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With the noncovalent interaction energy curves of the methane dimer [(CH4)2], we have clarified two different origins of the unphysical noncovalent interaction energy curves obtained with the Minnesota density functionals of M11-L, MN12-L, and MN12-SX. For the M11-L functional, the unphysical inflection point on the (CH4)2 interaction energy curve originates from the inclusion of the long-range exchange. As to the MN12-L and MN12-SX functionals, the lack of smoothness restraints results in unphysical inflection points on the corresponding (CH4)2 interaction energy curves. As a result, exchange functionals are as important as dispersion corrections for density functionals to map noncovalent interaction energy surfaces reasonably. Moreover, very highly parameterized functionals with smoothness restraints are suggested for investigating noncovalent interaction energy surfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: In response to documented duodenoscope-related infectious outbreaks of multidrug-resistant organisms, the Food and Drug Administration has recommended a transition to duodenoscopes with innovative designs, including duodenoscopes with disposable components or fully disposable duodenoscopes. We aim to characterize the learning curve (LC) for a single-use disposable duodenoscope. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of a prospectively collected database from 31 patients who underwent ERCP by a single, experienced operator using the EXALT Model D® (Boston Scientific, Marlborough) disposable duodenoscope at a single tertiary referral center. The LC for this device was described by the number of cases needed to achieve proficiency using cumulative sum (CUSUM) analysis. Number of attempts to cannulate and time to cannulate the desired duct were assessed as separate endpoints. The overall mean number of attempts and overall mean time to cannulation were used as the target values in the respective CUSUM analyses. Proficiency was defined as the number of procedures where an inflection point was reached in the CUSUM graph. This observation indicates improving operator performance as shown by a decrease in the number of attempts and shortening of cannulation time after the defined number of procedures. Results: Overall, 31 patients underwent ERCP using the EXALT Model D disposable duodenoscope by a single experienced endoscopist. 6 (19%) patients had a native papilla and the majority of these procedures were classified as ASGE complexity level 2 or above. The procedure was completed using solely the disposable duodenoscope in 27 patients (87%), while a reusable duodenoscope was required for procedure completion in 4 patients (13%). The cross-overs were distributed evenly across the performance period. Procedure-related adverse events included: post-ERCP pancreatitis (3%), bleeding (3%) and no perforations. In the analyses of both endpoints, an inflection of the CUSUM curves is achieved at 10 cases, indicating sustained reduction of cannulation attempts and time to cannulation. Conclusion: Among experienced pancreaticobiliary endoscopists, approximately 10 ERCPs is the threshold whereby procedure-related factors including cannulation success and procedural time improves. Procedure-related adverse events are consistent with those expected with reusable duodenoscopes. The need to cross-over from single-use duodenoscope to reusable duodenoscope did not appear to be related to the learning curve, as they were evenly distributed across the study period. These results can be used to guide adoption of single-use duodenoscopes into clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses how a recent idiom of innovation governance, 'responsible innovation', is enacted in practice, how this shapes innovation processes, and what aspects of innovation are left untouched. Within this idiom, funders typically focus on one point in an innovation system: researchers in projects. However, the more transformational aspirations of responsible innovation are circumscribed by this context. Adopting a mode of critique that assembles, this article considers some alternative approaches to governing the shared trajectories of science, technology, and society. Using the idea of institutional invention to focus innovation governance on four inflection points—agendas, calls, spaces, evaluation—would allow funding organizations and researchers to look 'beyond the project', developing new methods to unpack and reflect on assumed purposes of science, technology, and innovation, and to potentially reconfigure the institutions that condition scientific practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IGBT parallel connections are an effective way to increase the capacity of power electronic converters. The junction temperature balance between IGBTs is one of the key factors in the safe and stable operation of parallel IGBTs system. Therefore, it is very important to study the influence of junction temperature on the power loss of parallel IGBTs system to improve their stability. However, existing research mainly focuses on the loss of a single IGBT or the optimal operating frequency range of parallel IGBTs. It does not involve research on the optimal operating duty cycle range (ODCR) of parallel IGBTs. When IGBT devices work in the positive temperature coefficient range, the on-state loss difference caused by the junction temperature difference and the switching loss difference have different temperature characteristics. Therefore, the concept of the inflection point duty cycle (IPDC) is proposed to evaluate the trend of the junction temperature mismatch between parallel IGBTs. In this paper, an inflection point duty cycle model (IPDCM) is established to analyze the influence of circuit design parameters, IGBT device parameters, and junction temperature differences on the ODCR of parallel IGBTs. Experimental results show that the IPDCM can provide a feasible reference for the reliability, circuit design parameters, and device selection of parallel power devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study of morphological overabundance focuses on the (non-)synonymy of parallel forms in Estonian illative case ('into') and the type of entrenchment behind it. We focus on the lexical level, testing whether the form preferred for a lexeme depends on semantic or morphophonological factors, or both. Using multifactorial regression analyses, we compare three corpus datasets: lexemes biased toward long forms, those biased toward short forms and lexemes with balanced form distribution. This is the first study to investigate realised overabundance in this way, and to include inflection class membership in the model, enabling us to test whether declension class subsumes the morphophonological factors found to affect form preference in previous studies. The analysis shows that cell token frequency and inflection class are significant predictors of form preference, while the lexical-semantic features included in the study do not affect formative choice, highlighting the role of cell entrenchment instead of formative entrenchment in guiding form use. In conclusion, the study highlights the important role of inflection class (morphophonology) in the general shaping of form usage patterns in parallel forms and the weak role of semantic factors on the lexical level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Turkish nominalizer -(y)Iş demonstrates a broad spectrum of functions ranging from a deverbal word-formation device that forms lexicalized nouns with concrete and abstract meanings to an inflectional marker used in nominal clauses, especially in clausal complementation. In some uses, the item conveys manner semantics. While the item itself has been variously investigated and forms an established part of any Turkish grammar description, there is still a lack of consensus on its functional and semantic properties. This article investigates the morphosyntactic functions and the semantic features of the nominalizer -(y)Iş in light of the claims in the linguistic literature on the one hand, which include manner, countable events, factive imperfective, single instance of an event, direct reference to the inner process of an action, etc., and of examples from primary sources on the other, and evaluates the findings from the perspective of grammaticalization. It will be argued that the range of functions of this item and the fact that it seems to resist any straightforward analysis result from its transition from a derivational marker to an inflectional marker with tasks including complementizer functions, a process in which manner semantics will be argued to play a role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aims of this study were to explore the correlations between thoracic kyphosis (TK) and lumbar lordosis (LL) parameters and to build corresponding linear regressions to predict TK morphology and the thoracolumbar inflection point (IP) determined by individual LL parameters in asymptomatic adults. Methods: A total of 280 adult healthy volunteers were recruited, and full-spine X-rays were performed for each subject in a standing posture. The following sagittal parameters were measured: cumulative TK, LL, proximal LL (PLL), the apices of TK (TKA) and LL (LLA), the IP and the distance from the plumb line of the thoracic apex (TAPL) and the lumbar apex (LAPL) to the gravity line. The correlations between TK and LL parameters were analyzed, and the corresponding linear regressions were conducted. Results: Extensive variations existed in TK alignment, including angular and morphological parameters. In addition, there were statistical correlations of all cumulative TK angles with LL (r values from − 0.173 to − 0.708) and PLL (r values from − 0.206 to − 0.803), TKA and IP with LLA (rs = 0.359 and 0.582, respectively) and TAPL with LAPL (rs = 0.335). The common predictive formulas employed in ASD surgery could include T10-L1 = − 3.6–0.2*LL (R2 = 0.201), T4-L1 = 3.4–0.5*LL (R2 = 0.457), TKA = − 10.3 + 1.1*LLA (R2 = 0.180) and IP = − 12.7 + 1.6*LLA (R2 = 0.330). Conclusion: There were intimate associations between TK and LL parameters in asymptomatic adults. Moreover, predictive models for thoracic alignment, particularly cumulative TK, based on LL parameters were proposed, which could better delineate anatomical relationships, guide thoracic construction during adult spinal deformity surgery and may help preventing proximal junctional failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the properties of water along the liquid/vapor coexistence line in the supercooled regime down to the no-man's land. Extensive molecular dynamics simulations of the TIP4P/2005 liquid/vapor interface in the range 198–348 K allow us to locate the second surface tension inflection point with a high accuracy at 283 ± 5 K, close to the temperature of maximum density. This temperature also coincides with the appearance of a density anomaly at the interface known as the apophysis. We relate the emergence of the apophysis to the observation of high-density liquid (HDL) water adsorption in the proximity of the liquid/vapor interface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Gévaudan varieties of Occitan (Gallo-Romance), exceptionless syncretism between preterite and imperfect subjunctive forms arises in the first and second person plural (e.g. faguessiám [faɡeˈsjɔn] 'do.pret/ipf.sbjv.1pl', faguessiatz [faɡeˈsjat] 'do.pret/ipf.sbjv.2pl'). Reconstructing the historical emergence of this syncretism pattern reveals that it is crucially dependent on multiple and diverse implicational relationships of form, inferred and productively exploited by speakers: in particular, inherited identity between preterite and imperfect subjunctive stems, and identity between imperfect indicative forms of èstre [ɛsˈtʀe] 'be' and preterite or imperfect subjunctive desinences. The observed developments support a view of inflectional analogies as informed by intricate paradigmatic and implicational structure of the type proposed within 'abstractive', word-based theories of inflection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"The Typological Diversity of Morphomes: A Cross-Linguistic Study of Unnatural Morphology" by Borja Herce is a significant study that addresses the controversial issues surrounding the existence and identification of morphomes. Herce adopts a positive definition of morphomes and establishes a cross-linguistic morphome database based on three main concepts: syncretism, systematicity, and (un)naturalness. The book explores the emergence, change, and disappearance of morphomes in diachrony, as well as their characteristics in synchrony. The study challenges the view that morphomes are independent from morphosyntactic features and values, and provides evidence that both forms and meanings play important roles in morphology. Overall, this book offers valuable insights into the typological diversity of morphomes and provides guidelines for linguistic typologists conducting quantitative analysis in typological studies. [Extracted from the article]

"A Grammar of Meskwaki" by Ives Goddard is a comprehensive and meticulously researched grammar of the Meskwaki (Fox) language, an Algonquian language spoken in Iowa. The book is based on over sixty years of work by the author and focuses on the earliest reliable records of the language. It covers topics such as phonology, inflectional morphology, derivational morphology, sentence structure, and discourse organization. While the grammar is mainly based on written sources, occasional notes on differences in casual speech are included. The book provides a valuable resource for scholars of Algonquian linguistics and offers insights into the historical richness of the Meskwaki language. [Extracted from the article]

Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is the 'gold standard' method for evaluating functional capacity, with oxygen pulse (O2Pulse) inflections serving as a potential indicator of myocardial ischaemia. However, the reliability and agreement of identifying these inflections have not been thoroughly investigated. This study aimed to assess the inter- and intra-observer reliability and agreement of a subjective quantification method for identifying O2Pulse inflections during CPET, and to propose a more robust and objective novel algorithm as an alternative methodology. A retrospective analysis was conducted using baseline data from the HIIT or MISS UK trial. The O2Pulse curves were visually inspected by two independent examiners, and compared against an objective algorithm. Fleiss' Kappa was used to determine the reliability of agreement between the three groups of observations. The results showed almost perfect agreement between the algorithm and both examiners, with a Fleiss' Kappa statistic of 0.89. The algorithm also demonstrated excellent inter-rater reliability (ICC) when compared to both examiners (0.92–0.98). However, a significant level (P ≤0.05) of systematic bias was observed in Bland-Altman analysis for comparisons involving the novice examiner. In conclusion, this study provides evidence for the reliability of both subjective and novel objective methods for identifying inflections in O2Pulse during CPET. These findings suggest that further research into the clinical significance of O2Pulse inflections is warranted, and that the adoption of a novel objective means of quantification may be preferable to ensure equality of outcome for patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laminar submerged free jet theory still falls short in the near-nozzle region and transition to Schlichting's self-similar jet. The author's recent solution, based on mass conservation, is found lacking beyond the near-nozzle jet-core region. Instead, it is here constrained to conserve momentum, resulting in a locally linearized convection-diffusion equation, valid over jet width and up to self-similarity, when compared to simulations. This new solution leads to profile-specific values of virtual-origin correction to Schlichting's solution. Additionally, extensive jet characteristics are examined: (1) curvature core, (2) radial inflection location, (3) radial velocity, (4) vorticity field, (5) issuing mass, and (6) jet width. All are well predicted, and new insights are gained for a variety of issuing profiles: from uniform, through a non-monotonous profile and up to fully developed. The issuing mass of all non-uniform profiles undergoes an initial contraction proportional to the profile's level of development. Interestingly, the submerged jet contracts identically to the free-surface jet in the very near-nozzle region, before significant influence of their differing boundary conditions. Moreover, unless the issuing profile contains a radial inflection point, the inflection always occurs in the entrained fluid, just beyond the bounds of the issuing mass. It also follows an initial contraction and only later a widening toward the self-similar trend. Despite this contraction, the entrained fluid causes monotonous total jet-widening, at a rate inversely proportional to the level of development. Finally, this new solution correctly captures additional jet features, such as the local radial velocity and decay of the primary vorticity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some verbs in Romance (e.g. the reflexes of faciō 'do', dīcō 'say', habeō 'have', sapiō 'know', possum 'be able', and volō 'want') display alternations between a short (e.g. It. f‐are, f‐a, d‐ire) and a long (e.g. It. fac‐evo, dic‐e, dic‐evo) stem. This paper contains an exploration of the lexical and paradigmatic distribution of these stem alternations across Romance varieties to trace when they emerged, how and why. The results suggest a comparatively early emergence as a result of the interaction between preexisting morphological predictability relations within the paradigm and an evolutionary preference for shorter forms in high‐frequency word forms and lexemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding and quantifying the flow process at fracture intersections is critical for the accurate modeling of field-scale discrete fracture networks (DFNs) but remains challenging. Particularly, the geometric features of the inflection points inside the intersection are usually ignored, limiting insight into the flow behavior at the intersection. To fill this knowledge gap, the effect of the inflection curvature at intersections was investigated based on direct numerical simulations by solving Navier-Stokes equations. The inflection points at the intersection were classified as α and β, corresponding to the radii of curvature Rα and Rβ, respectively. The effect of Rα, Rβ on flow redistribution and head loss was systematically analyzed and the sensitivity to flow nonlinearity was determined by the Morris method. The results demonstrated that the inflection curvature of the intersection has a significant effect on head loss but a negligible effect on flow redistribution. With the increase of curvature radius, the flow nonlinearity caused by inflection β enhances and that caused by α diminishes. Nonlinear flow is more sensitive to variations in Rβ than Rα. The effect of intersection geometry diminishes with the decrease of hydraulic gradient or the increase of distance from the intersection. Further, the critical distance of the intersection's interference range was assessed by considering different indicators. The results can provide a reference for parameter selection and calculation simplification in DFN modeling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We argue that information from countries who had earlier COVID-19 surges can be used to inform another country's current model, then generating what we call back-to-the-future (BTF) projections. We show that these projections can be used to accurately predict future COVID-19 surges prior to an inflection point of the daily infection curve. We show, across 12 different countries from all populated continents around the world, that our method can often predict future surges in scenarios where the traditional approaches would always predict no future surges. However, as expected, BTF projections cannot accurately predict a surge due to the emergence of a new variant. To generate BTF projections, we make use of a matching scheme for asynchronous time series combined with a response coaching SIR model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the relationships between lexical development and inhibition, as well as morphosyntax and inhibition, in typically developing monolingual Spanish-speaking children. Recent studies of the relationship between lexical development and inhibition suggest that, as the size of the lexicon increases, so does inhibitory ability. However, the relationship between grammar and inhibition seems more controversial. The work distinguishing the relationships between inhibition and lexicon vs. grammar have been carried out in English, which has relatively impoverished inflectional morphology. Because the relationships considered in the literature are hypothetically not language-particular to English, but rather claims about cognition in general, we would expect to find that they also hold in other languages, including languages with richer morphology, such as Spanish. These considerations led us to ask the following: are expressive and receptive measures of the lexicon and morphosyntax predictive of typically developing monolingual child Spanish-speakers' inhibitory ability? A sample of 82 monolingual, typically developing Spanish-speaking children in Mexico City were tested with 5 lexical measures, 4 morphosyntax measures, and the Flanker Task measure of inhibition. Results showed that all lexical and morphosyntactic variables correlated significantly with Flanker (p < 0.01), except for Number of Different Words (NDW), calculated on the spontaneous production sample. Therefore, inhibition is predicted by lexical development in child Spanish. Additionally, an ever-increasing set of competitor morphological forms requires an ever-increasing inhibitory ability as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cross-correlation function (CCF) of seismic noise recorded at two stations often exhibits a prominent burst of energy near zero time. However, the excitation mechanism of such unexpected signals remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that this phenomenon arises from constructive interference of body waves radiating from sources near the mid-vertical plane between two receivers. This interference is driven by the occurrence of an inflection point effect in the traveltime difference between waves reaching the two receivers. When noise source distribution is asymmetric, the cumulative effect of such sources results in the generation of zero-time waves. It is noteworthy that a noise source distribution that is either uniform or follows a cos ϕ pattern, with ϕ denoting the azimuth from the centre of the receiver pair, can counteract the formation of these waves. Additionally, our investigation reveals that this constructive interference does not occur in the correlation of 2-D surface waves. We used numerical simulation to support our findings. In conclusion, this study offers a theoretical explanation for the emergence of zero-time waves on the CCF and provides efficient means of investigating the extraction of inter-receiver waves with uneven noise source distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article revisits the distinction between inflectional and derivational patterns in general grammar and discusses the possibility that this well-known distinction is not rooted in the reality of languages, but in the Western tradition of describing languages, through dictionaries (for words, including derived lexemes) and through grammar books (where we often find tables of exemplary paradigms). This tradition has led to rather different terminological treatments of the two kinds of patterns, but from the perspective of a constructional view of morphology, there is no need to incorporate such differences into formal grammatical descriptions. For practical purposes, we need clear and simple definitions of entrenched terms of general linguistics, so the article proposes semantically based (retro-) definitions of inflection, derivation and lexeme that cover the bulk of the existing usage. Finally, I briefly explain why we need sharp definitions of comparative concepts, and why prototype-based and fuzzy definitions of traditional terms are not helpful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the basis of original data from Moksha Mordvin (Finno‐Ugric), I argue that some languages have nominal concord even though modifiers of the noun generally do not show inflection. Evidence for the presence of concord comes from nominal ellipsis, under which inflection is phonologically realized and restricted in the same way as regular nominal concord. To account for the distribution of concord exponents, I develop a model that allows features to be present in syntax but avoid realization. In particular, I propose that (i) Spellout applies to a node as soon as its Merge and Agree features are satisfied and (ii) Agree features are by default illegible at PF and need to undergo an operation called Probe Conversion in order to become accessible to PF processes. The distribution of features then follows from the relative timing of Spellout and Probe Conversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Byte-pair encoding (BPE) is widely used in NLP for performing subword tokenization. It uncovers redundant patterns for compressing the data, and hence alleviates the sparsity problem in downstream applications. Subwords discovered during the first merge operations tend to have the most substantial impact on the compression of texts. However, the structural underpinnings of this effect have not been analyzed cross-linguistically. We conduct in-depth analyses across 47 typologically diverse languages and three parallel corpora, and thereby show that the types of recurrent patterns that have the strongest impact on compression are an indicator of morphological typology. For languages with richer inflectional morphology there is a preference for highly productive subwords on the early merges, while for languages with less inflectional morphology, idiosyncratic subwords are more prominent. Both types of patterns contribute to efficient compression. Counter to the common perception that BPE subwords are not linguistically relevant, we find patterns across languages that resemble those described in traditional typology. We thus propose a novel way to characterize languages according to their BPE subword properties, inspired by the notion of morphological productivity in linguistics. This allows us to have language vectors that encode typological knowledge induced from raw text. Our approach is easily applicable to a wider range of languages and texts, as it does not require annotated data or any external linguistic knowledge. We discuss its potential contributions to quantitative typology and multilingual NLP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, prompted by Robert Cooper's reading of Elias Canetti's 'the sting', we attempt our own reading through Martin Heidegger's notion of the uncanny. We consider how the sting, as a cyclical process of command and its inevitable reversal, permeates attempts to enforce strategic direction in any organizational setting. We then consider how, at the topological moment of inflection when commands from the old order invert and become the commands of the commandeered, there is an equalising experience of organizational uncanniness in which strategy is no longer the struggle to define a distinct, coherent, well-ordered organizational form, but the struggle to question it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Language contact is pervasive in the history of all Eskaleut languages of the Pacific Rim, and the languages show contact effect regardless of typological similarity or degree of relatedness. Moreover, the degree of contact has allowed for the borrowing of features that are generally thought of as relatively impervious to borrowing, including verb inflection. In particular, Sirenikski has been in close contact with the closely related language Central Siberian Yupik, and contact effects on the phonology, prosodic system and lexicon have been well described, however, the verbal inflectional morphology has largely been assumed to be cognate. In this article, I present evidence that some elements of the inflectional paradigm have been borrowed from Central Siberian Yupik. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article takes issue with type-based automatic lemmatisation of the Old English class I strong verbs L-Y. To reach this goal, the article discusses the design of a Morphological Generation interface implemented with the rules of Old English strong verb inflection as well as with the most frequent variant spellings. The forms provided by the interface are automatically checked against the two most representative corpora of Old English, the Dictionary of Old English Corpus and the The York-Toronto-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Old English Prose, and validated results are assigned the corresponding lemma. The results prove that almost 99% of the validated forms can successfully be assigned lemma. The remaining 1% correspond to formally ambiguous inflectional forms, where lemma assignment is in dispute between two candidates. The conclusion is reached that disambiguation is only possible on the basis of contextualised token-based analysis. The article confirms that type-based lemmatisation of Old English strong verbs can be largely automatised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Morphological knowledge is known to be positively associated with reading ability. However, whether morphological knowledge affects children's learning of new orthographic representations is less clear. This study aimed to investigate morphological effects on orthographic learning in English, and whether this effect, if any, is different for monolingual compared to Chinese-English-speaking bilingual children, who often have difficulty acquiring English inflectional morphology. 59 Year 2 children, including 29 English-speaking monolinguals and 30 Chinese-English-speaking bilinguals participated. We assessed children's preexisting English inflectional morphological knowledge. The children learned twelve novel words that were either presented with morphological variation (e.g., vack, vacks, vacking, vacked) or pure repetition (e.g., vack x 4). Orthographic learning was measured by orthographic choice and spelling tasks. 1) orthographic learning from the spelling task showed better performance in the repetition condition, 2) there were no differences in orthographic learning between the monolinguals and bilinguals, despite the fact that the monolinguals had better inflectional morphological knowledge than the bilinguals. Children learned novel written words better when they are presented without morphological variation, supporting the item-based feature of the self-teaching hypothesis. Chinese-English-speaking bilinguals' weaker English morphological knowledge does not seem to hinder their orthographic learning ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is a review of the book "A Reference Grammar of Longchuan Achang" by Shi Jian. The book provides a comprehensive analysis of the phonology, word classes, morphosyntax, and discourse structure of the Husa dialect of Achang spoken in Longchuan county, Yunnan province, China. It is noted that this work is an improvement over a previous grammatical sketch of Achang by Dai Qingxia. The book covers various aspects of Achang language, including phonology, word formation, syntax, and provides natural data collected from fieldwork. Overall, the book is considered a valuable resource for the study of Achang and related languages in the Tibeto-Burman branch. [Extracted from the article]

This study utilizes the axodes invariants to derive novel hyperbolic proofs of the Euler–Savary and Disteli formulae. The inflection circle, which is widely recognized, is situated on the hyperbolic dual unit sphere, in accordance with the principles of the kinematic theory of spherical locomotions. Subsequently, a timelike line congruence is defined and its spatial equivalence is thoroughly studied. The formulated assertions degenerate into a quadratic form, which facilitates a comprehensive understanding of the geometric features of the inflection line congruence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This profile of the Pahoturi River language family of southern Papua New Guinea draws from extensive fieldwork on Idi [ISO 639-3: idi] and Ende [kit] – two of six varieties comprising this family – and brief surveying of the other four, which we illustrate in print for the first time. We present the first typological treatment of Pahoturi River in pursuit of shining more light on this understudied corner of the linguistic landscape. This profile is organized into two parts: first, we present sections on the basic structures and systems of Pahoturi River, illustrated with examples from across the family and supplemented with descriptions of Idi and Ende as relevant. From our preliminary data on the four other varieties, we gather that they are similar to Idi and Ende in many respects, but more investigation is warranted. Second, we provide an in-depth treatment of the verbal complex of Idi and Ende. We highlight two intriguing aspects of these complex systems – analytic constructions and ditransitive indexing – that distinguish the Pahoturi River family and the linguistic region of southern New Guinea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study delves into the application of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) in evaluating spinal sagittal alignment, introducing the innovative concept of incidence angles of inflection points (IAIPs) as intuitive parameters to capture the interplay between pelvic and spinal alignment. Pioneering the fusion of IAIPs with machine learning for sagittal alignment analysis, this research scrutinized whole-spine lateral radiographs from hundreds of patients who visited a single institution, utilizing high-quality images for parameter assessments. Noteworthy findings revealed robust success rates for certain parameters, including pelvic and C2 incidence angles, but comparatively lower rates for sacral slope and L1 incidence. The proposed CNN-based machine learning method demonstrated remarkable efficiency, achieving an impressive 80 percent detection rate for various spinal angles, such as lumbar lordosis and thoracic kyphosis, with a precise error threshold of 3.5°. Further bolstering the study's credibility, measurements derived from the novel formula closely aligned with those directly extracted from the CNN model. In conclusion, this research underscores the utility of the CNN-based deep learning algorithm in delivering precise measurements of spinal sagittal parameters, and highlights the potential for integrating machine learning with the IAIP concept for comprehensive data accumulation in the domain of sagittal spinal alignment analysis, thus advancing our understanding of spinal health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New proofs of the classical Fejer inequality and discrete Hermite-Hadamard inequality (HH) are presented and several applications are given, including (HH)-type inequalities for the functions, whose derivatives have inflection points. Morever, some estimates from below and above for the first moments of functions f: [a, b] R about the midpoint c = (a+b)/2 are obtained and the reverse Hardy inequality for convex functions f: (0,8) (0,8) is established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transparency of online reviews of drug treatment in patients with diabetes supports the use of text analytics to investigate review helpfulness based on the dual-process theory and design science approach. The first purpose of our study is to explore the influences of informational elements (emotions with the degrees of different arousal, review length) and normative elements (perceived effectiveness and ease of use, and patient satisfaction) in online drug treatment reviews on review helpfulness. We also examine the moderate role of review length on the relationship between patient satisfaction and review helpfulness. The second purpose is to explore the influences of the review topics on review helpfulness. Our study reveals four essential findings. First, not all emotions significantly influence review helpfulness, and only low-arousal emotions have a significant positive influence on review helpfulness. Second, an inverted U-shaped relationship between review length and review helpfulness and a U-shaped relationship between patient satisfaction and review helpfulness are confirmed. Third, review length has a moderate influence on the inverted U-shaped relationship between patient satisfaction and review helpfulness. Finally, the review topics related to blood sugar, family medical history, dosing time and injection significantly influence review helpfulness. These findings may serve as a stepping stone for future research on review helpfulness in the healthcare context, offering guidance for patients with diabetes, design implications for platform providers, and drug improvement suggestions for pharmaceutical companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider two asymmetries reported in the literature on word prosodic systems: the tendency to allow more prosodic contrast in nouns than in verbs and the tendency to avoid stress on functional material. We focus on the interaction between these two tendencies and propose a formal mechanism to handle this interaction couched in Optimality Theory. In a case study on a group of standard Serbo-Croatian varieties that have predictable stress in verbs but contrastive stress in nouns, we develop an analysis of predictable and morphologically conditioned stress assignment. Our analysis features a family of constraints militating against stress on non-lexical material on three different levels: stress on inflection proper (*Infl-Stress-1), stress on non-lexical material in the locality domain of inflection (*Infl-Stress-2), and stress on non-lexical material altogether (*Infl-Stress-3). Analyzing a class of prosodically exceptional denominal and borrowed verbs, we show that lexical-category effects exist between and within categories: denominal verbs allow exceptional preservation of nominal stress, which leads to additional prosodic contrast in this class of verbs. Finally, we explore the option of subsuming exceptionally contrast-preserving borrowed verbs under denominal verbs, offering arguments in favor of the hotly debated view from the literature that verbs are universally borrowed as denominal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficiency of the rapidly exploring random tree (RRT) falls short when efficiently guiding targets through constricted-passage environments, presenting issues such as sluggish convergence speed and elevated path costs. To overcome these algorithmic limitations, we propose a narrow-channel path-finding algorithm (named NCB-RRT) based on Bi-RRT with the addition of our proposed research failure rate threshold (RFRT) concept. Firstly, a three-stage search strategy is employed to generate sampling points guided by real-time sampling failure rates. By means of the balance strategy, two randomly growing trees are established to perform searching, which improves the success rate of the algorithm in narrow channel environments, accelerating the convergence speed and reducing the number of iterations required. Secondly, the parent node re-selection and path pruning strategy are integrated. This shortens the path length and greatly reduces the number of redundant nodes and inflection points. Finally, the path is optimized by utilizing segmented quadratic Bezier curves to achieve a smooth trajectory. This research shows that the NCB-RRT algorithm is better able to adapt to the complex narrow channel environment, and the performance is also greatly improved in terms of the path length and the number of inflection points. Compared with the RRT, RRT* and Bi-RRT algorithms, the success rate is increased by 2400%, 1900% and 11.11%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As children gradually master grammatical rules, they often go through a period of producing form‐meaning associations that were not observed in the input. For example, 2‐ to 3‐year‐old English‐learning children use the bare form of verbs in settings that require obligatory past tense meaning while already starting to produce the grammatical –ed inflection. While many studies have focused on overgeneralization errors, fewer studies have attempted to explain the root of this earlier stage of rule acquisition. In this work, we use computational modeling to replicate children's production behavior prior to the generalization of past tense production in English. We illustrate how seemingly erroneous productions emerge in a model, without being licensed in the grammar and despite the model aiming at conforming to grammatical forms. Our results show that bare form productions stem from a tension between two factors: (1) trying to produce a less frequent meaning (the past tense) and (2) being unable to restrict the production of frequent forms (the bare form) as learning progresses. Like children, our model goes through a stage of bare form production and then converges on adult‐like production of the regular past tense, showing that these different stages can be accounted for through a single learning mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we predict the maximum amplitude (using the 13-month smoothed Solar Influences Data Analysis Center (SILSO) Sunspot Number, version 2) of Solar Cycle 25 using as a predictor the slope of the inflection point during the ascending part of the cycle. After a description of the data and methodology employed in this work, we obtain a value of 131 ± 32 for the maximum amplitude of Solar Cycle 25. Finally, we discuss this result in the context of the current debate on the prediction of solar activity and compare it with other predictions of Solar Cycle 25 obtained by other methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Of the criteria used in the delimitation of the noun gender, the most effective in teaching Romanian as a non-maternal language is that of the desinences. The present study aims to investigate the category of gender in the field of Romanian as a non-native language, exploiting some grammatical theories in order to facilitate the recognition of the noun by non-native speakers. In my teaching practice, during the lesson on the gender of nouns, foreign students most often asked me for a pattern, a pattern in which to place the noun in order to inflect it. Reviewing several approaches, we stopped on how Paula Diaconescu’s structural classification into types and classes of inflection can be applied in teaching Romanian as a non-native language. The presence of the graphic scheme as a “drawing from the carpet” in the stages of noun teaching dynamizes the integration of inventories into the speaker’s linguistic competence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the complex numbers, Plücker's formula computes the number of inflection points of a linear series of fixed degree and projective dimension on an algebraic curve of fixed genus. Here, we explore the geometric meaning of a natural analog of Plücker's formula and its constituent local indices in A1$\mathbb {A}^1$‐homotopy theory for certain linear series on hyperelliptic curves defined over an arbitrary field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To make unmanned surface vehicles that are better applied to the field of environmental monitoring in inland rivers, reservoirs, or coasts, we propose a global path-planning algorithm based on the improved A-star algorithm. The path search is carried out using the raster method for environment modeling and the 8-neighborhood search method: a bidirectional search strategy and an evaluation function improvement method are used to reduce the total number of traversing nodes; the planned path is smoothed to remove the inflection points and solve the path folding problem. The simulation results reveal that the improved A-star algorithm is more efficient in path planning, with fewer inflection points and traversing nodes, and the smoothed paths are more to meet the actual navigation demands of unmanned surface vehicles than the conventional A-star algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This article aimed to present the salient features of the in-house developed Java program for the determination of inflection point and dosimetric parameters of flattening filter-free (FFF) photon beam. Reference levels for the dosimetric parameters of the FFF photon beams were also presented. Materials and Methods: Beam profiles of 6 MV FFF and 10 MV FFF photon beams for a collimator setting of 20 cm × 20 cm measured at 10 cm depth in an isocentric setup acquired from various institutions were analyzed using an in-house developed Java program and manual method. The values of reference dose value (RDV), field size, penumbra, and degree of un-flatness (defined as the lateral separation between 90% [X90%], 75% [X75%], and 60% [X60%] dose points on the profile) were calculated and compared. The reference values of field size, penumbra, and degree of un-flatness were also determined for Varian and Elekta medical electron linear accelerators (LINACs). Results: The maximum differences for RDV determined using the Java method and manual method are 2.4% and 2.7% for 6 and 10 MV FFF photon beams, respectively. The maximum difference between the values of field size, penumbra, and degree of un-flatness determined using Java and manual methods is within 1.3 mm. The reference values of field size and penumbra for Varian LINACs are 19.94 ± 0.10 cm and 0.83 ± 0.08 cm (6 MV FFF) and 19.95 ± 0.10 cm and 0.83 ± 0.08 cm (10 MV FFF). Similarly, the reference values of field size and penumbra for Elekta LINACs are 20.02 ± 0.09 cm and 0.94 ± 0.12 cm (6 MV FFF) and 20.03 ± 0.11 cm and 0.97 ± 0.16 cm (10 MV FFF). Conclusions: A software program was developed in Java for analyzing the beam profiles of FFF photon beams. The results of Java-derived values of dosimetric parameters of FFF photon beams were found in good agreement with the values determined using the manual method. The reference values of these parameters were also derived and quoted using a large cohort of the data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The empirical mode decomposition (EMD) algorithm is widely used as an adaptive time-frequency analysis method to decompose nonlinear and non-stationary signals into sets of intrinsic mode functions (IMFs). In the traditional EMD, the lower and upper envelopes should interpolate the minimum and maximum points of the signal, respectively. In this paper, an improved EMD method is proposed based on the new interpolation points, which are special inflection points (SIPn) of the signal. These points are identified in the signal and its first (n - 1) derivatives and are considered as auxiliary interpolation points in addition to the extrema. Therefore, the upper and lower envelopes should not only pass through the extrema but also these SIPn sets of points. By adding each set of SIPi (i = 1; 2; :::;n) to the interpolation points, the frequency resolution of EMD is improved to a certain extent. The effectiveness of the proposed SIPn-EMD is validated by the decomposition of synthetic and experimental bearing vibration signals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India-Pakistan relations are at an inflection point with India's dramatic revocation of Kashmir's autonomy and its desired objective to transform the nature of the Kashmir conflict from a "bilateral" (involving Pakistan) to a "unilateral" status (excluding Pakistan). Pakistan, on the other hand, has embarked on a diplomatic offensive making the case against India's majoritarian politics in Kashmir as detrimental not only to the Kashmiris but also to the strategic stability between the two rivals. This article reasons that India's and Pakistan's dominant zero-sum strategies—premised on winning while ensuring the other's loss—are least likely to come to fruition. Given the present nature of ties, the way forward is for the two states to engage in a minimalist framework where mutual interests, as opposed to dominant positions, are put forth as a basis for engagement. Second, engagement more than agreement should be the short- to medium-term goal. Finally, any talk during this time on freezing the Kashmir conflict is least likely to bring any long-term dividends for peace and stability between the two regional adversaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article gives an overview of the acquisition of the person category, i.e. both personal pronouns and verbs occurring with them, in Estonian on the basis of spontaneous speech data (20 hours in total) of an Estonian child (age 1;4-3;0). The main goal of the study is to examine how first-person constructions differ from secondand third-person constructions concerning the semantics of a verb. All verbs in 1SG and 2SG are divided into semantic classes (actions, states, desires/wishes, beliefs, knowledge, emotions, sensory perception) using the division based partly on Wellmann's and Liu's (2004. Scaling of theory-of-mind tasks. Child Development 75(2). 523-541) scale of complexity of mental states. Third person constructions form the biggest part in the child's speech, the amount of first person constructions is smaller in some extent and second person constructions were used with lesser frequency. The child acquires different verbs in different person constructions: first the child starts to talk about his own desires and actions, the verbs for knowing and emotions emerge late. In the second person constructions, the child first uses verbs denoting cognitive processes, then emerge verbs for actions. The order of acquisition of verbs in secondperson constructions largely coincides with the scale of increasing complexity of mental states provided by Wellmann and Liu (2004). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dynamic reconfiguration, the monitoring of power production, and the fault diagnosis of photovoltaic arrays, among other applications, require fast and accurate models of photovoltaic arrays. In the literature, some models use the Lambert-W function to represent each module of the array, which increases the calculation time. Other models that use implicit equations to avoid the Lambert-W function do not use the inflection voltages to simplify the system of nonlinear equations that represent the array, increasing the computational burden. Therefore, this paper proposes mathematical models for series-parallel (SP) and total-cross-tied (TCT) photovoltaic arrays based on the implicit equations of the single-diode model and the inflection points of the current–voltage curves. These models decrease the calculation time by reducing the complexity of the nonlinear equation systems that represent each string of SP arrays and the whole TCT. Consequently, the calculation process that solves the model speeds up in comparison with processes that solve traditional explicit models based on the Lambert-W function. The results of several simulation scenarios using the proposed SP model with different array sizes show a reduction in the computation time by 82.97 % in contrast with the traditional solution. Additionally, when the proposed TCT model for arrays larger than 2 × 2 is used, the reduction in the computation time is between 47.71 % and 92.28 % . In dynamic reconfiguration, the results demonstrate that the proposed SP model provides the same optimal configuration but 7 times faster than traditional solutions, and the TCT model is solved at least 4 times faster than classical solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children with developmental language disorder (DLD) regularly use the bare form of verbs (e.g., dance) instead of inflected forms (e.g., danced). We propose an account of this behavior in which processing difficulties of children with DLD disproportionally affect processing novel inflected verbs in their input. Limited experience with inflection in novel contexts leads the inflection to face stronger competition from alternatives. Competition is resolved through a compensatory behavior that involves producing a more accessible alternative: in English, the bare form. We formalize this hypothesis within a probabilistic model that trades off context‐dependent versus independent processing. Results show an over‐reliance on preceding stem contexts when retrieving the inflection in a model that has difficulty with processing novel inflected forms. We further show that following the introduction of a bias to store and retrieve forms with preceding contexts, generalization in the typically developing (TD) models remains more or less stable, while the same bias in the DLD models exaggerates difficulties with generalization. Together, the results suggest that inconsistent use of inflectional morphemes by children with DLD could stem from inferences they make on the basis of data containing fewer novel inflected forms. Our account extends these findings to suggest that problems with detecting a form in novel contexts combined with a bias to rely on familiar contexts when retrieving a form could explain sequential planning difficulties in children with DLD. Research Highlights: Generalization difficulties with inflectional morphemes in children with Developmental Language Disorder arise from these children's limited experience with novel inflected forms.Limited experience with a form in novel contexts could lead to a storage bias where retrieving a form often requires relying on familiar preceding stems.While generalization in typically developing models remains stable across a range of model parameters, certain parameter values in the impaired models exaggerate difficulties with generalization.Children with DLD compensate for these retrieval difficulties through accessibility‐driven language production: they produce the most accessible form among the alternatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An improved Dijkstra algorithm based on adaptive resolution grid (ARG) is proposed to assist manual transmission line planning, shorten the construction period and achieve lower cost and higher efficiency of line selection. Firstly, the semantic segmentation network is used to change the remote sensing image into a ground object-identification image and the grayscale image of the ground object-identification image is rasterized. The ARG map model is introduced to greatly reduce the number of redundant grids, which can effectively reduce the time required to traverse the grids. Then, the Dijkstra algorithm is combined with the ARG and the neighborhood structure of the grid is a multi-center neighborhood. An improved method of bidirectional search mechanism based on ARG and inflection point-correction is adopted to greatly increase the running speed. The inflection point-correction reduces the number of inflection points and reduces the cost. Finally, according to the results of the search, the lowest-cost transmission line is determined. The experimental results show that this method aids manual planning by providing a route for reference, improving planning efficiency while shortening the duration, and reducing the time spent on algorithm debugging. Compared with the comparison algorithm, this method is faster in running speed and better in cost saving and has a broader application prospect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper designs a modified weighted essentially non-oscillatory (WENO) scheme for solving hyperbolic conservation laws. Using the switching principle based on inflection points, the new scheme automatically adapts between linear upwind and WENO schemes. If there is at least one inflection point in the largest stencil available for reconstruction, a symmetrical WENO (SWENO) scheme is considered for the reconstruction of the numerical flux; otherwise the numerical flux is directly approximated by the reconstruction polynomial. By comparing the new scheme introduced in this paper with the classical WENO scheme and another improved scheme that has been proposed recently D. Chai, G. Xi, Z. Sun, Z. Wangand Z. Huang,Comput. Fluids, vol. 170, pp. 176–186, 2018), we can point out the robustness and better efficiency of this scheme. To examine and explain the features of the new scheme, a number of examples such as Euler equations have been considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been a raft of news reports regarding layoffs at major tech companies. Stock prices of these companies had, over the last decade, grown rapidly on the basis of revenue growth, with little regard to profitability and efficiencies. For example, many profited from the COVID-19 lockdowns and remote working but as the pandemic waned, they experienced an unanticipated revenue slowdown, especially in their Cloud divisions. Apparently, they were late in forecasting this slowdown. This column introduces JBF readers to the 'Pot-of-Water' forecasting and planning model that the tech companies might have used to forecast critical 'inflection points' sooner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experiment was conducted to estimate growth parameters for commercial broiler chickens in Indonesia. The data was collected from July 2021 to June 2022. A total of 1,570 samples consisting of four strains of broiler chickens were collected from 74 houses. The samples were daily weighed from 0 to 7 days of age, and they were weekly weighed from 1 to 5 weeks of age. A nonlinear Gompertz growth model was fitted to the observed body weights (BW). The results for five growth parameters were as follows: the asymptotic value (A) of the mature live weight ranged from 3.733 to 5.044 kg; the turning point of growth (B) ranged from 4.499 to 4.561; the value growth rate constant (K) ranged from 0.049 to 0.059 kg/week; Inflection points in ranged from 25.292 - 30.970 days, and 1.373 - 1.855 kg for inflection age (IA) and inflection weight (IW), respectively. The model was an excellent fit for the growth data in the commercial broiler with a low Akaike information criterion (AIC), and high coefficient determination (R²). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]