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Compared to the southern Tibetan Plateau, the northern part has been regarded as relatively lacking geothermal resources. However, there is no lack of natural hot springs exposed in beads along large-scale fracture systems, and research on them is currently limited to individual hot springs or geothermal systems. This paper focuses on the Wahongshan-Wenquan Fracture Zone (WWFZ), analyzes the formation of five hydrothermal activity zones along the fracture zone in terms of differences in hot water hydrochemical and isotopic composition, and then explores the hot springs' hydrothermal control in the fracture zone. The results show that the main fractures of the WWFZ are the regional heat control structures, and its near-north–south- and near-east–west-oriented fractures form a fracture system that provides favorable channels for deep hydrothermal convection. Ice and snow meltwater from the Elashan Mountains, with an average elevation of more than 4,500 m above sea level, infiltrates along the fractures, and is heated by deep circulation to form deep geothermal reservoirs. There is no detectable mantle contribution source heat to the hot spring gases, and the heat source is mainly natural heat conduction warming, but the "low-velocity body (LVB)" in the middle and lower crust may be the primary heat source of the high geothermal background in the area. The hot springs' hydrochemical components show a certain regularity, and the main ionic components, TDS, and water temperature tend to increase away from the main rupture, reflecting the WWFZ controlling effect on hydrothermal transport. In the future, the geothermal research in this area should focus on the hydrothermal control properties of different levels, the nature of fractures, and the thermal contribution of the LVB in the middle and lower crust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mars atmospheric dynamics are crucial for understanding its climate and weather patterns, especially over plateaus. Previous studies have explored localized atmospheric heating mechanisms over Mars plateaus only to a little extent. The local atmospheric heating dynamics over the Tharsis plateau, especially during global dust storms (GDSs), have not been quantitatively analyzed before. Based on reanalysis datasets, our analysis reveals that the central highlands of Tharsis experience ~130 K diurnal temperature fluctuations, driven by intense daytime convective activity. Surface temperature and near-surface air temperatures show fluctuations approximately 25 K and 20 K higher than those at similar latitudes, respectively. We quantify a super-adiabatic lapse rate around noon that suggests strong atmospheric instability, previously unquantified in this region. By dusk, the atmosphere stabilizes, presenting a homogenized condition. At aphelion, sensible heating and adiabatic terms control the atmospheric heating, while, at perihelion, radiative and sensible heating predominate. Notably, the onset of GDS significantly alters this dynamic, reducing the ground–air temperature gap from 17 K to 5 K and enhancing diabatic heating (adiabatic cooling) in the mid-to-lower (mid-to-upper) troposphere, with increases in radiative components up to 60 W/m2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researching and improving the low-temperature cold-start performance of PEMFC plays an important role in the promotion and application of PEMFC. Among them, auxiliary preheating is one of the key technologies to achieve fast cold start of PEMFC. In order to reveal the influence law of auxiliary preheating parameters on the cold start of PEMFC, the auxiliary preheating control strategy is proposed. In this paper, a mathematical model for PEMFC performance analysis is first established. On this basis, the influence law of preheating exhaust gas temperature and flow rate on PEMFC temperature rise process is studied. Based on the Screening optimization algorithm, the input and output parameters of the preheating process were optimized, and the optimal auxiliary preheating control parameters were determined under different starting temperatures. Finally, a start-up auxiliary preheating control strategy for different low-temperature environments is designed and performance verification is carried out. The results show that the auxiliary preheating control strategy proposed in this paper reduces the start-up time by 43% at -10 compared without the auxiliary preheating control. The auxiliary strategy designed in this paper is able to achieve normal startup of the PEMFC at -20 and -30. However, the PEMFC startup fails in both without the auxiliary modes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems of the Italian National Research Council (Italy) has designed and fabricated a water-fed MEMS vaporizing liquid microthruster (VLM) in collaboration with the University of Salento (Italy) and KU Leuven (Belgium). Previous studies have demonstrated the device's functioning and highlighted the presence of a strong thermoelectric-hydraulic coupling that severely affects the heating and propulsive efficiencies and reliability of the device. In this regard, the current work provides a preliminary experimental investigation of a pulsed heating system actively controlled by temperature using PI-D logic (proportional and integrative actions applied to the error; derivative action applied to the output). The overall performance assessment focuses on evaluating power consumption during steady-state operation and analyzing the dynamic response of the VLM undergoing such an actively controlled pulsed heating, which has been built using both manual and data-driven offline adaptive tuning of the PID parameters. Concerning the steady-state operation, results highlight a promising enhancement of the heating efficiency to values above 0.9. The dynamic response analysis shows that operating with a single set of fixed PID parameters is not feasible and that the manual tuning is a trial-and-error approach highly dependent on the operator's experience, operating conditions, and reference temperature profile. Furthermore, shorter rise and response times require a higher proportional gain, and the overshoot experienced when crossing the saturation temperature cannot be avoided. In this paper, we show that the response of the data-driven adaptive controller solves these issues, exhibiting a reduced maximum settling time from around 59 s to less than 10 s, while the overshoot is avoided thanks to the temporal adjustment of the PID parameters. • Thermoelectric-hydraulic coupling impacts VLM heating and propulsion efficiency. • PI-D controlled pulsed heating investigated for VLM propulsion. • Steady-state efficiency boosted beyond 0.9. • Adaptive controller reduces settling time. • Data-driven approach minimizes overshoot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent applications in industrial products and engineering need high thermal efficiency for the betterment of the shape of the products, the concept of hybrid nanofluid is significant in comparison to nanofluid and pure fluid. Therefore, this analysis focuses on the flow of a micropolar hybrid nanofluid over a vertical permeable plate. The study considers free convection of an electrically conducting fluid, incorporating metal and oxide components with a water-based hybrid nanofluid. Further, the conjunction of dissipative and radiating heat with generative/absorptive heat enhances the thermal properties. The use of standard transformation rules gives rise to converting the nondimensional form of concerned PDEs to ODEs. Moreover to get rid of the solution, for the nondimensional set of equations, a shooting-based numerical technique like Runge–Kutta (RK)-fourth-order is adopted for the standard values of several components within their range. The effectiveness of these parameters is studied and displayed through graphs. The computed result of the rate coefficients at the surface is depicted in tabular form. The comparative analysis with earlier work studied by considering the base liquid shows a good correlation in particular cases. However, the important outcomes are, the magnetized nano as well as hybrid nanoparticles produces a thicker momentum boundary layer thickness whereas it enhances the fluid temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar thermal energy regulation is important for sustainable development, comfortable housing, and living. Black compounds are usually considered as an absorber of solar heat. This work reports a series of black near-infrared reflective pigments, Ca 2-y Mg y Mn(1) 1-x Mn(2) x O 4 (x = 0–1, y = 0–0.5), which show strong near-infrared (NIR) reflectivity. Comprehensive analyses were carried out to characterize the obtained pigments including X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and UV–Vis–NIR spectrophotometry. Through the substitution of MnO 2 with Mn 2 O 3 , NIR solar reflectance of the black pigment can be enhanced by 13%, which might be mainly attributed to differences in particle size and lattice parameters. Meanwhile, through Mg doping, the obtained pigment Ca 1.8 Mg 0.2 MnO 4 shows excellent color performances (L* = 43, a* = 0.36, b* = −0.37) and NIR solar reflectance (R*, ∼60%). EnergyPlus simulation results show that for a warm city (Haikou), using the Ca 1.8 Mg 0.2 MnO 4 coating (L* = 25, R* = 51%) can reduce annual cooling energy consumption by 21%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low T C AlMn transition-edge sensors (TESs) have been developed as sensitive thermometers for the Q-Array, which will use superconducting targets to measure the coherent elastic neutrino nucleus scattering spectrum in the RICOCHET experiment. The TESs are made of manganese-doped aluminum with a titanium and gold antioxidation layer. A prototype TES thermometer consists of two TESs in parallel, an input gold pad in metallic contact with the TESs and an output gold pad and gold thermal link meanders, which are each designed to control the flow of heat through the TESs. We have fabricated and measured low T C AlMn TES chips with or without thermal flow control structures. We present T C measurements of the TESs after the initial fabrication and further T C tuning by re-heating and summarize the thermal property studies of the prototype TES thermometer by measuring I-V curves and complex impedance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the constant temperature control system of a heating plate was established, ethanol–diesel fuel with different proportions was prepared, and a series of experiments were carried out. The experimental system was used to observe, summarize, and analyze four evaporation and crushing modes of mixed droplets, which were explosion, liquid filament stretching, exocytosis, and ejection mode. The evaporation process of four kinds of mixed droplets in their life cycle was analyzed by normalizing the diameter square. It was proposed that the evaporation process of droplets could be divided into the following three stages: a heating stage, a fluctuating evaporation stage, and an equilibrium evaporation stage. It was also pointed out that the expansion, ejection, and micro-explosion of droplets were the causes of fluctuating evaporation. The concept of expansion and crushing intensity was put forward and the expansion and crushing intensity of ethanol/diesel mixed droplets with different proportions were calculated. The reasons why expansion and crushing intensity first increased and decreased with the increase in ethanol blending ratio were analyzed. Finally, the time proportion of ethanol–diesel mixed droplets in each evaporation stage was calculated, which explained that the time proportion of the instantaneous heating stage showed a parabolic law with the increase in ethanol content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Controlling heat transfer through components with adjustable thermal resistance can be of great benefit in a wide range of applications such as the thermal management of spacecraft or electric vehicles. A novel concept for both thermal switching and thermal regulation is the use of a water-loaded adsorbent within a reservoir that a regular heat pipe is expanded with. By reversibly desorbing or adsorbing water, states of low and high thermal resistance can be achieved. This concept has been studied so far only in thermosiphons that rely on gravity support. To expand potential application fields, we successfully investigated the utilization of heat pipes with a capillary structure, achieving against-gravity operation. Adsorption-based heat pipe demonstrators were experimentally examined regarding their characteristic properties. Thermal resistances during the on and off state of 0.25 KW−1 and 6.5 KW−1, respectively, were measured, yielding switching ratios of up to 26. Furthermore, the role of the adsorbent reservoir heat exchanger was examined and found to have a significant potential to yield an improvement with regards to dynamic performance. With an improved demonstrator design, the dynamic performance was enhanced as the hysteresis behavior was reduced and a minimum switching time of 5 min was recorded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the energy transition in the residential sector, heat pumps are a core technology for decarbonizing thermal energy production for space heating and domestic hot water. Electricity generation from on-site photovoltaic (PV) systems can also contribute to a carbon-neutral building stock. However, both will increase the stress on the electricity grid. This can be reduced by using appropriate control strategies to match electricity consumption and production. In recent years, artificial intelligence-based approaches such as reinforcement learning (RL) have become increasingly popular for energy-system management. However, the literature shows a lack of investigation of RL-based controllers for multi-family building energy systems, including an air source heat pump, thermal storage, and a PV system, although this is a common system configuration. Therefore, in this study, a model of such an energy system and RL-based controllers were developed and simulated with physical models and compared with conventional rule-based approaches. Four RL algorithms were investigated for two objectives, and finally, the soft actor–critic algorithm was selected for the annual simulations. The first objective, to maintain only the required temperatures in the thermal storage, could be achieved by the developed RL agent. However, the second objective, to additionally improve the PV self-consumption, was better achieved by the rule-based controller. Therefore, further research on the reward function, hyperparameters, and advanced methods, including long short-term memory layers, as well as a training for longer time periods than six days are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In view of the prominent and intractable problems of frequent high temperature alarms of the communication equipment and high energy consumption of air conditioners in Zhengzhou communication outdoor cabinets, a temperature control system with heat pipe as the main part and air conditioner as the auxiliary part is proposed in this paper. A prototype is developed and its applications are discussed. The annual field test shows the system works well, and it has a remarkable energy saving efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radiative divertor is an effective method for the divertor heat flux control, but excessive core impurity radiation can deteriorate the confinement in tokamaks. In recent EAST experiments, the compatibility of divertor detachment and impurity control with good core confinement (H98,y2 ∼1) has been achieved simultaneously by combining an upstream deuterium (D2) puff and divertor argon (Ar) seeding. Both experimental and SOLPS-ITER modeling reveal that additional D2 puff can further mitigate the target heat load and facilitate the detachment. The SOLPS-ITER results also show that the D2 puff makes a limited contribution to the Ar line radiation but a significant contribution to the neutral radiation in the SOL and divertor regions. The physical mechanism behind the effect of the D2 puff on the Ar retention is also revealed by the modeling. The increase in the Ar velocity is the major reason for the improved Ar retention in the partial detachment state. The increase in vAr is mainly caused by the strengthening of frictional drag of D+, which is because the additional D2 puff increases the pressure gradient force (FPG) and the electric field force (FE) on D+. Further analysis reveals that in the deep detachment state, some other negative effects play a dominant role in determining the Ar retention, such as the shift of the region of the Ar+ ionization source, the decrease in the strength of the Ar+ ionization source, and the net force on the Ar ions near the target. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultrashort pulse laser processed sulfur hyperdoped black silicon represents a promising silicon-based material for infrared optoelectronic applications due to its high sub-bandgap optical absorptance. Non-thermal melting and resolidification processes associated with such laser processing, however, result in amorphous and polycrystalline phases which may be detrimental for this purpose. Furthermore, the sulfur impurities are electrically inactive, impeding the formation of a rectifying junction. This work demonstrates an ultrafast laser heating process based on heat accumulation with laser pulses of 10 ps pulse duration at high repetition rates of 41 MHz and peak fluences between 33% and 66% of the ablation threshold as a method to (i) recrystallize the material and (ii) electrically activate the sulfur dopants while (iii) maintaining the sub-bandgap absorption. Furthermore, laser heating recovers the optical activity of sulfur states that have been previously deactivated by thermal annealing. The demonstrated process can have versatile applications in material functionalization due to its highly localized heat input accompanied by high cooling rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to understand the application of iot Big data information acquisition for heating control systems, a research on iot Big data information acquisition for thermal storage heating control systems is proposed. This paper first analyzes the shortcomings of the traditional heating system, the heating data is scattered and difficult to collect. The IoT technology is applied to the heating platform through data acquisition, data visualization, data mining, data management and other aspects. Secondly, the application of the IoT in heating system data acquisition is studied, including the types of heating data collected, data acquisition process, data acquisition standards, etc. Finally, this paper takes the energy-saving transformation of 26 boilers in a heating enterprise as an example. The research results show that the boiler efficiency obtained in real time by using the online monitoring system of this project is 95.36%, and the reverse balance boiler efficiency in the paper report of the special inspection office is 94.88%, with a deviation of 1.48%. The application of the IoT technology can obtain the boiler indicators in real time and effectively, and can realize the comprehensive analysis of the monitoring data, and realize the evaluation of the energy efficiency operation state of the gas boiler and the fault diagnosis and early warning. The IoT technology is an effective means of fine energy-saving management in heating enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermal transistors have significant potential in thermal management due to their ability to precisely control the heat fluxes. However, the current design has a limited working temperature range and cannot meet the demand for heat control. In this work, we optimize the performance of a thermal transistor based on negative differential thermal resistance using a modified Lorentz gas model, focusing on the effects of gate control and thermal conductance. We find that the control of the gate has an asymmetrical property, and the sufficient control can expand the working region by more than 1.5 times. In addition, the switching and amplifying functions of the thermal transistor are inversely dependent on thermal conductance, and an increase in thermal conductance can lead to a 27 times amplification in heat flux. The synergistic regulation of the two factors results in the optimal performance of a 44% working region and a 33 times amplification in heat flux. These findings refresh the understanding of the performance limits of thermal transistors, promoting efficient thermal management and addressing heat dissipation issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantitative studies of the heat transfer mechanism of permafrost subgrades and its effect on the permafrost under the subgrade are crucial for the study of permafrost subgrade disposal measures; however, few studies have been conducted in this area. In the present work, by quantitatively analyzing the permafrost subgrade heat transfer mechanism and the variations in the underlying permafrost, the preliminary parameters of the interface heat control method—such as the application period, position, and imported cold energy quantity—are determined. The cooling effects of the ideal interface heat control method for different application schemes are analyzed. Finally, by determining the optimized temporal inhomogeneous interface energy control strategy, the required inlet velocity and artificial permafrost table for a mechanical ventilation permafrost subgrade are calculated and compared. The results show that (1) the suitable cold energy application position and period are a 0.5 m interface above the subgrade bottom and the lower thaw season, respectively, and that the imported cold energy needs to vary within the subgrade service life; (2) by adopting interface heat control measures, the maximum difference between the artificial permafrost table under the subgrade and the nearby natural ground table is only 0.097 m, and the temperature of the underlying permafrost and the area of the thawing bowl are significantly reduced; and (3) the mechanical ventilation subgrade employing the cold energy importing strategy of the interface heat control parameter also achieves a protection effect for permafrost, but as the cold air inside the ventilation pipe is gradually heated, it is necessary to amplify the inlet air speed to a certain extent for a better cooling effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The optical floating zone crystal growth technique is a well-established method for obtaining large, high-purity single crystals. While the floating zone method has been constantly evolving for over six decades, the development of high-pressure (up to 1000 bar) growth systems has only recently been realized via the combination of laser-based heating sources with an all-metal chamber. While our inaugural high-pressure laser floating zone furnace design demonstrated the successful growth of new volatile and metastable phases, the furnace design faces several limitations with imaging quality, heating profile control, and chamber cooling power. Here, we present a second-generation design of the high-pressure laser floating zone furnace, "Laser Optical Kristallmacher II" (LOKII), and demonstrate that this redesign facilitates new advances in crystal growth by highlighting several exemplar materials: α-Fe2O3, β-Ga2O3, and La2CuO4+δ. Notably, for La2CuO4+δ, we demonstrate the feasibility and long-term stability of traveling solvent floating zone growth under a record pressure of 700 bar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A control problem for the heating of moist paperboard with the evaporation of moisture from the inner pore surface is considered. The microstructure of the paperboard is known from the CT images. It is easily parametrized w.r.t. the volume fraction of the pores, the surface area of the pores related to the unit volume, averaged area of the contact surfaces between two fibers and the unsupported fiber length between two contact nodes, fiber thickness, and tortuosity. Simple averaging formulas are provided for the computation of the effective coefficients in the coupled diffusion‐heat problem and the dissipation energetic balance was analyzed and we pass to the limit w.r.t. the small parameter, the relation between the pore size and the paper‐board thickness. The limit model is similar to those models, recently available in the literature. However, it provides more understanding and different limiting models and the thresholds for them. Also, the limitation on the heating is derived from the solvability criteria, which means, that the evaporation should not overtake the heating. The model is validated by experimental and numerical results found in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work investigates the regime classification and chemical characteristics of the premixed ammonia combustion in a well stirred reactor (WSR). Three combustion regimes can be classified based on the lowest autoignition and highest extinction temperatures and the reacting temperature increment, which are: (i) flameless combustion (FLC); (ii) high temperature combustion (HTC); (iii) traditional combustion (TC). When introducing the upper limit of NO x emission into the classification, MILD combustion can be defined as a sub-regime of FLC. Relative to the methane counterpart, the ammonia combustion is found to exhibit larger FLC and smaller HTC regimes delimited by the inlet temperature and oxygen fraction. It is also revealed that the MILD combustion of ammonia differs significantly from its burning under other regimes in heat production and NO formation mechanisms. In the MILD combustion, multiple reactions dominate the heat production while the DeNO x route greatly reduces the NO formation. Contrarily, in other combustion regimes, heat is controlled by one or two specific reactions while notably the Extended Zeldovich route dominates the NO destruction. Moreover, the working temperature controls the top reactions for both heat and NO x productions, regardless of different combustion regimes. • Regime classification, heat release and NO formation of NH 3 oxidation are studied. • The NO x emission criterion is introduced into the definition of MILD combustion. • The NH 3 combustion shows a larger flameless region against burning CH 4. • The working temperature controls top reactions for both heat and NO x productions. • The leading NO reduction reactions are distinct in MILD and other regimes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Characteristics of gas–liquid flow and heat transfer in a cross-flow T-junction microchannel with wettability-engineered walls are numerically investigated in this paper. The validated diffuse interface method is adopted for interface capture. First, the effects of wall wettability on bubble formation and transportation are studied. Three flow patterns are observed due to different combinations of the bottom and the top wall contact angles. On this basis, two methods are proposed to enhance the heat transfer. One is to increase the two-phase interfacial contact area by dividing the microchannel into three functional regions, which can promote the heat exchange at the two-phase interface. The other is to increase the velocity fluctuation intensity by alternating the contact angle along the channel, which can enhance mixing between the hot liquid layer adjacent to the wall and the cool liquid core. These two methods are applicative for steady and unsteady problems, respectively. The flow states, velocity vectors, and streamlines are used to analyze the fluid and thermal mixing mechanism. Meanwhile, a quantitative comparison of the wall temperature is made at a given wall heat flux. The obtained results can provide fresh insights into the gas–liquid flow control and the heat transfer enhancement in a microchannel, which are valuable for the design of microreactors and radiators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The release of trapped bubbles from dead-end pore throats filled with nonvolatile liquid has widespread applications in gas–liquid reactors, radiators, foam flooding, ceramic sintering, and droplet microcarriers. As conventional pressure-driven flow cannot induce the transport of bubbles in dead-end pores, this paper explores the possibility of using heating to control the release of bubbles from dead-end pore throats. Visualization experiments of the microfluidics within a dead-end pore throat structure are conducted to address the release process of bubbles during heating. An increase in temperature causes dissolved gas in the solution to be transferred to the bubble, which enhances the bubble pressure and enables the bubble to pass through the pore throat. We analyze the effects of the initial bubble radius and initial temperature on the critical temperature Tcr at which the bubble passes through the pore throat. A larger initial radius does not necessarily make it more difficult for the bubble to pass through the throat, but there is a critical radius above which any increase in radius produces a lower value of Tcr. A theoretical model considering diffusion mass transfer, capillary forces, and corner film flows is developed, and this model is found to be in good agreement with the experimental results. Finally, we obtain three dimensionless numbers that can be used to predict Tcr. Our work provides guidance for the effective regulation of diffusive growth and the heating-induced release of bubbles from dead-end pore throats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: High environmental temperatures induce heat stress in broiler chickens, affecting their health and production performance. Several dietary, managerial, and genetics strategies have been tested with some success in mitigating heat stress (HS) in broilers. Developing novel HS mitigation strategies for sustaining broiler production is critically needed. This study investigated the effects of pre-hatch thermal manipulation (TM) and post-hatch baicalein supplementation on growth performance and health parameters in heat-stressed broilers. Results: Six hundred fertile Cobb 500 eggs were incubated for 21 d. After candling on embryonic day (ED) 10, 238 eggs were thermally manipulated at 38.5 °C with 55% relative humidity (RH) from ED 12 to 18, then transferred to the hatcher (ED 19 to 21, standard temperature) and 236 eggs were incubated at a controlled temperature (37.5 °C) till hatch. After hatch, 180-day-old chicks from both groups were raised in 36 pens (n = 10 birds/pen, 6 replicates per treatment). The treatments were: 1) Control, 2) TM, 3) control heat stress (CHS), 4) thermal manipulation heat stress (TMHS), 5) control heat stress supplement (CHSS), and 6) thermal manipulation heat stress supplement (TMHSS). All birds were raised under the standard environment for 21 d, followed by chronic heat stress from d 22 to 35 (32–33 °C for 8 h) in the CHS, TMHS, CHSS, and TMHSS groups. A thermoneutral (22–24 °C) environment was maintained in the Control and TM groups. RH was constant (50% ± 5%) throughout the trial. All the data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA in R and GraphPad software at P < 0.05 and are presented as mean ± SEM. Heat stress significantly decreased (P < 0.05) the final body weight and ADG in CHS and TMHS groups compared to the other groups. Embryonic TM significantly increased (P < 0.05) the expression of heat shock protein-related genes (HSP70, HSP90, and HSPH1) and antioxidant-related genes (GPX1 and TXN). TMHS birds showed a significant increment (P < 0.05) in total cecal volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration compared to the CHS birds. The cecal microbial analysis showed significant enrichment (P < 0.05) in alpha and beta diversity and Coprococcus in the TMHSS group. Conclusions: Pre-hatch TM and post-hatch baicalein supplementation in heat-stressed birds mitigate the detrimental effects of heat stress on chickens' growth performance, upregulate favorable gene expression, increase VFA production, and promote gut health by increasing beneficial microbial communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper's main objective is to perform a numerical analysis of the heat and mass transfer that occurs during the mixed convective drying of porous walls containing hybrid nanofluid. The porous wall, used to dry the brick, is positioned in a vertical channel and has three different phases: a solid phase, a hybrid nanofluid phase, and a gas phase. In order to accomplish this, we created a 2-D code using COMSOL Multiphysics to resolve the equations relating mass, momentum, species, and energy. The impact of various parameters, including ambient temperature, initial hybrid nanofluid saturation, and nanoparticle volume percent, on heat and mass transmission was examined after this numerical code's validity. As the volume percentage of nanoparticles rises, it is discovered that the temperature of the porous medium is significantly lowered. The heat and mass transfer of the water-Al2O3-MgO hybrid nanofluid has been discovered to be much less than that of pure water and the water-Al2O3-SiO2. As the ambient temperature rises, it takes less time for the second phase to dry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasing number of high-temperature mines, there has been a growing focus on research into thermal environment management and prediction in long-distance ventilation roadways. Mastering the principles of heat transfer in roadways is crucial for enhancing ventilation performance and achieving energy savings in mine heat hazard control. A onedimensional ventilation ultra-long roadway with high precision and low weight is presented in this study, which accurately depicts the dynamic heat transfer between the airflow and three-dimensional surrounding rock (SR) of roadway. The calculation time of the one-dimensional roadway numerical model is reduced by over 90%. The accuracy of the proposed numerical model is verified by the heat convection within roadway wall and the heat transfer in SR. In addition, the evolution of the temperature field and Nusselt (Nu) number of ultra-long roadway wall regarding ventilation time and periodic fluctuation of initial temperature of airflow (TA) are analyzed. The results indicate that the temperature of SR and Nu number of ultra-long roadway wall both periodic changes with the fluctuation of TA, and the TA and Nu number of ultra-long roadway wall fluctuate in opposite phases. When the TA temperature ranges from 15 to 25°C, the Nu number of ultralong roadway wall changes in the range 90 in a year. The Nu number of ultralong roadway wall decreases with the increase of ventilation distance. Additionally, the TA in ultra-long roadway exhibits a linear relationship with both the initial TA, the thermal conductivity of SR, and the initial temperature of SR, but it is subject to negative exponential decay in relation to ventilation speed. As the length of the roadway increases, fluctuations in the initial TA have less impact on the thermal environment within the longdistance ventilation roadway, while ventilation speed, thermal conductivity of SR, and initial temperature of SR become more influential factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our joint environmental and energy commitments mean we must reduce the building's energy use. Improved central heating control can play a role in how this is accomplished. There are three common control strategies: feedforward (traditional), feedback, and model predictive control (MPC). The latter two often work in parallel, where feedback uses indoor temperature sensors to adjust the supply water temperature. In contrast, the supply temperature setpoint is continuously calculated in MPC, fed with weather forecasts. The weather forecasts are often highlighted as essential ingredients in MPC, but at the same time, it is emphasized that temperature sensors are used to ensure a pleasant indoor temperature. To an outside observer, it is difficult to determine what is what in such combined control arrangements. Is energy saved because of the room sensors or because of the model? And what role do the weather forecasts play? This study quantifies the impact of the control strategy on energy use and indoor temperature. It concludes that PI-based feedback heating control saves approximately as much energy as MPC, and weather forecasts do not save significantly more energy than real-time weather data but are easier to obtain. The overall results for both control strategies align with the lower end of the result ranges of previous studies. The novelty is that the impact of weather forecasts has been studied separately and that different control strategies are compared against each other based on a model of a typical Swedish multi-family building. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid laser-arc welding (HLAW) offers significant advantages over other techniques when it come to welding Mg alloys. This work shows that the weld quality of Mg alloy plates depends on the control of the laser-arc heat source as interactions between the laser beam and the arc dominate the laser-arc heat source state. Enhancing interactions between the laser beam and the welding arc take place based on mass and energy exchange between laser-induced plasma and the arc. The connection of the two plasmas changes the discharge state of the welding arc and, thus, makes the most efficient use of heat source energy. This leads to significantly improved welding depth of the HLAW heat source. Laser-arc distance is the key factor dominating the interactions between the two plasmas and we demonstrated that with accurate control of the distance, an enhanced hybrid heat source was be obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an apparatus and associated methods for making direct in situ measurements of the ice–water boundary of small pieces of floating glacier ice. The method involves approaching ice pieces in a small boat and attaching a frame with instruments on it to them using ice screws. These types of measurements provide an opportunity to study small-scale processes at the ice–water interface which control heat flux across the boundary. Recent studies have suggested that current parameterizations of these processes may be performing poorly. Improving understanding of these processes may allow for more accurate theoretical and model descriptions of submarine melting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hot in-place recycling allows the rehabilitation of worn asphalt pavement with minimal resources. However, it is limited by the heating rate of asphalt pavement. Temperature field distribution was calculated and analyzed in traditional single-stage heating technology (SHT) with constant temperature heating mode. Multi-stage heating technology (MHT) was proposed to improve the heating rate by decreasing the depth to which the asphalt pavement was heated at a given time. The asphalt pavement temperature fields were calculated for SHT and MHT. The calculation results accurately described the temperature field of the asphalt pavement, and the heating rate of MHT was over half that of SHT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

H13 tool steel was additively manufactured by selective laser melting (SLM). The sample printed at a higher laser scan speed exhibited higher strength and ductility than those of the sample printed at a lower speed. The samples were repeatedly exposed to a massive heat input during the SLM. The in-situ tempering effect was applied to the sample; the phase fraction is changed by varying the heat input by controlling the laser scan speed. The microstructure analysis showed that the sample printed at a higher scan speed had a higher fraction of retained austenite than at a lower speed. The former was affected by deformation-induced martensitic transformation with enhanced strain-hardening ability. This study entailed the control of process parameters to improve the mechanical properties and the productivity of SLM-printed H13 tool steel. It investigated the relationship between the laser scan speed and the phase fraction, whose effect on the mechanical properties was confirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brown algae, like many eukaryotes, possess diverse microbial communities. Ectocarpus— a model brown alga—relies on these communities for essential processes, such as growth development. Controlled laboratory systems are needed for functional studies of these algal–bacterial interactions. We selected bacterial strains based on their metabolic networks to provide optimal completion of the algal metabolism, rendered them resistant to two antibiotics, and inoculate them to establish controlled co-cultures with Ectocarpus under continuous antibiotic treatment. We then monitored the stability of the resulting associations under control conditions and heat stress using 16S metabarcoding. Antibiotics strongly reduced bacterial diversity both in terms of taxonomy and predicted metabolic functions. In the inoculated sample, 63%–69% of reads corresponded to the inoculated strains, and the communities remained stable during temperature stress. They also partially restored the predicted metabolic functions of the natural community. Overall, the development of antibiotic-resistant helper cultures offers a promising route to fully controlled laboratory experiments with algae and microbiota and thus represents an important step towards generating experimental evidence for specific host–microbe interactions in the systems studied. Further work will be required to achieve full control and progressively expand our repertoire of helper strains including those currently 'unculturable'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Manufacturing operations like in-situ welding, shrink fitting, etc. requires one among pre heating, post heating, stress relieving, etc. In such cases, resistance-based, feedback-controlled power sources is the sole option available for precise and controlled local heating. Certain cases might also demand heating within a narrow temperature range. This mandates the width of heating to be optimised through iterative experimental trials, which will then help in the establishment of heat treatment procedure. Instead of the iterative trials, Finite Element (FE) simulations can serve as an accurate and quicker alternative, so that one final trial can be conducted with the optimised width of heating. In order to achieve an FE simulation exactly resembling the heating achieved by the resistance-based technique, a few methods with varied forms of boundary conditions (heating profiles), as followed in the earlier works concerning this field are already available. However, their efficacies in evaluating the temperature distribution within a thick-walled pipe is unknown. Hence, by adopting various loading conditions as dictated by the methods found in the literature, feedback-controlled resistance heating of a butt-joined pipe, is simulated using ANSYS APDL and evaluated based on four criterions regarding heating rate and transient temperature distribution as suggested by governing standards. The outcome of the study revealed that the existing FE methods showed deviations with respect to one or more of the four criterions mentioned, and none of them were able to match the experimental temperature profiles closely. These differences were overcome by proposing a new heating profile for closer prediction of various results and for meeting all the four criterions. This will benefit the industrial and scientific communities for precise simulation of local heating applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smart home technology is expected to be widespread in the future and to accommodate a green transition to reduce and time-shift energy consumption. However, smart technologies also have social consequences, which are important to understand. At a basic level, we need to know more about learning to live with these technologies and how they influence our everyday practices and routines. Providing in-depth longitudinal insights into these processes, this paper presents an auto-ethnography of living with smart home technology: a 20-month diary kept by one of the authors. The paper uses theories of practice to investigate details of learning processes when interacting with three selected technologies: smart alarm and lighting management, smart control of heating, and a smart electric vehicle (EV). Theories of learning have a well-established tradition within theories of practice, and the concept of "knowing how to go on" and the concept of practical intelligibility are central in this work. This paper investigates the adoption of new smart technologies and how they interact with learning processes in different material and social contexts. Such an approach can lay the groundwork for further empirical research with a broader set of materials. It can also provide knowledge to assist in the design of better technologies and in developing policies and regulations to promote this. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing technological progress in space technology is accompanied by an increased demand for accuracy. The alignment of optical instruments or antennas on the satellite platform requires structural stability that can no longer be achieved with traditional, passive methods, such as the use of materials with high stiffness or low coefficient of thermal expansion. Within the Infrared Astronomy Satellite Swarm Interferometry (IRASSI) project, an approach to actively stabilizing structures against low-frequency periodic heat induced deformations has been developed and simulated. In this study, the basic functionality of that thermomechanical FEM model is demonstrated by means of the thermal transfer functions between the changes in the applied heat and the resulting temperature changes, as well as a closed loop filter and controller approach consisting of a Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) and a Kalman filter. For this purpose, an experimental setup consisting of an aluminum plate with 14 temperature sensors, four heating elements for controlling the structure and one heating element for simulating the perturbation is used. The evaluation of the thermal transfer functions in the model compared to the experimental setup shows a deviation of the phase shift of less than 0.6% and an amplitude shift of less than 3.5% on average. A Kalman filter processes the temperature measurement in order to obtain an optimal estimate for the LQR controller, which then calculates the necessary change in the heating power of the four control heating elements to minimize the displacements at the desired two positions in x- and y-direction. The verification is performed by a camera system as an external validation tool, which is able to resolve micron-scale displacements by measuring the spatial displacement of a speckle pattern applied to the structure using sub-pixel accurate image correlation algorithms. While the range of values of the amplitudes of the displacements is 8.93 μ in the uncontrolled case, an improvement of more than 4.6 dB could be achieved by applying the filter and controller system. Thus, it is demonstrated that this method has the potential to further improve already highly stable structures or to make lighter and cheaper materials with poorer passive stability values usable through active structural stabilization. • The stabilization of structures has so far been done only with passive methods. • Novel approach of active stabilization significantly increases dimensional stability. • Heating elements as actuators specifically influence the displacement field. • Smart structures can be quickly and easily adapted for applications in space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this experimental study, we demonstrate the feasibility of a thermally tunable, resonant dielectric microwave metasurface based on sub-wavelength Mie resonances of ferroelectric dielectric cubes (Calcium titanate, CaTiO 3 ) in which the temperature of the meta-atoms can be locally and dynamically controlled by heating with an optical laser beam over a large range of temperatures and, consequently, values of the dielectric constant of the cube and corresponding resonance frequency of the meta-atoms. This avoids any interference of otherwise necessary heating elements or power supply wires with the propagation of the microwave signal and can be made spatially addressable. The concept scales at least to the THz domain. This contactless approach opens up an alternative avenue to tunability and active control of metamaterials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a new method in theory and experiment to adjust the transpiration cooling based on the actual measured heat flux. This is particularly useful in extreme heating environments, e.g. atmospheric entry flight or combustion chamber applications. In such environments, usually cooling is set constant based on the vehicle design, yet a mass efficient and performant cooling is sought after. We present a method with real-time surface heat flux determination of the transpiration cooled wall and an automatic adjustment of the cooling. The heat flux is determined based on a system identification process. The heat flux measurement itself is derived non-intrusively from the measurement of pressure inside the plenum, i.e. the region between mass flow controller and porous wall. The particular advantage of this system is that the heat shield material is not weakened by any sensor system and its performance is optimized with respect to cooling needed at a certain heating level. Another new feature of the pressure heat flux transformation is the attenuation of a destabilizing positive feedback loop, where the transpiration cooling controller's output (i.e. mass flow rate) strongly influences its input (i.e. plenum pressure). We describe the identification of the model parameters for the heat flux determination, which are found and verified by a calibration approach. The controlled cooling was demonstrated in a hot air plasma flow with a reference heat flux of up to 1.4 MW/m 2 . The results show the performance and verify the applicability in a real flight environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy is consumed in buildings through the use of various types of energy systems, which are controlled by the occupants via provided interfaces. The quality of this control should be verified to improve the efficiency of the systems and for the comfort of the occupants. In the case of residential buildings, due to privacy reasons, it is problematic to directly monitor human–building interactions using sensors installed in dwellings. However, data from increasingly common smart meters are easily available. In this paper, the potential use of data from heat meters is explored for the analysis of occupant interactions with space-heating (SH) systems. A pilot study is conducted based on a one-year set of daily data from 101 dwellings. First, the identification of an indoor temperature and a strategy for thermostatic radiator valve (TRV) adjustments for all the investigated dwellings is presented. Second, the performed analysis suggests that 96% of the households did not use the automatic adjustment function of the TRVs since adjustments using the on–off mode were the most common, which could be empirical evidence for Kempton's theory on mental models of home heating controls. The reasons for this could be the weakness of the TRV as an SH interface and the technical specificity of the analyzed SH (its supply temperature). The preliminary investigation confirms the potential of the proposed methodology, but further research is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hot in-place recycling allows the rehabilitation of worn asphalt pavement with minimal resources. However, it is limited by the heating rate of asphalt pavement. Temperature field distribution was calculated and analyzed in traditional single-stage heating technology (SHT) with constant temperature heating mode. Multi-stage heating technology (MHT) was proposed to improve the heating rate by decreasing the depth to which the asphalt pavement was heated at a given time. The asphalt pavement temperature fields were calculated for SHT and MHT. The calculation results accurately described the temperature field of the asphalt pavement, and the heating rate of MHT was over half that of SHT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three-dimensional (3D) printing allows the fabrication of complex shapes with high resolutions. However, the printed structures typically have fixed shapes and functions. Four-dimensional printing allows the shapes of 3D-printed structures to be transformed in response to external stimuli. Among the external stimuli, light has unique advantages for remote thermal actuation. However, light absorption in opaque structures occurs only near the sample surface; thus, actuation can be slow. Here, we propose and experimentally demonstrate the rapid and selective actuation of 3D-printed shape-memory polymer (SMP) composites using microwave heating. The SMP composite filaments are prepared using different amounts of graphite flakes. Microwave radiation can penetrate the entire printed structures and induce rapid heating. With sufficient graphite contents, the printed SMP composites are heated above their glass transition temperature within a few seconds. This leads to rapid thermal actuation of the 3D-printed SMP structures. Finally, dual-material 3D printing is demonstrated to induce selective microwave heating and control actuation motion. Our experiments and simulations indicate that microwave heating of SMP composites can be an effective method for the rapid and selective actuation of complex structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid quantitative detection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in milk is of great significance to food safety. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) technology is a good choice to meet this requirement. A good qPCR system should show the advantages of being low cost, having low-power consumption, having potential for miniaturization and be portable. However, most of the time-domain-based qPCR systems reported to date do not meet these requirements. In this study, we propose a novel real-time rotary PCR reaction system (RRP) that meets all the abovementioned specifications, and contains four modules: a heating control module, a disposable PCR capillary tube, a mechanical control module, and a photoelectric detection module. The volume of our homemade-PCR capillary tube is only 3 μL. The total manufacturing cost is cheaper than $200, and the capillary tube is about 1.4 cents. The size parameter of the RRP is less than 300 mm × 150 mm × 150 mm, using low mobile power sources to operate. All the features mean that the RRP meets the advantages of low sample volumes, enhanced thermal conductivity and being portable. Through conducting the experimental quantitative detection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in milk and theoretical simulations by COMSOL, we prove the feasibility of this rotary PCR real-time detection system, which has broad application prospects in the rapid detection of bacteria and food safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper generalizes a class of controllability problems based on the scale structure population system model. Based on the comparison principle of linear systems, the solution of the nonlinear system model is obtained by referring to the fixed point theorem. The non-negative, boundedness, existence, and uniqueness of the solution of the system model are established. The optimality condition is described in detail by means of a normal cone and conjugate system under the condition of proving the continuous dependence of the state environment on the solution to control variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Burnt materials are very common in the archaeological record. Their identification and the reconstruction of their firing history are crucial for reliable archaeological interpretations. Commonly used methods are limited in their ability to identify and estimate heating temperatures below ~500⁰C and cannot reconstruct the orientation in which these materials were burnt. Stepwise thermal demagnetization is widely used in archaeomagnetism, but its use for identifying burnt materials and reconstructing paleotemperatures requires further experimental verification. Here we present an experimental test that has indicated that this method is useful for identifying the firing of mud bricks to 190⁰C or higher. Application of the method to oriented samples also enables reconstruction of the position in which they cooled down. Our algorithm for interpreting thermal demagnetization results was tested on 49 miniature sun-dried "mud bricks", 46 of which were heated to a range of temperatures between 100⁰C to 700⁰C under a controlled magnetic field and three "bricks" which were not heated and used as a control group. The results enabled distinguishing between unheated material and material heated to at least 190⁰C and accurately recovering the minimum heating temperature of the latter. Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) on the same materials demonstrated how the two methods complement each other. We implemented the thermal demagnetization method on burnt materials from an Iron Age structure at Tell es-Safi/Gath (central Israel), which led to a revision of the previously published understanding of this archaeological context. We demonstrated that the conflagration occurred within the structure, and not only in its vicinity as previously suggested. We also showed that a previously published hypothesis that bricks were fired in a kiln prior to construction is very unlikely. Finally, we conclude that the destruction of the structure occurred in a single event and not in stages over several decades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bandwidth broadening of polymer-stabilised cholesteric liquid crystal (PSLC) has the potential to enhance its optical performance. In this study, a novel approach was presented for preparing broadband reflective films by using nanofibers loaded with zinc oxide nanoparticles as network supports in chiral nematic liquid crystals. The introduction of nanofiber played a pivotal role in replacing some monomers, resulting in cost-efficiency. Experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of different compositions and conditions on the broadband reflection performance. Specially, the effect of the concentration of nanoparticles loaded in nanofibers, direct-current (DC) voltage, monomer content, ultraviolet (UV) light intensity, polymerisation temperature, and UV irradiation time were examined. The microstructure of nanofiber and optical texture of PSLC were characterised using SEM and POM, respectively. With the above optimisations, the broadening from 246 nm to 412 nm was achieved and the films embodied brilliant UV shielding and infrared (IR) heat control effectiveness. This study provides a potential method for the preparation of smart liquid crystal devices in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we study the impulse controllability of a multi-dimensional heat equation with dynamic boundary conditions in a bounded smooth domain. Using a recent approach based on finite-time stabilization, we show that the system is impulse null controllable at any positive time via impulse controls supported in a nonempty open subset of the physical domain. Furthermore, we infer an explicit estimate for the exponential decay of the solution. The proof of the main result combines a logarithmic convexity estimate and some spectral properties associated to dynamic boundary conditions. In our setting, the nature of the equations, which couple intern-boundary phenomena, makes it necessary to go into quite sophisticated estimates incorporating several boundary terms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assessed the effectiveness of triploidy in tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) and compared the fertilization, survival, growth performance, and hematological parameters of diploid and triploid fish. After artificial reproduction, freshly fertilized eggs were subjected to cold, heat or double thermal shock or were not exposed to the thermal shock (control group). Double thermal shock presented fertilization rate significantly lower than other treatments. Larvae submitted to cold thermal shock had a higher weight than the control and heat thermal shock treatments. The final weight of juveniles exposed to cold thermal shock was significantly higher than the other treatments with triploid induction. There was no significant difference for survival and hematological variables. The cold thermal shock produced more triploid individuals (33.33%) than the heat and double thermal shock (both 11.11%). The cold thermal shock was the most effective technique for obtaining triploid fish and it contributed to increasing the weight of tambaqui larvae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the concept of an innovative control of a central heating system in a multifamily building based on the original thermodynamic model, the resulting architecture of the control system, and the originally designed and manufactured wireless temperature sensors for thermal zones. The novelty of this solution is the developed layers of the control system: distributed measurement and correction analysis, which is based on the existing infrastructure and the local HVAC controller. This approach allows for the effective use of the measured temperature data from thermal zones and finally sending the value of the calculated correction of settings to the controller. Moreover, in the analytical layer, a model was also implemented that calculates the necessary amount of energy based on data from the subsystem of temperature sensors located in the thermal zones of the building. The use of the algorithmic strategy presented in this paper extends the functionality and significantly improves the energy efficiency of the existing, classic, reference heating control algorithm by implementing additional control loops. Additionally, it enables integration with demand-side response systems. The presented concept was successfully tested, achieving real energy savings for heating by 12%. These results are described in a case-study format. The authors believe that this concept can be used in other buildings and thus will have a positive impact on the energy savings used to maintain thermal comfort in buildings and significantly reduce CO2 emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reducing the energy consumption of buildings in the public sector is an important component in our efforts towards reaching our sustainability goals. In this context, a decisive prerequisite for administrations and policy makers is a tool for estimating the effectiveness of measures to reduce energy consumption. Estimating the impact of planned investments in building technology at scale, however, remains challenging, mainly for two reasons. For one, accurate physical modeling requires detailed building data, which can be difficult to obtain. Second, adapting established building models to novel measures aiming at energy consumption reduction is difficult. Hence, modeling building consumption patterns after retrofitting is a non-trivial task, and more research is needed to improve modeling techniques as well as to assess their effectiveness across a wide range of application scenarios. Modeling tools need to be generic enough to enable modeling of a variety of building types, they should ideally require as few input features as possible and they should allow for a high degree of automation in the selection and calibration of building modeling tools. Here, we propose a novel machine learning approach that does not require detailed building data and can automatically adapt to retrofitting measures. We evaluate our method on a data set of 113 public buildings in 4 building categories in Berlin, Germany. The data set contains energy consumption data in the initial state and after implementation of a weather-predictive heating control system. Despite being fully automated and requiring only minimal information about the building, our model can reliably predict the energy consumption of large public buildings better than established methods. All code and data are publicly released. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]