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This article presents case studies of slaves' escapes in the Spanish Sahara, between the 1930s and the early 1950s. It shows that while Spanish authorities were often ready to help slaves attain their freedom, this depended on slaves taking the initiative themselves. Therefore, when the Spanish practiced emancipation, they did so reactively rather than proactively. This reality was confounded by the fact that while the Spanish combated trafficking and helped escapees, they also tolerated the existence of the institution of slavery and masked that existence using creative terminology that turned slaves into 'relatives'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article the author describes two novel design futuring pedagogical tools that were included in the review of a foundational undergraduate Design Computing unit. Using two cycles of Participatory Action Research the article shows how these two simple visual tools--five square futuring and design timescapes--helped to introduce students to the principles of visual communication via a futuring lens, familarise the cohort with creative time-based visual argumentation, and demonstrate the practical application of futures thinking to design practice. The article uses exceptional student works to illustrate their application in this context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The future is the first fundamental projection for architecture. Architecture has a duration in time, which often goes beyond the very life of its designer, so it is in itself a time machine, which must inexorably come to terms with projections of the future. Through a review of utopias in the field of architectural design over the last few centuries, this paper intends to explore utopian aspirations for the future spatial ideal of architectural education and the dialectic of its need to be 'realized'. The findings indicate that the futurescapes of architectural education requires cross-fertilization through interdisciplinarity, which emerges from the bottom up, generating contributing scenarios from the community; the adaptability of scenarios that are dynamic and in turn can generate variables in constant transformation; the temporal stratigraphy of the built environment, involving the coexistence of artifacts from different eras within the same space, and the need for reconciliation and sustainability; as well as the need for interdisciplinarity and "out of the box" thinking that contributes to a greater awareness of non-traditional approaches. From the perspective of design education, the futurescapes, through experimentation in literature research and educational practice, it is evident that in the educational practice of fostering the next generation of architects and designers, they need to be capable of more than assessing issues from the perspective of design and community, not only to face current challenges but also to design the future they desire for themselves and the communities in which people live. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores why women miss out in the transition from the educational system to the labour market. Using nationally representative longitudinal data (2001–18) from the Household Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey, we compare how long after graduation it takes men and women with tertiary qualifications (n = 2030) to achieve key labour market milestones: (1) getting a full-time job; (2) getting a permanent contract; (3) earning an average wage; (4) finding a job that matches their skill level. We find significant gender differences in reaching these milestones, confirming that time is a critical dimension for understanding gendered inequalities in the returns to education. We attribute findings to incompatible 'timescapes' across the institutions of education, family and employment. The more flexible timescape of education allows women to succeed, but the inflexible timescape of employment (particularly when combined with family responsibilities) impedes them from turning educational achievement into labour market progress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractNature is restorative for people suffering from stress and mental fatigues. While studies advocate to investigate restorative effects of nature from a multi-sensory perspective, this study also reveals mechanisms of how various aspects of sensescapes differentially influence visitors’ restorative experience in nature, especially with visitors’ different degrees of reduced outdoor exposure during the Covid-19 pandemic. Using a mixed-methods approach that combined survey questionnaire, in-depth interviews, real-time GPS loggers, portable sound level sensors, and eye-tracking technique, this study revealed that while visualscape, smellscape and haptiscape prominently influenced attention restoration, soundscape indirectly influenced attention restoration through positive emotions. Visitors with higher levels of reduction in exposure to outdoors due to the pandemic were more likely to restore themselves through multi-sensory engagement with nature. These findings advance the understanding of restorative benefits of nature by considering the spatio-temporal qualities of human-environment interactions through different senses and in the context of the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of escaped fish in aquaculture facilities as a result of harsh meteorological conditions (more pressing in the face of climate change) requires a better understanding of this dynamic behaviour through vigilant monitoring and validated numerical models. In this context, data from strain and stress sensors as well as meteorological and current sensors installed at an aquaculture farm in the Region of Murcia (Spain) were collected, processed and analysed. Among them, the first results on the relationship between load and current sensors are presented. Due to the complexity of the time series, various analyses were conducted to examine their interrelation, encompassing the regression analysis of raw data and data segmented into different time intervals. Through this analysis, it was observed that employing distinct time windows better elucidated the data variability. Furthermore, an optimal data window of 240 data points was identified, demonstrating a significantly improved explanatory power, with the coefficient of determination (R2) increasing by approximately 0.8 depending on the section. This paves the way for optimising the monitoring features that must be carried out to relate cause-and-effect variables in the behaviour of these offshore infrastructures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During field surveys, carried out between 2021 and 2022 in northeastern Algeria, two populations of Tipuana tipu (Benth.) Kuntze were discovered. One population was located in the middle of a quite natural habitat in the Filfilla region (wilaya of Skikda). This population seems more or less established and can be considered to be at the beginning of the naturalization process, a degree of naturalization not previously reported in Algeria and mainland North Africa. The surveys also revealed several populations of Paraserianthes lophantha (Vent.) I.C. Nielsen, a species that was recently reported as naturalized in Algeria but for which details on its naturalization were lacking. Details about the localities in which the two species were observed are given, including a present map of their distribution and field photographs. A key for the identification of both genera is also provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 'compact city' implies a return to the urban morphology of the nineteenth-century city, one in which most people walked, predominantly for utilitarian purposes. This article, however, details a leisure practice—the bourgeois promenade—as it unfolded in Stockholm. Employing a diverse set of texts and visual sources the article seeks to understand how this genteel urban practice was enabled and performed in the midst of a growing working-class population with which they shared the streets. It suggests that new street lighting and smoother pavements redirected vision from the ground to the people around, opening up for walking practices that foregrounded the visual over other senses—one being the bourgeois promenade. It further highlights the multiple rhythms of the promenade and the upper middle class' efforts to create hierarchies of walking on city pavements and in urban parks. In sum, the article shows that leisure mobility was central to the very idea of nineteenth century urban life. Meanwhile, its exclusive character cautions against the one-sided imaginaries of strolling and consumption in today's endeavours to recreate the compact city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Lung cancer (LC) is the leading cause of cancer deaths. While the current immunotherapies are beneficial to patients, the effects are minimal and heterogeneous, which calls for improvements in patient selection and treatment effectiveness. We discovered taxifolin to inhibit LC. The inhibition was associated with alterations of gene expressions. Among those genes affected, a panel of 12 genes, which we named TxflSig (taxifolin signature), and its subpanel of 7 genes (TxflSig1) effectively predicted responses of lung cancer patients to immunotherapy; TxflSig and TxflSig1 are valuable biomarkers for patient selection. Among both TxflSig and TxflSig1 multigene panels are ITGAL, ITGAX, and TMEM119 genes. These three genes were robustly associated with immunosuppressive activities, and their expressions were inhibited by taxifolin. Collectively, this research contributes to improvement in the management of lung cancer patients via patient selection and suggests that taxifolin could be a promising addition to immunotherapy in treating LC patients. Using an LL2 cell-based syngeneic mouse LC model, taxifolin suppressed allografts along with the appearance of 578 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). These DEGs were associated with enhancement of processes related to the extracellular matrix and lymphocyte chemotaxis as well as the reduction in pathways relevant to cell proliferation. From these DEGs, we formulated 12-gene (TxflSig) and 7-gene (TxflSig1) panels; both predicted response to ICB (immune checkpoint blockade) therapy more effectively in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) than numerous well-established ICB biomarkers, including PD-L1. In both panels, the mouse counterparts of ITGAL, ITGAX, and TMEM119 genes were downregulated by taxifolin. They were strongly associated with immune suppression in LC, evidenced by their robust correlations with the major immunosuppressive cell types (MDSC, Treg, and macrophage) and multiple immune checkpoints in NSCLC and across multiple human cancer types. ITGAL, ITGAX, and IIT (ITGAL-ITGAX-TMEM119) effectively predicted NSCLC's response to ICB therapy; IIT stratified the mortality risk of NSCLC. The stromal expressions of ITGAL and ITGAX, together with tumor expression of TMEM119 in NSCLC, were demonstrated. Collectively, we report multiple novel ICB biomarkers—TxflSig, TxflSig1, IIT, ITGAL, and ITGAX—and taxifolin-derived attenuation of immunosuppressive activities in NSCLC, suggesting the inclusion of taxifolin in ICB therapies for NSCLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon dots (CDs) have emerged as an extremely promising platform for biological imaging, owing to their optical properties and low toxicity. However, one of the major challenges in utilizing CDs for in vivo imaging is their high immunogenicity and rapid clearance, which limits their potential. Herein, a novel approach for mitigating these issues is presented through the development of carbon dot nanocapsules (nCDs). Specifically, CDs are encapsulated within a zwitterionic polymer shell composed of 2‐methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) to create nCDs with a size of ≈40 nm. Notably, the nCDs exhibit excitation‐dependent photoluminescence behavior in the range of 550–600 nm, with tunability based on the excitation wavelength. In confocal imaging, CDs display a strong fluorescence signal after 8 h of incubation with phagocytes, while nCDs show minimal signal, suggesting that nCDs may be capable of evading phagocyte uptake. Furthermore, imaging studies in zebrafish demonstrate that nCDs exhibit a retention time >10 times longer than that of CDs, with fluorescence intensity remaining at 81% after 10 h compared to only 8% for CDs. Taken together, the study presents a novel approach for enhancing the performance of CDs in in vivo imaging applications, offering significant potential for clinical translation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explains the affordances of animation to create compelling and emotionally resonant stories for global consumption by analyzing the animated depictions of the tunnel used by Mexican cartel leader Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán to escape prison in 2015. Animation contributed to the international recognition of the tunnel and El Chapo's escape story by rendering select characteristics from this otherwise illegible structure into easily communicative excerpts across popular culture sites and journalistic outlets. This analysis considers several features of animation as a communication medium that make it appealing for globally resonant stories: lack of linguistic markers, scalability, vividness. Finally, the article concludes with a critique of the obfuscations that may result from centering animated depictions of illicit infrastructures in journalistic and government reports, particularly the erasure of broader political implications in favor of visual spectacle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the escape dynamics of a double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) through an idealized double nanopore geometry subject to two equal and opposite forces (tug-of-war) using Brownian dynamics (BD) simulation. In addition to the geometrical restrictions imposed on the cocaptured dsDNA segment in between the pores, the presence of tug-of-war forces at each pore results in a variation of the local chain stiffness for the segment of the chain in between the pores, which increases the overall stiffness of the chain. We use the BD simulation results to understand how the intrinsic chain stiffness and the tug-of-war forces affect the escape dynamics by monitoring the local chain persistence length ℓp, the residence time of the individual monomers W(m) in the nanopores, and the chain length dependence of the escape time ⟨τ⟩ and its distribution. Finally, we generalize the scaling theory for the unbiased single nanopore translocation for a fully flexible chain for the escape of a semi-flexible chain through a double nanopore in the presence of tug-of-war forces. We establish that the stiffness dependent part of the escape time is approximately independent of the translocation mechanism so that ⟨ τ ⟩ ∼ ℓ p 2 / D + 2 , and therefore, the generalized escape time for a semi-flexible chain can be written as ⟨ τ ⟩ = A N α ℓ p 2 / D + 2 . We use the BD simulation results to compare the predictions of the scaling theory. Our numerical studies supplemented by scaling analysis provide fundamental insights to design new experiments where a dsDNA moves slowly through a series of graphene nanopores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process of activation from a one-dimensional potential is systematically investigated in zero and nonzero temperature conditions. The features of the potential are traced through statistical escape from its wells, whose depths are tuned in time by a forcing term. The process is carried out for the damped pendulum system imposing specific initial conditions on the potential variable. While the escape properties can be derived from the standard Kramers theory for relatively high values of the dissipation, for very low dissipation, these deviate from this theory by being dependent on the details of the initial conditions and the time dependence of the forcing term. The observed deviations have regular dependencies on initial conditions, temperature, and loss parameter itself. It is shown that failures of the thermal activation model are originated at low temperatures and very low dissipation, by the initial conditions and intrinsic, namely, T = 0, characteristic oscillations of the potential-generated dynamical equation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study here the extreme statistics of Brownian particles escaping from a cusp funnel: the fastest Brownian particles among n follow an ensemble of optimal trajectories located near the shortest path from the source to the target. For the time of such first arrivers, we derive an asymptotic formula that differs from the mean first passage times obtained for classical narrow escape and dire strait. When particles are initially distributed at a given distance from a cusp, the time of the fastest particles depends on the cusp geometry. Therefore, when many particles diffuse around impermeable obstacles, the geometry plays a role in the time it takes to reach a target. In the context of cellular transduction with signaling molecules, having to escape from such cusp-like domains slows down signaling pathways. Consequently, generating multiple copies of the same molecule enables molecular signals to be delivered through crowded environments in sufficient time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on Roman Polanski's 1968 film Rosemary's Baby and it is multiple interpretations, nuances, and subtleties, as well as some specific external forces that help the protagonist escape the trap set by a coven of witches. It describes one particular aspect, the uncanny diegetic moment involving the Castevets, who use a vitamin drink to keep the trapdoor closed.

Animals are facing novel 'timescapes' in which the stimuli entraining their daily activity patterns no longer match historical conditions due to anthropogenic disturbance. However, the ecological effects (e.g., altered physiology, species interactions) of novel activity timing are virtually unknown. We reviewed 1328 studies and found relatively few focusing on anthropogenic effects on activity timing. We suggest three hypotheses to stimulate future research: (i) activity-timing mismatches determine ecological effects, (ii) duration and timing of timescape modification influence effects, and (iii) consequences of altered activity timing vary biogeographically due to broad-scale variation in factors compressing timescapes. The continued growth of sampling technologies promises to facilitate the study of the consequences of altered activity timing, with emerging applications for biodiversity conservation. Recent years have seen a growing interest in the role of time in structuring biological patterns and processes. Among nature's most dramatic and universal temporal patterns are the daily activity patterns shown by organisms. Although the endogenous mechanisms (e.g., circadian rhythms) giving rise to such patterns have been researched extensively, ecological aspects of daily activity patterns are now receiving greater attention. Plasticity in daily activity patterns may represent an in situ adaptation to human-mediated stressors such as climate change and urbanization. However, the effects of novel activity timing, which may emerge at multiple levels of biological organization, are poorly understood. We offer hypotheses to catalyze future research on the ecological consequences of altered daily activity timing and discuss approaches that may facilitate such investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, I offer the concept of 'refugeespace' as a way of understanding Afghan refugee women's homemaking practices in Delhi, India. Such practices unfold in various spaces–the domestic space/apartment, the refugee neighborhood, and the larger megacity–Delhi. I map 'refugeescape' through the social networks that Afghan refugee women create with one another, livelihood and leisure activities, and everyday socio-economic negotiations that knit the spaces of the domestic home, neighborhood, and city together. Tracing the spaces that constitute Afghan refugee women's lives in Delhi in relation to each other, the constraints they impose, and the possibilities they offer point to how these spaces are a critical aspect of refugee women's strategies of surviving and thriving as refugees in Delhi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interdependence of biological and cultural diversity is exemplified by the new conservation paradigm of biocultural heritage. We seek to clarify obsolescent notions of nature, whereby cultural construction and identity markers of mountain communities need to reflect localized, situated, and nuanced understanding about mountainscapes as they are developed, maintained, managed, and contested in spatiality and historicity. Using the nexus of socioecological theory, we question whether a convergent approach could bridge montological knowledge systems of either different equatorial and temperate latitudes, western and eastern longitudes, hills and snow-capped mountain altitudes, or hegemonic and indigenous historicity. Using extensive literature research, intensive reflection, field observation, and critical discourse analysis, we grapple with the Nagoya Protocol of the Convention of Biological Diversity (COP 10, 2010) to elucidate the benefit sharing and linkages of biocultural diversity in tropical and temperate mountain frameworks. The result is a trend of consilience for effective conservation of mountain socioecological systems that reaffirms the transdisciplinary transgression of local knowledge and scientific input to implement the effective strategy of biocultural heritage conservation after the UN Decade of Biological Diversity. By emphasizing regeneration of derelict mountain landscapes, invigorated by empowered local communities, promoted by the Aspen Declaration, the UN Decade of Ecological Restoration, and the UN International Year of Mountain Sustainable Development, montological work on sustainable, regenerative development for 2030 can be expected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using an interdisciplinary, post-qualitative, pedagogical methodological (Burke, Crozier, and Misiaszek 2017) practice of timescapes (Adam 1998, Burke 2018a), I explore my longest teaching/mentoring relationship, spanning two decades. I conceptualize this process as a post-qualitative encounter (Davies et al. 2013). The first half of the paper explores higher education teaching/mentoring through this timescapes practice, incorporating studies across higher education, gender, gerontology and the humanities. In the second half, I present four critical conjunctures in this teaching/mentoring relationship. Ultimately, I argue that expanding what is understood by the concept of a 'teaching/mentoring relationship', particularly through studies of long-term relationships and through practices such as timescapes encounters, is a powerful counter-hegemonic tool in the face of neoliberal pressures and measures of impact in teaching in higher education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article theorizes the gravitas of historical solidarity through a budding Dalit-Black archive. It looks at intersections of race and caste projects within the African American public sphere through an anchoring lens of concern for Dalits in India. The Black universalist vision exercised through media encompassed Dalit ontology and body politic as queering. Through "sibling solidarity," it expanded the conceptual identification of similar conditions as opposed to an emphasis on sameness or likeness to build solidarity. Throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, untouchability and colonialism were two prisms through which the Black public sphere reorganized its internationalism, often drawing on race-caste analogies to describe the complicated patterns of post-slavery society and to imaginatively formulate potential communities across diverse geographies. The foremost Dalit figure B. R. Ambedkar was an important reference point. His moves and strategies were reported in the African American press and intellectuals and leaders drew inspiration from his works. It is through Ambedkar that archives of Dalit-Black struggles were built, and in recent years Ambedkar has resurfaced as part of a growing interest in challenging dominant narratives of solidarity between the Black elite and Indian dominant castes. By informing contemporary discourses of race and caste with their more particular histories, we might build new social imaginaries founded not on an identification as sameness but rather through a feeling of relation/relatedness with another. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzes the role of a free black man known in the Andean region as Quitacapas, during the beginning of the war of independence in Alto Peru (present-day Bolivia), between 1809 and 1811. After running away the captaincy of Mato Grosso, the westernmost territory of the Portuguese Empire, he became the region’s spokesman for the people. In order to understand how the trajectory of this subject is representative to think about the life of ex-enslaved after the escape, as to understand the participation of blacks in the events related to the wars of independence in Spanish America, we will draw an overview of the escapes from Portuguese to Spanish America and, later, we will reflect the nuances of the Quitacapas case in light of the recruitment of black soldiers during the war period. We believe that from his trajectory it is possible to visualize a mass of men and women that were once neglected and subordinated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to some, when you do the right thing, your moral beliefs make no difference to your act's moral worth. Huckleberry Finn believes he is doing something wrong in helping Jim escape slavery. Yet his act reflects well on him. Some conclude that acting rightly reflects just as well on you whether you believe you are doing something right, wrong, supererogatory, or neutral. I argue against this. Doing the right thing with certain moral beliefs can diminish the moral worth of doing it. In such cases, you do the right thing in the wrong spirit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a letter to an imagined future reader a century from now – at the 2121 bicentennial of the birth of Paulo Freire, I argue for the potential of a framework of timescapes and a feminist, Freirean praxis of letter-writing to enrich Freirean studies. In the context of analysis of Freire's other letter-writing praxes across his life, I reflect on my recent interviews with two of Freire's family correspondents, both women, whose letters with him have been published: the first to be granted by his niece Cristina Bruno Freire and the first interview for an English-language publication (this journal) with his cousin Nathercia Lacerda. I aim to center their voices on the occasion of this current centennial and highlight the continuing need for critical translation and archiving of this work within Freirean studies, as well as for these creative forms of resistance and modes and areas of inquiry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article evaluates the concept of 'emotivescapes' as a way of addressing digitally emotional processes of belonging among conflict-generated diasporas. It examines the empirical potential of the concept based on the Sahrawi refugee diaspora in Spain and Mauritania and the connection of its members with their 'home-camps' in Algeria. To this end, the article explores everyday digital media practices that reveal the circulation of emotions among the Sahrawi community outside of the refugee camps at the intersection of intimate, community, and national spheres. The research focuses on the experiences of 32 women, considers Sahrawi gender roles, and argues for enriching emotional debates in the diaspora space. The findings demonstrate how female media practices in protracted situations of displacement are negotiated through emotional attachments in not only direct social interactions but also memories and imaginations that are reformulated from the intimate to the national levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Incarceration facilities are microcosms of the society within which they exist, mirroring its social, economic, ethnic, and national divisions that continue to manifest within them, albeit in different ways. Yet, we rarely have a chance to take even a quick look at what takes place within the prison walls, which most often remains hidden. Prisoners' revolts and mass escapes produce both a practical and a metaphoric crack in the closure of the walls that surround prisons and afford a glimpse, however partial, of some of these intriguing aspects. The prisoners' uprising that took place at Shata Prison on July 31, 1958, led to the largest prisoner escape in Israel: 11 prisoners and two guards were killed, 66 prisoners fled to Jordan, and many others were injured. The article tells the story of that uprising, moving along the macro axis, which examines its broad implications for Israeli incarceration policy, and the micro axis, which follows three key figures featured in the event: the leader of the revolt, a guard, and a Jewish prisoner. The article weaves the fabric of Israeli society in its first decade, with its rifts, fears, frustrations, and hopes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Pleasurescapes," also called amusement or entertainment quarters, are public spaces that are constituent for modern cities. They emerged during the period of urbanization and were constantly reshaped and negotiated. "Pleasurescapes" is an analytical concept that describes and reflects the historical, spatial, sociocultural, and infrastructural development of pleasure spaces during the long turn of the century around 1900. This issue explores the particular role of pleasurescapes on waterfronts and in port cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When a large solute molecule enters a membrane channel from the membrane-bathing electrolyte solution, it blocks the small-ion current flowing through the channel. If the molecule spends in the channel sufficiently long time, individual blockades can be resolved in single-channel experiments. In this paper, we develop an analytical theory of the blocker escape kinetics from the channel, assuming that a charged blocking molecule cannot pass through a constriction region (bottleneck). We focus on the effect of the external voltage bias on the blocker survival probability in the channel. The bias creates a potential well for the charged blocker in the channel with the minimum located near the bottleneck. When the bias is strong, the well is deep, and escape from the channel is a slow process that allows for time-resolved observation of individual blocking events. Our analysis is performed in the framework of a two-site model of the blocker dynamics in the channel. Importantly, the rate constants, fully determining this model, are derived from a more realistic continuum diffusion model. This is done by mapping the latter onto its two-site counterpart which, while being much simpler, captures the main features of the blocker escape kinetics at high biases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our paper contributes to Science, Technology and Society (STS) scholarship on the practices and technologies of containment. We build on existing work in STS that has analyzed containment as a performative sociotechnical system that generates and sustains new realities, new systems, and new relationships. Our contribution draws from the problem of containment in salmon aquaculture. The stakes for containing salmon are very high. Farmed salmon escapes are environmentally damaging to ecosystems and wild salmon populations, and they put additional pressure on an industry that has a very poor environmental record. We consider in detail Newfoundland and Labrador's "Code of Containment" that works to keep farmed salmon in cages and prevent them from escaping into the wild. Through our analysis of the Code, we argue that containment is not only about holding inside. It is also about holding together, an obsolete meaning of the term "to contain." We add to STS scholarship by arguing that containment and its associated Code in Newfoundland holds together a large scale, industrial aquaculture sector that tolerates persistent farmed salmon escapes into the wild from ocean-based cages. We conclude by examining the broader implications of our analysis for STS scholarship on the practices and technologies of containment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is concerned with the intertwinement of the timescapes of roads and rural life within the context of infrastructural development in northern Mongolia's Khövsgöl region. With reference to ethnographic fieldwork, it explores how visions of incorporating roads into state development conflict with the landscapes and temporalities these very roads cross. By looking at infrastructural promise formulated in phrases such as 'development follows the road', this paper investigates what happens at the end of the road that connects Khatgal, a touristic village, with the provincial centre Mörön and the capital Ulaanbaatar. In this context, anatomic analogies are questioned as a leitmotif for road construction. In concert with the notion of timescapes, anatomic analogies offer a useful tool to critically analyse the spatial and temporal entanglements of infrastructural development in Mongolia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A recent shift in tourism studies has focused on the emotional, affective, embodied, and performative dimensions of heritage landscape experience. However, such research often struggles to transform theoretical and conceptual discussions into practical and applicable terms that can be effectively implemented by site managers. The concept of presence is therefore proposed to identify emotional and affective dimensions of heritage landscapes through an embodied, observational, and collaborative approach. Inspired by landscape phenomenology, I share how my own embodied encounter in the Viking Age site of Birka in Sweden prompted further observations and reflections on the existing site experience to confirm that certain areas of the landscape have been largely unexplored for their affective and emotional potential. Practical strategies to utilize these new dimensions emerge from focus groups and interviews with site managers, re-enactors, and tour guides. I conclude that a more collaborative study of presence grounded in embodied and observational encounters provides a useful stepping stone to transform theoretical and conceptual discussions of emotion and affect into more practical heritage management strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The body of literature addressing platform capitalism, platform labour and platform urbanism paints a compelling picture of how digital platforms shape the dynamics of both leisure and labour within the framework of the platform’s model for extracting value. However, this literature rarely captures how the global timespaces of digital platforms are translated in platform-mediated fields of work and which frictions occur in this process. Therefore, the contrasts between the rhythms of the platform prompting users towards instantaneous data production and the production capabilities of the humans, whose daily (work) life has become dependent on such platforms, remain largely unexplored. In this article, I develop the lens of timespace friction, by integrating the existing research on platform labour with a timespace perspective. The aim is to present a framework that reveals the contrasting relationship between the conflating rhythms of platform capitalism and platform-mediated labour. The mechanisms are explored utilising an ethnographic case study of the digital labour of independent fashion designers on Instagram. The proposed perspective on timespace friction demonstrates that mobile apps function as metronomes, nudging the timespaces of daily (work) life. Timespaces are thus negotiated in the polyrhythmic encounters of daily life, where designers challenge the rhythms of the platform or accelerate their practices to follow the imposed pace. A timespace friction perspective therefore sees beyond the smooth operating mechanisms of the platform economy that promise real-time data, flexibility and efficiency, revealing the hidden struggles of synchronisation (speeding up), de-synchronisation (slowing down) and losing grip (going viral). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Farm escapees and their offspring impose a significant impact on the environment and may therefore alter the future evolutionary trajectories of wild populations. To date, there is no management plan in place in Mediterranean countries to prevent fish escapes. Here, we investigate microsatellite length variations in three candidate genes, including prolactin (PRL), growth hormone (GH), and the receptor activity modifying protein 3 gene (RAMP3), to study the genetic structure of the main fish species farmed in the Mediterranean, gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). We also evaluate the performance of microsatellites in discriminating fish origin (wild or farmed). Results from 298 individuals, including farmed, wild adult and juvenile fish were compared with results from 19 neutral markers used in a previous study. All loci were polymorphic, selectively neutral, and had the statistical power to detect significant population differentiation. Global FST was similar to that estimated using 19 loci (0.019 and 0.023, respectively), while pairwise comparisons identified farmed populations as the main drivers of genetic divergence, with a much higher magnitude of overall genetic differentiation within farmed populations (0.076) than that estimated using the 19 neutral microsatellite loci (0.041). Bayesian structural analysis showed that the PRL, GH, and RAMP3 markers were able to distinguish farmed from wild populations, but were not able to distinguish different wild groups as 19 neutral microsatellite markers did. Farmed populations of different origins were assigned to a separate cluster with a high individual assignment score (>88%). It appears that the candidate markers are more influenced by artificial selection compared to neutral markers. Further validation of their efficiency in discriminating wild, farmed, and mixed fish origins using a more robust sample size is needed to ensure their potential use in an escaped fish monitoring programme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article considers how changing screen practices are changing prevailing domestic temporal routines to generate new household dynamics. Underpinned by a case study of the multiscreen home, a media time approach offers a close analysis of the temporal dimensions of household screen use. The analysis draws on data about patterns of use of screen devices and streaming services from UK's communications regulator Ofcom, combined with findings from qualitative studies of media time and second-screen uses. Explaining that second screens offer new kinds of connectivity within home, the study queries assumptions of time erosion and temporal fragmentation. The article proposes that second screens afford new temporal experiences and interactions signifying a new domestic screen culture characterised by time dilation. Digital screen relations operate within polymediated timescapes enabling an opening up and extension of time to produce new domestic screen cultures distinguished as intra-domestic and trans-domestic screen time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article employs a new approach to understanding student transition. This area of theory and practice has developed a huge global significance. However, transition as a concept is under-theorised, and a discourse that reiterates stereotypic narratives of students' normative and linear trajectories can be seen to permeate the field. Drawing on data collected using story completion methods, together with semi-structured interviews, we examine this stereotypic discourse that surrounds stories of transition. Our data suggest that this narrative exists in tension with a more nuanced picture: one that depicts the diversity, fluidity and complexity of students' lived experiences. In order to better understand these experiences, we employ a theoretical approach that conceptualises transitions as troublesome, as rhizomatic, and as becoming. We argue that this approach offers the potential to look beyond normative narratives that surround student transition, and to celebrate students' becomings in a more rich and generative way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated fish beta diversity in six headwater creeks located in the area affected by the largest ornamental aquaculture center implemented in the Minas Gerais State, southeastern Brazil. We sampled fish assemblages in 2017 and 2018 to investigate changes in assemblage structure (species richness and beta diversity), comparing these data with the historic species pool. We recorded 60 fish species, of which 16 were native and 44 non-native with 19 translocated, and 25 exotic. The exotics Poecilia reticulata, Xiphophorus maculatus, X. variatus, Danio rerio, and Misgurnus anguillicaudatus were the most widely distributed in the headwater creeks. The Contamination Index showed that most creeks had high proportional contamination by exotic species (above 60%). Beta diversity increased from historical to contemporary periods in all creeks due to the introduction and differential colonization pressure of several non-native translocated and exotic species, indicating biotic differentiation. Temperature and number of ponds were the main preditors of change in beta diversity in the headwater creeks during the contemporary period. In summary, we observed that invaders have induced substantial changes to fish communities under influence of environmental filters. Our results support the hipothesis that aquaculture is a main driver of fish non-native fish introduction and native biodiversity loss in the Neotropics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated whether aquaculture facilities drive the introduction and establishment of the non-native Nile tilapia (Orechromis niloticus) in Neotropical streams, Brazil. Samples were taken from nine streams with different aquaculture occupation intensities (no, moderate, and intense) using the percentage of occupation of micro-watersheds by aquaculture ponds as a proxy for propagule pressure. The presence of aquaculture facilities and the percentage of aquaculture occupation were good predictors of the catch frequency and of densities of tilapias in the adjacent natural environment. In the streams under intense propagule pressure, females prevailed and high densities of young individuals comparing to adults were recorded. It suggests that the species was reproductively successful in the natural environment. In the streams under moderate propagule pressure, males prevailed, which indicates the likely capture of individuals escaped from aquaculture facilities. In general, our results show the positive influence of propagule pressure on the introduction and establishment of Nile tilapia in natural ecosystems, showing that aquaculture expansion of O. niloticus poses a threat to the conservation of aquatic biodiversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we offer a conceptual and methodological intervention that demonstrates how multi-sensory ethnography might enrich critical analysis of vertical urban transformation. Through the lens of two sites in Peckham, southeast London – a multi-storey car park and an ex-industrial warehouse complex – recently remade as leisure and retail spaces, we examine how processes and practices by which these spaces at height are designed and curated reproduce social and spatial inequalities. As we argue, in retraining the vantage point of research on verticality through attention to other senses – which we label here as non-ocular vistas – new perspectives and texture are brought to understandings of place-making, that address how power functions through the erection of physical, symbolic and sensory exclusions, and how sensorial clashes makes visible contestations over space in a changing urban environment. In this way, our contribution: (1) privileges a multi-sensory perspective in understanding how power is reproduced in and through the vertical transformation of the city; (2) intervenes in research on verticality to centre the concept of non-ocular vistas; and (3) offers a methodological innovation that make visible the subtle affects that manifest the politics of exclusion within spaces at height. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A receptor-mediated, active-targeting and glutathione (GSH) turn-on charge-reversal core/shell nanocomplex HA-MEA-s-s-TGA/PAMAM@DOX was constructed to achieve increased stability, improved cellular uptake, facilitated endo-lysosomal escape and enhanced antitumor efficacy. This nanocomplex was composed of anionic hyaluronic acid (HA)-graft GSH-sensitive HA-MEA-s-s-TGA as the outer shell and the cationic PAMAM@DOX core with encapsulated doxorubicin (DOX) into the hydrophobic cavities of polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers. We hypothesized that the anionic outer layer could promote cellular uptake of HA-MEA-s-s-TGA/PAMAM@DOX by HA receptor-mediated endocytosis. After internalization into tumor cells, the outer shell of the internalized nanocomplex was disassembled in endo-lysosomes via the destruction of disulfide linkages to re-expose PAMAM drug core. This action induced release of the encapsulated DOX and facilitated endo-lysosomal escape through the synergistic action of the proton sponge effect and cationic–anionic interaction between protonated PAMAM and endo-lysosome membranes. In vitro release profiles demonstrated the intracellular environment-responsive release behavior of DOX from this nanocomplex, with a cumulative release of 80% within 4 days in a simulated tumor intracellular microenvironment, whereas the surface charge changed from − 18.82 mV to + 10.95 mV. The MTT assay revealed the good biocompatibility of the negatively charged nanocomplex and efficient toxicity against HeLa cells. The designed pH/GSH dual-responsive nanocomplex could be an efficacious and safe delivery platform for cancer therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the problem of stochastic stability for evolutionary dynamics under the logit choice rule. We consider general classes of coordination games, symmetric or asymmetric, with an arbitrary number of strategies, which satisfies the marginal bandwagon property (i.e., there is positive feedback to coordinate). Our main result is that the most likely evolutionary escape paths from a status quo convention consist of a series of identical mistakes. As an application of our result, we show that the Nash bargaining solution arises as the long run convention for the evolutionary Nash demand game under the usual logit choice rule. We also obtain a new bargaining solution if the logit choice rule is combined with intentional idiosyncratic plays. The new bargaining solution is more egalitarian than the Nash bargaining solution, demonstrating that intentionality implies equality under the logit choice model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the relatively strong gravity on Venus, heavy atmospheric neutrals are difficult to accelerate to the escape velocity. However, a variety of processes, such as the dissociative recombination of ionospheric O |$_2^+$|⁠ , are able to produce hot atoms which could deliver a significant amount of energy to light neutrals and drive their escape. In this study, we construct a Monte Carlo model to simulate atmospheric escape of three light species, H, H2, and He, on Venus via such a knock-on process. Two Venusian background atmosphere models are adopted, appropriate for solar minimum and maximum conditions. Various energy-dependent and species-dependent cross-sections, along with a common strongly forward scattering angle distribution, are used in our calculations. Our model results suggest that knock-on by hot O likely plays the dominant role in driving total atmospheric hydrogen and helium escape on Venus at the present epoch, with a significant portion contributed from regions below the exobase. Substantial variations are also revealed by our calculations. Of special interest is the modelled reduction in escape flux at high solar activities for all species, mainly associated with the enhancement in thermal O concentration near the exobase at high solar activities which hinders escape. Finally, model uncertainties due to several controlling factors, including the distribution of relevant light species in the background atmosphere, the plane-parallel approximation, and the finite O energy distribution, are evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) in eutherian mammals is the epigenetic inactivation of one of the two X chromosomes in XX females in order to compensate for dosage differences with XY males. Not all genes are inactivated, and the proportion escaping from inactivation varies between human and mouse (the two species that have been extensively studied). Results: We used DNA methylation to predict the XCI status of X-linked genes with CpG islands across 12 different species: human, chimp, bonobo, gorilla, orangutan, mouse, cow, sheep, goat, pig, horse and dog. We determined the XCI status of 342 CpG islands on average per species, with most species having 80–90% of genes subject to XCI. Mouse was an outlier, with a higher proportion of genes subject to XCI than found in other species. Sixteen genes were found to have discordant X-chromosome inactivation statuses across multiple species, with five of these showing primate-specific escape from XCI. These discordant genes tended to cluster together within the X chromosome, along with genes with similar patterns of escape from XCI. CTCF-binding, ATAC-seq signal and LTR repeats were enriched at genes escaping XCI when compared to genes subject to XCI; however, enrichment was only observed in three or four of the species tested. LINE and DNA repeats showed enrichment around subject genes, but again not in a consistent subset of species. Conclusions: In this study, we determined XCI status across 12 species, showing mouse to be an outlier with few genes that escape inactivation. Inactivation status is largely conserved across species. The clustering of genes that change XCI status across species implicates a domain-level control. In contrast, the relatively consistent, but not universal correlation of inactivation status with enrichment of repetitive elements or CTCF binding at promoters demonstrates gene-based influences on inactivation state. This study broadens enrichment analysis of regulatory elements to species beyond human and mouse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 1989 revolutions in Central and Eastern Europe and the subsequent transitions have commonly been interpreted in political terms, as movements towards democracy, or in economic terms, as escape from the command economy towards the free market. We revisit the problem to suggest a different reading. We argue that in the legitimization crisis of real socialism, a pivotal role was played by the burden of social oversaturation and bureaucratic arbitrariness, which met its desired alternative in social imaginaries of impersonal, objective social system. For the citizens of Central and East European countries, this fantasy was matched by the promise of the free market, which was morally contrasted to the experience of daily life under late socialism. We argue that this desire to escape from arbitrariness to objectivity is a particularly strong motive in the imaginary of modernity which found one of its historical manifestations in the disappointment with real socialism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HbA2 level alone for beta thalassemia trait may not be accurate and reliable even without iron deficiency so molecular genetic testing is important and should be considered for some individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chances of a woman teacher who works part-time in a secondary school becoming part of the senior leadership tier are slim; yet, little research exists around this inequality. In this study, a life history approach was used to gather the messy and subjective truths of women's lives as part-time teachers and their relationships with time and career progression. New evidence of tensions emerged resulting from women navigating the demands of both their professional and home-life roles with insufficient time. Crucially, their various roles demanded different relationships with temporal features or timescapes. Frequent and bumpy traversing of these different timescapes was necessary in navigating their paid roles alongside their home-life responsibilities, and this came with a cost to emotional wellbeing as well as deterring them from progressing their careers. Importantly, these insights help explain why part-time working can impact negatively on women teachers’ motivation for career progression and how this can lead to inequality in senior leadership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attractive local businesses can make cities more walkable by providing desirable destinations to walk to. The term servicescape has been used to describe the physical settings and environments that affect customers' inference of the service quality of businesses at that location. This study extends the concept of servicescapes to include walkable streetscapes and examines whether features that make streets more walkable also make local businesses on those streets more attractive. This study measures walkable streetscape features using street view images and computer vision, which are associated with customer satisfaction values derived from Yelp review scores of restaurants in Atlanta, GA, USA. After controlling for various covariates including pedestrian accessibility, restaurant type, and neighborhood-specific characteristics, this study found sidewalk buffers, greenness at eye level, and building-to-street ratio as streetscape features positively associated with customer satisfaction. Planning tools for promoting walkable streetscapes are discussed to improve the street vibrancy and the economic opportunities of local businesses. • The scope of servicescapes is extended to adjacent walkable streetscape design. • Walkable streetscape elements are measured using street view images and custom-trained computer vision. • Enclosed streetscapes, greenness, and buffered sidewalks can enhance customer satisfaction. • Accessibility is not necessary associated with better customer experience. • Walk Score has a U-shaped relationship with customer satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We apply a 1D upper atmosphere model to study thermal escape of nitrogen over Titan's history. Significant thermal escape should have occurred very early for solar extreme ultraviolet (EUV) fluxes 100–400 times higher than today with escape rates as high as ≈1.5 × 1028 s−1 and ≈4.5 × 1029 s−1, respectively, while today it is ≈7.5 × 1017 s−1. Depending on whether the Sun originated as a slow, moderate, or fast rotator, thermal escape was the dominant escape process for the first 100–1000 Myr after the formation of the Solar system. If Titan's atmosphere originated that early, it could have lost between |$\approx0.5\,\, \mathrm{ and}\,\, 16$| times its present atmospheric mass depending on the Sun's rotational evolution. We also investigated the mass-balance parameter space for an outgassing of Titan's nitrogen through decomposition of NH3-ices in its deep interior. Our study indicates that, if Titan's atmosphere originated at the beginning, it could have only survived until today if the Sun was a slow rotator. In other cases, the escape would have been too strong for the degassed nitrogen to survive until present day, implying later outgassing or an additional nitrogen source. An endogenic origin of Titan's nitrogen partially through NH3-ices is consistent with its initial fractionation of 14N/15N ≈ 166–172, or lower if photochemical removal was relevant for longer than the last ≈ 1000 Myr. Since this ratio is slightly above the ratio of cometary ammonia, some of Titan's nitrogen might have originated from refractory organics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]