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For the security concerns of communication data and key in automotive ethernet, an automotive ethernet security communication method based on dynamic keys was innovatively designed. The attack tree model for automotive ethernet security threats was established to analyze the faced security threats. The comprehensive architecture for automotive ethernet security communication methods was constructed to address the threats, and the dynamic key algorithm model was designed to generate implicit dynamic keys. The secure communication method based on dynamic keys was designed to encrypt original data through dynamic keys, and the digests were generated and compared at the receiving end. Communication and network attack processes between domains were simulated using Linux-based systems, I. MX6ULL microcontrollers and Windows devices, and the difference degrees of keys, ciphertexts and plaintexts were compared. The communication process was attacked to analyze the data interactions by Wireshark software. The results show that the proposed method can effectively ensure the key security and the confidentiality, freshness, authenticity and integrity of automotive ethernet data, and it can effectively counter tampering attacks and replaying attacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of an insulated area with a subtropical climate, such as La Réunion island, it is crucial to reduce the energy consumption of buildings and develop local renewable energy sources to achieve energy autonomy. Direct current (DC) nanogrids could facilitate this by reducing the energy conversion steps, especially for solar energy. This article presents the deployment and efficiency evaluation of a 48 VDC low-voltage direct current (LVDC) nanogrid, from conception to real-world installation within a company. The nanogrid consists of a photovoltaic power plant, a lithium–iron–phosphate (LFP) battery, and DC end-use equipment, such as LED lighting and DC fans, for two individual offices. For identical test conditions, which are at an equivalent cabling distance and with the same final power demand, the total power consumed by the installation is measured for several stages from 50 to 400 W, according to a 100% DC configuration or a conventional DC/AC/DC PV configuration incorporating an inverter and AC/DC converter. The methodology used enables a critical view to be taken of the installation, assessing both its efficiency and its limitations. Energy savings of between 23% and 40% are measured in DC for a power limit identified at 150 W for a distance of 25 m. These results show that it is possible to supply 48 VDC in an innovative way to terminal equipment consuming no more than 100 W, such as lighting and air fans, using the IEEE 802.3 bt power over ethernet (PoE) protocol, while at the same time saving energy. The nanogrid hardware and software infrastructure, the methodology employed for efficiency quantification, and the measurement results are described in the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents a multisensor device which is intended as an element of IoT for indoor environment (IE) monitoring. It is a portable, small-size, lightweight, energy-efficient direct-reading instrument. The device has an innovative design and construction. It offers real-time measurements of a wide spectrum of physical and chemical quantities (light intensity, temperature, relative humidity, pressure, CO2 concentration, content of volatile organic compounds including formaldehyde, NO2, and particulate matter), data storage (microSD; server as an option), transmission (WiFi; GSM and Ethernet as options), and visualization (smartphone application; PC as an option). Commercial low-cost sensors were utilized, which have been arranged in the individual sensing modules. In the case of gas sensors, dynamic exposure was chosen to ensure a minimum response time. The MQTT protocol was applied for data transmission and communication with other devices, as well as with the user. The multisensor device can collect huge amounts of data about the indoor environment to provide the respective information to the IoT. The device can be configured to control actuators of various auxiliary devices and equipment including external systems used for ventilation, heating, and air conditioning. The prototype is fully operational. The exemplary results of IE monitoring were shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of hybrid fiber-wireless (Fi-Wi) access networks is to ubiquitously integrate the accessible vast amounts of optical network bandwidth with wireless network mobility at minimal cost and simple network installation. Fi-Wi networks can employ both Radio over Fiber (RoF) and Radio and Fiber (R&F) technologies. The difference between them is that R&F uses two MAC controls: one for optical fiber and one for wireless networks. One can reduce interference within the wireless subnetwork while avoiding the negative effects of fiber optic propagation delays on the network. RoF, on the other hand, uses MAC control for both optical and wireless networks, resulting in network latency and congestion. This paper demonstrates (i) the use of semi-dynamic bandwidth allocation and (ii) the use of hierarchical frame aggregation for access in next-level integrated Ethernet passive optical network EPON/WLAN-based generations and presents the ongoing research to improve the Quality of Service in wireless and fiber access networks. The study includes an offered load up to 10 Gbps, reaching the up-to-date levels. The obtained results reveal that the data, voice, and video latency are reduced, respectively, by 35%, 25%, and 30%. At the same time, the corresponding throughput is increased, respectively, for data, voice, and video by 35%, 25%, and 30%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In view of the problem of Ethernet transmission rate and real-time in embedded field, a design of Gigabit Ethernet port communication based on FPGA(Field Programmable Gate Array)is proposed. This study designs the forwarding function of Gigabit Ethernet switch, and implements end-to-end data communication based on label forwarding. Datagrams with label are sent by CPU(Central Processing Unit), and are outputted through Gigabit Ethernet interface, and are sent to FPGA through RGMII(Reduced Gigabit Media Independent Interface)port. FPGA judges output port number field in label through internal logic and removes label, and outputs datagrams to connecting device from corresponding Gigabit Ethernet interface. Peripherals input datagrams through Gigabit Ethernet ports, and send datagrams to FPGA through SGMII(Serial Gigabit Media Independent Interface) protocol. FPGA adds labels through internal logic and outputs them to CPU through polling, so as to realize interworking of connecting devices of multiple Gigabit Ethernet interface. The experimental results reveal the feasibility and effectiveness of the FPGA logic. The transmission rate reaches 1 Gbit·s-1, the datagrams forwarding delay is less than 100 μs, and the packet loss rate is 0%,which indicates that the data transmission stability is high, and the proposed design meets the actual needs of existing projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the important task of validating data exchange between a control box, a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC), and a robot in an industrial setting. To achieve this, we adopt a unique approach utilizing both a virtual PLC simulator and an actual PLC device. We introduce an innovative industrial communication module to facilitate the efficient collection and storage of data among these interconnected entities. The main aim of this inquiry is to examine the implementation of Ethernet/IP (EIP), a relatively new addition to the industrial network scenery. It was designed using ODVA's Common Industrial Protocol (CIP™). The Costumed real-time data communication module was programmed in C++ for the Linux Debian platform and elegantly demonstrates the impressive versatility of EIP as a means for effective data transfer in an industrial environment. The study's findings provide valuable insights into Ethernet/IP's functionalities and capabilities in industrial networks, bringing attention to its possible applications in industrial robotics. By connecting theoretical knowledge and practical implementation, this research makes a significant contribution to the continued development of industrial communication systems, ultimately improving the efficiency and effectiveness of automation processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Train real‐time ethernet network (TREN) is responsible for the transmission of train control commands and equipment status information. Due to the harsh and changeable climatic environments, complex electromagnetic environments, and long service, the TREN has a high incidence of physical layer failures, which affects train operation safety. This paper presents a novel fault diagnosis method in which waveform electrical signal features are extracted from the physical layer signal of TREN. Random forest is used for identifying typical failure modes of actual TREN, and the model parameters are optimized to improve diagnostic performance. Finally, the physical layer signals of actual TREN are collected. The results show that the performance of the proposed fault diagnosis method is better than other advanced methods. © 2023 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research proposed a model of Enhanced Distributed Channel Access (EDCA) scheme which is one of the techniques used in reducing collision and usually prioritized due to its contention window to determine the impact of distance change on the IEEE 802.11 ah standard. The proposed model was analyzed using the Markov Chain approach to determine the effect of distance change on collisions levels while the numerical were simulated using MATLAB. Moreover, the Markov chain solution was used to evaluate parameters such as throughput, energy consumption, and delay. The results showed the increment in RAW slot duration and the distance change for each station can reduce the performance on the standard and the scenario when the RAW slot duration was changed by 50 ms performed better than 100 ms and 250 ms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming at the problems of slow image acquisition and processing speed, large CPU load and low image resolution in traditional binocular vision-based distance measurement of trees and obstacles, a forest target ranging system based on binocular vision is designed to realize the rapid measurement of the distance of forest targets such as trees and obstacles. The binocular camera and FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) are used as the image acquisition and processing platform of the system, and the gigabit Ethernet is used to transmit the image to the PC. Then, MATLAB is used to complete the binocular calibration of the system, so as to obtain the internal and external parameters of the binocular camera. Finally, based on VS2022 platform, stereo matching is performed through SGBM (Semi-Global Block Matching) algorithm and BM (Block Matching) algorithm to obtain disparity map and depth map, so that the current distance between trees and obstacles can be obtained through the 3D coordinate information of key points of trees and obstacles. The results show that the relative error of tree and obstacle distance measurement results of SGBM and BM algorithms is less than 2% in the range of 1. 4 m, and the processing speed of the two algorithms for frame is 130 ms and 119 ms, respectively. The results show that the binocular visual ranging system can realize the rapid processing of image data, and it can complete the ranging of forest targets such as trees and obstacles more accurately, providing a reference for the application of computer vision technology in forest resource investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a terrestrial networked positioning system that obtains a reliable time reference from a national time scale realization and distributes it in a prototype to six roadside base stations through a fiber-optic Gigabit Ethernet network. Wireless wideband signals are transmitted by the base stations, thereby enabling positioning by a mobile receiver with an accuracy of one decimeter in a multipath urban environment. The scalability and compatibility of this system with existing telecommunication-network technologies paves the way for wide-area global navigation satellite system-independent back-up systems for timing and positioning with improved coverage and performance. The results presented in this paper are based on research carried out within the scope of a project funded by the Dutch Research Council (NWO, project 13970). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Designed using vehicle requirements, Scalable service-Oriented MiddlewarE over IP (SOME/IP) has been adopted and used as one of the Ethernet communication standard protocols in the AUTomotive Open System Architecture (AUTOSAR). However, SOME/IP was designed without considering security, and its vulnerabilities have been demonstrated through research. In this paper, we propose a SOME/IP communication protection method using an authentication server (AS) and tickets to mitigate the infamous SOME/IP man-in-the-middle (MITM) attack. Reliable communication between the service-providing node and the node using SOME/IP communication is possible through the ticket issued from the authentication server. This method is relatively light in operation at each node, has good scalability for changes such as node addition, guarantees freshness, and provides interoperability with the existing SOME/IP protocol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper represents a detailed analysis of the synergy between unconventional electrical discharge machining (EDM) technology and collaborative robots. The authors have adopted a technological approach in this research, focusing on communication using the MODBUS TCP protocol between a collaborative robot and two electrical discharge machining (EDM) machines. By integrating the collaborative robot and EDM machines into the local network or organizational infrastructure, it has been demonstrated that these technologies can harmoniously function, efficiently communicating through a simple Ethernet cable. Intriguingly, the research illustrates how EDM machines can dynamically modify the values of registers within the collaborative robot, which acts as a server in this context. A conclusive case study has outlined the process of establishing communication infrastructure within the collaborative robot and showcased how it can implement and manage the necessary conditions for the manufacturing workflow. Through the use of existing industrial protocols, this research opens up fascinating possibilities regarding communication between collaborative robots and EDM machines. This could significantly reduce the complexity and costs associated with electrical I/O connections, enabling efficient transmission of multiple types of information between equipment using a single Ethernet cable. In essence, this paper offers a vision of the future where innovative technologies intersect and collaborate to streamline industrial processes while reducing the complexity and expenses associated with electronic connectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents research of the traffic when systematizing information flows in logistics. Ethernet is one of the most popular networks, especially if equal access networks are to be built and maintained. Ethernet is widely used to control machines, production lines and even entire production plants. However, working in real-time mode sometimes creates conflicts in certain actuators which are time-sensitive to the commands sent to them. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the average delay time and time dispersion of the LAN Ethernet, to be able to meet the requirements for real-time operation in logistics [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the intelligent substation, the failure of communication network will affect the safe and stable operation of the substation. Therefore, an intelligent substation communication network status monitoring platform based on embedded Ethernet is designed. The platform is composed of monitoring network module, message capture and analysis module, monitoring equipment module and status monitoring software module. The monitoring network module is designed based on embedded Ethernet, which is composed of soft timer, network card hardware driver, etc. In the message capture and analysis module, Libpcap is selected as the data packet capture library to implement the analysis of three kinds of messages. In the monitoring equipment module, the monitoring equipment used includes communication analyzer and communication analysis monitoring device. The support vector data description algorithm is used to monitor the status of the communication network, and the design of the status monitoring software module is completed. The test results of the test design platform show that the platform can achieve packet detection of three kinds of messages, real-time monitoring of communication network status, and monitoring of packet loss rate and link utilization rate, with good results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MAC address spoofing has plagued LAN communication for a long time. Many attacks use it as a springboard to carry out subsequent attacks. The main reason for this kind of attack is the exposure of MAC address. If the source MAC address of the node can be hidden during frame forwarding, this kind of attack can be effectively prevented. This study proposes virtual MAC switching (VMS) as a solution to this problem. VMS uses multi-address hopping technology to make the MAC address of the frame change continuously in the forwarding process. Its unique address generation format makes other nodes unable to record or speculate the real MAC address of the node, so it cannot launch an attack. Experiments show that VMS is close to typical SDN switches in terms of delay, throughput, and overhead and has a higher security level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The next generation of mobile broadband communication, 5G, is seen as a driver for the industrial Internet of things (IIoT). The expected 5G-increased performance spanning across different indicators, flexibility to tailor the network to the needs of specific use cases, and the inherent security that offers guarantees both in terms of performance and data isolation have triggered the emergence of the concept of public network integrated non-public network (PNI-NPN) 5G networks. These networks might be a flexible alternative for the well-known (albeit mostly proprietary) Ethernet wired connections and protocols commonly used in the industry setting. With that in mind, this paper presents a practical implementation of IIoT over 5G composed of different infrastructure and application components. From the infrastructure perspective, the implementation includes a 5G Internet of things (IoT) end device that collects sensing data from shop floor assets and the surrounding environment and makes these data available over an industrial 5G Network. Application-wise, the implementation includes an intelligent assistant that consumes such data to generate valuable insights that allow for the sustainable operation of assets. These components have been tested and validated in a real shop floor environment at Bosch Termotecnologia (Bosch TT). Results show the potential of 5G as an enhancer of IIoT towards smarter, more sustainable, green, and environmentally friendly factories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The TCP protocol is a connection-oriented and reliable transport layer communication protocol which is widely used in network communication. With the rapid development and popular application of data center networks, high-throughput, low-latency, and multi-session network data processing has become an immediate need for network devices. If only a traditional software protocol stack is used for processing, it will occupy a large amount of CPU resources and affect network performance. To address the above issues, this paper proposes a double-queue storage structure for a 10G TCP/IP hardware offload engine based on FPGA. Furthermore, a TOE reception transmission delay theoretical analysis model for interaction with the application layer is proposed, so that the TOE can dynamically select the transmission channel based on the interaction results. After board-level verification, the TOE supports 1024 TCP sessions with a reception rate of 9.5 Gbps and a minimum transmission latency of 600 ns. When the TCP packet payload length is 1024 bytes, the latency performance of TOE's double-queue storage structure improves by at least 55.3% compared to other hardware implementation approaches. When compared with software implementation approaches, the latency performance of TOE is only 3.2% of the software approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The IEC 61850 standard aims at digitization substations and provides interoperability between various Intelligent Electronic Device vendors. The digitization process is accompanied by several challenges related to data transmission on the ethernet network and the protection behavior under these conditions. Among the challenges, we can mention packet loss, delay, and duplicate frame, which occurs when the merging units (publisher) transmit the sampled values and, for some reason, these packets do not reach the subscriber or are duplicated. Nowadays, most Intelligent Electronic Device manufacturers block the protection function when some sampled value packets are corrupted. The effects of blocking protection when packet loss occurs under normal operating conditions do not cause significant problems. However, when a fault occurs, the corrupted packets can cause a delay in fault clearance, causing even more damage to the grid. The purpose of this article is to present the effects of corrupted sampled values on the performance of overcurrent protection. All the evaluations were performed in real time using the hardware-in-loop simulation approach with a commercial Intelligent Electronic Device. The OP5700 hardware platform from OPAL-RT, with the library "IEC 61850 Data Integrity Manipulation", was used. The results show that corrupted sampled value frames affect the functioning of the protections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wireless Local Area Networks present several vulnerabilities that are exploited, and as a result, numerous attacks have been developed and used against them. Although countermeasures to detect and eliminate such threats have been created throughout the years, few methods exist to prevent the attacks. IEEE 802.11 covert channels could be considered a candidate to prevent Wi-Fi attacks since they allow secret communication between the client station and the access point without establishing an association. They can be implemented in frames that attackers do not target. This paper presents a new covert channel that prevents Wi-Fi attacks. We also describe metrics, and discuss the performance results of the proposed solution. We show that the new protocol is able to achieve high efficiency of operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work is carried out to objectively establish a new method to detect harmonics and measure the total harmonic distortion (THD) in a remote source, such as a high voltage transformer. The proposed approach utilized embedded design techniques to construct an embedded processor system with Ethernet intellectual property core to acquire data from a remote harmonics source. The designed system has several notable merits, namely, it is portable that can be applied in the work field, and it avoids workers from being subject to a hazard high voltage shock as well as its simplicity and high accuracy. The harmonics detection and analysis are achieved by inserting a microcontroller system near the high voltage transformer to acquire the necessary data and transmit it to a remote embedded processor system that is used to detect and analyze the harmonics. The microcontroller and the processor systems are connected by a wide-area network (WAN) through Ethernet and transmission control protocol/internet protocol (TCP/IP) protocols. The processor system is accommodated to perform 128 points fast Fourier transform for harmonics detection. Matlab simulations are used to validate the results. It is found that the results match very accurately the simulation results with an error of less than 0.02%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of real-time critical systems, the ever-increasing communication data traffic puts forward high-bandwidth and low-delay requirements for communication networks. Therefore, various real-time Ethernet protocols have been proposed, but these protocols are not compatible with each other. The IEEE 802.1 Working Group developed standardized protocols named Audio Video Bridging (AVB) in 2005, and renamed it Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) later. TSN not only adds new features but also retains the original functions of AVB. Proposing real-time Ethernet modeling and design methodologies is the key to meeting high-bandwidth and low-delay communication requirements. This article surveys the modeling from AVB to TSN, mainly including: (1) AVB and TSN modeling; (2) end-to-end delay modeling; (3) real-time scheduling modeling; (4) reliability modeling; and (5) security modeling. Based on these models, this article surveys the recent advances in real-time Ethernet design methodologies from AVB to TSN: (1) end-to-end delay analysis from AVB to TSN; (2) real-time scheduling from AVB to TSN; (3) reliability-aware design for TSN; and (4) security-aware design for TSN. Among the above four points, the last two points are only for TSN, because AVB lacks reliability and security mechanisms. This article further takes the automotive use case as an example to discuss the application of TSN in automobiles. Finally, this article discusses the future trends of TSN. By surveying the recent advances and future trends, we hope to provide references for researchers interested in real-time Ethernet modeling and design methodologies for AVB and TSN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building a reliable communication network is a challenging task using the standard Ethernet as the medium for control and data acquisition networks. Such sensor-actuator networks could be distributed across multiple locations across a building. Packet retransmissions and losses could be critical when Ethernet is used for closed-loop controls and measurements. There could be multiple design challenges to build such networks such as total-traffic, compact node design, bandwidth limitations, packet retransmissions, delays, drops etc. In this paper, we report how we implemented a reliable http-based automation network of large interconnected microcontroller-based nodes with a careful design of hardware, firmware components and a new application-layer faulty-node-filter-algorithm. It analysed some of the top causes of poor network performance within such control networks using a popular network protocol-analyser "Wireshark". Though Ethernet seemed the most future promising, it has the single drawback of nondeterministic packet transfers. Additional research is carried out to prove that IEEE 802.3 standard Ethernet could be used in applications like our slow-cryogenics-control systems of linear Accelerators to build an error-free, near deterministic control-application. This approach allowed the continued use of conventional Ethernet networking components. even for the control networks and the same communication medium. The tested system is distributed within a private LAN of more than 50 embedded servers each of which is built out of on-chip TCP/IP stacks implemented on ARM processors as nodes, for a successfully implemented Cryogenic control network of Superconducting linear Accelerator at Inter University Accelerator Centre, New Delhi, India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective network communication is thought to require a solid foundation and dependable network architecture. This is necessary for the network's many connected devices to distribute data effectively. This study took into account a well-known local area network topology with a star topology to accomplish this goal. Three architectures for the ICT Center network: ICT Centre A, ICT Centre B, and ICT Centre C were each modelled in an OPNET simulation environment using application traffic from HTTP, FTP, Email, and Database. The number of workstations in each architecture ranged from 40 to 80 to 120. Statistics like Ethernet delay (sec), load (bits/sec), and traffic received (bits/sec) were taken into consideration for each Centre. Due to a large number of workstations, the server at ICT Centre C delivered the highest traffic volume, while ICT Centre B outperformed the others in terms of Ethernet delay reduction. The server at ICT Centre C had the highest load. This demonstrates the need for a lower number of workstations to be taken into account when designing a communication network for faster data transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Train communication network (TCN) is an important guarantee for the reliable and safe operation of high‐speed rail train. The higher reliability of the TCN is, the safer operation of high‐speed rail train will be, and the cost of overhaul and maintenance will be greatly reduced. The 250 km/h high‐speed rail TCN being developed in China is the first time that the train communication Ethernet (TCE) is used as train control network. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to analyze the reliability of TCE and improve the reliability of TCN design and vehicle design. Dynamic fault tree (DFT) and fault Petri nets (FPN) are both important methods for system reliability analysis. Among them, DFT is most widely used in the field of engineering analysis. The FPN method also has its unique characteristics and advantages, which can describe fault propagation analysis and dynamic transition process in practical application. In this paper, TCE's structure, working principle, and fault mode are analyzed to sort out the relationship between complex fault events and establish a DFT with TCE failure as the top event. DFT and FPN methods were combined to better express the dynamic propagation of TCE fault and carry out the fault probability evaluation and system reliability based on the known prior failure rate. The analysis results show that improving the reliability of specified network segments of TCE is of great help to improve the reliability of the high‐speed rail train. © 2022 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional networking solutions are unable to meet modern computing needs due to the expanding popularity of the internet, which requires increased agility and flexibility. To meet these objectives, software-defined networking (SDN) arises. A controller is a major element that will determine if SDN succeeds or fails. Various current SDN controllers in many sectors must be evaluated and compared. The performance of two well-known SDN controllers, POX and Ryu, is evaluated in this research. We used the Mininet-WiFi emulator to implement our work and the distributed internet traffic generator (D-ITG) to assess the aforementioned controllers using delay, jitter, packet loss, and throughput metrics. What is new in our research is the study of network performance in two different types of transmission media: wired and wireless. The speed of the wired medium was chosen to be fast ethernet, which was not previously studied. In addition, the size of the packet was varied among 128, 256, 512, and 1,024 bytes. The comparison was performed on three topologies (single, linear, and tree). The experimental results showed that Ryu offers significantly lower latency, jitter, and packet loss than POX in most scenarios. Also, the Ryu controller has higher throughput than POX, especially on wireless networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In view of the problems that node clock drift， network link delay and poor synchronization ability in Ethernet， this paper constructs a clock synchronization system model based on the communication principle of RTEthernet protocol. By studying the composition and working principle of RTEthernet， three factors affecting the time synchronization precision of real-time Ethernet-drift rate， network transmission delay and clock Byzantine fault are considered. Based on this， the original FTA clock synchronization algorithm is analyzed， and it is found that its fault tolerance performance is obviously reduced when Byzantine faults increase. The idea of "median fault tolerance" is introduced to improve it and RTE-FTM algorithm is proposed. Through the CANoe simulation platform， two Byzantine faults and no Byzantine faults in the system （seven nodes） are compared and analyzed， and the precision loss rate of the system is reduced by 3.1%， which verifies the convergence and effectiveness of the algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a novel networked rapid control prototyping (NRCP) system, which can significantly facilitate the theoretical analysis and product design of networked control systems (NCSs). The NRCP system consists of a PC controller equipped with MATLAB/Simulink software and an embedded target designed with open-source hardware, e.g., Raspberry Pi and STM32. Therefore, it benefits from the following advantages, such as simple structure, low cost, convenient deployment, and robust scalability. In order to verify the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed NRCP, a networked magnetic levitation control system (NMLCS) is developed on the basis of this NRCP system. Furthermore, a discrete-time equivalent-input-disturbance (DEID)-based model predictive control approach is proposed for NMLCS to deal with the common practical issues in NCSs, such as time delay and disturbance. Specifically, the time delay is modeled as delay-induced disturbance (DID), whose influence is effectively estimated and eliminated by the designed controller. Several experimental case studies are performed to verify the effectiveness of the NRCP, the DEID-based control algorithm, and the analytical method of DID. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dedicated fieldbuses were developed to provide temporal determinisms for industrial distributed real-time systems. In the early stages, communication systems were dedicated to a single protocol and generally supported a single service. Industrial Ethernet, which is used today, supports many concurrent services, but usually only one real-time protocol at a time. However, shop-floor communication must support a range of different traffic from messages with strict real-time requirements such as time-driven messages with process data and event-driven security messages to diagnostic messages that have more relaxed temporal requirements. Thus, it is necessary to combine different real-time protocols into one communication network. This raises many challenges, especially when the goal is to use wireless communication. There is no research work on that area and this paper attempts to fill in that gap. It is a result of some experiments that were conducted while connecting a Collaborative Robot CoBotAGV with a production station for which two real-time protocols, Profinet and OPC UA, had to be combined into one wireless network interface. The first protocol was for the exchange of processing data, while the latter integrated the vehicle with Manufacturing Execution System (MES) and Transport Management System (TMS). The paper presents the real-time capabilities of such a combination—an achievable communication cycle and jitter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]