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Grandparents are actively involved in grandchildren's lives, but there is little research concerning socio-economic differences in the content of the relationship. This study explores the socio-economic gradient in childcare provided by grandparents, touching on the intensity of care, the activities performed with grandchildren and the motives driving this involvement, by grandparents' gender. We explore two dimensions of socio-economic status, education and family income, pertaining to different dimensions of grandparents' and grandchildren's relationship: child development versus parental childcare needs. Using the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA 2016–2017, 2018–2019), logistic regression models show that intensive care is more common for grandfathers in the lowest income tercile. A high income decreases involvement in physical care activities (i.e. preparing meals); instead, the involvement is driven by motives to help children financially. Higher education is a good predictor of support with homework, driven by motives to 'help grandchildren develop as people'. Even though grandfathers show an involvement in grandchildren's upbringing, highly-educated grandmothers remain the most inclined to offer support. Overall, the study suggests that grandparents' involvement in grandchildren's lives could be among the mechanisms structuring the intergenerational transmission of inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many studies in Western societies show a pattern of discriminative grandparental investment as follows: maternal grandmothers (MGMs) > maternal grandfathers (MGFs) > paternal grandmothers (PGMs) > paternal grandfathers (PGFs). This pattern is in line with the expectation from evolutionary reasoning. Yet whether or not this pattern applies in China is in question. The present study was based on a questionnaire survey at a university in Central China (N = 1,195). Results show that (1) when grandparent–grandchild residential distance during grandchildren's childhood is controlled, in the case of grandsons and granddaughters as a whole and granddaughters only, both grandparental caregiving and grandchildren's emotional closeness to grandparents display a rank order of MGM > MGF > PGM > PGF, but in the case of grandsons only, this order is not statistically significant. (2) There are stable relationships between grandparental caregiving/grandchildren's emotional closeness and residential distance/similarity in appearance. (3) The effects of residential distance on either PGFs' or PGMs' caregiving exceed those on either MGFs' or MGMs'. (4) The PGF and PGM prefer grandsons to granddaughters in their caregiving, whereas the MGF and MGM do not have a sex preference, and (5) the fact that the PGF and PGM invest more in grandsons than in granddaughters does not depend on grandsons' duration of living in a rural area. Our results suggest that (1) in general, the Chinese display a pattern of differential grandparental investment predicted by an evolutionary perspective, (2) the evolutionary perspective that combines the two factors of paternal uncertainty and sex-specific reproductive strategies is applicable to grandparental investment in China, and (3) the traditional son-preference culture also plays some role in affecting grandparental investment in China, though the roles of culture and urban–rural cultural difference should not be exaggerated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this text, Juan García Salazar and Catherine Walsh draw from and extend portions of their conversations begun a number of years ago about the sowing and re-sowing of knowledge and life in the communities of the Colombo-Ecuadorian region-territory of the AfroPacific. The conversation invokes and thinks with a third voice, that of Grandfather Zenón, considered the Grandfather of all those beings who reside in this territory. It is Zenón's voice that expresses and brings to life the words, teachings, and collective memory of the elders past and present, and, in so doing, continues the ancestral plantings, giving meaning and force to the collective philosophies, knowledges, and memory that persist, resist, and re-exist in the AfroPacific and beyond in these present times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the story of Myriam Flax's grandfather, Ernest Cerf, who was hidden in a non-Jewish old-age home in Poitiers during World War II, and later, his reburial in his hometown of Niedervisse, France. Topics discussed include the history of the Cerf family in Niedervisse, the challenges faced by the family during the war, and the remarkable efforts to transfer and reinter Ernest Cerf in a Jewish cemetery.

An introduction to the articles focusing on French author and novelist Michaël Ferrier discussed within the issue is presented, including Ferrier situating himself in relation to the work of predecessors, influence of music and drawing on Ferrier's writing and biography of Ferrier's paternal grandfather.

The French critic Philippe Lejeune drew the distinctive boundaries of autobiographical writing and the set of terms of trade in the text within a textual charter he called the epigraphic enactments, but this prevents the emergence of a new narrative. What this art imposes on a clear reference charter, by matching the writer's name with the central character narrator, After that, the so-called mixed narrative types appeared that fluctuate between biography and novel or story and biography, until in the last two decades we reached the popular term in Arab criticism “self-imagining”, where this term will become the subject of this study’s question. From this point of view, we will discuss in this article the study of my grandfather’s lanterns and my grandfather’s candies by Haitham Bahnam Barada, which responds in ma.ny aspects to this emerging writin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on problems for time travel that specifically concern continuous time-travel to the past, problems to do with potential collisions with past obstacles such as former time-slices of the time traveler herself. These problems have not been discussed nearly as much as other questions about time travel, such as the Grandfather Paradox. Here I focus on discussions by Bernstein, Dowe, Grey and Le Poidevin. After examination, I conclude that only the problems of turning around in time have any merit and present a new proposal of my own for turning around in time without collisions. I assume a Lewisian framework throughout. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following poems from my time at Missouri State University share the theme and goal of working through grief and pain. These poems helped me work through the loss of my grandparents, the loss of a cherished professor from my previous university, and the loss of myself I felt through depressive episodes and previous toxic relationships. In working through my own trauma and specific experiences, I hope to highlight themes and emotions that can connect with people outside of myself and help them feel less alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parenting is influenced by family relationships, however, very little research has investigated how the relationships fathers have with their own fathers shape fathers’ parenting attitudes and engagement. Intergenerational relationships are particularly relevant among families with strong intergenerational solidarity and interdependence, such as Mexican-origin families. The results based on data from 85 Mexican-origin fathers show more positive parenting attitudes and engagement among fathers reporting high-quality relationships with their fathers at the time of the study, but these associations were only found among fathers with sons. The findings highlight the importance of considering intergenerational pathways to strengthen father-child relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grandparents' World War Two (WWII) stories are emotionally powerful, intimate accounts of firsthand experience that can shape grandchildren's ideas of state history, nation, and identity. This effect, I argue, manifests most intensively in critical times when national history and identity are threatened. Such was the case when former Macedonian Prime Minister Zoran Zaev relayed a controversial version of Macedonian national history and identity in a TV interview. In reaction, many Macedonian citizens shared fragments of their grandparents' WWII stories. This study analyzes several more detailed versions of these grandparents' narratives in order to ascertain the formative power of family WWII stories over one's personal sense of national identity. To do so, it will examine the positioning practices of the present‐day narrators, the grandchildren of WWII participants, focusing on the manners in which they interactively reproduce their own sense of national identity vis‐a‐vis‐these stories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on retrospective data from the Estonian Family and Fertility Survey, this article examines the impact of grandfathers, who reached adulthood in the Estonian Republic before World War II, on their grandchildren's educational attainment in the late Soviet and post-Soviet Estonia. The article argues that despite the Sovietization policies, the high social position of grandfathers had a positive effect on their grandchildren's educational attainment, net of parental education and resources. Our results show that the multiplication effect (i.e. the advantage of having highly educated parents is strengthened by grandparents' resources) prevails over the compensatory one (i.e. the use of advantageous grandparents' resources to overcome shortage of parental resources), suggesting that social hierarchies and advantages of the pre-Soviet period contribute to the overall and increasing intergenerational inequality in the late Soviet and post-Soviet Estonian society. This conclusion is also supported by finding that respondents with persistently high (across two familial generations and political regimes) social background have the highest probability to attain higher education, while offspring of parents characterized by the loss of grandparents' high pre-WWII status has very low (and practically non-different from that of descendants of persistently low social background) probability to attain higher education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although grandparents are and have been important alloparents to their grandchildren, they are not necessarily only beneficial but can also compete with grandchildren over limited resources. Competition over parental care or other resources may exist especially if grandparents live in the same household with grandchildren and it can be dependent on grandchild age. By utilizing demographic data collected from historic population registers in Finland between 1761 and 1895 (study sample n = 4041) we investigate whether grandparents living in the same household with grandchildren are detrimental or beneficial for grandchild survival. Having a living but not co-residing grandmother or grandfather were both associated with better survival whereas having a co-resident grandfather was associated with lower chance to survive for infants (age < 1 year). Separating the effect between maternal and paternal grandparents and grandmothers and grandfathers revealed no differences in the effects between lineages. Negative effect of having a co-residing grandfather was not significant when grandfathers were separated for lineage specific models. These results implicate that accounting for the co-residence status and child's age, grandparents were mostly beneficial when not co-residing with very young children and that having a co-residing grandfather at that age could be associated with lower chances to survive. Predictions made by grandmother hypothesis and resource competition both received support. The results presented here also offered comparison points to preindustrial and contemporary three-generational families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research results presented in this article are a fragment of a broader empirical material collected in order to find out the opinions of pedagogy students on the family as a space for identity formation. The theoretical considerations refer to Jerzy Nikitorowicz’s concept of a multifaceted and continuously forming identity, and to Erik H. Erikson’s psychosocial theory of development. In addition, an attempt was made to establish the answer to the question: What are the students’ opinions on the family as a space for the formation of their identity? In order to obtain an answer, the method of diagnostic survey was used in the research, and a questionnaire was used as a technique. The survey of 64 students of pedagogy shows that for most of them, the family is of great importance in the formation of their identity. Relationships with parents, siblings, grandmothers, grandfathers, and other relatives are factors that, according to the respondents, have a significant impact on the process of building their identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Millions of orphans, created by parental deaths due to the HIV/AIDS pandemic in sub-Saharan Africa, live with, and are cared for, by grandparents. Little research has considered how grandparents and, in particular, grandfathers, are caring for orphans. Here, we employ the analytical concept of generative grandfathering to analyse rural grandfathers' roles in orphan care within communities of Zomba District, Southern Malawi. Using an ethnographic approach to investigate orphan care, we engaged children, young people and adults in multiple qualitative research activities, including interviews, focus group discussions, stakeholder and dissemination meetings. The findings suggest that although grandfathers' contributions to orphan care are on the periphery of research and policy concerned with grandparenting in Malawi and other regions of sub-Saharan Africa, grandfathers are incontrovertibly at the epicentre of their orphaned grandchildren's everyday lives. Grandfathers are providers for their orphaned grandchildren, they support their formal education, and are integral to the intergenerational transmission of both knowledge and values. However, despite performing myriad caring roles in plain sight of their communities, grandfathers remain largely invisible due to gendered (mis)conceptions of care. This highlights the dilemma of grandfathers as ageing men who find themselves in roles not traditionally associated with hegemonic notions of masculinity in their communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The expressions "أمّا بعد" (ammā ba῾d/now) and "وبعد" (waba'd), which are common in the Islamic tradition, have been discussed by many authors in terms of grammar and meaning. In terms of being a part of the classical writing tradition, in some commentaries and annotations made to scientific texts, information about ammā ba῾d or wa ba'd expressions, such as their iʿrab, who used them first, and what their conceptual equivalent in rhetoric is. According to the researches, it has been determined that many separate treatises on the aforementioned subject have also been copyrighted. One of these works is called waba'd, which is attributed to Sayyid Hāzim Ahmad An-Nevsehrī (d. 1160/1747-48), and subject of this study. As a result of the research on the author of the treatise, two different Hāzims, who have the same name, pseudonym and father's name, and who have a grandfather-grandson relationship between them, have been identified. Due to this situation, in order to eliminate the doubts that may arise about the belonging of the treatise to the aforementioned author, the article about the belonging of the work to the author has been extensively discussed. Considering its content, from this examination and evaluation on this treatise, which seems to have given brief information about the waba'd under ten titles, it has been concluded that the treatise belongs to the grandfather Hāzim, and although it has an important place in its field. It can be counted as one of the first independent treatises written specifically on this subject. In addition, Hāzim, in his work called waba'd, dealt with this expression in general terms and compiled the information given by the scholars before him, and presented it in a single work so that the reader could easily access. In this research, the method of comparison and analysis has been applied as a basis, and it has been tried to benefit from the classical sources as much as possible about the subjects in question. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article addresses the process and consequences of colonisation by studying the migration of both legislative frameworks and one person who helped give those structures material effect in Aotearoa New Zealand. It situates the story of my great-grandfather—who migrated from Ireland in 1874, participated in te pāhua (the plunder) of Parihaka pā in 1881, and returned to Taranaki in 1893 to farmland taken from Māori—in the context of an institutional environment adapted from Irish antecedents to the particulars of Aotearoa. More specifically, I wish to (1) assess the extent to which statutory provision for the confiscation of Māori land and the establishment of the New Zealand Armed Constabulary was based on Irish templates; (2) connect those arrangements to the social and economic transformation my ancestor underwent; and (3) explore the significance of that historical legacy for descendants of my great-grandfather. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is motivated by my personal wish to pay tribute to my beloved grandfather, who passed away during the COVID-19 pandemic while I was stranded in Australia. Relying on an evocative autoethnography of a grandson, a father, a PhD candidate and graduate, and a researcher, and in reference to the concepts of place-making theories such as time-space expansion, I tried to embrace my experience of grief and loss as well as to make sense of my feelings of distance, impermanence, and death during this chaotic period. The story I will tell below chronicles my emotional and spiritual journey from the moment I first learned of my grandfather’s illness (early 2020) until the time after his passing (October 2021). I have found out that during this process of attempting to converse with, heal, and take care of myself, I have transcended the physical-social aspects of place and touched on spiritual space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines Schwedenreiter (2018), the second novel by German-Austrian writer Hanna Sukare (b. 1957). It focuses on the eponymous grandson of a Wehrmacht deserter and his quest for his grandfather's story to be rehabilitated in the village from which he originated. This comes in the wake of the rehabilitation of Wehrmacht deserters in Austria at the national level in 2009, which is explicitly thematized in the narrative. The analysis draws specifically on Marianne Hirsch's concept of post-memory, on Ute Frevert's thinking on shaming and humiliation, on historical scholarship pertaining to deserters in the Austrian context, and on relevant scholarship on memorials and memorialization. Ultimately, this article argues that Sukare's Schwedenreiter presents continuing fault lines in the process of coming to terms with the legacy of Austrian Wehrmacht deserters, fault lines that are shown to persist, especially at the local level, despite the ostensible line in the sand with regard to official rehabilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our research is dedicated to the study of the various aspects of the activity of one of the greatest and most talented folk craftsmen of Maramureș. In the beginning, I focused on the data on the place of origin, emphasizing the characteristics and traditions of the place, especially wood processing. I then referred to the craftsman's family and the role his grandfather Gavrilă Hotico Herenta-Vâju played in introducing him to the secrets of woodworking. The investigation part highlights the areas of his activity: that of wooden monument restorer, representing the stage of his youth. Then we focused on the particularly rich and sustainable activity dedicated to the transfer of objects and monuments from the households of the villages where they were built within the exterior sections of the museums from, Cluj, Sighetu Marmatiei and Bucharest. The last part of the study is reserved for the craftsman's activity in the field of artistic woodworking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People had considered time as an absolute phenomenon for centuries when, for the first time, Einstein in 1905 criticized the absolute essence of time by introducing "relativity." One of the byproducts of relativity is the possibility of time traveling. Although being only theoretically possible for now, time traveling has become an attractive subject for physicists and philosophers and so has offering resolutions to avoid various paradoxes related to time travelers. One of the most famous paradoxes related to time traveling is the grandfather paradox. In this paper, a few ideas about the possibility of time traveling and avoiding related paradoxes are reviewed, and a new window is opened through which the "grandfather" paradox for a time traveler who retrogresses to the past is investigated and discussed. This perspective tries not to solve the paradox but to deny it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temporal connectives play a crucial role in marking the sequence of events during language comprehension. Although existing studies have shown that sentence comprehension can be modulated by temporal connectives, they have mainly focused on languages with grammatical tense such as English. It thus remains unclear how temporal information is processed in tenseless languages. The present study used event-related potentials (ERPs) to examine how world knowledge is retrieved and integrated in sentences linked by zhiqian (before) and zhihou (after) in Mandarin Chinese (e.g., After/Before going to the countryside, Grandpa went to the city because the air there was fresh and pure). The critical words (e.g., fresh) were either congruent or incongruent with world knowledge. Relative to the after-congruent sentences, the after-incongruent sentences evoked a P600 on critical words and a negativity on sentence-final words, whereas relative to before-congruent sentences, before-incongruent sentences showed no significant difference on critical words but a sustained negativity on sentence-final words. Additionally, before-congruent sentences elicited a larger sustained positivity (P600) than after-congruent sentences. The results suggest that before is more difficult to process than after in Mandarin Chinese, supporting the iconicity account of temporal relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the description of German phonology, two distinct phonetic symbols are currently recommended for the transcription of the vowels [a] (a central low vowel, phonemically /a/) and [ɐ] (phonemically /əʁ/) in word-final, unstressed positions. The present study examines whether differences between these two vowels exist in production and perception of Standard German speakers from the north of Germany. In Experiment 1, six speakers produced a series of minimal pairs that were embedded in meaningful sentences and varied with respect to their accentuation and position within a prosodic phrase. In Experiment 2, the minimal pairs produced by the six speakers of the first experiment were extracted from their respective contexts and tested with 44 native German listeners in a forced-choice identification task. Perceptual results showed a better-than-chance performance for one male speaker of the corpus only. Phonetic analyses also confirmed that only this male speaker produced subtle, but consistent F2/F3 differences between [a] and [ɐ] while the contrast was completely neutralised in the rest of the corpus. We discuss the role of prosody in vowel neutralisation with a specific focus on unstressed vowels and make suggestions for phonetic and phonological accounts of Standard German. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assume that, even with a time machine, Tim does not have the ability to travel to the past and kill Grandfather. Why would that be? And what are the implications for traditional debates about freedom? We argue that there are at least two satisfactory explanations for why Tim cannot kill Grandfather. First, if an agent's behavior at time t is causally dependent on fact F, then the agent cannot perform an action (at t) that would require F to have not obtained. Second, if an agent's behavior at time t is causally dependent on fact F, then the agent cannot perform an action (at t) that would prevent F from obtaining. These two explanations have distinct upshots for more traditional debates over freedom. The first implies that causal determinism is incompatible with the ability to do otherwise and also raises questions about the traditional arguments for the incompatibility of divine foreknowledge and the ability to do otherwise; the second does neither. However, both explanations imply that the Molinist account of divine providence renders agents unable to do otherwise, at least in certain circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Definition: Henry II of Castile, also known as Henry of Trastámara, from the Latin "Tras Tamaris" (or beyond the Tambre River), King of Castile and León (1366–1367, 1369–1379) was the first king of the Trastámara Dynasty. In summary, it was a minor branch of the house of Burgundy (or an "Iberian extension" of it), with presence in the kingdoms of Castile, Aragon, Navarre, and Naples. Most notably, it began playing an essential role in the kingdom of Castile, but after the Compromise of Caspe, its power extended decisively to the kingdom of Aragon (1412). Henry II was the illegitimate son of Alfonso XI and his lover Leonor de Guzmán. He waged a civil war against his stepbrother, Peter I, legitimate heir to the throne, as the son of Alfonso XI and Maria of Portugal, Queen of Castile. Henry's determination to be recognized as king led him to employ the arts in a campaign to discredit his stepbrother and tarnish his image, portraying himself as a defender of the faith with the right to rule. He built the Royal Chapel (1371) in the main church of Córdoba (today's Mosque/Cathedral) for the burial of his father and grandfather, Ferdinand IV, in order to underscore his connection to the royal line, and refurbished the Puerta del Perdón (Gate of Forgiveness) in 1377, the main entrance to the church, for use as a dramatic stage for public events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of the Covid-19 epidemic and severe economic conditions in 2021 were experienced intensely in Turkey. Despite of these negativities, studies, based on the Book of Dede Korkut has been continued. Widely known as one of the main manuscripts of Turkish culture and prime example of the oldest genre of Turkish literature -epic-, Dede Korkut Kitabı (Eng. Trans. The Book of Dede Korkut/The Book of Grandfather Korkut) was improvised by a Turkish ozan (Minstrel) Dede Korkut who also called as Dedem Korkut (My Grandfather Korkut), Korkut Ata (Ancestor Korkut) among Turks. As it is known, the studies based on the Book of Dede Korkut has been carrying out on the basis of the Dresden and Vatican copies and the Günbed Manuscript. On the basis of the Book of Dede Korkut, many popular, scientific, cultural and artistic forms of work were carried out, and organized events in 2021 in Turkey. In what form and in what quantity these works were produced; what causes and motives are affected in terms of quantity and form; -if any- what are the levels of these effects and effect values are the questions that this article focuses on. Being focused on this very question, I aimed to evaluate Dede Korkut studies which appeared during 2021. This very statistical, annotative and comparative evaluation on these studies has addressed them in the light of folklore theories. As a result, it is seen that above-mentioned events related to The Book of Dede Korkut have influenced them in positive and negative aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although many grandparents are involved in caring for their grandchildren, they were completely ignored in previous research on mediation of children's media use. Informed by the Grandfather Involvement Framework and the Process Model of the Determinants of Grandparenting, the present study aims at exploring variations among grandparents in mediation patterns. The study was based on a survey of 356 grandparents of young children, who reported taking care of their grandchildren at least once a week. Analysis identified three groups of grandparents according to their mediation patterns: Highly involved, non-restrictive and less involved. Mediation patterns correlated significantly with grandchildren's age, context of caregiving, motivations for media use while caregiving and its outcomes, and involvement in other leisure activities with the grandchildren. Furthermore, the less involved mediators reported significantly lower self-evaluation than did those in the other groups, even after controlling for all differentiating variables. Results suggest that mediation of grandchildren's media uses may be considered integral to grandparental involvement in general and may be beneficial to both generations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are limited studies exploring the phenomenon of fatherhood in an Asian context, and no dyad qualitative studies have been conducted to understand grandfathers' and fathers' perspectives on parenting. This study aims to explore the intergenerational perspectives of paternal parenting practices in Singapore. A descriptive qualitative approach was adopted. Face-to-face interviews were conducted on 12 grandfather–father dyads from the pediatric general ward in a public tertiary hospital in Singapore. Thematic analysis revealed four themes on the influences that affect grandfathers' and fathers' perspectives on parenting: (a) Personal traits influencing fathers' perspectives, (b) external influences that shape parenting, (c) personal views on parenting, and (d) child's traits that influence parenting. The findings urge professionals to involve fathers in maternity and pediatric care and encourage fathers to work closely with grandfathers to promote positive child developmental outcomes. Further research is needed to develop educational or supportive programs for fathers and grandfathers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When I was young, growing up in northeastern Saskatchewan, “not fi rst time smart” was a phrase used by my Nimosom, my late grandfather, and it has stayed with me throughout my life. The lessons of this concept are two-fold. First, it instills in us values to respect the intelligence and wisdom of Kesayak, the aged Elders, and to honour our First Nations heritage and where we come from. Second, it teaches us to be mindful of our families, our lands, our history, and our future. This article is a refl ective criticism—through the lens of my experiences and my grandfather’s lessons of “not fi rst time smart”—of the colonization of Indigenous Peoples by the government education and employment systems. In order to receive a modern education, Indigenous Peoples were, and some would argue continue to be, forced to compromise their distinct languages, cultures, and connections to the land. I argue that the only way that governments’ educational and employment systems can learn from the past is to remove all systemic barriers faced by Indigenous people. This article concludes with a personal refl ection of how my late Nimosom’s lesson continues to infl uence my life towards a more positive pimatisiwin (life). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human life is the subjective of change with the changing circumstances. If we look at the condition of our late grandfather or great – grandfather and look at the contemporary situation; it will not be difficult to understand this change. The rules about some important issues had been changed with the passage of time. In the initial descendants of Adam the marriage of brothers and sisters was allowed, after the flood of Noah, due to the scarcity of animals, the meat of all kinds of animals was allowed, two sisters were married to Hazrat Yaqub (A.S) at the same time, but the rules had been reversed afterwards. Even in the time of the Holy Prophet and the rightly guided caliphs, such changes took place and they were associated with the changing conditions. Initially it was banned to visit the graves and the sacrificial meet was not allowed to keep for more than three days and it was mandatory upon the women to attend the congregational prayer but afterwards the permissions were granted contrarily. Fortunately, we have a body of jurisprudence in the light of which not only contemporary issues can be solved but also guidance can be provided for the future. Our leading Jurists, who are followed, have done a remarkable job in this regard. The following article reviews the teachings of the three jurists, namely Imam Shafi’i, Imam Malik, and Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal and teachings of their glean jurists. It will make clear that under changing circumstances these jurists seemed to agree on change. Therefore, by using the efforts of these jurists, we can try to resolve the problems of our contemporary changes and requirements throughout the Muslim World. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses three early Swedish contributions to China studies, with a focus on the missionary Stig Hannerz and his account of three years in the small town of Hengshan, in 1948-51, before and after the Communist takeover. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an intuitive-associative text, the impressions from three Trialogue-conferences as a psychologist from Moscow and granddaughter of grandfathers who fought against the Germans in the Second World War are described. The identification with the nation, in this case the Russian nation and history, is felt more clearly in contact with others. The connection between the narratives of the victor/conquerer and the occupier, of satisfaction and guilt become comprehensible in their conflictual nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mother–child conversations reflect and support many important skills—including, perhaps, children's understanding of personality. Children acquire an understanding of people's personalities during the preschool and early elementary years. This study of 4‐ to 9‐year‐old children and their mothers (Npairs = 135) investigated the relation between mothers' ability to reason about the personalities of self and others—termed personal intelligence—and characteristics of their conversations with their children. Mothers and children conversed about topics potentially involving personality (e.g., contrasting two relatives), and later completed a validated ability‐based measure of personal intelligence. Across the conversations recorded between mother and child dyads, mothers' personality talk was correlated with children's, and mothers' personal intelligence scores predicted both, independent of age. This is the first study to document individual differences among mothers that may shape their conversations with children about people, with implications for children's developing understanding of personality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dyschromatoses are a group of genodermatosis characterized by the presence of both hyperpigmented and hypopigmented macules of variable shapes and sizes. Here, we report siblings presented with asymptomatic progressive mottled pigmentation of reticulate pattern over the trunk and limbs since 6 years of their age without any systemic or other cutaneous illness. They were born to nonconsanguineous parents following an uneventful pregnancy. Their paternal grandfather had a similar appearance. Histological examination was consistent with dyschromatosis universalis hereditaria (DUH). Based on the clinical and histological findings, a diagnosis of DUH was made. We report this case of rare genodermatosis in siblings affected by the same disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]