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Identifying factors that influence physical activity (PA) among individuals with Down syndrome is essential for PA promotion. Insight can be gained from guardians and health professionals. The purpose of this study was to explore the perspectives of guardians and health professionals on facilitators and barriers of PA in individuals with Down syndrome. Interviews were conducted with 11 guardians (five mothers, four fathers, and two legal guardians) and 11 professionals (four PA specialists, three physical therapists, and four occupational therapists). Grounded theory was applied. Barriers and facilitators fit the levels of the ecological model of health behavior: (a) intrapersonal (perceived rewards), (b) interpersonal (interaction), (c) community (availability of programs), (d) organizational (school systems), and (e) policy (education). Guardians and professionals agreed on the importance of enjoyment, interaction, and programs to promote PA. Differences between groups were identified at the organizational and policy levels. PA in persons with Down syndrome is influenced by interactions between individual and environmental factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Upper‐middle‐class Chinese families send children to the United States for high school to exit what some perceive as an ‘unhappy’ educational environment in China or in pursuit of a ‘better education’ in the United States. However, for some students, the American high school experience itself may be marked by ‘unhappiness’, endured in the pursuit of ‘success’. Based on ethnographic interviews with Chinese youth attending private American high schools, this study illustrates how narratives of unhappiness surrounding such transnational educational choices result in multiple success frames among students, categorized as ‘pragmatists’ and ‘rebels’. Those who downplay happiness or experience unhappiness in the US context tend to adopt the ‘pragmatic’ frame, while those emphasizing their exit from an ‘unhappy’ situation are more likely to align with the ‘rebel’ frame. Despite slight deviations from parental expectations, the relative economic security of these families enables Chinese youth to develop ambivalent success frames based on their familiarity with both US and Chinese contexts, questioning the dominance of a singular success narrative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At Euthydemus 278–282, Socrates produces an argument that has almost universally been agreed to entail that wisdom is sufficient for happiness, necessary for happiness, or both. According to these standard readings, this is because Socrates ties wisdom to correct use of one's assets. Since wisdom is necessary or sufficient for correct use and correct use is necessary or sufficient for happiness, wisdom bears the same relation(s) to happiness, mutatis mutandis. I propose a split-level reading of this passage. On the level of natures, Socrates aims to establish that a causal-explanatory relation holds between the nature of wisdom and correctness such that wisdom by nature always produces correctness; ignorance, conversely, by nature never produces correctness. However, on the level of individuals, the causal relations are defeasible such that the wise sometimes fail and the ignorant sometimes succeed. Thus this reading does not entail that having wisdom is necessary or sufficient for correct use or for happiness. If this split-level reading is correct, then this passage, the locus classicus for the necessity and sufficiency theses, fails to establish either. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT South Korea has been known for high rates of ‘early study abroad’ (ESA) or jogi yuhak participation, in which pre‐college students go abroad for an international education. However, this trend has declined recently. Instead, many Korean parents and their children are seeking the benefits of ‘studying abroad’ without leaving Korea for long periods. Based on in‐depth interviews with Korean parents, I explore various strategies they employ to provide their children, aged 4–12, with ‘study abroad experiences’ without actually studying abroad for an extended period. These approaches include English immersion programmes, such as English kindergartens and camps designed to expose children to foreign cultures and languages. I analyse how Korean parents’ aspirations to nurture ‘happy children’ while securing their future success shape diverse strategies that transcend traditional local–global and sedentary–mobile dichotomies. This highlights more complex motivations behind educational choices, emphasizing goals beyond mere capital accumulation or lifestyle consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Method Results Conclusion How, if at all, do different “varieties” or “principles” of democracy affect human happiness? While the study of democracy's relationship with well‐being is an old one, recent conceptual developments in the study of democracy have not been assessed to a great extent. In this article, we attempt to address this shortcoming.We examine the relationship between five varieties of democracy (liberal, participatory, deliberative, egalitarian, and polyarchy) and life satisfaction across 103 high‐, middle‐, and low‐income countries in the 2010s.We find a modest, positive association between most democratic principles and self‐reported satisfaction. Further exploration indicates that the strongest association is the one between life satisfaction and participatory democracy.This analysis represents an initial attempt at probing the effect of democracy on human happiness by disentangling the heterogeneous impact of different democratic principles. Implications for the study of democracy and subjective well‐being are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiac arrests stand as a leading cause of mortality worldwide. When performed timely, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) can significantly improve a person's chance of survival during a cardiac arrest. Given that the majority of cardiac arrests happen outside of hospitals, it becomes crucial to equip as many laypeople as possible with CPR skills. Recently, mixed reality has garnered attention as a potential tool for CPR training. This study, with a randomized controlled trial (RCT), tested the effectiveness of a mixed reality CPR training compared to traditional training among laypeople (N = 59). Results revealed that participants in the mixed reality training either showed similar (i.e., compressions per minute, exam scores) or better (i.e., compression depth) CPR performance compared to participants that received the traditional training. Furthermore, the mixed reality training was perceived as more enjoyable than the traditional training. Finally, across conditions, participants reported comparable levels of presence, indicating a similar sense of being in a CPR situation. Based on these findings, we conclude that mixed reality CPR training can serve as a viable alternative for traditional CPR training. Especially, the enjoyable nature of mixed reality can boost motivation and encourage more people to follow or refresh previous CPR training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Statutory options for restricting alcohol advertising include limiting it to product‐orientated information and requiring health warnings. We assess the impact of removing positive contextual factors from alcohol advertising and including a health warning among adults in the United Kingdom (UK). Methods: We conducted a 2 × 2 online between‐group experiment with adults (18+) (n = 2421) recruited from a non‐probability research panel in the United Kingdom. Participants were randomized to see an alcohol (vodka) advertisement (advert) which varied by context (no context vs. imagery depicting positive social interactions around alcohol) and message (multiple text health warning vs. "drink responsibly"). The multiple text health warning, based on recent legislation in Ireland, comprised three separate warnings (liver disease, cancers, drinking during pregnancy) and a web address for alcohol‐related information and support. The "drink responsibly" control reflected the self‐regulatory messages commonly used by alcohol companies. Participants rated the advert on 7‐point scales for advert attractiveness, product appeal, trial intentions, perceived harm, and whether it made drinking alcohol seem enjoyable. Results: Removing the positive social context reduced positive advert and product reactions (difference in estimated marginal means [EMM]: −1.57 [makes drinking alcohol seem enjoyable] to −0.23 [intention to try]). Including the multiple text health warning also reduced positive advert and product reactions (difference in EMM: −0.55 [advert attractiveness] to −0.25 [intention to try]) and increased perceived product harm (difference in EMM: +0.25). There were no interactions between advert context and message for any outcome. Conclusions: Restricting content and including a multiple text health warning (compared to a "drink responsibly" message) may attenuate the persuasive impact of alcohol advertising and increase perceived product harm. Further research is needed to examine different degrees of content restrictions, alternative warning content and design, generalizability to different alcohol products and advert formats, and whether the impact of content controls varies among population subgroups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research indicates that emotional mimicry predominantly occurs in response to affiliative displays, such as happiness, while the mimicry of antagonistic displays, like anger, is seldom observed in social contexts. However, contextual factors, including the identity of the displayer (e.g. social similarity with the observer) and whose action triggered the emotional reaction (i.e. to whom display is directed), can modulate the meaning of the display. In two experiments, participants observed happiness, sadness, and anger expressed by individuals with similar or different social attitudes in response to actions from either a participant or another person. Results demonstrated that three manipulated factors – displayer social similarity, whose action caused an emotional display, and the type of emotional display – affected participants' perception of the display. In turn, mimicry was predominantly observed in response to happiness (Experiments 1 and 2), to a lesser extent to sadness (Experiment 1), and not to anger. Furthermore, participants mimicked individuals who were more socially similar (Experiment 1), while whose action caused an emotional reaction did not influence mimicry. The findings suggest that when the context mitigates the meaning of negative or antagonistic facial displays, it does not necessarily increase the inclination to mimic them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Cancer significantly affects physical and mental health, evoking intense emotions and forcing life changes. Emotional responses to cancer treatment have an intrinsic connection with time, in particular with the positive memories of how life looked before the disease and the often grim and hopeless outlook on the future. This study found that patients in chemotherapy experience increased focus on the present, decreased focus on the future, and a sense of unpredictability, with a relatively short temporal horizon measured in weeks and months, not years. These experiences are prevalent regardless of the type of cancer, the length of treatment, and the sociodemographic background. It can be concluded that changed temporal experience during chemotherapy is a factor that can have an impact on patients' well-being and ability to cope with the disease. Understanding the impact of cancer on the experience of time is crucial in the context of hope and recovery. This study, a follow-up to a previous qualitative study of ovarian cancer patients – explored two types of such experiences—the memory of past happiness and the limited future planning. A sociodemographic questionnaire with nine questions about the experience of time was used on a convenience sample of 202 patients with various cancers, predominantly women with breast, ovarian, and cervical cancer. It was found that the respondents experienced increased focus on the present, decreased focus on the future, and a sense of unpredictability, with a relatively short temporal horizon measured in weeks and months, not years. Almost half of the respondents (46%) measured time during treatment by the rhythm of chemotherapy and check-ups, which thus appeared as the most meaningful events. The increase in the frequency with which patients underwent chemotherapy mildly affected their focus on the present (R = 0.25, p < 0.05), likely because of the discomfort of the side effects. The correlations between age and time in treatment, on the one hand, and the experience of time, on the other, were negligible. Changed temporal experience during chemotherapy is a factor that can have an impact on patients' well-being and ability to cope with the disease. It thus should be taken into account when planning oncology care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates whether renewable energy influences economic growth and happiness. Using panel data from 25 European Union countries for the period 2012–2022, this study employs a panel model for estimation with fixed and random effects, and robust HAC standard errors. According to the research results, in general, the growing share of renewable energy in the energy mix has a positive impact on economic growth and the happiness of citizens. However, detailed research has shown that this effect depends on the type of energy; a significant positive impact was recorded only in solar share energy, wind share energy and economic growth. However, almost all types of renewable energy were included, i.e., biofuel, hydro, solar and other renewable share energy, and all had a significantly positive impact on the level of happiness. The exception was wind share energy, which showed a significant negative impact. The research findings of this paper provide empirical support for promoting renewable energy, which is positive both for economies and the happiness of citizens. It is one of the main aspects of sustainable economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides an in-depth analysis of Hegel's philosophy of action, focusing on his concept of subjective will and moral motivation. The author explores Michael Quante's interpretation of Hegel's theory, which emphasizes understanding actions from the perspective of the agent. The article also discusses the role of practical feelings, drives, interest, and the pursuit of happiness in moral motivation and free will. It concludes by highlighting the importance of cultivating individuality and ethical conduct for achieving freedom and equality in society. [Extracted from the article]

This study examined longitudinal dyadic and within‐partner associations among self‐esteem, subjective happiness, and marital conflict in married couples, with a possible moderating role of wives' employment status. Data were analyzed from the Panel Study on Korean Children, nationwide longitudinal data. The study sample included 1668 married couples (N = 3336 participants) where both partners provided separate data annually across three waves. Husbands' and wives' mean ages at T1 were 39.3 and 36.8 years, respectively. For both partners, self‐esteem and subjective happiness were related bidirectionally at an individual level. Wives' marital conflict was linked to husbands' subsequent marital conflict and vice versa. Wives played a greater role in their husbands' self‐esteem than vice versa. Findings suggest that wives tend to be their husband's substantial source of perceived psychological well‐being than the reverse; however, the benefit of psychological well‐being is likely to be lower for husbands of stay‐at‐home wives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sexual objectification mostly targets women and occurs whenever they are treated as bodies for the use or consumption of others and stripped of their full humanity. While research has mostly focused on sexual harassment and aggression as the main behavioral consequence of sexual objectification, only a few studies have tried to focus on more subtle consequences towards sexually objectified targets. Spontaneous mimicry is an implicit behavior that influences our social interactions in general. It involves the imitation of other people's postures, gestures and emotions and allows one to understand other's emotions and intentions. Therefore, impairments in mimicry behavior are bound to have potentially damaging consequences in everyday social interactions for women who fall victim of sexual objectification. In two studies, using electromyography we measured participants' mimicry behavior towards objectified and non-objectified women who expressed happiness and anger. Results indicated that both male and female participants attributed less mental and human traits and showed less mimicry behavior towards sexually objectified rather than non-objectified women especially when they expressed happiness. Given the fundamental role of mimicry in creating successful everyday interpersonal interactions, the results of this research advance our understanding on the more subtle, but daily consequences of sexual objectification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the impact of mainly being in different labour force statuses on women's happiness levels in Türkiye. Other predictors include educational level, household income and what makes one the happiest. Ordered logistic regression models are used by implementing a pseudo‐panel approach. Findings demonstrate that unemployed women are less likely to be happier relative to women in paid work. There is a statistically significant higher likelihood for housewives to report being happier compared to employed women throughout the years for the same cohort, which could be associated with the (socially structured) fulfilment brought about by the conformity to traditional gender roles in a context where these norms are widely adopted, and concurrently the circumstances diminishing working women's happiness at home and in the job market. The probability to report being very happy is the highest for highly educated housewives who have a high level of household income, yet it decreases over time for the cohort observed. Findings refer to the importance of enhancing the well‐being of women in paid work via supporting equal domestic division of labour patterns and improving their conditions in the labour market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of leisure nostalgia on perceived leisure benefits, personal growth, and happiness among individuals who regularly participate in leisure activities. A total of 305 responses were collected from college students who actively participate in field hockey in Singapore. Results indicated that leisure nostalgia had a positive influence on perceived leisure benefits, while there were no direct influences of leisure nostalgia on personal growth and happiness. Moreover, perceived leisure benefits had a positive impact on personal growth, which, in turn, had a positive influence on happiness. However, the direct path from perceived leisure benefits to happiness was not significant. Additionally, the analysis of multiple indirect effects found significant relationships between leisure nostalgia and happiness, between leisure nostalgia and personal growth, and between perceived leisure benefits and happiness. This study extended the understanding of nostalgia in the context of leisure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leisure is recognized as an arena in which an individual deals with fundamental human concerns including living a good life and pursuing happiness. It is therefore not peculiar to Western culture but an interest in most, if not all, cultures and societies. However, leisure researchers have been slow in acknowledging this assumption, especially with respect to the meaning of leisure in non-Western settings. The authors argue that the Chinese concept of hsiao yao is an idea and ideal akin to the Western concept of leisure, especially in its classical sense, i.e., Greek scholé, implying "the cultivation of self" and "freedom from the necessity of being occupied." The striking concordances between these two concepts suggests that in order to make sense of the values of leisure encountered in diverse cultures, more effort must be put forth on the cross-cultural comparative study of leisure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present research, we propose that perceptions of social mobility (PSM) are beneficial for oneself but costly to others. Supporting this idea, people who were led to think that social mobility in society is probable (vs. improbable) (Study 1a/b, N = 754; Study 3a/b, N = 938) or held this belief at a dispositional level (Study 2a/b, N = 877) showed greater endorsement of system justifying beliefs, which was related to greater happiness and life satisfaction. However, the more people perceived social mobility and justified the system, the less willing they were to help others in need, and this was especially true for those who thought the current economic system was fair and legitimate. Thus, while greater perceived social mobility is related to increased personal well‐being through justification of the sociopolitical system, it predicts less desire to help others due to increased support of the economic status quo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Individuals who are more depressed show a reduced preference for happy over sad stimuli. Researchers have proffered various features of depression that might produce a genuine reduced preference for happy vs. sad stimuli. Here, in line with an identity maintenance perspective on depression, we posited that this reduced relative preference is, in part, used to communicate a more depressed identity. Method: In a preregistered experiment, nonclinical participants (N = 508) completed a dimensional measure of depression and rated their preferences for happy and sad images. We manipulated the extent to which a relative preference for happy (vs. sad) images could be used to seem depressed (happy-preference-is-depressed preference framing) or vice versa (sad-preference-is-depressed preference framing). Results: People with elevated depression showed a reduced preference for happy over sad images in the sad-vs. happy-preference-is-depressed preference framing, and people with low depression showed the opposite effect. These effects persisted after controlling for sex and could not be attributed to demand. Depression also related positively to rating oneself as being depressed, and mediation evidence suggested that the strategic alteration of preferences on the image viewing task partly drove these judgments. Discussion: Consistent with an identity maintenance perspective, the data suggest that hedonic preferences associated with depression may be driven, in part, by the desire to signal one's own depression levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Volar fracture–dislocations of the proximal interphalangeal joint are rare injuries caused by an axial force on a flexed digit resulting in an avulsion fracture of the dorsal lip of the middle phalanx with volar dislocation of the joint. This volar subtype is analogous to the more common dorsal subtype with a mirror image fracture on the dorsal lip of the middle phalanx. The main significance in this type of injury lies in the disruption of the extensor mechanism at the central slip. The goals of treatment, apart from restoring a congruent and stable joint, is to restore the extensor mechanism to prevent a boutonnière deformity. In this article, we summarise the current literature and discuss the principles for treatment of this uncommon injury. Level of Evidence: Level V (Therapeutic) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Available statistics show that the population of older adults in Ghana increased from 200,000 in 1960 to two million in 2021, with females comprising 57% of this population. This increase in the size of the older Ghanaian population has research, policy, and practice implications. Qualitative research has rarely explored the psychological health of older Ghanaians by paying attention to the emotions and feelings they experience and the reasons they give for those emotions and feelings. The current study aimed to fill the gap by exploring emotions and feelings that underlay the psychological well-being of older persons in Ghana and the subjective reasons behind their feelings. Twenty-three adults aged 60 years plus (14 male vs 9 female) provided interview data that were analyzed thematically, and psychological well-being perspectives provided a framework to make sense of the data. The findings show that participants' psychological well-being belongs to three subthemes of psychological functioning: high positive functioning; low negative functioning; and high negative functioning. These subthemes translated into three main themes: pride of conquest; being older can be depressing; and, living with regret, respectively. Overall, the findings suggest that participants' psychological well-being is a confluence of flourishing mental health and depression. It is concluded that older Ghanaians experience a mixture of positive and negative emotions and feelings, and, therefore, a blend of good mental health and depression. One reason for positive psychological well-being is that older adults are happy about living longer, and satisfied with what they have accomplished. They are also proud of their continued social contribution, and look forward to health and happiness in retirement. However, fear of death and worries over what the future holds for children, despair over the debilitating effects of sickness, abusive experience, poverty, and the shame of being accused of witchcraft and ostracized, among others are reasons for depression in this population. The research and practice implications of these findings are outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses two books related to historical figures. The first book, "Elisabeth of Bohemia (1618-1680): A Philosopher in her Historical Context," is a collection of essays that explore the life and philosophy of Elisabeth of Bohemia. The essays cover various aspects of her life, including her education, scientific inquiry, friendship with Anne Conway, and political thought. The book provides valuable insights into Elisabeth's contributions and is a valuable resource for researchers interested in her work. The second book is a review of a biography of René Descartes titled "La Vie de Monsieur Descartes" by Adrien Baillet. The biography, published in 1691, is an important contemporary source for understanding Descartes's life. The reviewer praises Annie Bitbol-Hespériès's edition of the biography, which includes annotations and detailed notes, and highlights her previous work on Descartes's writings. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Both alcohol consumption and mental well-being problems have been found to be prevalent in higher educated students and often have severe consequences. However, previous findings of the association between these constructs are mixed, possibly because often linear models are fitted, while some theories suggest a curvilinear association between the two concepts. Objectives: To clarify previously mixed findings, the current study compared curvilinear and linear models for the relationship between alcohol consumption and mental well-being in university students. Because of potential gender differences in this relationship, these models were explored for females and males separately. Data from the first cross-sectional online survey wave of the Healthy Student Life project including 2,631 female and 998 male students was used. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-consumption was used to measure alcohol consumption. Mental well-being was assessed by six sub-concepts (i.e., depressive symptoms, anxiety, stress, life satisfaction, happiness, and self-rated mental health). Results: For females both linear (for anxiety, life satisfaction, and self-rated mental health) and curvilinear (for depression, stress, and happiness) associations were found, while for males no support for either curvilinear or linear models was found. Conclusions: Results should be interpreted with caution due to the small effect sizes in the relationships for females but may suggest that testing the curvilinear association between alcohol consumption and mental well-being is an important future endeavor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to its impact on mental health and well‐being, fear of happiness is beginning to receive more attention in research. This study, conducted in Hungary, explored the relationship between fear of happiness, perfectionism, loneliness, hopelessness, and academic burnout. Participants aged between 18 and 35 years (N = 1,148, M = 22 years, SD = 4.5) completed an online questionnaire that included self‐report measures of these constructs. In the present study, males showed higher levels of fear of happiness and perfectionism than did females. Analyses also revealed that both adaptive and maladaptive perfectionism, academic burnout, loneliness, and hopelessness were positively related to fear of happiness. In multiple regression analysis, gender had a positive and age had a negative role in the levels of fear of happiness. Maladaptive perfectionism, academic burnout, loneliness, and hopelessness were positive predictors, while adaptive perfectionism almost reached statistical significance. These findings highlight the predictive role of previously unexplored variables in fear of happiness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed at (1) identifying the emotion regulation processes that can explain the trait hedonism positive emotions relationship, and (2) determining whether this relationship varies according to which part of the distribution of positive emotions is considered. To this end, the intensity of the positive emotions felt by 84 adult participants, and the intensity of their engagement in savoring, were assessed twice a day over a month period, using an Experience Sampling Method. Participants' distributions of these variables were then related to their level of trait hedonism, assessed with a common questionnaire. Results suggested that, as expected, the trait hedonism positive emotions relationship varied according to which part of the distribution of positive emotions was considered. In their worst times (i.e., first centiles of each individual's distribution), individuals with low versus high trait hedonism differed very little from each other. By contrast, in more favorable times (i.e., following centiles), individuals with high levels of trait hedonism experienced more intense positive emotions than individuals with low levels of trait hedonism. This phenomenon was mediated by individuals' engagement in savoring. These results are discussed in light of current theories on emotion dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms (PTSS) and posttraumatic growth (PTG) are possible reactions to exposure to potentially traumatic events (PTEs) during military service. However, knowledge about patterns of both PTSS and PTG among female combat veterans is sparse. This study examines constellations of PTSS and PTG among Israeli female combat veterans, as well as military‐related exposure and positive psychological correlates of these constellations. Methods: A volunteer sample of Israeli women combat veterans (n = 885) responded to self‐report questionnaires in a cross‐sectional design study. Results: Latent profile analysis (LPA) was used to identify four profiles characterized by unique constellations of PTSS and PTG: moderate PTSS and high PTG (33%), moderate PTSS and moderate PTG (30%), low PTSS and high PTG (30%), and low PTSS and PTG (5.5%). Higher levels of combat experiences were associated with higher odds of inclusion in the moderate PTSS and high PTG and moderate PTSS and moderate PTG profiles. Moreover, compared to the other classes, both low PTSS and high PTG and moderate PTSS and high PTG classes were associated with higher levels of satisfaction with life and happiness psychological outcomes. Conclusion: The study's findings offer an overview of the complex pattern of associations between PTSS, PTG, and associated predictors and outcomes. Clinicians treating female veterans should be aware of the varying reactions to military service challenges, including the presence of moderate to high levels of PTG reactions in addition to PTSS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many have pondered whether happiness is chiefly made of positive feelings and joy (hedonism) or by acquiring meaning via self-actualization (eudaimonism). Drawing on life history theory, we examined if individuals’ early-life experience (i.e., childhood socioeconomic status; SES) colors their notions of well-being. A consistent pattern was found in two studies (Study 1, N = 183; Study 2, N = 168) using MTurk samples; wealthier childhood upbringing predicted stronger endorsement of eudaimonic happiness. This pattern, supporting claims of life history theory, emerged only when perceptions of (economic) instability was salient (chronic, Study 1; experimentally primed, Study 2). Also, only childhood SES, but not current SES, mattered. This research finds novel evidence that childhood experience and current threat perception may interact to shape people’s ideals of happiness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Successfully adjusting to retirement, in terms of achieving psychological comfort with one's retirement life, represents a major challenge for older workers. Although current literature emphasizes that it may depend on the availability and fluctuation of specific resources, little is known about which types and how resources allow recent retirees to adjust to retirement. Drawing on the resource‐based dynamic model for retirement adjustment and conservation of resources theory, the current study aims to elaborate theory on resources' types, relative importance and combinations in caravans, and the processes through which they shape successful retirement adjustment. In a consensual qualitative research using abductive reasoning with recent retirees aged 66–69, we find four major resource types. We show that their importance varies (from the most important to the least: social interactions, life conditions, time management and individuality) and that they travel in caravans within a resource type. We further propose a model highlighting how these resources shape successful retirement adjustment through resources signal, conservation and acquisition processes. Overall, our findings offer theoretical and empirical contributions to the resource perspective on retirement adjustment and to conservation of resources theory's understanding of resources' categorization, processes and caravans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the Covid-19 pandemic caused schools, workplaces, and childcare centres to close, pressures in the home increased. Much of the additional unpaid work required under these conditions was done by women. Most women's magazines at this time urged women to stay positive and develop wellbeing routines to help them flourish. This approach reinforces normative neoliberal subjectivity with its roots in therapeutic culture and the happiness industry. While the focus on self-care may seem empowering, it puts more pressure on women in times of upheaval. Based on a thematic analysis of pandemic-related content in Australia's most popular women's magazine, The Australian Women's Weekly, we identified three key themes: 'finding the silver lining', 'making lifestyle choices', and 'recognising hardships and social divides'. While self-responsibilising discourses were prominent, some articles acknowledged the broader structural issues impacting women, revealing a tension between competing discourses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Methods Results Conclusion In the context of rapid Internet development, studying individual happiness holds significant practical and academic value.This article employs ordinary least squares to examine the impact of the frequency of Internet entertainment usage on happiness using data from the China Family Panel Studies spanning 2014 to 2018.The empirical results demonstrate a significant positive effect of the frequency of Internet entertainment usage on happiness. Specifically, each additional instance of using Internet entertainment is associated with a 4.2 percent increase in happiness. This finding remains robust after controlling for other variables, annual, and provincial fixed effects. To address potential endogeneity issues, the perceived importance of Internet entertainment to residents is used as an instrumental variable. Heterogeneity analysis reveals that the frequency of Internet entertainment usage significantly affects happiness across different genders, ages, education levels, and employment statuses.The implications of this study suggest that governments should focus on the development of Internet entertainment, explore its beneficial potentials further, minimize its drawbacks, and enhance the overall happiness of residents through their engagement with Internet entertainment, thereby allowing the Internet to better serve the populace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study delves into expressing primary emotions anger, happiness, sadness, and fear through drawings. Moving beyond the well-researched color-emotion link, it explores under-examined aspects like spatial concepts and drawing styles. Employing Python and OpenCV for objective analysis, we make a breakthrough by converting subjective perceptions into measurable data through 728 digital images from 182 university students. For the prominent color chosen for each emotion, the majority of participants chose red for anger (73.11%), yellow for happiness (17.8%), blue for sadness (51.1%), and black for fear (40.7%). Happiness led with the highest saturation (68.52%) and brightness (75.44%) percentages, while fear recorded the lowest in both categories (47.33% saturation, 48.78% brightness). Fear, however, topped in color fill percentage (35.49%), with happiness at the lowest (25.14%). Tangible imagery prevailed (71.43–83.52%), with abstract styles peaking in fear representations (28.57%). Facial expressions were a common element (41.76–49.45%). The study achieved an 81.3% predictive accuracy for anger, higher than the 71.3% overall average. Future research can build on these results by improving technological methods to quantify more aspects of drawing content. Investigating a more comprehensive array of emotions and examining factors influencing emotional drawing styles will further our understanding of visual-emotional communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is often assumed that Epicurean happiness can be achieved by everyone alike. This paper offers a corrective to this view. While it is true that the Epicureans abolish traditional differences among people like those between the sexes, social classes, and so on, they also maintain that there are people who are incapable of achieving happiness because they lack a certain bodily make-up or because they do not have the right ethnic or cultural origin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The purpose of the current study was to adapt and explore the psychometric properties of the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire Short Form (OHQ-SF) in a Greek student sample. Aim: This quantitative cross-sectional study was applied in order to translate and validate the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire Short Form (OHQ-SF) into Greek and to assess the psychometric properties. Method: The English version of OHQ-SF was translated into Greek using the forward and backward translation. The sample was consisted of 88 adult students from the Public Educational Training Institution in Thessaloniki. Two self-report measures the Greek version of OHQ-SF and the Greek version of the Life Orientation Test Revised (LOT-R—to check the construct validity) were completed twice, for test and retest assessment, in full anonymity and confidentiality. Statistical analysis: The psychometric properties of OHQ-SF/GR, namely the internal–external reliability and construct validity, were assessed, and the expected unidimensional structure was tested with Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). Results and discussion: The Greek version of OHQ-SF (OHQ-SF/GR), for both test and retest, has adequate internal reliability, satisfactory structural validity, and adequate construct validity. The CFA indicated the unidimensional structure of the OHQ-SF/GR, and the fit indexes displayed good fit with the data. One item was removed due to poor correlation with the latent factor of happiness. The current study reveals that the final seven-item OHQ-SF/GR has very satisfactory psychometric properties being useful instrument to measure happiness levels in Greek adult students and is a valid tool that can be utilised in research field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The modern conception of mental health encompasses not only mental illness but also mental wellbeing, including positive emotional states and other forms of positive experience. Accordingly, research on resilience — that is, recovery or adaptation following adversity – has recently expanded to consider the roles of positive affect in the resilience process. To review this research, we performed a keyword search of all peer-reviewed journals within the American Psychological Association's PsycInfo database, retrieving all studies of positive affect in the context of resilience. These studies measured positive affect either as the outcome of the resilience process or as a resilience resource in its own right. With positive affect as the outcome, the literature suggests that various resilience resources can promote positive affect following a stressor, especially positive personality traits (eg, hope, optimism, self-compassion) and supportive interpersonal connections. With positive affect as a resilience resource, the literature suggests that higher levels of positive affect may protect individuals from the impact of stress on a number of outcomes, such as depression and trauma symptoms. In all, the reviewed research showcases a wide range of stressors, resources, and outcomes, and there are numerous openings for future discoveries in this promising area of inquiry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The birth and presence of a child with intellectual disability in families will lead to different types of emotional and cognitive reactions. Therefore, some of the mother’s of such children do not have flexible thinking and as a result the ability of operation in unpalatable condition becomes more difficult and they can not manage there emotion in such conditions easily. Also, these mothers suffer more tensions due to the lack of high psychological capital. Aims: The aim of this research was to develop a structural model of happiness of mothers with children with intellectual disabilities based on psychological capital with the mediation of cognitive flexibility Methods: The method of the present study was applied in terms of purpose and in terms of descriptive nature, and is based on structural equation modeling method. The statistical population of this research included mothers with children with intellectual disabilities who have a file in Tehran's special education organization (Tehran's exceptional schools, academic year 1401-1400).. bye considering the possiblity of drop off, of samples, the sample size in the present study was also considered to be 300 people from Tehran. The sampling method used is also called availablity. Oxford happiness questionnaire (Argyle, 2005), psychological resource questionnaire (Luthans Et all, 2007), and cognitive flexibility questionnaire (Dennis & Vander Wal, 2010) were used to collect data. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation tests using SPSS version 25 software and structural equation modeling using Amos version 8.8 software. Results: results showed that happiness based on psychological resources of mothers who have children with intellectual issues (through flexibility) has indirect effect (P= 0/000). About 77% of the mentioned relationship is explained by the effect of psychological resources on happiness through flexibility (P= 0/020). Conclusion: It seems that considering that mothers with children with intellectual disabilities are less flexible in dealing with issues and problems and can hardly accept issues and problems, therefore, it is better to conduct more extensive research with more samples in These families should be done. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although their intimate lives are often adversely affected by homonegative laws and conservative religio-cultural attitudes, many Malaysian gay men formulate affirming materialist-discursive strategies to pursue personal happiness. Some Christian gay men, for instance, challenge conservative ecclesiastical notions of same-sex attraction as iniquitous and generate life-giving spiritualities for themselves that contribute to a sense of inner joy and equanimity. In this article, aided primarily by Sara Ahmed's provocative ideas on happiness, I analyse the lived experiences of a Malaysian Christian gay man, and theorise the notion of deviant happiness, which I suggest is a pathway to queer spiritual well-being. Then, drawing on the Catechism of the Catholic Church 's exposition of the beatitudes, I theologically propose that his active pursuit of happiness and well-being as a gay man participates in God's own beatitude. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Loneliness is a public health issue among older adults. We designed an intervention offering 10 sessions with diverse artistic methods (ArtGran). This study assessed the effectiveness of ArtGran in reducing loneliness and its negative effects on health in community-dwelling older adults in 2022 in Barcelona. Quasi-experimental study, with an intervention group (IG) and a comparison group (CG). The sample included residents aged ≥70 years from 6 selected neighbourhoods of Barcelona. In each neighbourhood, an IG and a CG was formed with participants who reported loneliness and without special mobility needs. The participants were referred from primary care centres, social services, and community health centres. We included 138 participants (IG = 63, CG = 75). We collected data on loneliness, quality of life (QoL-5D), mood, and self-perceived health before and after the intervention through validated questionnaires. To assess the effect of the intervention, we built Poisson models with robust variance and linear regression models. At the end of the intervention, participants in the IG were more likely than those in the CG to be able to perform their usual activities without problems (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR] = 1.22; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.02–1.45). Compared with the CG, participants in the IG attending more than half of the sessions had lower levels of loneliness (aPR = 1.36; 95%CI: 1.07–1.73), a better ability to perform their usual activities (aPR [95%CI] = 1.24 [1.05–1.48]), and higher happiness scores (β = 0.73; P = 0.01). The effectiveness of the intervention was more pronounced when participants had high attendance. Our results suggest that high attendance of the ArtGran program was helpful in shielding older individuals from loneliness, fostering positive moods, and preserving their functional status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is evidence that animal-assisted interventions are helpful for anxiety and depression and that yoga helps with trauma symptoms. "Goat Yoga" has been popularized but has not been studied for its influence on mental wellbeing. This interpretative phenomenological analysis of experiences of "Goat Yoga" focused on its influence on participants' joy and shift in perspective. Four core themes were: Fun, Inducing Calm, Shifting Focus, and Removing Barriers. The findings suggest that "Goat Yoga" is beneficial as complementary therapy for depression and anxiety, especially for treatment-resistant conditions, but further research is needed to determine relevance across various populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Musicians outperform non‐musicians in vocal emotion perception, likely because of increased sensitivity to acoustic cues, such as fundamental frequency (F0) and timbre. Yet, how musicians make use of these acoustic cues to perceive emotions, and how they might differ from non‐musicians, is unclear. To address these points, we created vocal stimuli that conveyed happiness, fear, pleasure or sadness, either in all acoustic cues, or selectively in either F0 or timbre only. We then compared vocal emotion perception performance between professional/semi‐professional musicians (N = 39) and non‐musicians (N = 38), all socialized in Western music culture. Compared to non‐musicians, musicians classified vocal emotions more accurately. This advantage was seen in the full and F0‐modulated conditions, but was absent in the timbre‐modulated condition indicating that musicians excel at perceiving the melody (F0), but not the timbre of vocal emotions. Further, F0 seemed more important than timbre for the recognition of all emotional categories. Additional exploratory analyses revealed a link between time‐varying F0 perception in music and voices that was independent of musical training. Together, these findings suggest that musicians are particularly tuned to the melody of vocal emotions, presumably due to a natural predisposition to exploit melodic patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores how gay men in Iceland were constructed as good responsible citizens through neoliberal discourses from 1990 to 2010. Drawing on interviews with gay men in Icelandic magazines, we focus on three discursive formations of responsibilization that reveal the technologies of agency at play in transforming the men into good, responsible gay citizens capable of self-management. The discursive formations focus on the good gay citizen who (a) has a positive mind-set, (b) transforms himself, and (c) displaces responsibility for personal harm. They reveal how gay men are constituted as neoliberal subjects through discursive practices linked to responsibility, happiness, and national progress. These practices enable a normalization process devoid of confrontation, anger, or blame where gay men are not only made responsible for their own lives but also the marginalization they experienced in the past. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between young people's music use and well-being has gained extensive interest in recent years. The relationship-building function of music is one of its most important functions. While many studies have documented the positive effects of this function, there is a lack of research discussing this topic from the perspective of social stratification. This study sampled 691(63.8% male, Mage = 19.43, SD = 1.42) Chinese university students to examine the social class differences among university students in acquiring well-being through the relationship-building function of music. The results revealed that university students from a higher social class are more likely to acquire well-being through the relationship-building function of music. In addition, interdependent self-construal plays a moderating role in the mediating model. The mediating effect was only significant when university students have a higher level of interdependent self-construal. These results indicated social class differences among university students in the building of relationships with music, underscoring the need for future research and interventions to address social inequality in the context of music's functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During emerging adulthood, individuals' subjective well-being declines owing to challenges regarding identity, work, and romantic relationships. Although the relationships among personality traits, self-construal, and well-being have been examined, studies have focused on personal rather than relational subjective well-being. Furthermore, self-construal's moderating effect on the relationship between personality traits and subjective well-being remains unclear. Therefore, this study examined the relationships among the Big-five personality traits and subjective well-being (life satisfaction, happiness, and interdependent happiness) and the moderating effect of self-construal among 1548 Japanese emerging adults (Mage = 22.24, SD = 1.01). Regression analysis indicated that all aspects of subjective well-being were negatively associated with neuroticism and positively associated with extraversion, independent and interdependent self-construal. Further, agreeableness was positively associated with personal and relational well-being. Independent or interdependent self-construal can moderate the relationships between neuroticism, extraversion, and agreeableness and subjective well-being. Overall, these findings provide valuable insights for improving Japanese emerging adults' well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Although multicomponent positive psychological interventions (MPPIs) effectively improve well-being, it is crucial to examine which intervention component plays a critical role. Method: This cluster randomized controlled trial assigned 221 immigrants from mainland China to Hong Kong to either an MPPI arm (n = 116, 11 clusters) or an MPPI + Information arm (n = 105, 11 clusters). Both arms aimed to enhance three intervention outcomes: resilience, happiness, and mental health. The MPPI part in the two arms included four components: self-efficacy, positive thinking, altruism, and goal setting. The information part provided information about Hong Kong. Results: Both arms effectively improved the four intervention components and three intervention outcomes. MPPI + Information increased the immigrants' knowledge of Hong Kong. The network analysis showed that altruism had the greatest strength in the network. Conclusions: Future studies should focus on the specific intervention component of altruism to understand how the MPPI works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a growing recognition that thoughts often arise independently of external demands. These thoughts can span from reminiscing your last vacation to contemplating career goals to fantasizing about meeting your favorite musician. Often referred to as mind wandering, such frequently occurring unprompted thoughts have widespread impact on our daily functions, with the dominant narrative converging on a negative relationship between unprompted thought and affective well-being. In this systematic review of 76 studies, we implemented a meta-analysis and qualitative review to elucidate if and when unprompted thought is indeed negatively associated with affective well-being in adults. Using a multilevel mixed-model approach on 386 effect sizes from 23,168 participants across 64 studies, our meta-analyses indicated an overall relationship between unprompted thought and worse affective well-being (r ¯ = −.18, 95% CI [−.23, −.14]); however, the magnitude and direction of this relationship changed when considering specific aspects of the phenomenon (including thought content and intentionality) and methodological approaches (including questionnaires vs. experience sampling). The qualitative review further contextualizes this relationship by revealing the nuances of how and when unprompted thought is associated with affective well-being. Taken together, our meta-analysis and qualitative review indicate that the commonly reported relationship between unprompted thought and affective well-being is contingent upon the content and conceptualization of unprompted thought, as well as the methodological and analytic approaches implemented. Based on these findings, we propose emerging directions for future empirical and theoretical work that highlight the importance of accounting for when, how, and for whom unprompted thought is associated with affective well-being. Public Significance Statement: A large portion of our mental content is "unprompted" by nature such that it is unrelated to the ongoing task or our physical surroundings. Our meta-analytic review provides a comprehensive overview of how unprompted thought relates to how we feel, revealing that unprompted thoughts are generally associated with reduced affective well-being. Notably, this relationship was mitigated and at times reversed depending on the content of unprompted thought as well as how it was defined and measured. We found that unprompted thoughts were associated with worse affective well-being only when thoughts were unintentional, ruminative, and contain negative content. In fact, this relationship was not reliable when time-sensitive measures were used, and it even turned positive during future-oriented, positive, or freely moving thoughts. Taken together, we found that the type and content of unprompted thought can determine whether it is linked to our happiness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the science of happiness and the elements of joyful life and how they can be adopted by nurse leaders to establish a more positive work environment, foster a resilient workforce, and develop more personal joy. Also cited are the pre-COVID-19 pandemic survey showing a large number of physicians and nurses experiencing burnout and the possible adverse effects of burnout like staff disengagement, turnover, and reduced productivity.

Gross National Happiness (GNH), a concept first introduced by Bhutan, has gained immense traction as an alternate development paradigm to GDP toward achieving wholesome global progress. In this paper, we investigate the origins of the policy of GNH, through the theoretical lens of the punctuated equilibrium theory (PET), and when and how GNH came to the national agenda. By focusing on the year 2008, that is, when Bhutan's Government transitioned from an absolute monarchy to a democratic constitutional monarchy, this paper analyses the key events that serve as policy windows and the policy entrepreneurs responsible for agenda‐setting the policy of GNH. We argue there is a major change, such as, the government changing its form from monarchy to democracy, it is a definitive benchmark as to what punctuation means. In addition to providing a definitive meaning of "punctuation" in public policy, we also identify and discuss the key methodological issues in relation PET and offer explanations through Bhutan's policy of GNH to determine policy punctuation and measuring policy change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to examine the childhood trauma experiences and current happiness levels of nursing students. The quantitative part of the study was carried out with 349 student nurses and the qualitative part with 25 student nurses. An explanatory-sequential mixed methods design was used. Data were collected using Demographic Information Form, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form, Oxford Happiness Questionnaire-Short Form and semi-structured Interview Form between November 2020 and September 2021. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics with the SAS 9.4 package program. Transcribed qualitative data were analysed using Braun and Clarke's six stage thematic analysis approach, and this was performed with the MAXQDA 2020 package program. In the quantitative section, it was determined that as the participants' childhood traumatic experiences increased, their happiness levels decreased. In the qualitative section six themes were formed (Childhood Trauma, Effects of Childhood Trauma, Coping with Childhood Trauma, Growing Up After Trauma, Perceptions of Future Parenting, Empowerment Through Nursing Education). It was determined that participants had various childhood traumatic experiences and mostly been exposed to emotional neglect. Some of the participants' childhood traumas continued to affect them in adulthood, and nursing education contributed to coping with trauma and raising awareness about it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Although the maintenance and improvement of quality of life (QoL) through holistic care are important in geriatric medical care, care priorities might differ depending on three essential aspects of QoL: the quality of daily living, satisfaction and happiness from birth to death, and human vitality, which are "Seikatsu," "Jinsei," "Seimei" in Japanese, respectively. We aimed to clarify these priorities in terms of medical care and examined how the definitions of QoL affected these priorities' rankings. Methods: This cross‐sectional study involved community‐dwelling older adults aged ≥65 years living in Kashiwa City, Chiba Prefecture, Japan. The number of participants was 1550 (mean age, 76.1 ± 5.8 years; 699 women [45.1%]). A self‐administered questionnaire distributed in advance was used to rank 12 items sought in medical care. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups and sent the corresponding questionnaire, which differed only in the definition of QoL. Results: The top priorities for medical care were "effective treatment of illness," "improvement of physical function," and "maintaining a high level of activity." When QoL was defined as "the quality of daily living, satisfaction and happiness from birth to death, and human vitality," participants were significantly more likely to rank QoL improvement as one of the top three items (adjusted odds ratio, 1.46; 95% confidence interval, 1.03–2.05). Conclusions: As a medical care priority, older adults desire improvement of multidimensional elements of life, including human vitality. Health care providers should consider this when making medical care decisions. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2024; 24: 493–498. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the resource-constrained context of Pakistan's healthcare sector, the role of employee happiness in influencing organizational performance remains underexplored. Our study addressed this gap by examining how ethical leadership and corporate social responsibility (CSR) influence organizational outcomes via employee happiness. Utilizing a cross-sectional design with data from healthcare professionals and applying structural equation modeling, we found that ethical leadership significantly boosted employee happiness, which, in turn, enhanced organizational performance. Further, CSR strengthened the relationship between ethical leadership and happiness. The findings not only emphasize the centrality of employee happiness in mediating leadership and performance linkages but also offer insights for improving healthcare services in similar contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]