Search

We report the development of a novel variant of cavity ringdown polarimetry using a continuous-wave laser operating at 532 nm for highly precise chiroptical activity and magnetometry measurements. The key methodology of the apparatus relies upon the external modulation of the laser frequency at the frequency splitting between non-degenerate left- and right-circularly polarized cavity modes. The method is demonstrated by the evaluation of the Verdet constants of crystalline CeF3 and fused silica, in addition to the observation of gas- and solution-phase optical rotations of selected chiral molecules. Specifically, optical rotations of (i) vapors of α-pinene and R-(+)-limonene, (ii) mutarotating D-glucose in water, and (iii) acidified L-histidine solutions are determined. The detection sensitivities for the gas- and solution-phase chiral activity measurements are ∼ 30 and ∼ 120 μdeg over a 30 s detection period per cavity round trip pass, respectively. Furthermore, the measured optical rotations for R-(+)-limonene are compared with computations performed using the TURBOMOLE quantum chemistry package. The experimentally observed optically rotatory dispersion of this cyclic monoterpene was thus rationalized via a consideration of its room temperature conformer distribution as determined by the aforementioned single-point energy calculations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymer brush layers are responsive materials that swell in contact with good solvents and their vapors. We deposit drops of an almost completely wetting volatile oil onto an oleophilic polymer brush layer and follow the response of the system upon simultaneous exposure to both liquid and vapor. Interferometric imaging shows that a halo of partly swollen polymer brush layer forms ahead of the moving contact line. The swelling dynamics of this halo is controlled by a subtle balance of direct imbibition from the drop into the brush layer and vapor phase transport and can lead to very long-lived transient swelling profiles as well as nonequilibrium configurations involving thickness gradients in a stationary state. A gradient dynamics model based on a free energy functional with three coupled fields is developed and numerically solved. It describes experimental observations and reveals how local evaporation and condensation conspire to stabilize the inhomogeneous nonequilibrium stationary swelling profiles. A quantitative comparison of experiments and calculations provides access to the solvent diffusion coefficient within the brush layer. Overall, the results highlight the—presumably generally applicable—crucial role of vapor phase transport in dynamic wetting phenomena involving volatile liquids on swelling functional surfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

n-Pentanol, a commonly used Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in industry, is harmful to the environment security and human health. Thus, it is necessary to develop n-pentanol sensors. Herein, spherical (ZTO-S), cubic (ZTO-C) and pseudo-cubic (ZTO-PC) ZnSnO 3 were obtained by changing the ratio of solvent in hydrothermal/solvothermal process. By contrast, the ZTO-PC sensor had a high sensitivity of 135.2 to 100 ppm n-pentanol at 170 °C, a short response time of 0.8 s, and a low detection limit of 10 ppb. Meanwhile, the ZTO-PC sensor displayed superior reproducibility, good humidity resistance and excellent long-term stability. The outstanding sensing performance response of the ZTO-PC sensor is attribute to its high surface adsorbed oxygen content, fast electron mobility and good conductivity, providing abundant active sites and effective gas adsorption platform. In addition, the mechanism of the ZTO-PC sensor for n-pentanol was studied by XPS, GC-MS, and in-situ DRIFTS. After contact with ZnSnO 3 , n-pentanol was first oxidized to n-pentanal and then decomposed into CO 2 and H 2 O. This work well-designed three types of ZnSnO 3 through morphological engineering, providing a hopeful strategy for improving the gas sensitive performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the present research was to prepare an active electrospun nanofiber mat based on the blend of kafirin (Kaf) and polylactic acid (PLA) with clove essential oil (CEO) and to investigate its properties for the development of an antimicrobial nanofilm. For this purpose, ultrafine Kaf/PLA nanofibers with different proportions of Kaf/PLA (15:85%, 20:80%, 25:75%, and 50:50% (v/v)) were prepared using an electrospinning device at a voltage of 25–28 kV, a distance between the needle tip and the collector of 14 cm, and a flow rate of 1 ml/h and examined for their morphology. Then, the CEO was incorporated into the optimized Kaf/PLA nanofibers at different concentrations (3, 6, and 9% (v/v)). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to investigate the properties of the nanofibers produced. The antimicrobial activity was also investigated. The results of the SEM examination showed that the produced ultrafine fibers had a uniform morphology with a cylindrical shape without beads, regardless of the amount of CEO. The FTIR test confirmed the formation of new chemical interactions between Kaf, PLA, and the CEO. According to the TGA results, the incorporated CEO increased the thermal stability of the nanofibers. The antimicrobial activity of CEO was confirmed by analyzing the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration against Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli. The investigation of the antimicrobial activity of nanofibers also showed that nanofibers containing CEO have a good inhibitory effect against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The nanofibers produced with 9% (v/v) CEO were the most effective against all microorganisms tested. Finally, the release behavior of Kaf/PLA nanofibers loaded with CEO was investigated at three different temperatures (4, 25, and 37 °C) and two food simulants (50% and 95% ethanol). The release results showed that the release mechanism was consistent with Fick's model. The results showed that at all three temperatures, the release rate is higher in 98% ethanol than in 50% ethanol. The present study showed that active nanofibers containing CEO have high potential for use in the food packaging industry to reduce microbial contamination. Generally, this research proposed hopeful usage of CEO-loaded electrospun Kaf/PLA nanofibers for antimicrobial bioactive food packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Packaging plays an important role in protecting foodstuffs against physicochemical damage and microbial activity, as well as extending shelf life. In recent years, petrochemical compounds that cause environmental pollution and contamination due to their non-biodegradability have been replaced by biocompatible polymer-based films in the food packaging industry. Due to aromatic essential oils (EO), various biological activities, and their potential to replace chemical preservatives in the field of food preservation, Star Anise essential oil, which has properties, such as free radical scavenger, antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral, was used as an additive in this study. Biodegradable and biocompatible polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) polymer was used as the matrix and polymer-based films were produced in 3 different concentrations. Spectral analysis, structural, chemical, and thermal characterizations, and surface morphologies of the produced films by the direct incorporation method were examined. In addition, the antibacterial activities of the films on Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, and Acinetobacter baumannii ATCC BAA 747 bacteria were investigated. As a result of the examinations, it was determined that an interfacial interaction occurred between the matrix and the filler, and the produced films were thermally resistant and showed antibacterial activity against Gram (+)/Gram (−) bacteria. Consequently, it can be concluded that PVA films containing Star Anise essential oil present a prospective substitute in a variety of industrial packaging systems, including those for food, medicine, and cosmetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been a growing interest in extracting essential oils from aromatic plants as potential sources of biorational pesticides. In the present study, essential oil emulsions of Satureja bakhtiarica (SEO), Oliveria decumbens (OEO), Trachyspermum ammi (TEO) and Zataria multiflora (ZEO) were prepared. Their major chemical compositions were characterized and their antiviral effects were evaluated against two important plant viruses: Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). SEO and ZEO indicated higher antiviral activity in comparison with OEO and TEO (p < 0.05). In systemic bioassay, the pre-treatment test of ZEO and SEO showed a reduced level of TMV accumulation in TMV-infected tobacco, with rates of 26.75% and 23.97%, respectively. Also, the two essential oils had mechanisms by which plant resistance acted against plant viruses. These mechanisms involved the activities of several defense-related enzymes (PAL and POD) and genes (ICS1, NPR1, and PR-1a). These results indicate that the essential oils of Zataria multiflora and Satureja bakhtiarica have the potential to be used as sources of effective antiviral agents and eco-friendly pesticide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To date, several synthetic preservatives have been used for management of food losses caused by insect and fungal pathogens, however, development of resistant races and adverse effects on environment have limited their applicability. Currently, essential oils and their bioactive components are well acknowledged for control of insects. Insecticidal and antifungal efficacy of essential oils are reported to result from neurotoxic mechanisms like alteration in octopamine receptors, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) ion channels, inhibition of acetylcholine esterase (AChE) activities in insects and dysfunctioning of mitochondria as well as plasma membrane in fungal pathogens. Nanoencapsulation of essential oils is currently under practice to prevent environmental degradation, enhance insecticidal and fungicidal efficacy with wide commercial applications and recommend them for possible industrial utilization. The present review explores i) insecticidal and fungicidal efficacy of essential oils and bioactive components, ii) their possible mode of action, iii) the employment of modern nanoencapsulation approaches for the development of nontoxic and ecofriendly green insecticides/fungicides, and most importantly iv) patenting of developed plant based nanoformulation with desired application in management of stored products biodeterioration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sunflower oil and peanuts are susceptible to oxidation reactions during the frying process. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of hop and oregano essential oils in protecting sunflower oil and peanuts during frying. The sunflower oil was enriched with oregano and hop essential oils (0.02% w/w). These treatments were compared to sunflower oil enriched with BHT (0.02% w/w). All treatments were subjected to a temperature of 170 °C for 8 h. Samples were collected at 0, 2, 4, and 8 h. Chemical oxidation indicators, oxidation volatile compounds, and 2,5-dimethyl pyrazine were measured. Also, a descriptive sensory analysis of fried peanuts was carried out. Oregano and hop essential oils enhanced the oxidative stability of the sunflower oil, while preventing the development of undesirable flavours in the fried peanuts. However, this protection led to the formation of 2,5-dimethyl pyrazine, which is responsible for desirable flavours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of addressing climate change, it becomes essential to anticipate how it will affect plant biodiversity and the way plants adapt physiologically and morphologically to challenging environmental circumstances. To gain a comprehensive understanding of how plants adapt to adverse climatic conditions, we conducted a year-long study with three distinct water stress levels: 25% (sample 1), 50% (sample 2), and 75% (sample 3). The findings revealed a general decrease in primary metabolites (including proteins, carbohydrates, dietary fiber, lipids, and essential minerals like Mg, Fe, K, and Mn) as the water stress level increased. In contrast, secondary metabolites (such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and coumarins) exhibited an increase with rising water stress, although a decline became evident as conditions worsened. The same trend was observed in essential oil yield. Furthermore, gas chromatography analysis of essential oils from the plants indicated significant alterations in their chemical composition due to the influence of stressful environmental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Acne vulgaris is one of the most common dermatological disorders. Berberis integerrima Bunge belongs to the Berberidaceae family. Several studies on different Berberis species in addition to B. integerrima have shown antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti‐inflammatory effects. Spearmint essential oil also has antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti‐inflammatory activities. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of the topical combination of B. integerrima root extract and spearmint essential oil in the treatment of acne vulgaris. Methods: Patients with mild to moderate facial acne who met the inclusion criteria were randomly assigned to either drug (B. integerrima extract/spearmint essential oil topical solution) or control (clindamycin 1% topical solution) groups. Each group applied the solution twice a day for 4 weeks. Before and at the end of the intervention, the number of lesions and mGAGS (Modified Global Acne Grading Scale) score were recorded. Results: Thirty patients in each group of drug and control completed the study. Topical B.integerrima root extract/spearmint essential oil significantly reduced the number of lesions (27.33 ± 26.17 vs. 21.58 ± 21.10; p < 0.001) and mGAGS (18.76 ± 8.61 vs. 13.87 ± 8.14; p < 0.001) at the end of the intervention. However, there was no significant difference between the two groups regarding the number of lesions (p = 0.906) and mGAGS (p = 0.882). Conclusions: B. integerrima root extract combined with spearmint essential oil has significant anti‐acne effects, comparable to topical antibiotic clindamycin. It could be considered as a potential treatment for acne vulgaris. However, more studies with larger sample sizes and longer durations are required to confirm this effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sterile insect technique (SIT) is used for the management of tephritid fruit fly pests. The South American fruit fly, Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is one potential pest to be targeted by means of SIT. The success of SIT depends, to a large extent, on the sexual performance of sterile males. Various approaches have been evaluated with the aim of improving their sexual performance. These include the exposure to plant‐derived compounds and/or the provision of protein sources in the adults' diet capable of stimulating male mating success. The present study aimed to determine whether exposure to volatiles of Citrus limon (L.) Burm. F. (Rutaceae) essential oil and limonene confers a mating advantage to A. fraterculus laboratory males fed two distinct dietary regimes when competing with wild males for wild females under field cage conditions. Dietary regimes were, one, with non‐hydrolysed brewer's yeast and sugar (1:3 ratio), and the other with brewer's yeast hydrolysate enzymatic and sugar (1:12 ratio). The effect was evaluated in four variables associated with mating success: number of copulas obtained, latency to mate, copula duration, and copula location. Exposure to volatiles did not affect the number of matings achieved, irrespective of the diet given to the males. When laboratory males were fed with brewer's yeast hydrolysate, the effect of volatile exposure was shown in latency to mate, copula duration, and copula location. When the laboratory males were fed with non‐hydrolysed brewer's yeast, the effect of volatile exposure was shown only in copula duration. Laboratory males fed brewer's yeast hydrolysate achieved the same number of matings as wild males, whereas laboratory males fed non‐hydrolysed brewer's yeast had lower performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf is an abundant medicinal plant, typically utilized as an antifungal herbal remedy. Despite being widely utilized for its health benefits, to our knowledge, there are no comprehensive literature reviews available on the antifungal properties of the plant. In this review, we aim to synthesize current studies on the antifungal properties of C. citratus plant extracts in order to determine the depth of research available while identifying literature gaps, to help provide focus for future investigations. We conducted a systematic search of the databases, Web of Science, MEDLINE, and EBSCO CINAHL, for studies and a thorough scan of relevant grey literature on the topic. Data on plant part utilized, type of extract and extraction method, test organism used, antifungal assay used, reported MIC or MFC, as well as the proposed mechanism of antifungal action, literature gaps, and conclusions were identified and described. Studies were screened for eligibility and data were extracted, charted, and summarized narratively. A total of 117 articles from inception to October 15, 2023 were screened, and 27 were eligible for inclusion, covering the years 1993 to 2023. Results showed the most utilized plant part of C. citratus was the leaves (55 %) and extracts were obtained mostly through hydro-distillation (33 %). Citrals were the most common chemical constituent and were characterized most frequently using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS). The most common test organism used was Candida albicans (55 %), with the antifungal effect tested with diffusion assays (52 %), followed by broth microdilution methods (41 %). The estimated mean for MIC of C. citratus was 1.42 mg/mL and 0.57 mg/mL for the MFC across various species. Most studies suggested that C. citratus specifically targets and disrupts the cell membrane and cell wall integrity by inhibiting specific biosynthetic pathways. In conclusion, C. citratus is a promising source for antifungal herbal remedies. However, additional studies are necessary to identify the specific bioactive metabolites responsible for the antifungal mechanism of action and to ascertain the overall effectiveness and safety of the extract for clinical use. [Display omitted] • Lemongrass leaf essential oil extracted via hydro-distillation was the most utilized. • Candida albicans was the most common test organism, tested via broth microdilution. • The cell wall and membrane are the most likely antifungal targets. • The MIC and MFC for C. albicans was 1.42 mg/mL and 0.57 mg/mL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combination therapy at appropriately suitable doses presents a promising alternative to monotherapeutic drugs. In this study, Cinnamomum verum and Syzygium aromaticum essential oils and their major compounds have exhibited substantial leishmaniacidal potential against both promastigote and amastigote forms of Leishmania (L.) major. However, they displayed high cytotoxicity against Raw264.7 macrophage cells. Interestingly, when combined with each other or with amphotericin B, they demonstrated a synergistic effect (FIC<0.5) with low cytotoxicity. These combinations are able to modulate the production of nitric oxide (NO) by macrophages. Notably, the combination of S. aromaticum Essential oil with amphotericin B stimulates macrophage cells by increasing NO production to eliminate leishmanial parasites. Furthermore, investigation of the molecular mechanism of action of these synergistic combinations reveals potent inhibition of the sterol pathway through the inhibition of the CYP51 gene expression. The findings suggest that combination therapy may offer significant therapeutic benefits in both food and pharmaceutical fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Postharvest decay of blueberry fruits caused by Fusarium oxysporum (F. oxysporum) results in significant losses during logistics. To avoid chemical residue issues associated with synthetic fungicides, present study investigated the antifungal activity of Cinnamomum camphora essential oil (CEO) against Fusarium oxysporum (F. oxysporum) in postharvest blueberry fruits. CEO effectively disrupted cell membrane integrity, impaired ergosterol structure, restricted ATPase activity and inhibits mycelial growth. Blueberries treated with a 0.2% CEO‐based coating demonstrated improved overall sensory acceptability, enhanced firmness, increased total soluble solids and titratable acidity, and reduced decay rate. CEO also decreased malondialdehyde contents while promoting ascorbic acid and glutathione levels and activating antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD), maintaining cell membrane structure and enhancing resistance against F. oxysporum infection. The findings suggest that CEO serves as an eco‐friendly agent for mitigating primary fungal invasion in blueberries during postharvest storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Adding natural antimicrobials such as essential oils (EOs) to alginate coatings on fruits provides an antifungal effect and a semipermeable water vapour barrier. This work aims to evaluate the antifungal effect of Lippia berlandieri S. (Mexican oregano) EO incorporated into alginate to coat tomato stems inoculated with Penicillium commune, Fusarium spp., or Cladosporium herbarum. Alginate films and coatings with EO concentrations (0%, 0.25%, 0.75%, 1%, 2%, or 4% v/v) were prepared to evaluate their properties (physical, mechanical, and water vapour transmission rates) as well as their effect on mould growth on tomato stems for 28 days during refrigerated storage. Mould growth was described with probabilistic and time‐to‐growth predictive models. Two treatment types were assessed (tomato inoculated and coated, TIC, and tomato coated and inoculated, TCI) to provide information about the moment of mould contamination (before or after coating). EO concentration influenced the alginate films' physical, mechanical, and barrier properties. Testing the coatings against moulds revealed varying inhibitory effects. Fusarium spp. exhibited the highest resistance, while C. herbarum was the most susceptible. The predictive models appropriately described the probability of growth or the time‐to‐growth of the studied moulds, identifying critical concentrations of oregano EO needed to inhibit mould growth effectively. The findings suggest that alginate coatings with oregano EO can serve as a natural and effective antifungal treatment for tomatoes, offering insights into optimal concentrations and application methods for extended shelf life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Fish is well known for its perishable nature. Essential oils in food packaging seem to be safe and reliable both in terms of safety for the consumer and in terms of improving the shelf life of the product. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of two different essential oil vapours (one with rosemary and the other one with lemon extract) on three different types of fishery products (swordfish steaks, bluefin tuna steaks and Argentinian prawns) stored in a protective atmosphere packaging, monitoring the shelf life up to 8 days through microbiological, chemical and sensorial analyses. The results showed that the products preserved with the inclusion of essential oils have reached the end of the shelf‐life period respecting the process hygiene and food safety criteria, receiving a greater appreciation rating from the consumer panel at the end of shelf life for the prawns and swordfish samples with the addition of rosemary essential oils vapours, which instead highlighted the worst result at the end of shelf life for tuna. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrospraying is a versatile, high-efficiency method for synthesizing microcapsules (MCs) with many applications. In this study, a single and a coaxial nozzle were used to prepare poly (ε-caprolactone) (PCL) MCs. The aim of this work was to investigate the influence of the encapsulation technique (single electrospraying (SE) and coaxial electrospraying (CE)) on morphology, particle size, chemical interactions, thermal properties, encapsulation efficiency, and release behavior. Thus, two natural oils with an insect-repellence effect (citronella and eucalyptus) were encapsulated in PCL MCs by means of SE and by CE. Spectroscopy, thermal, and microscopy characterizations of the MCs were performed. Oil encapsulation efficiency (EE) and release studies were also made. Spherical MCs with a mean diameter of 7–10 µm were obtained. Characterization techniques showed the presence of citronella and eucalyptus in the MCs and the chemical interactions between the polymer and the oils. In addition, higher encapsulation efficiency was achieved by CE for both oils. For MCs obtained by SE, a higher mass of oil released was observed compared to the capsules obtained by CE. Two released mechanisms were obtained in the systems depending on the oil used. The possibility of using MCs with different characteristics allows greater versatility of the particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a fiber substance produced by microbial fermentation. It is widely used in the food preservation industry because of its extremely pure texture, high crystallinity and high biocompatibility. In the present study, bacterial cellulose/thyme essential oil (BC/TEO‐E) with antibacterial and fresh‐keeping functions was prepared by ultrasonic treatment of modified bacterial cellulose for encapsulation of thyme essential oil, which effectively inhibited the spoilage of chilled chicken. RESULTS: The purified BC, produced by Acetobacter xylinum ATCC 53524, was ultrasonically treated wih different times (0, 30, 60 and 90 min). Transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry and zeta potential were used to characterize the structure of BC after ultrasound, showing that BC, treated for 30 min, had the optimal fiber structure, crystallinity (85.8%), thermal stability (347.77 °C) and solution stability (−26.63 ± 1.96 mV). BC/TEO‐E was prepared by a homogenizer for the preservation of chilled chicken. Optical microscopy indicated that the BC/TEO‐E prepared by 0.5% BC had optimal dispersion and stability, and even no delamination was observed in the emulsion. Compared with other groups (control, 0.5% BC and Tween‐E), the total number of colonies and coliforms in chilled chicken treated with 0.5% BC/TEO‐E was the lowest during the whole storage period (12 days), indicating that it can effectively inhibit bacterial growth. In addition, total volatile base nitrogen (TVB‐N), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, pH and drip loss results showed that 0.5% BC/TEO‐E could effectively inhibit the spoilage of chilled chicken compared to the other treatment groups. CONCLUSION: All of the results acquired in the present study indicate that BC/TEO‐E has a potential application in chilled chicken preservation. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) is one of the most important medicinal plants, and its essential oil (EO) varies between 2.5% to 5% depending on differences in climate. The extraction method plays a significant role in the market price of EOs. In this study, the effect of atmospheric cold plasma (ACP) pretreatments (using air and argon (Ar) gases) for different times on the EO yield and on the quality, color, surface morphology, and wettability of cumin seeds were studied. Results: The scanning electron microscope analysis results revealed that the formation of fissures and cracks caused by ACP pretreatments was directly related to increasing the efficiency of EO extraction. Comparing the two gas treatments, the highest total color changes ΔE were related to the Ar and the lowest to the air treatment, and the highest amount of browning index was related to the Ar ACP pretreatment. In general, the ACP pretreatments improved the extraction efficiency compared with the control, so that the highest increase was observed in the Ar ACP pretreatment at the rate of 44%. Ar ACP pretreatments were observed to have a higher extraction efficiency than air ACP did. In the Ar ACP‐treated samples, cumin aldehyde, as the most important component of EO, was increased compared with the control (47.9–56.4%). Conclusion: The data obtained in this study showed that ACP pretreatment of cumin seeds could increase EO extraction efficacy. Thus, ACP could be a promising technique to enhance the cumin seed EO extraction. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sweet basil is very important in the culinary and pharmaceutical sectors because it contains volatile oils that have a variety of biological functions. Considering the economical costs and adverse effects of chemical fertilizers, attention has been turned to the use of ecofriendly and cost effective alternatives. In this regard, eggshells could be used as a natural calcium source for nutring the medicinal and aromatic plants. Therefore, the aim of this trial was to assess the productivity of sweet basil in response to different application methods of eggshells on sandy soil. In this study, eggshells were added to the soil at rates of 1, 2, and 3 g/pot, to foliage at rates of 0.5, 1, and 1.5 g/L, and to irrigation water at rates of 1, 2, and 3 g/L; a rate of 0.5 g/pot of calcium carbonate also used as a reference. Plants exposed to eggshells at 1.5 g/L foliar spray gave the maximum values of fresh and dry weights herb (172.11 and 23.48 g/plant), carbohydrates (36.74%), crude protein (16.56%), inhibition of free radical scavenging (47.61%), total phenols (15.03 mg/g), total flavonoids (2.87 mg/g), and essential oil contents (1.18% or 27.71 g/100 plants). On the other hand, plants subjected to eggshells at 0.5 g/L foliar spray produce the highest amounts of linalool (76.34%) and oxygenated monoterpenes (83.37%). It may be concluded that the morphological and physiological characteristics of sweet basil plant may be enhanced by eggshells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cherry tomato is a nutritious product commonly used in salads or consumed as a dietary supplement. However, improper storage after harvesting can lead to a decrease in its quality and shelf-life. In this study, we aimed to assess the effects of free essential oil of Mentha × Piperita L. and solid lipid nanoparticles containing free essential oil at concentrations of 0.025%, 0.05%, 0.075%, 0.1%, and 0.2% on the microbial load and post-harvest quality of Solanum lycopersicum cv. Santiago F1 during 28 days of storage at 8°C. Fruits coated with solid lipid nanoparticles containing essential oil at 0.075%, 0.1%, and 0.2% maintained their quality attributes, including firmness at approximately 50%, ascorbic acid at about 80%, phenolic compounds, color parameters, antioxidant activity at around 71%, and sensory properties compared to the control groups or fruits treated with free essential oil of Mentha × Piperita L. This coating also effectively suppressed cellulase and polyphenol oxidase activity, reducing microbial load and weight loss percentages to under 10%. However, it’s important to note that fruits coated with free essential oil of Mentha × Piperita L. at 0.1% and 0.2% showed visible tissue damage. Our research demonstrated that the combination of solid lipid nanoparticles and free essential oil of Mentha × Piperita L. resulted in a decrease in microbial load, an extension of shelf-life, and improvements in the quality characteristics of cherry tomato fruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apiculture provides better livelihoods for about 144,000 men, women and youth in Kenya. However, various challenges and barriers are available that prevent the industry from flourishing. One of these challenges is the low hive colonization rate reported by Kenyan beekeepers, who mainly depend on swarm catching to increase colony numbers within their apiaries. Many different traditional plants are used to attract bee swarms, although they have not been tested and compared scientifically with the most used and cost‐effective bait in Africa, the beeswax, for improving swarm catches. To fill this knowledge gap, an ethnobotanical survey was carried out in Kenya to gain an in‐depth understanding of traditional apicultural practices used for hive baiting to attract swarms. Additionally, the volatile composition of traditional plants used as swarm lures was examined using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), and their effectiveness in catching swarms was evaluated in comparison to beeswax in the field. The survey results revealed that Ocimum kilimandscharicum, Cymbopogon nardus and Elaeodendron buchananii are the three commonly used traditional plants for baiting, chosen based on their aroma, abundance, ease of processing and durability. Notably, the volatiles emitted by O. kilimandscharicum plus beeswax attracted significantly two and half‐fold more bee swarms than the control (beeswax alone), whereas those of E. buchananii were the least attractive and similar to those of the control. These discrepancies may be partly due to the presence of small amounts of geraniol and citral in the essential oils of O. kilimandscharicum, which are characteristic compounds of the Nasonov gland pheromone from workers honey bees known to attract bee swarms. Overall, our findings suggest that adding O. kilimandscharicum to beeswax may significantly enhance bee swarm catches in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was carried out for the first time in Morocco to valorise plant species of the Artemisia genus. Its aim was to evaluate the larvicidal activity of essential oils from six Artemisia plants (A. herba alba, A. absinthium, A. campestris L., A. negrei, A. pontica, and A. arborescens) against Culex pipiens mosquitoes, which are recognised as potential vectors of West Nile virus. Bioinsecticides derived from EOs have shown promise as effective mosquito control agents. The EOs were analysed using GC–MS and GC‐FID and were obtained by hydrodistillation from the aerial parts of the plants. Besides, the experiment was carried out according to the standard WHO protocol. Thujone and camphor were identified as the predominant compounds in all six Artemisia plants. A. herba alba demonstrated the highest larvicidal activity with LC50 and LC90 values of 4.85 and 15.39 μg/mL, respectively. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) were employed to explore the correlation between major EO compounds and larvicidal efficacy. The results suggest that these findings could pave the way for the development of tailored biocides that specifically target important disease vectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Echinochloa crus-galli is a serious weed species in rice paddies. To obtain a new potential bioherbicide, we evaluated the inhibitory activities of 13 essential oils and their active substances against E. crus-galli. Essential oil from Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L. M. Perry (SAEO) exhibited the highest herbicidal activity (EC50 = 3.87 mg mL-1) among the 13 essential oils evaluated. The SAEO was isolated at six different temperatures by vacuum fractional distillation, including 164°C, 165°C (SAEO—165), 169°C, 170°C 175°C and 180°C. The SAEO—165 had the highest inhibitory rate against E. crus-galli. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and high phase liquid chromatography identified eugenol (EC50 = 4.07 mg mL-1), α-caryophyllene (EC50 = 17.34 mg mL-1) and β-caryophyllene (EC50 = 96.66 mg mL-1) as the three compounds in SAEO. Results from a safety bioassay showed that the tolerance of rice seedling (~ 20% inhibition) was higher than that of E. crus-galli (~ 70% inhibition) under SAEO stress. SAEO induced excessive generation of reactive oxygen species leading to oxidative stress and ultimately tissue damage in E. crus-galli. Our results indicate that SAEO has a potential for development into a new selective bio-herbicide. They also provide an example of a sustainable management strategy for E. crus-galli in rice paddies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Syzigium aromaticum essential oil (EO), eugenol, and β-caryophyllene were evaluated regarding antifungal, antibiofilm, and in vitro toxicity. Additionally, in vivo toxicity of EO was observed. Anti-Candida activity was assessed through broth microdilution assay for all compounds. Time-kill assay (0, 1, 10, 30 min, 1, 2, and 4 h) was used to determine the influence of EO and eugenol on Candida Growth kinetics. Thereafter, both compounds were evaluated regarding their capacity to act on a biofilm formation and on mature biofilm, based on CFU/ml/g of dry weight. Cell Titer Blue Viability Assay was used for in vitro cytotoxicity, using oral epithelial cells (TR146) and human monocytes (THP-1). Lastly, Galleria mellonella model defined the EO in vivo acute toxicity. All compounds, except β-cariofilene (MIC > 8000 μg/ml), presented antifungal activity against Candida strains (MIC 500–1000 μg/ml). The growth kinetics of Candida was affected by the EO (5xMIC 30 min onward; 10xMIC 10 min onward) and eugenol (5xMIC 10 min onward; 10xMIC 1 min onward). Fungal viability was also affected by 5xMIC and 10xMIC of both compounds during biofilm formation and upon mature biofilms. LD50 was defined for TR146 and THP1 cells at, respectively, 59.37 and 79.54 μg/ml for the EO and 55.35 and 84.16 μg/ml for eugenol. No sign of toxicity was seen in vivo up to 10mg/ml (20 x MIC) for the EO. S. aromaticum and eugenol presented antifungal and antibiofilm activity, with action on cell growth kinetics. In vivo acute toxicity showed a safe parameter for the EO up to 10 mg/ml. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plasticulture has revolutionised Farming production. In salad cultivation, the snail is the main pest that can cause significant economic losses. The present study focuses on the design of a new industrial mulching material co-extruded separately with three essential oils: cade, turmeric and cumin oil. Experimental tests carried out on a pilot system confirmed the repellent effect against this mollusc and the protection of lettuce weight loss by about 30%. Adhesion tests by Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa demonstrate anti-adhesion properties of 80% when bioactive oils are incorporated into the industrial formulation of the plastic film. Application of the predictive theoretical approach confirms that the adhesion scores cannot be explained by the total adhesion energy and total hydrophobicity energy. This proves that these effects are the result of bioactive activity. This research work offers an innovative, practical and ecologically responsible alternative to protect lettuce crops against nuisances and pests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of appropriate wound dressings is a promising treatment for severe skin injuries. Herein, the gelatin (G) films containing Shekar tighal manna (St) as a pharmaceutical polysaccharide, Persian gum (Pg), and Essential Oil of Anghozeh (EOA) were fabricated for wound dressing application. The films were tested for mechanical properties, swelling behavior, FTIR, and XRD, and their morphology was characterized using SEM. In vitro studies were done to check blood compatibility and anti-inflammatory properties. The microbial barrier properties of composite films were also investigated. The G/St/Pg/EOA film exhibited a heterogeneous structure with more cavities containing oil droplets enclosed, while other films showed rough surfaces with fewer pores. The films showed a tensile strength of 2.33 ± 0.81 to 7.83 ± 0.76 MPa, and the G/St/Pg/EOA film had the highest elongation at break (34.48 ± 0.89). The gelatin films presented cytocompatibility (> 80%) and hemocompatibility with hemolysis lower than 2%. Also, enhanced anti-inflammatory activity was observed with St, Pg, and EOA incorporation (~ 88.4%). The G/St, G/St/Pg, and G/St/Pg/EOA films significantly inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii. Also, the addition of St, Pg, and oil created a robust microbial barrier in these films. These impressive findings could potentially lead to the development of revolutionary treatments for bacterial infections and inflammatory conditions of wounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Textile consumers are now highly concerned about health and environmental safety while choosing commodities. This could be accomplished by using clean and green textile auxiliaries and finishes during textile processing. Essential oils are used mainly in food, nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, medical, cosmetics and textile industries to impart fragrance and bioactivity. It is useful to develop a deeper understanding of their chemistry and biological properties for value-added applications. The present review focuses on various sources of essential oils and their encapsulation with particular attention to textile applications. Due to their volatile and fragile nature, the essential oils may need some protection layers, such as encapsulation in suitable shell materials, thus allowing sustained release under desirable physiological conditions. The encapsulated essential oils find diverse applications in textiles for aroma, antimicrobial, cosmetic, medical and mosquito-repellent products. The literature highlights a need for more efficient and effective microencapsulation and application techniques for essential oils to develop intelligent functional textiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With a growing population of about 7.8 billion, humans are generating tons of waste in the form of non-biodegradable plastics on a daily basis that ends up in landfills and oceans. The introduction of packaging has been a blessing to mankind by facilitating the ease of convenience in transportation, delivery and general usage. The downside, however, is that majority of the packaging currently available is harmful to the environment and takes thousands of years to decay. This paper discusses the use of chitosan from shrimp shells and other marine animals' exoskeleton waste in food packaging industries. Chitosan extracted from marine organisms is modulated in the form of packaging material. Compared to conventional packaging, chitosan films are 73.4% biodegradable in soil under laboratory conditions whereas 100% degraded in an open field. Chitosan with metal oxides, essential oils, natural extracts, proteins and other polymers show enhanced tensile strength, water vapor permeability, oxygen and ultraviolet barrier. Chitosan and composite film show antimicrobial activity against gram positive and negative bacteria. Comparative approaches on environmental impacts between conventional plastics and chitosan films are enlightened, thereby highlighting the importance of natural polymers as packaging films that are considered economic based on the addition of additives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current study, poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) casted films and electrospun nanofibers blended with chitosan (CS), citronella essential oil (CEO) and/or titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2) have been fabricated. Smooth surfaces of PVA, PVA/CS and PVA/CS/CEO casted films were observed while a rough surface can be seen for the TiO2 containing casted film. Electrospun nanofibers have well-defined fibrous structures with a homogeneous distribution of the additives. PVA/CS/TiO2 nanofibers have the smallest average diameter of 75 nm. The light barrier highly affected by the preparation method. Casted films transparency was affected slightly by film composition where the film containing TiO2 has the lowest value of 2.17, and the highest value was 2.77 for PVA/CS film. Electrospun nanofibers are almost opaque in the UV and visible ranges, and moreover, incorporation of TiO2 and CEO improved the UV light shielding, and thus, they can be used for protection against the light-induced oxidation processes. In general, electrospun nanofibers exhibited lower mechanical properties than those fabricated by solution casting. The highest value of tensile strength and elastic modulus was for PVA/CS/TiO2 while the highest value of elongation at break was recorded for PVA. For the thermal stability and regardless the fabrication technique, the neat PVA had the highest values of T10 and T50 where the maximum char residue was recorded for PVA/CS/TiO2. The varied fabrics' morphological, optical, mechanical and thermal characteristics using different fabrication methods can widen the engineered possibilities to cover a wider range of applications as, for example, food packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractZinc (Zn), a micronutrient, is a source of energy for essential oil (EO) biosynthesis. Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) is a plant growth regulator that has favorable effects on EO quality and quantity. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the interaction effect of Zn and MeJA on the phytochemical traits and EO compositions of peppermint cultivated under soilless conditions. Zn omission and the highest Zn concentration (0.1 mgL−1), which are stress conditions for plants, increased phytochemical traits as well as EO content, and 1 mM MeJA was more suitable for increasing these parameters. The major classes of peppermint EO components were oxygenated monoterpenes, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, and monoterpene hydrocarbons. The major constituents included menthol, menthone, menthofuran, and 1,8-cineole. Elicitation of peppermint with MeJA at different Zn levels modified the EO composition. The highest menthol content (50.1%) was observed in the 1 mM MeJA and 0.025 mgL−1 Zn treatment groups. In conclusion, this study indicated that Zn and MeJA could be appropriate compounds for changing phytochemical compounds, antioxidant activity, and EO composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate the transdermal patch formulations of nifedipine. The patch formulations containing nifedipine were prepared and optimized with different ratios of vinyl and cellulose-derived polymers, drug contents, and permeation enhancers. Among the various formulations, the patch formulation containing a 1:5 ratio of ethyl cellulose and polyvinyl pyrrolidone was selected for ex vivo pharmacokinetic study based on in vitro permeation studies using stratum corneum of the pig's skin. The cumulative percentage release after the transdermal administration of the optimized patch formulation was 71.43%, and the plasma concentration of nifedipine was maintained for 16 hrs. The physicochemical evaluation study including flatness, thickness, moisture content and uptake, drug content in vitro release, and ex vivo permeation indicated satisfactory results. The formulation batch with clove oil as a penetration enhancer has shown better ex vivo permeation as compared to the formulations without enhancers and another synthetic enhancer. These results suggest that the optimized patch formulation Q3 could be further developed for clinical applications, providing the therapeutic plasma level of nifedipine over an extended period. Hence analyzing the results of the evaluation tests, in vitro and ex vivo data on the preparation and optimization of nifedipine-loaded transdermal patch, it can be concluded that the formulation shows its feasibility as an effective transdermal delivery system for nifedipine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thrust of the study was to determine the chemical composition of the essential oils extracted from Thymus pallescens de Noé and Cymbogon citratus Stapf. as well as to evaluate their efficacy in controlling Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) in either single or combined populations. Carvacrol (56.04%) and geraniol (20.86%) were identified as the major constituents of T. pallescens and C. citratus respectively. The tested essential oils showed pronounced insecticidal activity against the pest species in relation with the applied doses. T. pallescens EO had the highest efficacy and S. zeamais was found to be more susceptible to both individual and combined treatments. With reference to the contact and fumigation assessments, T. pallescens EO effectuated corrected mortality rates ranging from 42.5–100% to 25–100% in S. zeamais with corresponding lethal concentration (LC50) values of 17.7 µl/ml and 15µL/L air respectively. Whereas, the T. pallescens EO exhibited corrected mortality rates of 42.5–100% and 20–100% with corresponding LC50 values of 18.1 µl/ml and 15.5 µL/L air against T. castaneum in contact and fumigation assessments, respectively. The corrected mortality rates increased for both insect species when using combination treatments, with significant increases in the LC50 values, ranging from 8.59 to 49.9% for both pest species. Analysis of energy biomarkers in the treated insects indicate significantly increased protein and carbohydrate contents and decreased lipids levels. The study therefore demonstrated the bio-insecticidal toxicity of the EOs from T. pallescens and C. citratus against two important maize post-harvest pests, concurrently revealing significant positive and negative insecticidal activity gradients in relation to single or combined populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fungi can spoil the majority of baked products. Spoilage of cake during storage is commonly associated with fungi. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the quality of different types of cakes sold in the market. The most predominant fungal genera in the tested cake samples (14 samples) were Aspergillus spp., and Penicillium spp. On Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA), the medium fungal total count was 43.3 colonies /g. Aspergillus was the most dominant genus and was isolated from six samples of cake. Aspergillus was represented by 3 species namely, A. flavus, A. niger, and A. nidulans, represented by 13.32, 19.99, and 3.33 colonies /g respectively. On Malt Extract Agar (MEA) Medium, the fungal total count was 123.24 colonies / g. Aspergillus was the most dominant isolated genus from 11 samples of cake and was represented by 5 species, namely, A. flavus, A. niger, A. ochraceous, A. terreus, and A. versicolor (26. 65, 63.29, 3.33, 6.66, and 3.33 colonies / g , respectively). Twenty-four isolates (88.88 %) of the total tested twenty-seven filamentous fungi showed positive results for amylase production. Ten isolates (37.03%) of the total tested filamentous fungi showed positive results for lipase production, and finally eleven isolates (40.74 %) of the total fungal isolates showed positive results for protease production. Aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2, and ochratoxin A were not detected in fourteen collected samples of cake. In this study, clove oil was the best choice overpeppermint oil and olive oil for preventing mold development when natural agents were compared. It might be due to the presence of a varietyof bioactive chemical compounds in clove oil, whose major bioactive component is eugenol, which acts as an antifungal reagent. Therefore, freshly baked cake should be consumed within afew days to avoid individuals experiencing foodborne illnesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Essential oils (EOs) from the Hyptis genus have been reported as bactericides and fungicides. However, the properties of these oils can be affected by climatic factors, as well as the collection period, which promotes changes in the chemical composition of the oil. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the climatological influences on the chemical composition of the essential oil from the leaves of Hyptis crenata. Methods: The leaves were collected in Marajô island (Brazil) monthly for a year. The EOs were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by Gas Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Pearson's correlation was used to evaluate the relationship between climatic parameters, content, and chemical composition of essential oil; multivariate analysis was used to evaluate the interrelationship between samples and their chemical constituents. Results and Discussion: The constituents with the highest contents (>2.0%) in essential oils during the studied period were 1,8-cineole (28.48% ± 4.32%), a-pinene (19.58% ± 2.29%), camphor (11.98% ± 2.54%), p-pinene (9.19% ± 1.47%), limonene (6.12% ± 3.15%), a-terpineol (2.42% ± 0.25%) and borneol (2.34% ± 0.48%). β-Pinene significantly correlated (p < 0.05) with precipitation and humidity. According to the chemometric tools, two groups were formed: chemical profile I, marked by 1,8 cineole, a-pinene, p-pinene, borneol, a-terpineol, and limonene, while group II (July) presented a chemical type characterized by camphor. It is understood that the species in question can be a reliable source of biologically active components during different climatic periods in the Amazon. The chemical variability could have significant implications for the pharmaceutical industry and traditional medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cleaning up biocontamination from surfaces is a critical aspect of maintaining a hygienic environment. Traditional cleaning methods often fall short when it comes to eliminating persistent biofilms and resilient bacteria. In recent years, alternative approaches utilizing antibiofilm enzymes, bacteriophages, essential oils (EOs), antibacterial peptides, and biosurfactants have emerged as promising strategies to combat biocontamination. This article explores the efficiency of these agents in targeting and eradicating biofilms, highlighting their mechanisms of action and potential applications. By leveraging the unique properties of these materials, we can enhance cleaning practices and improve public health outcomes by effectively eliminating biocontamination from various surfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essential oils from Thymus vulgaris, Salvia officinalis, and Ocimum basilicum were extracted by hydrodistillation, characterized by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, and quantified by gas chromatography/flame ionization detector. The principal constituents were thymol, ρ‐cymene and carvacrol (T. vulgaris); camphor, β‐pinene, and 1,8‐cineole (S. officinalis); and (E)‐anethole, linalool, and 1,8‐cineole (O. basilicum). The essential oil from T. vulgaris was the most effective, forming inhibition halos of 46.16 ± 0.16 and 26.38 ± 0.33 mm, respectively, for Salmonella choleraesuis and Listeria monocytogenes. This essential oil was also more effective against S. choleraesuis, with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 8.85 mg mL−1, and a minimum inhibitory concentration of 17.71 mg mL−1 for L. monocytogenes. No bactericidal activity against S. choleraesuis and L. monocytogenes was observed for the essential oils from S. officinalis, and O. basilicum. Scanning electron micrographs showed that the addition of essential oils left the bacterial cells damaged and deformed. Significant 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging capacity and lipid substrate protection were observed in the β‐carotene bleaching assay for the essential oil from T. vulgaris, with IC50 of 231.13 ± 0.53 and 15.25 ± 0.38 μg mL−1, respectively. A dose‐dependent relationship between antioxidant activity and concentrations was observed in the tests. Toxicities of LC50 = 1.24, 3.51 and 1.19 mg mL−1 against Drosophila suzukii flies, respectively, were observed for the essential oils from T. vulgaris, S. officinalis, and O. basilicum. Results suggest that essential oils can be promising antioxidant agents, insecticides, and inhibitors of pathogenic bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomass residues from the aromatic and medicinal oil extraction industries were used as fuel to produce steam necessary for the extraction of essential oils (EO) by hydrodistillation from a plant around the Mediterranean, Daucus carota L. The results obtained in terms of yield and extraction time were compared to those obtained by the classical method of hydrodistillation (HD) using electric heating. Several advantages with hydrodistillation in the presence of biomass as an energy source (BEHD) have been observed: faster kinetics and higher efficiency with similar yields: 1.03% and an extraction time of 30 min against 180 min for classic hydrodistillation. The antimicrobial activity and the antioxidant activity of the EO extracted by HD and BEHD were evaluated. The results showed that the oil extracted by BEHD has a better antioxidant activity and it is much more active than that isolated by HD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lemon essential oil (LEOs) is used as a bioactive compound with unique health properties as a medicine or dietary supplement. Nevertheless, essential oils are chemical compounds sensitive to light, oxidation, and thermal processes. Therefore, encapsulation technique can be a good way to protect them from degradation and evaporation. In current study, biopolymeric nanocapsules containing lemon essential oils (LEOs) were prepared by the emulsion method. The nanocapsules were characterized by their particle size and Encapsulation efficiency (%) ranged from 339.3 to 553.3 nm and 68.09% to 85.43%, respectively. Long-term storage (30 days) under different temperatures (4 °C, 25 °C, and 40 °C) conditions showed that nanocapsules stored at 4 °C were more stable than samples stored at higher temperatures. DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging activity were measured to evaluate the values of antioxidant activity of LEOs and nanocapsules. The free LEO and nanocapsules were investigated for its antibacterial activity against common Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogenic microorganisms (Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli) using disk diffusion followed by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Our results indicated that the encapsulated LEOs had a significant antioxidant and antibacterial activities, as compared to the free LEO. The LEOs nanocapsules in CS and Hicap can be suggested as an important natural alternative with suitable stability, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties to overcome the challenges associated with the direct application of these bioactive compounds in food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbial biofilm formation represents a serious problem for both food industry and households. Natural biofilms are formed mostly by multiple species, and show resistance against most of the usual sanitizers. In this study, the effects of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), marjoram (Origanum majorana) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris) essential oils (EOs) and their main components (cinnamaldehyde, terpinene-4-ol, and thymol) were investigated on four-species biofilms of Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas putida and Staphylococcus aureus. Minimum bactericide concentration (MBC) and killing time were determined by means of the microdilution method. MBC of the investigated EOs and components was between 0.5 mg/mL (cinnamaldehyde) to 25 mg/mL (terpinene-4-ol). Killing times for the four-species suspension were 5 or 10 min, time spans usable in the food industry. For eradication of the mixed-population biofilm from stainless steel (SS), polypropylene (PP), tile and wood surfaces, EO- or EO component-based disinfectant solutions were developed, and their effects were compared to a peracetic acid-based industrial sanitizer (HC-DPE). Total eradication of biofilms (99.9%) was achieved, with solutions containing cinnamon and thyme EO and EO components, from SS and PP, but not from tile or wood surfaces. Apparently, cinnamon EO, terpinene-4-ol and thymol have better disinfectant activity than HC-DPE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Species of the genus Allium across the world have several biological activities among which the antimicrobial activity. Among these species, we can find around the world: A. ursinum, A. sativum, A. roseum, A. kastambulense, A. stipitatum, A. hirtifolium, A. ascalonicum, A. cepa, A. fistulosum, A. tuberosum Rottler, A. orientale, A. triquetrum, A. hookeri, A. subhirsutum, and A. staticiform. Antimicrobial activities of raw juices, essential oils, aqueous extracts and extracts prepared with various solvents (ethanolic, methanolic, chloformic, dichloro methane, ethyl acetate) have been studied using bulbs, flowers, stems and leaves from different species. The fine analysis by LC-MS/MS and by GC-MS is indicative of the presence of bioactive sulfur and phenolic compounds in most of the extracts. The latter are responsible of their antimicrobial activities. The modes of action of these active compounds on microrganisms have been studied very thouroughly using scanning and transmission electron microscopies, and by mass spectophotometry MALDI-TOF as well as molecular docking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is a highly destructive insect pest that negatively affects various agricultural crops. For environmentally safe means of its control, we evaluated the effectiveness of four plant essential oils: mint, Mentha piperita, citrus lime, Citrus sinensis, lemongrass, Cymbopogon citratus, and eucalyptus, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, against S. frugiperda larvae in terms of mortality rate and their antifeedant activity. A total of 78, 73, 52 and 26 compounds were detected in EOs of C. citratus, E. camaldulensis, C. sinensis and M. piperita, respectively. A high variation in the major compounds and percentages of these compounds was: C. citratus (3,8-nonadien-2-one, 4,8 dimethyl, 23.66%), E. camaldulensis (eucalyptol, 42.21%), C. sinensis (apiol, 5.59%) and M. piperita (cubenol, 8.43%). Three different concentrations (1.0%, 3.0% and 5.0%) of each essential oil were tested against 3rd larval instar. All essential oils caused mortality, but M. piperita and E. camaldulensis were the most effective at higher concentration. At concentration of 5.0%, M. piperita caused 93.3% larval mortality after 72 h of application. Similarly, E. camaldulensis oil caused 83.3% larval mortality after 72 h with 5.0% concentration. Furthermore, at 5.0% concentration, M. piperita oil had an antifeedant activity of 80.4%, and E. camaldulensis oil showed 71.3%. The findings indicate the potential use of M. piperita and E. camaldulensis oils to control S. frugiperda. The utilization of these oils offers an environment friendly approach, which can effectively address the issue of insecticide resistance in S. frugiperda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aimed to investigate the effectiveness of Lippia sidoides and Syzygium aromaticum essential oils (EOs) encapsulated in nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) as SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors through virucidal activity assessment. We developed anionic and cationic NLCs loaded with the EOs and assessed their physicochemical properties and SARS-CoV-2 virucidal activity, focusing on the effects of EO type and the NLCs composition. The NLCs exhibited particle sizes of 141.30 to 160.53 nm for anionic and 109.30 to 138.60 nm for cationic types, with PDIs between 0.16 and 0.25. High zeta potentials (>29.0 in modulus) indicated stable formulations. The NLCs effectively encapsulated the EOs, achieving encapsulation efficiencies between 84.6 to 100% w/w of marker compound. The EOs-loaded NLCs reduced the SARS-CoV-2 virion count, exceeding 2 logs over the control. NLCs loaded with Lippia sidoides and Syzygium aromaticum EOs represent an innovative strategy for combating SARS-CoV-2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Species of Porophyllum are characterized by the presence of essential oils, with reports of the occurrence of thiophenes. Essential oils have most often been obtained by hydrodistillation while thiophenes are isolated from nonpolar extracts and also by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). In this study, essential oils from P. ruderale, P. lanceolatum, P. angustissimum and P. curticeps were obtained by hydrodistillation. Porophyllum lanceolatum, collected in greater quantity, was subjected to SFE under different pressures (90–250 bar). Except for P. lanceolatum, which showed high levels of aldehydes such as decanal (60.24%) and dodecadienal (12.14%), all species were rich in hydrocarbon monoterpenes. The fraction obtained by SFE at 90 bar, when analyzed by GC/MS, presented monoterpenes, with limonene as the main component (22.58%) while decanal constituted only 3% of the sample. All the fractions obtained by supercritical extraction contained compounds with chromatographic profile of thiophenes. The compounds, distinguished by intense fluorescence, were isolated by planar circular chromatography and subjected to 1H NMR analyses. The spectra exhibited the characteristic signals of thiophenes. The mass spectra also presented the fragments expected for these compounds. The present data confirm this genus as a producer of potentially active molecules that deserve deeper studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]