolv method followed by in situ physical cross‐linking via hydrophobic interactions. The hydrogels exhibit a reversible strong to weak gel transition at 50–60 °C and can be melt‐processed at 60–100 °C, depending on the molar fraction of C18A. Additionally, the hydrogels can be dissolved in chloroform/ethanol mixture to form a viscous solution, which can then be used to produce a nanofibrous network by electrospinning. Effects of polymer concentration, volume ratio of solvents, and mole fraction of C18A on electrospinning are investigated to produce smooth, uniform nanofibers with small fiber diameter. The produced nanofibers, while maintaining their chemical structure, show significantly improved water adsorption capacity, enhanced mechanical properties, and fast shape‐memory performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the demand for filter media has increased dramatically, driven by the need to manufacture personal protective equipment and for various applications in the industrial and civil sectors. Nanofiber‐based membranes are proposed as potential alternatives to commercial filtration devices. This study presents the design and implementation of an innovative pre‐industrial electrospinning setup, combining a negatively charged spinneret and a positively charged counter‐electrode, capable of producing polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) nanofibers with an average diameter of 410 nm and electrostatic surface potential values 3.7 times higher compared to a conventional electrospinning process, eliminating the need for further post‐treatment. These properties are essential for improving mechanical and electrostatic filtration of small particles, including infectious droplets. The surface potential of the membranes is also long‐lasting, as evidenced by tests one year after manufacture. As a case‐study, these filters are used to manufacture surgical masks, reporting excellent performance in terms of bacterial filtration efficiency (BFE) up to 99.9%, and breathability (29.8±4.5 Pa cm−2) when compared to commercially available meltblown polypropylene (PP) face masks, and also complied with the stringent European standard (EN14683:2019) for type‐II surgical masks. Furthermore, the pre‐industrial setup allows for increased production capacity of up to 42 000 m2 per year, suitable for large‐scale production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synergistic effect of metal-carrier introduces novel possibilities for the potential application of non-precious metal electrocatalysts in direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC). Electrostatically spun nanofibers with a uniquely graded porous structure and efficient electrolyte and electron transfer channels exhibit enhanced synergistic catalytic performance as carriers. In this study, we report a metal-organic frameworks (MOFs)-derived nitrogen-doped carbon nanofibers (CNFs) CoCu nanocrystalline catalysts. The oxyphilicity of Co facilitates the adsorption of hydroxyl (OH) radicals, thereby enhancing the removal of carbon monoxide (CO). Additionally, Cu acts as a methanol adsorption center in the adsorption experiments, promoting the acceleration of reaction pathways. The optimized Co 2 Cu 1 /N-CNFs demonstrated comparable power densities to commercial Pt/C catalysts in single-cell tests, showcasing their potential as a promising non-precious metal catalyst for the DMFC field. This study highlights the significant contribution of both structural and compositional synergistic effects, along with the assembly effect of electrospinning, towards enhancing methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) activity and anti-CO poisoning performance. [Display omitted] • Carbon nanofiber loaded hyperdispersed CoCu nanocrystalline catalysts were prepared. • Adsorption experiments indicate that Cu can act as the methanol adsorption site. • Oxyphilicity of Co promoted efficient CO ads removal through OH radical adsorption. • Co 2 Cu 1 /N-CNFs exhibited excellent single-cell performance in alkaline DMFC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Electrospun porous nanofiber exhibits excellent properties and designability. It is an effective way to control the release of traditional Chinese medicine and improve the bioavailability to design an advanced drug delivery system, which has a broad application prospect. OBJECTIVE: To review the construction methods of the electrospinning drug delivery system of traditional Chinese medicine and its related research progress in the medical field. METHODS: The literature search was performed in CNKI, PubMed, and Web of Science databases with the search terms “electrospinning, traditional Chinese medicine, drug carrier, drug delivery system, tissue engineering, dressing” in both English and Chinese for articles published from 2013 to 2023. Finally, 62 articles were included in this review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The key elements of the electrospinning drug delivery system of Chinese medicine preparation are substrate material, traditional Chinese medicine composition, and drug loading method. (2) The preparation of the electrospinning drug delivery system of Chinese medicine can be carried out according to the application scenario and therapeutic purpose. Firstly, the types of Chinese medicine are selected, then the polymer matrix and solution suitable for them are selected, and finally, the fiber structure is designed according to the drug release requirements and the appropriate drug loading method is adopted. (3) At present, the medicinal agents used are mainly plant Chinese medicine, and there is a lack of systematic research on animal and mineral Chinese medicine. (4) Blended drug loading is the most studied and applied drug loading method, and its drug release characteristics and adaptation scenarios are constantly expanded by optimizing the physicochemical properties of the solution and selecting the diversity of loaded substances. Multilayer fibers with different compositions and properties can be prepared by coaxial, multi-axis, and sequential electrospinning methods, which have broad development prospects. (5) The early application of the electrospinning drug delivery system of Chinese medicine focused on medical dressings according to the antibacterial and hemostatic functions. In recent years, it has been studied in the field of tissue engineering because some components of traditional Chinese medicine can promote cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. (6) At present, the research mainly focuses on the characterization and optimization of loading materials, processes, physicochemical properties, and biological properties, but the research on the mechanism is less. Its clinical application has not been widespread; the adverse reactions in vivo and the interaction between its degradation behavior and drug release behavior are still unknown. (7) Future studies need to consider: We should expand the application of Chinese medicine by improving the physicochemical properties and increasing the purification of Chinese medicine extracts. We need to comprehensively study the therapeutic effects and application mechanisms of Chinese medicine, and clarify the interaction of degradation behavior and drug release behavior, to achieve a more perfect combination and application of Chinese medicine and electrospinning nanofibers under a more accurate mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new class of microfiltration (MF) membranes based on nanofibrous sub-layers was investigated in this study. To this end, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) nanofibrous layers were produced via electrospinning technique based on PET supports as baking material, and subsequently, the solvent vapor treatment was applied for pore size modification of nanofibrous membranes. Capillary flow porometry and scanning electron microscopy were used to evaluate of pore size and morphology of the membranes, respectively. Moreover, filtration performance was evaluated by water flux and microparticle/bacteria retention. The results showed that average pore size of PET electrospun nanofibrous membrane was greatly reduced from 1.2 to 0.4 µm during modification process. Solvent vapor-treated MF membranes show significantly higher flux and acceptable rejection compared to commercial MF membranes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A dual-functional material was fabricated to mimic the periosteum for guided bone regeneration. Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) was fabricated into a gold-coated electrospun membrane. The gold-coated PVDF membranes were observed and characterized for their morphology and structural formation using light microscopy and differential calorimetry, respectively. Hydrophilicity, mechanical behavior, and electrical properties were evaluated from the results of the contact angle, universal testing machine, and an inductance–capacitance–resistance meter, respectively. MC3T3E1 osteoblast cells were seeded onto PVDF membranes with and without the gold coating. The cells on the seeded membranes were cultured under either a non-dynamic condition or a dynamic condition by shaking at 100 rpm (1.67 Hz). In vitro testing was performed to evaluate the biological performance (cell proliferation and viability), protein analysis, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and calcium content. PVDF with the gold coating had a higher melting temperature, hydrophilicity, and dielectric constant than without the gold coating. The gold-coated PVDF membranes showed a lower Young's modulus than the uncoated PVDF membranes. The seeded gold-coated and uncoated PVDF membranes under the dynamic condition had higher cell proliferation, viability, protein amount, ALP activity, calcium content, and calcium deposition than the PVDF membrane without either the gold coating or under the dynamic condition. Finally, the results deduced that the gold-coated PVDF membranes were able to mimic the periosteum with a dual function and showed promise for guided bone regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces a flexible array Plantar sensor fabricated through the high-voltage electrospinning process of poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) (P(VDF-TrFE)) ，incorporating stannic oxide nanoparticles （SnO2NPS）and graphene (GR) composite nanofilm. The surface morphology, β-phase crystal content, piezoelectric performance, composition, and structure of the composite piezoelectric films were evaluated using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman Spectroscopy, and a vibration platform. Experimental findings reveal that P(VDF-TrFE)/SnO2NPS/GR composite films containing 5% SnO2NPS and 0.1% GR exhibit superior open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current, measuring 22.43 V and 12.95 uA, respectively. These values are approximately 1.59 times and 1.34 times higher than those of the 5% P(VDF-TrFE) composite film and about 2.37 and 2.16 times higher than those of pure P(VDF-TrFE). A flexible piezoelectric sensor was fabricated using this composite film, and the mechanical properties and electrical impedance behavior of the sensor were investigated and analyzed.A multi-channel foot pressure collection and classification system was established based on this sensor, and a Parkinson’s disease machine learning model for multi-channel foot pressure collection was investigated. Various machine learning models for Parkinson’s disease were compared, and a fine K Nearest Neighbors（KNN） Parkinson’s disease classification model with an accuracy of 97.1% was proposed. This offers a novel solution for Parkinson’s disease diagnosis and holds significant reference value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unique 3D structure of spider silk protein (spidroin) determines the excellent mechanical properties of spidroin fiber, but the difficulty of heterologous expression and poor spinning performance of recombinant spider silk protein limit its application. A high‐yield low‐molecular‐weight biomimetic spidroin (Amy‐6rep) is obtained by sequence modification, and its excellent spinning performance is verified by electrospinning it for use as a nanogenerator. Amy‐6rep increases the highly fibrogenic microcrystalline region in the core repeat region of natural spidroin with limited sequence length and replaces the polyalanine sequence with an amyloid polypeptide through structural similarity. Due to sequence modification, the expression of Amy‐6rep increased by ≈200%, and the self‐assembly performance of Amy‐6rep significantly increased. After electrospinning with Amy‐6rep, the nanofibers exhibit good tribopower generation capacity. In this paper, a biomimetic spidroin sequence design with high yield and good spinning performance is reported, and a strategy for electrospinning to produce an artificial nanogenerator is explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Passive radiative cooling technologies play an integral role in advancing sustainable development. While the potential of polymer‐based radiative cooling materials is increasingly recognized, they often degrade under prolonged ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure, which undermines both their mechanical and radiative cooling performance. To address this challenge, a coaxial electrospinning method to prepare a BST@TPU membrane, with a core layer of strontium barium titanate nanorods (BST NRs) and a shell layer of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) is employed. Capitalizing on the UV absorption and free radical adsorption properties of BST NRs, the UV stability of the TPU membrane is significantly increased. Additionally, the inclusion of high refractive index BST NRs compensates for the decrease in reflectivity caused by their UV absorption. After 216 h of continuous 0.7 kW m−2 UV irradiation, the BST@TPU membrane, which initially exhibits a reflectance of 97.2%, demonstrated a modest decline to 92.1%. Its net radiative cooling power maintains 85.78 W m−2 from the initial of 125.21 W m−2, extending the useful lifetime of the TPU membrane threefold. This innovation extends promise for enhancing the efficiency and durability of radiative cooling materials, contributing to sustainable cooling solutions across various applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxide nanofibers are widely used in several applications, including thermal insulation, fuel cells, flexible sensors, and catalyst support. Fiber morphology significantly affects their application performance. In this work, alumina-based nanofibers were successfully prepared using a sol-gel combined with an electrospinning method. The electrostatic polarity effects on fiber morphology were investigated. When fibers were electrospun by negative polarity at elevated voltages, the fibers retained uniform and smooth morphology, with a slightly increased average diameter and diameter uniformity. In contrast, ultra-thin nanofibers were generated when electrospinning was done under positive polarity. The strong charge repulsion by the agminated cations in the precursor caused bifurcations, finally forming ultra-thin nanofibers. At increased voltages, the electrospun fibers with positive polarity exhibited a distinctly increased average diameter and decreased diameter uniformity. This was attributed to the increased fiber whip scope, increasingly robust nonaxisymmetric whip behaviors, and fiber bifurcation during the jet whipping process. The results showed that the electrostatic polarities can affect the morphology of oxide fibers. This study provides guidance to prepare oxide nanofibers with desired morphology and specific requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flexible piezoelectric devices have attracted much attention in the fields of intelligent devices and biomedicine because of their high sensitivity, stability, and flexibility. In this paper, a multifunctional flexible pressure sensor was prepared by adding polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and carboxylic-terminated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (c-MWCNTs) with polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) as the substrate. The β -phase content of PVDF/PAN blended fibers compounded with c-MWCNT was up to 95%. At the same time, when PAN was added, the mechanical properties of the composite fibers were constantly improved. The results show that the polymer blending method can improve the comprehensive properties of PVDF composite. The flexible sensor prepared from the PVDF/PAN/c-MWCNT composite film has an output voltage of 2.1 V and a current of 7 μ A. The addition of c-MWCNT can largely improve the sensitivity of the sensor (4.19 V N−1). The sensor is attached to the finger and shows good output performance under different degrees of bending of the finger. The maximum output voltage of the sensor is 0.4 V, 0.56 V and 1.15 V when the finger bending angle is 30°, 60°, and 90°, respectively. Moreover, the developed piezoelectric sensor can monitor large-scale movements of various parts of the human body. Therefore, this composite material shows potential in areas such as motion monitoring and energy storage devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poly(octamethylene citrate) (POC) is a promising bioelastomer material in tissue engineering field. However, its thermosetting characteristic reveals a big challenge to manufacture fibrous membranes via electrospinning. Herein, an Pickering emulsion, with dimethyl carbonate solution of POC prepolymer (pre-POC) as a dispersed oil phase (o), Pullulan (Pull) aqueous solution as a continuous water phase (w), and chitin nanocrystal (ChiNC) as a particle-type emulsifier, was successfully constructed and electrospun to form POC/Pull core/shell structured fibers, in which the ChiNCs did not merely reside on the core/shell interface, but moved into the POC core layer to reinforce the POC matrix. On the one hand, the core/shell structured fiber mat could be used as a double-layer drug release system to release hydrophilic drugs from outer layer and hydrophobic drugs from core layer. On the other hand, after washing off the Pull shell layer, a pure POC elastomer fiber mat was obtained, of which the mechanical properties were comparable to that of the ChiNC reinforced POC dense films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study proposing an environmentally friendly and lead (Pb)-free alternative in the form of electrospun mats of Bi2O3/WO3/PVA for X-ray shielding. By varying Bi2O3 filler loading (0–20 wt%) while keeping WO3 filler constant at 10 wt%, the study examined density, thickness, and mass attenuation coefficient (µ) of the fabricated mats. X-ray attenuation was evaluated across different X-ray energy levels (16.61–25.27 keV) using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) unit. Meanwhile, the surface morphology and nanoparticle dispersion within the PVA nanofiber mat were observed through Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM). Results demonstrated improved X-ray attenuation with increased Bi2O3 filler loadings, except for mats containing 20 wt% Bi2O3 and 10 wt% WO3 (mat B5) due to coagulation and porosity issues. The electrospun mat with 15 wt% Bi2O3 and 10 wt% WO3 (mat B4) exhibited the highest X-ray attenuation. Thus, electrospun mat B4 is proposed as a promising candidate for environmentally friendly X-ray shielding material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zinc-doped CuAl2O4 (Zn-CuAl2O4) nanofiber membranes with a high specific surface area, multi-pore structure, and a partial inverse spinel structure were successfully fabricated by controlling the electrospinning process and calcination atmospheres. The excessive doping of Zn2+ ions results in the formation of ZnAl2O4/CuAl2O4 fiber membrane, which has a poor UV-Vis absorption ability. The diameter of Zn-CuAl2O4 nanofibers is about 80 nm, and the specific surface area of the Zn-CuAl2O4 nanofiber membrane is 45.2 m2/g. XRD and XPS results indicate that Zn-CuAl2O4 nanofiber membranes contain spinel and inverse spinel phases. Compared with pure spinel CuAl2O4 nanofiber membranes, the UV-Vis absorption ability of the Zn-CuAl2O4 nanofiber membrane is enhanced, and transient photocurrent intensity was increased from 0.14 mA/cm2 to 0.16 mA/cm2. The free radical capture experiments and EPR spectra indicate that huge ·O2− are generated on the surface of the Zn-CuAl2O4 nanofiber membrane, and the photocatalytic degradation efficiency of MB is increased by 14%. The Zn-CuAl2O4 nanofiber membranes exhibit excellent cycling stability and have great potential for photocatalytic degradation of dye wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peppermint is a perennial herb with high inhibitory power against bacteria because its chemical profile contains menthol and menthone. In this research, peppermint essential oil (PEO) was encapsulated in various levels (0, 2.5, 5, and 10% w/v) in nanofibers (NFs) obtained from zein using an electrospinning technique. SEM, XRD, TGA, and FTIR tests were performed to investigate the characteristics of NFs after producing them. Also, the resultant NFs were evaluated regarding encapsulation efficiency (EE) and antimicrobial properties via disc-diffusion against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, and Salmonella enterica. The results indicated that the morphology was tubular, uniform, and free bead. Fiber diameter increased on average by increasing the amount of PEO (p<0.05). XRD results showed that PEO was amorphous in electrospun zein NFs. TGA and FTIR analyses confirmed the presence of PEO in the electrospun fibers. In addition, the FTIR spectrum showed that the zein protein changed its secondary structure because of the PEO. The results of EE showed that an increase in PEO concentration caused a relevant rise in EE (P<0.05). The electrospun NFs containing PEO showed antimicrobial properties against the target bacteria. According to the current research, NFs obtained from zein via electrospinning can be applied suitably as a substrate to encapsulate PEO as a hydrophobic component. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the global facial mask market continues to grow, consumers have put forward higher requirements for the functionality and ingredients of mask products. Ordinary facial masks mostly use ordinary non-woven fabrics as the mask base fabric and are used with essence. Preservatives are generally added. At the same time, they are susceptible to the influence of the external environment and are easily oxidized, causing the mask to deteriorate and cause skin allergic reactions. In addition, traditional facial masks have problems such as poor fit with the skin, poor breathability, insufficient absorption of nutrient solutions, and easy dripping. The high specific surface area and high porosity of a nanofiber mask prepared by electrospinning technology are beneficial to the skin's absorption of nutrients, and it has good fit with the skin and strong breathability. A unique advantage of this nanofiber mask is that it uses spray. After the mask is sprayed with water or essence, the water-soluble polymer within it can be quickly dissolved, saving a lot of time. Nanofiber facial mask products can effectively solve consumer pain points and are conducive to the high-end development of facial masks. Therefore, this article combines needleless electrospinning technology to develop a new solid-state, preservative-free, quick-dissolving nanofiber facial mask that can be prepared on a large scale. Based on needleless electrospinning technology, this article deeply explores the process parameters and their influencing mechanisms for preparing nanofiber, quick-dissolving facial masks to achieve the stable preparation of nanofiber facial masks with the best morphology; a comprehensive analysis of the structure and influence of nanofiber facial masks from micro and macro perspectives demonstrates their performance and allows evaluation of them. The experimental results show that the mask morphology is optimal under the process conditions of using a spinning liquid of 20% collagen peptide solution, a spinning voltage of 30 kV, a collection distance of 19 cm, and a liquid supply speed of 130 mL/h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient adsorbents for excess bilirubin removal are extremely important for the treatment of hyperbilirubinemia. However, traditional adsorbents, such as activated carbons and ion-exchange resins, still suffer from dissatisfactory adsorption performance and poor blood compatibility. Herein, we adopted a rational design strategy guided by density functional theory (DFT) calculations to prepare blood-compatible quaternary ammonium group grafted electrospun polyacrylonitrile nanofiber adsorbents. The calculation analysis and adsorption experiments were used to investigate the structure–function relationship between group types and bilirubin adsorption, both indicating that quaternary ammonium groups with suitable configurations played a crucial role in bilirubin binding. The obtained nanofiber adsorbents showed the bilirubin removal efficiency above 90% even at a coexisting BSA concentration of 50 g L−1. The maximum adsorption capacities were 818.9 mg g−1 in free bilirubin solution and 163.7 mg g−1 in albumin bound bilirubin solution. The nanofiber adsorbents also showed considerable bilirubin removal in dynamic adsorption to reduce the bilirubin concentration to a normal level, which was better than commercial activated carbons. Our study demonstrates the high feasibility of a theory-driven design method for the development of grafted electrospun nanofibers, which have good potential as bilirubin adsorbents in hemoperfusion applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Near-field direct-writing electrospinning technology can be used to produce ordered micro/nanofiber membrane dressings. The application of this technology can simply realize the control of dressing porosity, compound different functional substances, and adjust their distribution, thus improving the defects of common dressings such as insufficient breathability, poor moisture retention performance, and single function. Herein, a novel multifunctional wound dressing was prepared to utilize near-field direct-writing electrospinning technology, in which calf skin collagen type I (CSC-I) and polycaprolactone (PCL) were used as the composite matrix, Hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) as the solvent, and erythromycin (ERY) as an anti-infective drug component. The results show that the micro/nanofiber membranes prepared by near-field direct-writing electrospinning technology can all present a complete mesh structure, excellent thermal stability, and good moisturizing properties. Moreover, the composite fiber membrane loaded with ERY not only had obvious antibacterial properties against E. coli and S. thermophilus but also a better slow-release function of drugs (it is rare to have both in traditional wound dressings). Therefore, this experimental design can provide relevant theories and an experimental foundation for preparing a new type of medical dressing with drug loading and has good guiding significance for the application and promotion of near-field direct-writing electrospinning in medical dressings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inorganic CsPbX3 (X = Cl, Br, I) perovskite quantum dots (PQDs) have attracted widespread attention due to their excellent optical properties and extensive application prospects. However, their inherent structural instability significantly hinders their practical application despite their outstanding optical performance. To enhance stability, an in situ electrospinning strategy was used to synthesize CsPbX3/polyacrylonitrile composite nanofibers. By optimizing process parameters (e.g., halide ratio, electrospinning voltage, and heat treatment temperature), all-inorganic CsPbX3 PQDs have been successfully grown in a polyacrylonitrile (PAN) matrix. During the electrospinning process, the rapid solidification of electrospun fibers not only effectively constrained the formation of large-sized PQDs but also provided effective physical protection for PQDs, resulting in the improvement in the water stability of PQDs by minimizing external environmental interference. Even after storage in water for over 100 days, the PQDs maintained approximately 93.5% of their photoluminescence intensity. Through the adjustment of halogen elements, the as-obtained composite nanofibers exhibited color-tunable luminescence in the visible light region, and based on this, a series of multicolor anti-counterfeiting patterns were fabricated. Additionally, benefiting from the excellent water stability and optical performance, the CsPbBr3/PAN composite film was combined with red-emitting K2SiF6:Mn4+ (KSF) on a blue LED (460 nm), producing a stable and efficient WLED device with a color temperature of around 6000 K and CIE coordinates of (0.318, 0.322). These results provide a general approach to synthesizing PQDs/polymer nanocomposites with excellent water stability and multicolor emission, thereby promoting their practical applications in multifunctional optoelectronic devices and advanced anti-counterfeiting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyamide-imide (PAI) is an exceptional polymer known for its outstanding mechanical, chemical, and thermal resistance. This makes it an ideal choice for applications that require excellent durability, such as those in the aerospace sector, bearings, gears, and the oil and gas industry. The current study explores the optimization of TORLON® 4000 T HV polyamide-imide nanofibers utilizing needleless electrospinning devices, ranging from laboratory-scale to industrial-scale production, for the first time. The PAI polymer has been dispersed in several solvent systems at varying concentrations. The diameter of the electrospun PAI nanofibers ranged from 65.8 nanometers to 1.52 μm. Their filtering efficiency was above 90% for particles with a size of 0.3 microns. The TGA results proved that PAI nanofibers have excellent resistance to high temperatures up to 450 °C. The PAI nanofibers are ideal for hot air intake filtration and fire-fighter personal protection equipment applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silicone-modified polyurethane (PUSX) refers to the introduction of a silicone short chain into the polyurethane chain to make it have the dual properties of silicone and polyurethane (PU). It can be used in many fields, such as coatings, films, molding products, adhesives, and so on. The use of organic solvents to achieve the fiberization of silicone-modified polyurethane has been reported. However, it is challenging to achieve the fiberization of silicone-modified polyurethane based on an environmentally friendly water solvent. Herein, we report a simple and powerful strategy to fabricate environmentally friendly waterborne silicone-modified polyurethane nanofiber membranes through the addition of polyethylene glycol (PEG) with different molecular weights using electrospinning technology and in situ doping with three crosslinking agents with different functional groups (a polyoxazoline crosslinking agent, a polycarbodiimide crosslinking agent, and a polyisocyanate crosslinking agent) combined with various heating treatment conditions. The influence of PEG molecular weight on fiber formation was explored. The morphology, structure, water resistance, and mechanical properties were analyzed regarding the effect of the introduction of silicone into PU. The effects of the type and content of crosslinking agent on the morphology and physical properties of PUSX nanofiber membranes are discussed. These results show that the introduction of silicone can improve the water resistance and high temperature resistance of waterborne PU, and the addition of a crosslinking agent can further improve the water resistance of the sample, so that the sample can maintain good morphology after immersion. Crosslinking agents with different functional groups had different effects on the mechanical properties of PUSX nanofiber membranes due to different reactions. Among them, the oxazoline crosslinking agent had a significant effect on improving tensile strength, while the isocyanate crosslinking agent had a significant effect on improving the elongation at break. The PUSX nanofiber membrane prepared in this work did not use organic solvents that were harmful to humans and the environment, and it can be used in outdoor textiles, oil–water separation, medical health, and other fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In tissue engineering, electrospinning has gained significant interest due to its highly porous structure with an excellent surface area to volume ratio and fiber diameters that can mimic the structure of the extracellular matrix. Bioactive substances such as growth factors and drugs are easily integrated. In many applications, there is an important need for small tubular structures (I.D. < 1 mm). However, fabricating sub-millimeter structures is challenging as it reduces the collector area and increases the disturbing factors, leading to significant fiber loss. This study aims to establish a reliable and reproducible electrospinning process for sub-millimeter tubular structures with minimized material loss. Influencing factors were analyzed, and disturbance factors were removed before optimizing control variables through the design-of-experiments method. Structural and morphological characterization was performed, including the yield, thickness, and fiber arrangement of the scaffold. We evaluated the electrospinning process to enhance the manufacturing efficiency and reduce material loss. The results indicated that adjusting the voltage settings and polarity significantly increased the fiber yield from 8% to 94%. Variations in the process parameters also affected the scaffold thickness and homogeneity. The results demonstrate the complex relationship between the process parameters and provide valuable insights for optimizing electrospinning, particularly for the cost-effective and reproducible production of small tubular diameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Touch serves as an important medium for human–environment interaction. The piezoresistive tactile sensor has attracted much attention due to its convenient technology, simple principle, and convenient signal acquisition and analysis. In this paper, conductive beads-on-string polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/polyaniline doped with dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid (PANI-DBSA) nanofibers were fabricated via the electrospinning technique. Due to the special nanostructure of PVA-coated PANI-DBSA, the tactile sensor presented a wide measuring range of 12 Pa–121 kPa and appreciable sensitivity of 8.576 kPa−1 at 12 Pa~484 Pa. In addition, the response time and recovery time of the sensor were approximately 500 ms, demonstrating promising prospects in the field of tactile sensing for active upper limb prostheses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrophilic nanofibers offer promising potential for the delivery of drugs with diverse characteristics. Yet, the effects of different drugs incorporated into these nanofibers on their properties remain poorly understood. In this study, we systematically explored how model drugs, namely ibuprofen, carvedilol, paracetamol, and metformin (hydrochloride), affect hydrophilic nanofibers composed of polyethylene oxide and poloxamer 188 in a 1:1 weight ratio. Our findings reveal that the drug affects the conductivity and viscosity of the polymer solution for electrospinning, leading to distinct changes in the morphology of electrospun products. Specifically, drugs with low solubility in ethanol, the chosen solvent for polymer solution preparation, led to the formation of continuous nanofibers with uniform diameters. Additionally, the lower solubility of metformin in ethanol resulted in particle appearance on the nanofiber surface. Furthermore, the incorporation of more hydrophilic drugs increased the surface hydrophilicity of nanofiber mats. However, variations in the physicochemical properties of the drugs did not affect the drug loading and drug entrapment efficiency. Our research also shows that drug properties do not notably affect the immediate release of drugs from nanofibers, highlighting the dominant role of the hydrophilic polymers used. This study emphasizes the importance of considering specific drug properties, such as solubility, hydrophilicity, and compatibility with the solvent used for electrospinning, when designing hydrophilic nanofibers for drug delivery. Such considerations are crucial for optimizing the properties of the drug delivery system, which is essential for achieving therapeutic efficacy and safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents a new method for 4D fabrication of two‐way shape memory materials that are capable of reversible shapeshifting right after manufacturing, upon application of proper heating and cooling cycles. The innovative solution presented here consists in the combination of highly stretched electrospun shape memory polymer (SMP) nanofibers with a melt electrowritten elastomer. More specifically, the stretched nanofibers are made of a biocompatible thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) with crystallizable soft segments, undergoing melt‐induced contraction and crystallization‐induced elongation upon heating and cooling, respectively. Reversible actuation during crystallization becomes possible due to the elastic recovery of the elastomer component, obtained by melt electrowriting of a commercial TPU filament. Thanks to the design freedom offered by additive manufacturing, the elastomer structure also has the role of guiding the shape transformation. Electrospinning and melt electrowriting process parameters are set up so to obtain smart 4D objects capable of two‐way shape memory effect (SME), and the possibility of reversible and repeatable actuation is demonstrated. The two components are then combined in different proportions with the aim of tailoring the two‐way SME, taking into account the effect of design parameters such as the SMP content, the elastomer pattern, and the composite thickness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Novel biomaterials suitable for bone tissue engineering are currently in demand, and reformulating natural and synthetic biomaterials has caught scientists' attention. Cellulose and collagen have been utilized in biomedical fields. This research aimed to fabricate collagen‐cellulose‐poly(l‐lactide) (Col‐Cel‐PLL) scaffold using collagen, cellulose, and poly(l‐lactide) through electrospinning and radiofrequency plasma treatment and to examine the scaffold's physicochemical and biological properties. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed its chemistry, and scanning electron microscopy showed fine interconnecting microfibrous fibers; it was super‐hydrophilic with low crystallinity (25.59%) and great Young's modulus (163.940 ± 8.008 MPa), and it was reasonably degraded. Regarding biological properties, the scaffold was biocompatible by supporting cell attachment and viability. Cells on the Col‐Cel‐PLL produced high total protein levels and collagen deposition. However, the alkaline phosphatase activity was significantly low. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Over the last few decades, significant research efforts have been devoted to developing new cleaning systems aimed at preserving cultural heritage. One of the main objectives is to selectively remove aged or undesirable coatings from painted surfaces while preventing the cleaning solvent from permeating and engaging with the pictorial layers. In this work, we propose the use of electrospun polyamide 6,6 nonwovens in conjunction with a green solvent (dimethyl carbonate). By adjusting the electrospinning parameters, we produced three distinct nonwovens with varying average fiber diameters, ranging from 0.4 μm to 2 μm. These samples were characterized and tested for their efficacy in removing dammar varnish from painted surfaces. In particular, the cleaning process was monitored using macroscale PL (photoluminescence) imaging in real-time, while post-application examination of the mats was performed through scanning electron microscopy. The solvent evaporation rate from the different nonwovens was evaluated using gravimetric analysis and Proton Transfer Reaction- Time-of-Flight. It was observed that the application of the nonwovens with small or intermediate pore sizes for the removal of the terpenic varnish resulted in the swollen resin being absorbed into the mats, showcasing a peel-off effect. Thus, this protocol eliminates the need for further potentially detrimental removal procedures involving cotton swabs. The experimental data suggests that the peel-off effect relates to the microporosity of the mats, which enhances the capillary rise of the swollen varnish. Furthermore, the application of these systems to historical paintings underwent preliminary validation using a real painting from the 20th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An "intelligent" or smart packaging is able to continuously monitor physicochemical and/or biological variations of packaged food materials, providing real-time information concerning their quality, maturity, and safety. Electrospun nanofiber (ENF) structures, nowadays, reckon as versatile biomaterial platforms in designing intelligent packaging (IP) systems. Natural biopolymer-based ENF traits, for example, surface chemistry, rate of degradation, fiber diameter, and degree of alignment, facilitate the development of unique, tunable IP, enhancing food quality, and safety. In this review, after a brief overview of the electrospinning process, we review food IP systems, which can be utilized to detect variations in food features, for example, those based on alterations in temperature, O2 level, time, humidity, pH, or microbial contamination. Different intelligent approaches that are applicable in engineering IP materials are then highlighted, that is, indicators, data carriers, and sensors. The latest research on the application of ENFs made with natural biopolymers in food IP and their performance on different packaged food types (i.e. meat, fruits and vegetables, dairy products, etc.) are underlined. Finally, the challenges and outlook of these systems in the food industry are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Myocardial infarction (MI) is one of the major diseases that threaten human life and health. The construction of cardiac patch by tissue engineering method and biomaterials is a promising way to treat MI clinically by improving electromechanical signal transduction in MI area. A highly conductive electrospun fibre-engineered biomedical patch with porous structure, mechanical support and conductive property was prepared by poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), polyaniline (PANI), graphene oxide (GO) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT). PLGA, PLGA/MWCNT, PLGA/GO electrospinning fibre membrane substrates were prepared first and then in-situ polymerization of aniline (ANI) to form PANI/PLGA and PANI/PLGA/MWCNT fibre conductive patches. PLGA-blended fibre patch had a smooth fibre surface and an uniform fibre diameter, porous structure, fibre parallel arrangement, in which PLGA/MWCNT had larger ultimate strength and Young’s modulus. When the ANI concentration was 0.4 mol l−1, electrical conductivity reached the maximum value, and the electrical conductivity of PANI/PLGA fibre patch was significantly larger than that of PANI/PLGA/MWCNT fibre patch as the ANI concentration increased, which were 1.56 × 10−2 and 6.06 × 10−3 S cm−1, respectively. Highly conductive fibre membrane-engineered biomedical patch had excellent electrical and thermal stability, and improved signal transduction, with porous structure and mechanical support for potential MI repair. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) were esterified using long-chain fatty acid chlorides (octanoyl chloride, lauroyl chloride, and palmitoyl chloride) and composited with a biodegradable polymer, polybutylene succinate (PBS). The composite material was fabricated into nano-scale fibers and films via electrospinning and electrospraying processes using chloroform as a solvent. The influence of process conditions, CNF type and CNF amount on morphologies were investigated. The diameter of the electrospun fibers was ranged from 648 to 975 nm and fibers with the lowest diameters were produced at 10% concentration, 15 kV voltage and 30 µL/min flow rate. Further, PBS to CNF ratio of 95/5 and CNF esterified with lauryl chloride produced the best results. Electrospraying was achieved at a concentration of 5% or less and the tensile properties of the resulting electrosprayed films were investigated. The highest increase in tensile strength was observed at a PBS to CNF ratio of 99/1, while the most significant enhancement in elastic modulus occurred at the 95/5 ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the many different types of wound dressings, nanofiber-based materials produced through electrospinning are claimed to be ideal because of their advantageous intrinsic properties and the feasibility of employing several strategies to load bioactive compounds into their structure. Bioactive compounds with antimicrobial properties have been incorporated into different wound dressings to promote healing as well as prevent and treat bacterial infections. Among these, natural products, such as medicinal plant extracts and essential oils (EOs), have proven particularly attractive thanks to their nontoxic nature, minor side effects, desirable bioactive properties, and favorable effects on the healing process. To this end, the present review provides an exhaustive and up-to-date revision of the most prominent medicinal plant extracts and EOs with antimicrobial properties that have been incorporated into nanofiber-based wound dressings. The most common methods used for incorporating bioactive compounds into electrospun nanofibers include: pre-electrospinning (blend, encapsulation, coaxial, and emulsion electrospinning), post-electrospinning (physical adsorption, chemical immobilization, and layer-by-layer assembly), and nanoparticle loading. Furthermore, a general overview of the benefits of EOs and medicinal plant extracts is presented, describing their intrinsic properties and biotechniques for their incorporation into wound dressings. Finally, the current challenges and safety issues that need to be adequately clarified and addressed are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tackling large bone defects remains a significant clinical challenge due to the limitations in current treatment strategies. This study presents a modular tissue-engineered bone, achieving rapid vascularization within 14 days and showing significant initial stability after implantation. This innovation is driven by the synergy of high-resolution mono-LCD mask photopolymerization 3D printing, electrospinning technology, and photosensitive gel cell carriers, resulting in a bioceramic-electrospun fiber composite scaffold (BECS) that enhances nutrient permeation and mechanical support. Emphasizing biomimicry, the scaffold incorporates an electrospun ultrafine fiber membrane that simulates the periosteum's microvascular structure, crucial for rapid endothelialization of graft lumens. This membrane acts as an advanced carrier for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), facilitating targeted release that significantly promotes vascular regeneration. Our in vitro and in vivo analyses indicate that immediate vascularization and subsequent osteogenesis significantly enhance blood supply and bone regeneration in defect sites. Notably, the application of Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSCs) within the gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) cell carrier ensures uniform distribution and proliferation, essential for balanced bone regeneration. Demonstrating a 75% increase in vascular network formation and a 60% enhancement in osteocalcin (OCN) expression within the initial four weeks, the scaffold supports both rapid vascularization and osteogenesis. This dual-functional tissue-engineered bone represents a significant advancement for treating large bone defects, with the potential to improve current therapeutic strategies substantially. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent times, there has been a burgeoning interest in harnessing natural plant extracts for the development of innovative biological scaffolds. This article centers on the extraction of Parrotia persica extract and explores its potential suitability for integration into nanofibrous structures. In pursuit of this objective, nanofibers were meticulously crafted using a blend of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and the derived Parrotia persica extract (E), employing the electrospinning technique. Different PVA/E ratios (90:10, 80:20, and 50:50) were investigated. The formation of layer-by-layer structures (four layers) was achieved by sequentially electrospinning a layer of PCL nanofibers onto a collector, followed by the deposition of a layer of PVA/E ((80:20) and (50:50)) with the identical thickness. The results revealed that the layered fibers exhibited a strikingly three-dimensional architecture, closely resembling the natural extracellular matrix. Notably, among the samples, the PCL-PVA/E (80:20)-PCL composition demonstrated the most favorable morphology, featuring a contact angle of approximately 40.45° and a diameter measuring 403 nm. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis conclusively confirmed the presence of Parrotia persica extract, PVA, and PCL within the intricate layers. Furthermore, fibroblast cell culture observations revealed the attachment and spreading of cells on the surface of the PVA/E (80:20)-PCL samples, underscoring their potential for facilitating cellular growth and tissue regeneration.Taking into account their highly desirable hydrophilic properties, the incorporation of Parrotia persica extract with its antibacterial and antioxidant attributes, as well as the presence of PCL endowed with elastic properties akin to those of natural skin, the prepared nanofibrous structures exhibit a promising outlook as viable skin substitutes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PANI is a nanostructure conductive polymer that has been widely researched by making nanofibers using electrospinning, by adding PVA as a non-conductive material. In this research, we have successfully synthesized PVA/PANI nanofiber using the electrospinning method and applied it as a humidity sensor. The oxidation polymerization method was conducted to produce polyaniline (PANI) powder. PVA was used as a non-conductive polymer to carry PANI. PANI is blended with 10 % PVA to produce nanofiber PVA/PANI. The results of the synthesis of PVA/PANI nanofibers using the electrospinning method have been characterized by FTIR and EDX to identify the functional groups and elements of PVA/PANI. The FTIR results confirmed that for the PVA nanofiber samples, the type of polyvinyl alcohol bond has been identified according to the reference. The EDX results show the elements C, O and N. The element nitrogen (N) is the characteristic element of polyaniline (C6H5(NH)2)n. The optical Microscope and Scanning Electron Microscope show that the electrospinning method has succeeded in synthesizing PVA/PANI nanofibers with a fiber size of around 0.313 mm. The porosity of PVA/PANI is around 55 %, which is related to the ability of PVA/PANI sensitivity to detect humidity. These results are demonstrated by measurements using a Four-Point Probe (FPP), with the humidity value varying from 64 - 80 %. The results show that variations of PANI powder content improve the sensitivity performance of PVA/PANI nanofibers. This method can optimize PVA/PANI nanofiber as a humidity sensor, increase conductivity flexibility, make it easier and enhance the PANI to use as an active sensor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, latanoprost-loaded polyvinyl alcohol (PVA/LAT) nanofibers were developed as an ocular drug delivery system for glaucoma treatment. The nanofibers were constructed via electrospinning and crosslinked by glutaraldehyde. The characterization studies were conducted by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy, Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller analyses, water contact angle measurements, and also swelling and degradation studies. The PVA/LAT nanofibers crosslinked with 0.5% glutaraldehyde solution for 20 min had a cumulative release of 52% for 23 days. The results demonstrated that the PVA/LAT nanofibers have a usage potential as an ocular drug delivery system for glaucoma treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cathode in lithium-selenium (Li-Se) batteries has garnered extensive attention owing to its superior specific capacity and enhanced conductivity compared to sulfur. Nonetheless, the adoption and advancement of Li-Se batteries face significant challenges due to selenium's low reactivity, substantial volume fluctuations, and the shuttle effect associated with polyselenides. Single-atom catalysts (SACs) are under the spotlight for their outstanding catalytic efficiency and optimal atomic utilization. To address the challenges of selenium's low chemical activity and volume expansion in Li-Se batteries, through electrospun, we have developed a lotus root-inspired carbon nanofiber (CNF) material, featured internal multi-channels and anchored with molybdenum (Mo) single atoms (Mo@CNFs). Mo single atoms significantly enhance the conversion kinetics of selenium (Se), facilitating rapid formation of Li2Se. The internally structured multi-channel CNF serves as an effective host matrix for Se, mitigating its volume expansion during the electrochemical process. The resulting cathode, Se/Mo@CNF composite, exhibits a high discharge specific capacity, superior rate performance, and impressive cycle stability in Li-Se batteries. After 500 cycles at a current density of 1 C, it maintains a capacity retention rate of 82% and nearly 100% coulombic efficiency (CE). This research offers a new avenue for the application of single-atom materials in enhancing advanced Li-Se battery performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agarose nanofiber with a diameter of 68 ± 33 nm is first prepared by electrospinning under an optimized condition of solvents with hexafluoroisopropanol/water (92.5/7.5, v/v). The results show the control of hydrogen bonding, which is important to prepare a nanoscale agarose material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) with piezoelectric properties, good biocompatibility and nontoxicity make it a suitable candidate for periosteal repair. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the cytotoxicity of PVDF bionic periosteum by electrospinning with zinc and magnesium ions in vitro. METHODS: Pure PVDF, zinc-doped PVDF, magnesium-doped PVDF and Zinc-magnesium ion PVDF piezoelectric bionic periosteum were prepared by electrospinning technology, respectively. They were named PVDF, PVDF-Zn, PVDF-Mg and PVDF-Zn-Mg, in which the mass fraction of zinc and magnesium ions were all 1%. Osteoblasts and vascular endothelial cells were co-cultured with four groups of bionic periosteum. Cell compatibility of bionic periosteum was determined by alkaline phosphatase staining, CD31 immunofluorescence staining, and scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Osteoblasts: Alkaline phosphatase staining after 7 days of culture showed that the PVDF-Zn group secreted more alkaline phosphatase than the other three groups. Under a scanning electron microscopy, after 1 day of culture, the cells had a certain spread on the surface of PVDF-Mg and PVDF-Zn-Mg bionic periosteum, and the pseudopod extended to all sides. On day 3, the cell edge of each group extended pseudopods to the material. By days 5 and 7, the cells were fully spread, well grown and firmly covered the surface of the fibers, and the cellular pseudopods extended around and into the interstitial space of the fibers. CCK-8 assay showed that the cell proliferation on the bionic periosteum of each group showed an increasing trend over time and the relative proliferation rate of cells at 1, 3, 5, and 7 days was ≥75%, and the cytotoxicity was ≤ grade 1. (2) Vascular endothelial cells: CD31 immunofluorescence staining for 3 days showed that the cells adhered and spread well on the bionic periosteum of each group and connected with each other, and the number of cells in the PVDF-Zn-Mg group was more than that in the other three groups. Under scanning electron microscope, the cells began to adhere to the surface of each group of fibers after 1 and 3 days of culture. On day 5, the cells were well spread on the surface of the fibers and extended obvious pseudopods. On day 7, the cells on the PVDF-Mg and PVDF-Zn-Mg bionic periosteum grew in multiple layers and extended the pseudopod into the fibrous void. CCK-8 assay showed that the cell proliferation on the bionic periosteum of each group showed a downward trend over time, and the relative proliferation rate of cells at 1, 3, 5 and 7 days was ≥125%, and the cytotoxicity was grade 0. (3) The results showed that Zn-Mg electrospun PVDF piezoelectric bionic periosteum had good cytocompatibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) are cornerstone half reactions involved in many renewable energy technologies. High‐density single‐atom catalysts maximize the atom utilization and isolated active sites. Furthermore, introduction of pyri‐N into the carbon‐based nanostructures as an oxygen electrocatalyst creates an abundance of active sites. Here, an innovative strategy is reported based on atomic scale dispersion of Co atoms into the pyri‐N enriched carbon nanotube encapsulated Ni nanoparticles grown on 3D electrospun carbon nanofiber nano‐assemblies. Notably, the CoSANi‐NCNT/CNF electrocatalyst exhibited excellent OER and ORR activity in terms of low overpotentials and higher half‐wave potentials. The atomically distributed Co allows the maximum exposure of active sites on the pyri‐N dominated multidimensional carbon skeleton, and synergistic effects with Ni nanoparticles greatly reduced the delocalization around the metal centers and provided an ideal environment for interactions with oxygen intermediates, thus facilitating the 4e− pathway, as evidenced by the DFT calculations. Moreover, Zn‐air batteries using a CoSANi‐NCNT/CNF air cathode exhibited a high‐power density and admirable specific capacity. This studies may provide an avenue for the rational modulation of single‐atom catalysts and cost‐effective, large‐scale synthesis of bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysts for rechargeable Zn‐air batteries and anion exchange membrane fuel cell. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Novel wound dressings with therapeutic effects are being continually designed to improve the wound healing process. In this study, the structural, chemical, physical, and biological properties of an electrospun poly glycerol sebacate/poly lactide acid/platelet-rich plasma (PGS/PLA-PRP) nanofibers were evaluated to determine its impacts on in vitro wound healing. Results revealed desirable cell viability in the Fibroblast (L929) and macrophage (RAW-264.7) cell lines as well as human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Cell migration was evident in the scratch assay (L929 cell line) so that it promoted scratch contraction to accelerate in vitro wound healing. Moreover, addition of PRP to the fiber structure led to enhanced collagen deposition (~ 2 times) in comparison with PGS/PLA scaffolds. While by addition PRP to PGS/PLA fibers not only decreased the expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α) in RAW-264.7 cells but also led to significantly increased levels of cytokine (IL-10) and the growth factor (TGF-β), which are related to the anti-inflammatory phase (M2 phenotype). Finally, PGS/PLA-PRP was found to induce a significant level of angiogenesis by forming branching points, loops, and tubes. Based on the results obtained, the PGS/PLA-PRP dressing developed might be a promising evolution in skin tissue engineering ensuring improved wound healing and tissue regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Methods Results Conclusions Growing incidences of chronic wounds recommend the development of optimal therapeutic wound dressings. Electrospun nanofibers have been considered to show potential wound healing properties when accompanied by other wound dressing materials. This study aimed to explore the potential role of Chitosan (CS) nanofibrous mats coated with resveratrol (RS) as an antioxidant and pro‐angiogenic agent in rat models of skin wound healing.Electrospun chitosan/polyethylene oxide (PEO) nanofibers were prepared using electrospinning technology and coated by 0.05 and 0.1 mg.ml resveratrol named as (CS/RS 0.05) and (CS/RS 0.1), respectively. The scaffolds were characterized physiochemically such as in vitro release study, TGA, FTIR spectroscopy analysis, biodegradability, and human dermal fibroblast seeding assay. The scaffold was subsequently used in vivo as a skin substitute on a rat skin wound model.In vitro tests revealed that all scaffolds promoted cell adhesion and proliferation. However, more cell viability was observed in CS/RS 0.1 scaffold. The biocompatibility of the scaffolds was validated by MTT assay, and the results did not show any toxic effects on human dermal fibroblasts. It was observed that RS‐coated scaffolds had the ability to release RS in a controlled manner. In in vivo tests CS/RS 0.1 scaffold had the greatest impact on the healing process by improving the neodermis formation and modulated inflammation in wound granulation tissue. Histological analysis revealed enhanced vascular endothelial growth factor expression, epithelialization and increased depth of wound granulation tissue.The RS‐coated CS/PEO nanofibrous scaffold accelerates wound healing and may be useful as a dressing for cell transfer and clinical skin regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Engineering porous organic polymers (POPs) into 1D morphology holds significant promise for diverse applications due to their exceptional processability and increased surface contact for enhanced interactions with guest molecules. This article reviews the latest developments in nanofibrous POPs and their derivatives, encompassing porous organic polymer nanofibers, their composites, and POPs‐derived carbon nanofibers. The review delves into the design and fabrication strategies, elucidates the formation mechanisms, explores their functional attributes, and highlights promising applications. The first section systematically outlines two primary fabrication approaches of nanofibrous POPs, i.e., direct bulk synthesis and electrospinning technology. Both routes are discussed and compared in terms of template utilization and post‐treatments. Next, performance of nanofibrous POPs and their derivatives are reviewed for applications including water treatment, water/oil separation, gas adsorption, energy storage, heterogeneous catalysis, microwave absorption, and biomedical systems. Finally, highlighting existent challenges and offering future prospects of nanofibrous POPs and their derivatives are concluded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current barrier to clinical translation of small‐caliber tissue‐engineered vascular grafts (TEVGs) is the long‐term patency upon implantation in vivo. Key contributors are thrombosis and stenosis caused by inadequate mechanical graft properties and mismatch of hemodynamic conditions. Herein, the authors report on an approach for the fabrication of a mechanically tunable bilayered composite TEVGs. Using a combination of solution electrospinning (SES) and melt electrowriting (MEW), it is shown that the mechanical properties can be tailored and the natural J‐shape of the stress–strain relationship can be recapitulated. Upon cell seeding, the luminal surface of the composite SES layers permits the formation of a confluent mature endothelium. MEW fibers provide structural support to promote stacking and orientation of MSCs in a near‐circumferential native vessel like direction. By adjusting the ratios of poly(ε‐caprolactone) and poly(ester‐urethane) during the SES process, TEVGs with a range of tunable mechanical properties can be manufactured. Notably, this hybrid approach permits modulation of the radial tensile properties of TEVGs to approximate different native vessels. Overall, a strategy for the fabrication of TEVGs with mechanical properties resembling those of native vessels which can help to accommodate long‐term patency of TEVGs at various treatment sites in future applications is demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel multi-directional (MD) circular-shaped fiber piezoelectric sensor was developed to detect calligraphy writing force from various directions quantitatively. The sensor was fabricated using polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) piezoelectric fibers doped with Graphene and spun using direct-write near-field electrospinning (NFES) technology. The NFES collector, designed as a rotating disc system, orderly collected the fibers to enhance the piezoelectric effect and dipole moments, forming the circular sensor. Flexible electrical electrodes with multiple signal output circuits were incorporated for calligraphy stroke sensing, bonded with circular PVDF fibers to create the flexible MD sensor. With inner and outer diameters of 20 mm and 60 mm, the circular sensor responded to deformable signals induced by calligraphy strokes. Parameters of sensor fabrication were optimized using the uniform design experimental method. Calibration involved tapping tests at 1–10 Hz to correlate fiber output voltage with the corresponding force. The single sensor reached a maximum voltage output of approximately 908 mV and detected forces ranging from 0.1 to 50 N. After validating the MD circular-shaped piezoelectric sensor, a 3 × 3 sensor array was configured for calligraphy writing force sensing, providing quantitative measurements of dynamic responses during writing, valuable as a data source for apprentice learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]