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Data on crab species in the Mangrove Ecotourism Area Pagatan Besar Village, Tanah Laut Regency is not yet available. The purpose of this study was to describe the species of crab in the mangrove ecotourism area and explain its density and diversity. Three walkways that are made of ironwood (Eusideroxylon zwagery) with a width of about 1.5 m and a length of about 100 m stretch about 1.5 m above the mud surface. The three wooden walkways were used to observe species and count the number of crab individuals found in the sample plots. For each wooden walkway, there were 6 (1 m x 1 m) plots on the left and 6 (1 m x 1 m ) plots on the right. The distance between plots from the land to the sea was 20 m. Seven crab species are described. Two of them are crabs that are active at night. All crab species become denser along with the qualitative existence of mangrove forests and their shade to the environment and the substrate below. On the other hand, species diversity is thought to be influenced by the type of substrate (clay and sandy loam) and exposure by sunlight.

Ulin (Eusideroxylon swageri T.et.B) or Ironwood has never been cultivated by the people in Sambas, West Kalimantan. As the limited duration of the germination and growth of ironwood trees need to breakthrough propagation techniques. Forests in Sambas Regency are beginning to lose the ironwood trees because of the wood that is strong and durable (including the strong class I and durable class I), so that it is widely used for building houses and bridges. This study aims to propagating of ironwood seeds through propagation techniques. The seed coat treatments and cleavages used for this experiments in Sajingan Besar of Sambas Regency. Sowing seeds regular of Ironwood takes 9 months and can accelerated to be 3 months but the seed coat must be peeled first. The characteristic of ironwood seed has a polyembryonic seed, so that used treatments of cutting the seeds to be 2 and 3 parts of seed. The results that the ironwood seeds can grow faster after 4 weeks planting if peeled the coat and cutting seeds into two part of seeds. The quantitative analysis explained and showed in this paper.

Eusideroxylon zwageri is a tree of tropical rainforest zone and belongs to a Lauraceae family. It is one of the hardest timber species in Southeast Asia. The objective of this study was to determine the optimal culture medium for the induction of somatic embryogenesis f explants of E. zwageri. It was found that the globular somatic embryos were induced in half strength of MS medium with 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 mg/L of BAP in combination with either 0.5 mg/L of 2,4-D or NAA. The maturation of somatic embryos obtained in half strength of MS medium with BAP, NAA and GA3. The highest mean number of the induction of somatic embryos up to the cotyledonary phase was observed in culture medium containing 1.0 mg/L of BAP, 0.5 mg/L of NAA in combination with 1.0 mg/L of GA reported preliminary study was useful for further plantlet regeneration of this species through induction of somatic embryogenesis.

Ulin (Eusideroxylon zwageri) is one of the native plants of Indonesia whose growth is spread in tropical forest, among others in southern Sumatra and Kalimantan. Based on the results of the 1998 Asia Regional Workshop meeting held at the Hanoi (Vietnam) International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), it was determined that ironwood is on Vulnerable A1cd + 2cd status which means sensitive or is facing a high risk of extinction. Tissue culture is a technique that needs to be applied to overcome the problem of ironwood regeneration initiation. However, the concentration of tannin with high concentration so that the formation of browning which leads to the death of ulin tissue is one of the causes of the low success of ironwood tissue culture. This study was formulated based on the potential of activated charcoal and vitamin C to overcome browning, so that it can significantly affect the growth of Ulin regeneration initiation (Eusideroxylon zwager). The analytical method used is Observation of Qualitative Parameter Treatment, namely explant color and the quantitative parameter observed is the number of explants that have browned and not browned in this case are calculated in percent. Based on the results of the research that has been done, obtained methods to overcome browning in ulin explants (Eusideroxylon zwageri) which is divided into 2 stages. In stage 1 (pre-condition) browning can be overcome with a 100% success rate, explants soaked for 24 hours in 50% MS liquid media with pH 4. In stage 2, browning can be overcome with a 100% success rate on 100% MS solid media addition of BAP 1.0 mg / L with A2B3 treatment (Vitamin C / 1 mg / L ascorbic acid, 4.00 g / L activated charcoal) placed in the dark room.

Gross and anatomical features of nine lesser known species of the Meliaceae family were observed and described for identification purposes. Fiber dimension were also measured for evaluation of their quality. Five out of nine species observed have decorative appearance, they are: Azadirachta indica, Dysoxylum acutangulum, Dysoxylum caulostachyum, Toona celebica and Toona sinensis. These wood species are therefore recommended for furniture or panel For identification purposes, several important features, were noted : a) vessels ring poreus in Melia dubia, Toona celebica and Toona sinensis , b) fiber septase in Agalia eusideroxylon, Amoora rubiginosa, Dysoxyluni. acutangulum and Dysoxylum caulostachyum; c).roy homocelular in Aglaia eusideroxylon and Azadirachta indica. Seven species contain fiber with medium qualily for pulp making purposes. Two species contain fiber wilh low quality. No single species contain fiber with high quality.

Eusideroxylon zwageriis a tree of the tropical rainforest which is belongs to a family of Lauraceae. This species is one of the hardest timber species in Southeast Asia and unfortunately endangered in some part of Southeast Asia. The objective of this study was to determine the optimal culture medium for the induction of shoot buds from nodal explants of E. zwageri. Different concentrations and combinations of BAP (1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 and 6.0 mg/L) alone or either in combination with NAA (0.5 mg/L) or IBA (0.5 mg/L) were used in order to induce multiple shoot buds of this species. The nodal explants were collected from the healthy lateral branches of two to three years old of E. zwageri sapling. The finding in this multiple shoot buds study showed that MS medium which have been supplemented with 5.0 mg/L of BAP alone or in combination with either 0.5 mg/L of NAA or IBA had induced the highest mean number of shoots buds and mean number of leaves respectively. It can be recommended that studies on plantlet regeneration of this species should be conducted and field performance should be carried out on this regenerated species.

Pollen morphology of southern African Lauraceae (Cassytha, Cryptocarya, Dahlgrenodendron, Ocotea) and members of the genera Beilschmiedia, Eusideroxylon, Hypodaphnis, Lindera and Potoxylon was studied by means of light and scanning electron microscopy. Pollen morphologically the various genera could readily be distinguished from each other, but few interspecific differences were found. To assess the taxonomic significance of pollen characters in Lauraceae, evidence from the literature was also considered and compared with the infrafamilial classification proposed by Kostermans. On the basis of mainly shape and exine sculpture, four pollen types are distinguished in Lauraceae. Pollen type A (grains spheroidal, apolar, spinulose) has been only recorded in the tribes Perseeae, Cinnamomeae, Litseeae and Hypodaphneae; pollen type B (oblate/peroblate, isopolar, slightly to strongly verrucate) occurs only in the Cryptocaryeae; pollen type C (spheroidal, apolar, strongly verrucate/spinuloid) is character...