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This research examines the impact of educational attainment on psychological traits such as self-efficacy, introversion, and agreeableness. The primary goal of this study is to see whether there are significant variations in these traits according to the educational level of the participants and to identify relationships between educational level and psychological traits. A number of hypotheses were formulated, anticipating that self-efficacy would be higher in participants with higher levels of education, while introversion would be lower. Agreeableness was also hypothesized to be influenced by level of education, with higher means in those with higher levels of education. To test these hypotheses, a questionnaire was completed by a sample of 238 respondents, who were grouped according to their level of education. Data analysis revealed significant differences between education groups on self-efficacy, introversion, and agreeableness. The findings were explored in light of current ideas, with a focus on their theoretical and practical consequences. Finally, the study underlines the role of education in forming personality characteristics and the necessity for more research in this area. The study's limitations were also acknowledged, and future research objectives were offered to help us better grasp this complicated link. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biopsychosocial model has revolutionised the way need is considered in educational psychology. However, not all facets have received equal attention, with personality factors often being overlooked. This has implications for understanding the individual and how best to support them in education. This exploratory study investigated whether introversion, as an individual personality factor, is being taken into account in educational settings. The views and experiences of 11 students from five secondary schools in the UK who self-identified as having introverted personality styles (IPS) were explored, using semi-structured interviews and a personal construct psychology activity. Thematic analysis suggested that the educational environment was not considered to be optimally suited to the needs of students with introverted personalities. Participants reported feeling overlooked, and indicated that their personality created additional difficulties for them in navigating the school environment. Supportive relationships and awareness/acceptance of introversion were highlighted as key protective factors. The findings suggest professionals working in education need to consider a more holistic picture of students' personality styles within their wider environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

D. H. Lawrence is not usually viewed as a writer who was much concerned with, or sympathetic to, shyness. But shyness is structurally crucial to his exploration of emotion. His work echoes then-contemporary models for understanding shyness—from William James's "tender-mindedness" to Jung's "introversion," to the physiologist Angelo Mosso's idea of the "inner blush." Lawrence, suggesting the cognitive richness implicit in shyness, emphasizes the insights it offers into emotion, selfhood, and embodiment, even while he indicates that it might be too painful a state to be borne indefinitely. Although his own personal shyness became a quality that he had to discard as a writer, his work captures what it is to be at once invested in shyness and attempting to move beyond it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Method Results Conclusions This study investigated whether forms of extraversion‐introversion produced different depression‐related outcomes before and during the COVID‐19 pandemic.One‐way MANCOVAs were conducted to investigate the relationship between extraversion‐introversion and depressive symptoms. These data were sourced from the NLSY97, consisting of 4846 individuals born between 1980 and 1984.During pre‐pandemic periods, high introversion increased the risk of depressive symptoms. During the pandemic, the risk for depressive symptoms was more equivalent, or less predominately high‐introvert‐based, among extraverted/low introverted and high introverted subjects.Extraversion/low introversion was linked with increased depression, relative to high introversion, during the pandemic. The findings raise significant questions about how individuals with distinct personality traits may experience changes in their psychological well‐being during challenging public health events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The 2020 Coronavirus pandemic forced universities to hastily transition to eLearning on a mass scale, necessitating the identification of populations who are more challenged by the transition. This study aims to identify how students' level of introversion/extraversion and digital literacy come to play in their satisfaction with the eLearning environment. Design/methodology/approach: The analysis examined 272 Israeli students who moved from a face-to-face learning environment to a Zoom learning environment between March–July 2020, following the outbreak of the pandemic. All the participants completed two rounds of surveys, and 62 of the 272 participants were then interviewed, and their social network was mapped using a sociogram. Findings: Findings indicated that, in accordance with the "poor get richer" hypothesis, introverts expressed more satisfaction from the transition to the video-conferencing Zoom platform than extraverts. In addition, for highly introverted people, high digital literacy was significantly associated with increased course satisfaction, whereas for highly extraverted people, a high number of social ties with peers from the course was associated with course satisfaction. Originality/value: As expected, the study's findings shows that there is no "one size fits all" approach for online learning. Learners with different personalities can benefit from learning environments that foster greater satisfaction with the learning experience. Online platforms can, and should, be designed in a way that offers this needed personalization, and this study provides initial principles that can inform such personalization. Peer review: The peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/OIR-01-2023-0028 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Millennials of the 21st century tend to have an active daily life and practice more sports, spending more on health and fitness. Therefore, the present paper seeks to investigate the propensity of Millennials to recommend their preferred fitness center, depending on their psychological condition (i.e., introversion versus extraversion), which may lead to their tendency to practice and to their involvement and satisfaction with the fitness center. The authors deduce a conceptual model from the literature, which is further analyzed with data collected through an empirical investigation based on a face-to-face administered questionnaire. Data gathered from 2138 Millennials are investigated with the help of structural equation modeling using SmartPLS. The results show that a positive image of a fitness center stimulates the satisfaction of extravert and introvert consumers. Millennials have different personality types, such as extraversion and introversion, that influence their propensity to practice fitness and to recommend their favorite fitness center. It can be concluded that not only extraversion but also introversion influence consumers' satisfaction, positively impacting the consumer's intention to recommend their favorite fitness center to peers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined whether high self‐deceivers form their overly positive perception of their traits through overestimating their performance of self‐presentation where they need to impress others as being extraverted/introverted, exhibiting more internalization of self‐presentation (IOSP) of the trait. Participants were instructed to give either an extraverted or introverted impression through an oral (Study 1, N = 39) or written (Study 2, N = 62) self‐presentation. Participants reported dispositional self‐deception, self‐presentation efficacy, and extraversion before and after self‐presentation. Independent raters provided other‐reported extraversion by examining the self‐presentation. Across the two studies, two‐way mixed ANOVA revealed that predicted change in extraversion occurred only for participants who made extraverted self‐presentation. With the change in extraversion as an index of IOSP, mediation analyses revealed indirect effects of dispositional self‐deception on IOSP via self‐presentation efficacy but not other‐reported extraversion. These results suggested that (a) people only internalize socially desirable traits like extraversion but not introversion, (b) writing to others is sufficient to cause IOSP, and (c) high self‐deceivers internalize extraverted self‐presentation not through actual performance but its subjective evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay proposes a return to C. G. Jung's personality theories and argues in favor of their relevancies in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and the unprecedented changes it produced to forms of socialization. Through a narratological analysis of survey data gathered by the author, this paper maintains that the adaptability, malleability, and complexity of Jung's psychic paradigms is what makes his theories of the personality current in the 2020s. The survey, distributed globally in the summer of 2021, consisted of open essay-style questions that encouraged participants' narrative orientation. Results are mixed and do not always follow type expectations (not all introverted participants thrived, nor did all extraverts struggle). Mixed results point to human variability, which Jung acknowledges even within types, and to the existence of multiple stories about the lived experience of COVID-19 lockdowns. Ultimately, I propose a post-Jungian, post-pandemic approach to the personality, which takes contextual factors into account, and I advocate a humanistic approach to Jung, which will result in a better understanding of human psychology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam held a major exhibition of the artwork of Johannes Vermeer from February 10 to June 4, 2023. Twenty-eight of his paintings were gathered in one place, the largest exhibition ever of his oeuvre. The author not only went to this exhibition but also traveled to Vermeer's hometown of Delft where the artist spent almost his entire life. In addition to reviewing the design and layout of the exhibition as well as the art shown, he discusses the importance of Delft as a location along with significant events in Dutch history at that time. The psychological effects of looking at Vermeer are considered, with attention to Vermeer's use of colors, perspective, themes, and light. Vermeer's capacity for opening an observer to introversion is elaborated through a discussion of the archetypal dimensions of his art as well as his innovative understanding of how to represent pregnant moments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing evidence shows that personality pathology starts to develop from (late) childhood onwards. The current study extends previous research by examining maladaptive personality change using both a variable-centered approach (i.e., mean-level changes) and a person-centered approach (i.e., latent profile transitions). Data were used from a 3-wave longitudinal study on Dutch youth (at T1: N = 492, mean age = 10.1). Maladaptive personality traits (i.e., Emotional Instability, Disagreeableness, Introversion, and Compulsivity) were assessed yearly using the Dimensional Personality Symptom Item Pool (DIPSI). A Factor of Curves model indicated presence of a higher-order developmental factor, reflecting low initial levels and small decreases over time, which explained change in all DIPSI traits. Latent profile analyses revealed three quantitatively different maladaptive personality trait profiles. Latent Transition Analysis demonstrated substantial stability in profiles over time. Small groups showed a transition toward another (often more adaptive) profile. Although a person-centered approach may have some merit when aiming to detect high-risk subgroups, the current results suggest that a variable-centered approach—and a Factor of Curves model capturing shared underlying developmental processes in particular—is favorable over a person-centered approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introverted individuals comprise up to half of the population, but are often overlooked in a culture that privileges extraversion. This misunderstanding of introversion has downstream effects for introverts in academic medicine, including lower grades on clinical rotations, increased stress, and under-representation in leadership positions. To increase support for and awareness of the unique strengths of introverted individuals at all stages of a career in academic medicine. This article offers twelve tips, based in the educational, business, and personality literature, to empower introverted students, residents, and faculty members for success in academic medicine. While many of the tips apply broadly, certain tips may be more relevant to those in a particular career stage. Increased understanding of the natural tendencies and strengths of introversion will promote a more inclusive working environment for all personality types in medicine and allow introverts at all levels of training and practice to thrive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given a looming shortage of surgeons and currently inadequate pipelines into our specialty for under-represented groups, there is an urgent need to identify and foster interest in young individuals who may have great potential as future surgeons. We aimed to explore the utility and feasibility of a novel survey instrument to identify high-school students well suited for careers in surgery based on personality profiling and grit. An electronic screening tool was developed, combining components of the Myers-Briggs personality profile, the Big-Five Inventory 10, and the grit scale. This brief questionnaire was electronically distributed to surgeons and students across two academic institutions and three high schools (one private and two public). Wilcoxon rank-sum test and Chi-squared/Fisher's exact test were performed to evaluate variations between groups. Surgeons (n = 96) displayed mean Grit score of 4.03 (range: 3.08-4.92; standard deviation: 0.43), while high-schoolers' (n = 61) mean score was 3.38 (range: 2.08-4.58; standard deviation: 0.62) (P < 0.0001). Surgeons showed Myers-Brigg Type Indicator trait-dominance toward extroversion, intuition, thinking, and judging, while students displayed greater breadth of traits. Students were much less likely to show dominance in introversion versus extroversion (P < 0.0001) as well as perceiving versus judging (P < 0.0001). Big-Five Inventory 10 traits of neuroticism and conscientiousness were more prevalent among surgeons (P < 0.0001 for both). Importantly, there exists a subgroup of high-school students with personality and grit similar to those of surgeons. Moreover, we have demonstrated the feasibility of using this novel screening tool for future studies aimed to create pipelines for early exposure opportunities and mentorship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19 social distancing mandates increased social isolation, resulting in changes in pain severity and interference among individuals with chronic pain. Differences in personality (e.g., introversion/extraversion) may modulate responses to social isolation. We examined the influence of introversion on reported social distancing-related increases in pain interference and assessed for mediators of this relationship. Individuals with chronic pain (n = 150) completed validated questionnaires 4–8 weeks after implementation of social distancing mandates. Introversion/extraversion was measured using a subscale of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and changes in pain and psychosocial variables were calculated by comparing participants' recalled and current scores. Association between introversion/extraversion and other variables were assessed using linear regression. A parallel mediation was used to examine mediators of the association between introversion and change in pain interference. Higher introversion was associated with a decrease in pain interference after social distancing (Rho = −.194, p =.017). Parallel mediation analysis revealed that the relationship between introversion/extraversion and change in pain interference was mediated by changes in sleep disturbance and depression, such that higher introversion was associated with less isolation-induced sleep disruption and depression, and thereby less worsening of pain interference. These findings suggest that personality factors such as introversion/extraversion should be considered when personalizing treatment of chronic pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the impact of heterogeneity of personality of team members and cognitive ability on flight team performance. Participants were 112 undergraduate students from a science university in China, who were randomly allocated to 56 two-person teams and completed a 3D orbital control task model that simulated common flight operation tasks. During the task, participants' personality and basic cognitive ability were measured. Partial correlation analyses were conducted to examine the relationship between heterogeneity and team performance. Results showed that heterogeneity in introversion and extroversion was significantly and positively correlated with team performance, as was heterogeneity in liveliness and social boldness. Conversely, heterogeneity in the ability to adapt to circumstances, number and spot addition ability, and comprehensive basic cognitive ability was significantly and negatively correlated with team performance. These findings have implications for optimizing the selection and collocation of aircrew. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The personality trait of social introversion refers to the individual inclination toward the inner/outer world. Moreover, adolescents who experience Gender Dysphoria (GD) can be involved in relationship conflicts with family, peers, and friends and experience stigmatization and rejection from society. This leads higher distress in females which are more sensitive to this kind of feelings. This leads in them frequently developing a negative sense of well-being and low self-esteem which increases their risk of internalizing symptoms. So, the aims of this study were: (1) to investigate the presence of significant differences in Social Introversion (SI) dimensions between an assigned-female at birth (AFAB) GD group and a cisgender female group both diagnosed with a depressive disorder, (2) to verify whether the two clinical groups may be characterized by different profiles of internalizing symptoms, (3) to investigate if the SI dimensions could promote the internalizing symptomatology. Our results confirmed the presence of significantly higher score in GD sample for MMPI-SI scale and subscales and showed no significant difference in depressive profiles. Lastly, SI could promote internalizing symptomatology in AFAB underlying a link between SI and depression in this condition which should be further investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the sport-specific model of self-talk, self-talk dissonance occurs when a mismatch between gut feelings/impressions and self-talk creates discomfort and disrupts performance. The purpose of this study was to test the sport-specific model of self-talk's dissonance hypothesis by examining the effects of self-talk on introverts (n = 28), who may be uncomfortable speaking their self-talk aloud, and on extraverts (n = 30). Each participant completed a dart-throwing target task using (a) overt and (b) covert self-talk in a counterbalanced order. Results of analysis of covariance indicated a significant interaction that supported the sport-specific model of self-talk's dissonance hypothesis. Introverts performed better when using covert (private) self-talk, and extraverts performed better when using overt self-talk. The results of this research show that self-talk dissonance adversely affects performance and suggests that tailoring self-talk interventions by incorporating personal factors into intervention designs could enhance intervention effectiveness and performance outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Up to half of the population have introverted personalities. Workplace diversity can lead to increased productivity, creativity and problem-solving. Understanding introversion in relation to workplace performance and creativity and how to encourage inclusion of introverts would benefit employers and employees. We describe the evidence defining and evaluating introversion, prevalence of introversion across groups, and strategies for promoting workplace inclusion of introverts. We searched MEDLINE®, Embase, and PsycINFO up to February 11, 2021. Of 2,724 records, 21 studies were included. Introversion definitions were generally negative and dated. Robust prevalence data were unavailable, and no studies aimed to test strategies for promoting workplace inclusion of introversion. Nevertheless, literature suggests that employees who identify with modern definitions of introversion may benefit from individualized workplace strategies such as flexible working environments, work/home-life boundaries, varied team composition, provision of social support, and relaxation training. Further empirical studies in the industrial setting with robust designs using modernized personality definitions are warranted to support the development of effective strategies to increase inclusion of different personalities in the workplace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: All over the world Alcohol Dependence Syndrome (ADS) is most significant health problem. Among different individuals, the severity of liver dysfunction related to alcohol varies and related to different factors including personality traits. Aim: To find the personality variables of alcohol dependent patients and to determine its association with liver enzymes level among them. Materials and Methods: Total of 100 patients were selected from psychiatry department of JNMC, Sawangi, Wardha, Maharashtra and they were assessed through socio-demographic proforma, 16 personality factor (16 PF) inventory and liver function tests. Results: Most of the participants scored high on factors warmth (56%), social boldness (56%), dominance (67%), vigilance (77%), sensitivity (70%), perfectionism (52%) and openness to change (65%); while comparatively scored lower on factors privateness (50%) and liveliness (35%). The personality factors emotional stability, dominance, sensitivity, abstractedness, apprehension, self-reliance, perfectionism and tension were significantly correlated with various liver enzymes; whereas, global factor Extraversion/Introversion, Tough-mindedeness/Receptivity and Independence/Accommodation were correlated with various liver enzymes when p < 0.05 considered significant. Conclusion: This study suggests that the personality factors affect the liver enzymes level in alcohol dependent subjects. Hence, the personality factors should be addressed by physician during intervention to improve outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: There is reason to believe that introversion may relate to different patterns of negative and positive experiences in everyday life ("hassles" and "uplifts"), but there is little evidence for this based on reports made in daily life as events occur. We thus extend the literature by using data from ecological momentary assessments to examine whether introversion is associated with either the frequency or intensity of hassles and uplifts. Method: Participants (N = 242) were community‐dwelling adults (63% Black, 24% Hispanic; ages 25‐65; 65% women) who completed baseline measures of personality and mental health, followed by reports of hassles and uplifts 5x/day for 14 days. We present associations between introversion and hassles/uplifts both with and without controlling for mood‐related factors (neuroticism, recent symptoms of depression, and anxiety). Results: Introversion was associated with reporting less frequent and less enjoyable uplifts, but not with overall hassle frequency or unpleasantness; exploratory analyses suggest associations with specific types of hassles. Conclusions: Our results expand understanding of the role of introversion in everyday experiences, suggesting an overall association between introversion and uplifts (but not hassles, broadly) in daily life. Better understanding of such connections may inform future research to determine mechanisms by which introversion relates to health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study compared the differences among gifted students of different grades and genders concerning perfectionism, cognitive mindset, constructive thinking, and emotional intelligence. The study included 908 gifted primary-school students from third to sixth grade. The study used the t-test and analysis of variance methods, and four scales. Furthermore, the following were the conclusions. Firstly, gifted pupils of different grades and genders scored considerably differently on some perfectionism subscales. Second, there were notable differences in the cognitive mindset of gifted pupils in different grades. Lastly, there was a substantial difference between gifted pupils in different grades in the distrust-of-others subscale in the constructive-thinking scale. Finally, there was a substantial difference in introversion, interpersonal relationships, and mood among gifted students of different genders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Western Gondwana amalgamated by collision of continental blocks that did not form prior conjugated margins (extroversion), and by typical Wilson cycles, when continental blocks that rifted away giving birth to new oceans were subsequently re-joined in approximately the same position (introversion). The introverted systems are characterized by the opening of V-shaped basins through rifting and hyperextension of various continental pieces (micro- and ribbon continents) from a former Central African Block. These continental fragments lost substantial parts of their mantle lithosphere and became decratonized while drifting towards the external Goiás-Pharusian ocean. Protracted seafloor spreading and consumption through subduction of the internal and external oceans, respectively, ultimately led to multiple, diachronous collisions with other continental blocks detached from Rodinia (Amazonian, West Africa, Embu, etc.). These collisions pushed the ribbon continents back and closed the introverted basins, squeezing and incorporating the reworked basement tracts between the main colliding blocks and the rigid remainder of the Central African Block (the São Francisco-Congo craton). Continental extrusion and lateral escape tectonics ensued, generating thousands-of-km long networks of anastomosing directional shear zones (keirogens), as a consequence of both the accretionary systems developed between the involved blocks and the highly deformable nature of the decratonized ribbon continents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to present a case report based on the Rorschach protocol of an adolescent patient with anorexia nervosa, demonstrating hypervigilant experiencing and distorted thinking patterns. Based on the psychological characteristics of adolescence and quantitative research on the monitoring of eating disorders with the Rorschach test, the key variables of the applied method and their expected configuration are defined. The case study presents anamnestic data of a seventeen-year-old patient with anorexia nervosa and information about the context of the psychological diagnosis performed. The protocol contains 37 responses collected according to the rules of the Comprehensive System. The scoring is done according to the Comprehe nsive System rules and includes the scales used in previous studies. The scoring system for barriers and penetrations is also newly used. In addition to assessing agreement with the expected configuration of variables (introversion; high PTI, Wsum6, Mp; low H and Hd; high dysphoric experiencing, aggression and S), particular attention is paid to the dynamics of the protocol and the importance of partial variables in the overall protocol picture, focusing on distorted thinking, body theme and aggression. The case study offers insight into the dynamics of hypervigilant and fantasy-distorted experiences of body themes. In addition to the limitations of the idiographic approach to personality, the limitation is the absence of other patient protocols reflecting the disease's development [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advent of technology in education has seen a revolutionary change in the teaching–learning process. Social media is one such invention which has a major impact on students' academic performance. This research analyzed the impact of social media on the academic performance of extraversion and introversion personality students. Further, the comparative study between these two personalities will be analysed on education level (postgraduate and undergraduate) and gender (male and female). The research was initiated by identifying the factors of social media impacting students' academic performance. Thereafter, the scale was developed, validated and tested for reliability in the Indian context. Data were collected from 408 students segregated into 202 males and 206 females. Two hundred and thirty-four students are enrolled in postgraduation courses, whereas 174 are registered in the undergraduate programme. One-way ANOVA has been employed to compare the extraversion and introversion students of different education levels and gender. A significant difference is identified between extraversion and introversion students for the impact of social media on their academic performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Earth's known supercontinents are believed to have formed in vastly different ways, with two endmembers being introversion and extroversion. The former involves the closure of the internal oceans formed during the break-up of the previous supercontinent, whereas the latter involves the closure of the previous external superocean. However, it is unclear what caused such diverging behavior of supercontinent cycles that involved first-order interaction between subducting tectonic plates and the mantle. Here we address this question through 4D geodynamic modeling using realistic tectonic set-ups. Our results show that the strength of the oceanic lithosphere plays a critical role in determining the assembly path of a supercontinent. We found that high oceanic lithospheric strength leads to introversion assembly, whereas lower strength leads to extroversion assembly. A theoretically estimated reduction in oceanic crustal thickness, and thus its strength, during Earth's secular cooling indicates that introversion was only possible for the Precambrian time when the oceanic lithosphere was stronger, thus predicting the assembling of the next supercontinent Amasia through the closure of the Pacific Ocean instead of the Indian-Atlantic oceans. Our work provides a new understanding of the secular evolution of plate tectonics and geodynamics as the Earth cooled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chatbots have become a popular alternative in customer support due to their ability to overcome human limitations. Even though it is an automatic machine approach, interaction pleasure must be considered. Many studies claim that people also get along well with those who have similar personalities, even with the machine. A chatbot can assign its talking styles through interactive language design by using keywords representing extroversion or introversion. In the interactive language design testing process, the Extroversion Text Classification Model (ETCM) is created using the Logistic Regression algorithm. This study suggests that using part of speech and unique words portion as a feature with Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency (TF-IDF) outperforms the model beats TF-IDF alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In literary and artistic works, imagination plays an essential role. The existence of different definitions of this term each explains different aspects of the word. In fact, imagination is a defense mechanism so that the poet and writer can overcome their inner inflammations and anxieties. One of the reasons for paying attention to imagination and imaginative structures is to explain the thoughts and feelings of poets and writers. The presence of bold symbols with positive valuation makes it possible to study Sana'i lyric poems according to Gilbert Durand's theory. The abundance of symbols related to his poems confirms the poet's ability to overcome internal worries and turmoil. In Sanai lyric poems, unpleasant symbols, along with the use of pleasant symbols, and the poet's desire to use safety symbols are combined to present a desirable image of the beloved and to express the poet's psychological characteristics. Introversion, self-knowledge, positivism, and adaptation to adversity are revealed in the shadow of the poet's attention to the symbols of introversion. The motherly symbols of the "beloved's threshold" and "the vessel and its contents" express humility, the lover's desire for peace, and the beloved bow. Disrupting the natural order of cycles, passionate descriptions of the future and the past, along with contradictory descriptions, are other ways in which the poet escapes time to show the evolution of the beloved and the steadfastness of the lover. Poets like Sanai, who tend to use the symbols of the nocturnal system, especially the soothing symbols of water and soil, are usually positive-minded, peaceful, moderate, adaptable, and so sad. They solve problems with a peaceful gesture. In each of the works, depending on the tendency and frequency of the symbols of this theory, new aspects of the imagination, and psychological and intellectual characteristics of the poet or writer can be achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presentation focuses on the reception of Pope Francis’s ecclesial reform and his persistent call for comprehensive pastoral conversion as outlined in Evangelii gaudium. The author discusses the reforms as rooted in the Church’s identity and mission to evangelize in the fullest sense of the word as understood in the teaching of the Second Vatican Council and developed in the subsequent magisterium. The author addresses the toxic environment created by social media, a primary source of misinformation and fearmongering which leads to growing resistance and polarization among some church leaders and faithful. The resistance to accepting Pope Francis’s remarkable ecclesial vision for some sectors of the Church revolves around a harmful reaction which Pope St. John Paul II called ecclesial introversion. The unfamiliarity and even strangeness of his Latin Ameri- can and Jesuit roots and to the legacy of Medellín and the subsequent CELAM gatherings at least partially explain the challenge Francis’s bold reforms present to the global Church. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

EFL students, in particular, have a tough time mastering the many parts of speaking skills. The purpose behind the current study is to examine the many impacts of introversion. Furthermore, the primary goal of this endeavor is to determine the level of oral competency of introverted students in a classroom. To do so, a mixed methodological approach is adopted to test the put forward hypotheses and uncover the answers to the research questions. To gather valid data, a questionnaire was handed out to 100 first year BA students, and a structured interview was conducted with 3 tenured and experienced EFL teachers. A descriptive analysis was also employed to examine the collected data. The findings have shown that reserved and introverted students struggle too much during oral sessions speaking performance suffers when they are more reserved or introverted.. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Brethren were pervasive in Lowland Scottish society during the twentieth century. At the beginning of the century in Scotland, they had spilt into three main sections: the Open Brethren, the Exclusive Brethren, and the Churches of God. Schism was a recurring feature in the last two sections, and this paper traces the history of the various secessions and offers an account of why they were prone to division. Using the sociological typologies of sect and denomination, this paper examines the relationship between the Brethren and Scottish culture and society, including social class, use of leisure, and withdrawal and engagement in the cultural and business worlds, noting commonalities and variegations across the various streams. The final sections examine the growth and decline of the various streams and the reasons for both. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Objectives: Personality trait plays an important role in determining the various presentations of tension-type headache (TTH) and migraine. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the types of personality traits present among patients with migraine and TTH. The secondary objective was to determine whether the patients with headache and coexisting dyspepsia had different personality traits from the patients with headache alone without dyspepsia. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in the University Malaya Medical Centre from February 2017 until March 2020. Patients who fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for migraine and TTH according to the International Headache Society (IHS) classification were recruited. The patients' personality traits were evaluated using the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-restructured Form (MMPI- 2-RF). The MMPI Personality Psychopathology-Five (PSY-5) Scales, comprising aggressiveness, psychoticism, disconstraint, neuroticism, and introversion were used. The presence of dyspepsia was diagnosed using the Leeds Dyspepsia Questionnaire. Results: There were no statistically significant differences when comparing types of personality traits between migraine and TTH patients. On univariate analysis, headache with dyspepsia was significantly associated with more neuroticism as compared to headache alone (p=0.027). On logistic regression, TTH with dyspepsia was significantly associated with neuroticism (p=0.024, OR=6.921). Psychoticism was significantly associated with chronic daily headache (p=0.001, OR=7.476). Aggression was significantly associated with male gender (p=0.018, OR= 7.580). Conclusion: Headache with coexistent dyspepsia was associated with more neuroticism as compared to headache alone. In particular, TTH with coexistent dyspepsia was significantly associated with neuroticism compared to TTH without dyspepsia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article has been constructed as a provocation to stimulate debate about the role of MBTI (Myers Briggs Type Indicator) profiles on the likelihood of success within executive coaching. In this we work through the lens of introversion. Scanning the relevant literature reveals different conclusions about the roles of introversion in the development of effective executive coaching and, drawing on recent Master's level research, this paper explores some ideas and opinions. By using Introversion as our starting point, we can discern the ways in which knowledge of the characteristics of both coach and client can have a profound influence on how we coach. We cover the influence of introversion from both the coach and client's point of view and look to a more nuanced view of the MBTI spectrum. Part of this uncovering helped us create the Tuner-Elson heuristic model as a simple devise to explain the move from defined types to a more holistic way of coaching. Finally, the authors offer ways in which, in a practical setting, coaches and their clients and mitigate against aspects of character as outlined by the MBTI spectrum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the solitude literature, two discrete constructs reflect different perspectives on how time spent alone is motivated. Self-determined motivation for solitude reflects wanting time alone to find enjoyment and gain meaningful benefits from it, whereas preference for solitude concerns wanting time for oneself over others' company regardless of reasons for why time alone is wanted. We investigated two personality characteristics: introversion from Big-Five personality theory and dispositional autonomy from self-determination theory. In two diary studies university students completed personality measures and reported about their experiences with time spent alone over a period of seven days. Across both studies, contrary to popular belief that introverts spend time alone because they enjoy it, results showed no evidence that introversion is predictive of either preference or motivation for solitude. Dispositional autonomy–the tendency to regulate from a place of self-congruence, interest, and lack of pressure–consistently predicted self-determined motivation for solitude but was unrelated to preference for solitude. These findings provided evidence supporting the link between valuing time spent alone with individual differences in the capacity to self-regulate in choiceful and authentic way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interoception, the ability to detect internal bodily signals, is vital for an individual's well-being and is increasingly connected to mental health disorders. Research investigating relationships between individual differences in interoception and personality types is limited, and mixed results are reported across a variety of interoceptive tasks, measures, and conceptualisations. Guided by biological theories, this study contributed further to the understanding of the relationship between interoception and personality by utilising two interoceptive measures. A sample of adults (N = 114) completed three questionnaires online questionnaire, two assessing interoceptive sensibility (Body Perception Questionnaire, BPQ; and the Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness, MAIA) and one that assessed personality (Eysenck Personality Inventory, EPI). Multiple regression and correlational analyses showed no significant relationship between interoceptive sensibility and introversion, whereas a predictive relationship was demonstrated between interoceptive sensibility and neuroticism. Furthermore, the BPQ and subscales of the MAIA predicted neuroticism in different directions suggesting the two measures assess different constructs and thus strengthened support for a multidimensional consideration of interoception. The results have clinical implications, including the targeting of contemplative training approaches for individuals demonstrating high interoceptive sensibility and neurotic traits to improve the mental well-being of healthy individuals and clinical populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined whether people's trait increases when asked to impress others with that trait. Participants (N=422) reported their extraversion/introversion and social desirability of extraversion and introversion. After 7 to 10 days, we asked them to write a self-introduction that gave either an extraverted or introverted impression, depending on their condition. Their extraversion/introversion was measured before the self-introduction. Results indicated that (1) only extraversion was rated desirable, (2) a trait to be presented increased in both conditions, and (3) there was a greater effect on extraversion, suggesting that internalization of self-presentation occurred even without self-presentation, especially for socially desirable traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leadership calls for the ability to work well with people, communicate with stakeholders, participate in and lead meetings, and often public speaking. As a leader advances within an organization, expectations increase for the individual to engage with others as leaders spend more time working with colleagues and stakeholders to advance the organization. These expectations tend to favor extroverts in leadership roles but organizations may overlook the strengths of introverts as leaders losing out on the potential for effective management. An understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of personality types will help individuals as well as organizations in developing leadership in order to achieve organizational goals. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Purpose: The aim of the current study was to investigate the relationship between state (i.e., hostility) and trait (i.e., social detachment, alexithymia) psychological constructs associated with suicidal ideation among university students. Methods: A group of 190 university students was consecutively recruited in the period between September 2022 and March 2023. After a clinical interview, a series of psychological tests were administered: the Cattell’s 16-Personality Factors Questionnaire (16PF), the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), the Symptom Checklist-90-R (SCL-90-R), and the anamnestic form of the Cognitive Behavioral Assessment (CBA2.0), which contains a specific question regarding the suicidal ideation. Results: The analyses demonstrated that alexithymia fully mediated the relationship between a particular aspect of introversion (social detachment or low warmth) and hostility which, in turn, seemed to be a significant predictor of suicidal ideation. Conclusions: The path analysis conducted seemed to highlight the importance of personality traits, such as social detachment and the ability to recognize and express one’s internal states, on the mental health of university students in terms of hostility and suicidal ideation. Considering that the reduction of suicide mortality has been prioritized as a global target in the 15-19 age group, identifying the psychological factors associated with it is fundamental. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In‐person, introverted students fade into the background. Online they disappear. Typically, introverts are expected to conform, but it's valuable to allow them to participate on their terms. Thoughtful introverts synthesise information and share feedback based on deep reflection, which is valuable to the design process. This article discusses how to support introverted students in the virtual design classroom. It addresses the challenges of the digital environment and presents strategies to engage students in activities and collaboration. Considering the needs of the full spectrum of learners in the virtual space offers faculty the opportunity to create an inclusive and equitable learning environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research sought to test whether sport participation relates to the development of trait extraversion across three life phases. Sport participation and extraversion were measured in children aged 10.5 ± 0.5 years (n = 3600), in adolescents aged 14.5 ± 0.5 years (n = 3463), and in adults with a mean age of 49.4 ± 18.0 years (n = 12,280), with corresponding data collected four years earlier. There were small mean-level decreases in extraversion during childhood and adulthood, and a large decrease in extraversion during adolescence. Four-year rank-order stability in extraversion was.58 in childhood,.61 in adolescence and.76 in adulthood. Sport participation was associated with higher extraversion in all three samples. After controlling for sociodemographic factors, children and adolescents who dropped out of sport showed greater decreases in extraversion than those who continued participation in sport. Sport participation was unrelated to mean-level change in extraversion during adulthood. Sport participation was also associated with greater intra-individual stability in extraversion for children, adolescents and adults. There were no significant sex moderation effects for mean-level change or individual-level stability. These findings provide evidence that sport participation might have an important role in trait extraversion stability and change across the lifespan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The specific aims of the study are to analyze relationships between the personality traits of laboratory professionals and choice of profession and preferred work settings.Methods: Data from practicing laboratory professionals were collected via a web-based survey tool to gather information about personality types, choice of profession, and work setting preferences among medical laboratory professionals.Results: Results of the survey showed that INFJ (Introversion, Intuition, Feeling, Judging) is the most common medical laboratory personality type across the various laboratory work settings and that there are no significant differences between the practitioners' personality type and the choice of profession within pathology. The study revealed laboratorians from higher-volume laboratories were 1.2 times more likely to prefer Judging than lower-volume laboratories, and younger medical laboratory practitioners were 2.3 times more likely to gravitate toward Perceiving than their older counterparts.Conclusions: The results of this study shed light on how employers can build on the personality preferences of the laboratory workforce to improve personal job satisfaction and laboratory productivity, quality, and work culture. The research implications are useful for laboratory recruitment and retention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The theoretical assumptions and research findings have established some connections between extraversion/introversion, and neuroticism on the one hand, and well-being on the other hand. There is scarce scientific literature specifying these connections in different social categories or their possible modification in different levels of such personality traits as psychoticism and social desirability. The goal of the current study was to specify if the relationships between extraversion, neuroticism and well-being varied, according to gender, age, degree of manifestation of psychoticism and social desirability. The sample consisted of 470 Bulgarians from 18 to 55 years old using Bulgarian adaptation of Eysenck Personality Questionnaire and a dichotomized analogous scale measuring subjectively assessed well-being. This study found that higher well-being was related to higher extraversion and lower neuroticism, no matter of gender, age, or the degree of manifestation of other personality traits such as psychoticism and social desirability. Social isolation during COVID-19 pandemic may reflect negatively on well-being, as due to various constraints the extrovert people limit their social contacts and because of increased emotional lability in emergency situations that deserves further being investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We evaluated relationship between personality and memory for social interactions. More specifically, we investigated the relationship between extraversion and the ability to remember who told us some information (i.e., source memory) and the ability to remember to whom we told that information (i.e., destination memory). On a source memory task, participants received information from pictures of celebrities; a subsequent recognition test required them to identify the celebrities from whom they had received that information. On a destination memory task, participants were invited to tell information to celebrities; a later recognition task instructed them to identify the celebrity to whom they had previously told that information. Besides the assessment of source and destination memory, participants answered a questionnaire regarding extraversion. Results demonstrated significant positive correlation between extraversion and source memory, as well as significant positive correlation between extraversion and destination memory. In other words, the more participants described themselves as extraverts, the higher their source and destination memory. During social communications (e.g., in a conversation), extraverts may demonstrate high source and destination memory as these individuals typically value social communication, public sharing, and processing of social information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite being discussed in the psychiatric literature for decades, very little is known about personality features associated with trichotillomania and skin picking disorder (known as body focused repetitive behavior disorders, BFRBs); and the contribution of personality traits to their clinical presentations. Aim: The present study assessed personality traits in a large and well-characterized sample of adults with either trichotillomania or skin picking disorder or both. Methods: Adults (n = 98, aged 18–65 years), with trichotillomania (n = 37), skin picking disorder (n = 32), both trichotillomania and skin picking disorder (n = 10), and controls (n = 19) were enrolled. Participants completed self-report questionnaires to quantify personality (NEO Personality Inventory), as well as extent/severity of picking/pulling symptoms, mood and anxiety, impulsive and perfectionistic tendencies, and neurocognitive functioning. Group differences were characterized and correlations with other measures were examined. Results: In comparison to controls, BFRBs had elevated neuroticism scores (p < 0.001), lower extraversion scores (p = 0.023), and lower conscientiousness scores (p = 0.007). Neuroticism was significantly related to both hair pulling (r = 0.24, p < 0.001) and skin picking severity (r = 0.48, p < 0.001), as well as elevated perceived stress, worse anxiety and depressive symptoms, and poorer quality of life. Introversion (i.e. lower extraversion) was significantly associated with worse picking severity, higher perceived stress, and higher depression. Lack of conscientiousness was significantly associated with more depression, impulsivity, and perceived stress. Discussion: Personality traits of neuroticism, introversion, and lack of conscientiousness are heightened in individuals with BFRBs and show strong associations with a number of clinically relevant features of illness. The holistic understanding and treatment of these disorders is likely to require consideration of dimensional traits such as these. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jean-Martin Charcot, considered the father of modern neurology, had a complex personality featuring well-defined characteristics of introversion, competitiveness, irony, and skepticism. While biographers have described him as Republican, anticlerical, and agnostic, the literature also presents evidence that he came to admire Buddhism toward the end of his life; Charcot's involvement with numerous patients suffering from incurable and insidious neurological diseases may have contributed to this change in attitude. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Automated personality matching of extroverted users to extroverted voice assistants increases attractiveness. • Perceived homophily of voice increases trust toward voice assistants, an effect that customization magnifies. • Personality similarity of voice assistants can persuade the unvaccinated toward vaccination. Despite the increasing sophistication of voice assistant (VA) technology, most major VAs subscribe to a one-voice-fits-all model of interaction. This study examines if offering users a VA similar to them, or letting users customize the VA's voice personality, would affect their perceptions and experience. We test this in a unique scenario where a VA delivers misinformation about COVID-19. Data from a pre-registered experiment (N = 401) suggest that extroverted users appreciate being matched with an extroverted VA, whereas introverted users do not have a specific preference. In addition, perceived homophily in voice increases user attraction toward the VA, and enhances credibility perceptions for those who customize their VA. Those not given the option to customize prefer VAs with an extroverted voice. Data also suggest that automated similarity matching of VA personality can evoke user resistance toward the persuasive information provided—in our case, changing as many as 38% of unvaccinated individuals' mind toward vaccination after exposure to misinformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whereas there is extensive research on factors that contribute to vulnerability for depression and anxiety, research on how to promote mental health or offset risk effects in individuals likely to develop these disorders is lacking. Resilience models focus on risk, resource, and protective factors and their relationships. The current longitudinal study evaluated whether extraversion and interpersonal support functioned in resource or protective roles in relation to unipolar mood disorder (UMD), anxiety disorder (AD), and comorbid diagnoses. Data from 534 adolescents over a 3-year period were examined in a series of survival analyses to predict future disorder onset. The linear effect of extraversion significantly interacted with neuroticism predicting UMD diagnoses with extraversion conferring protection and introversion conferring risk at high levels of neuroticism. The quadratic effect of extraversion significantly interacted with neuroticism predicting AD and comorbid diagnoses such that extraversion escalated risk for diagnoses at high levels of neuroticism. The quadratic effect of extraversion was significant in comorbidity models, demonstrating increased risk as one progresses from slight extraversion to extreme introversion, independent of neuroticism. Interpersonal support significantly predicted UMD, AD, and comorbid diagnoses in an approximately linear fashion. Specificity tests indicated that these effects remained when including the other diagnosis in each model. Findings suggest the value of attending to extraverted traits and encouraging social connection regardless of risk status in prevention and treatment approaches. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored the foodstragramming or consumption photo-sharing and the solo dining experiencescape. Solo dining experiencescape is framed by culinary tourists and food neophobia of Instagram users. The narrative approach was employed to explore an Instagram post on Brooklyn ramen shop by BuzzFeed's Tasty in relation to food -related personality traits and perceived territoriality. The collaborative branding of culinary tourism experiencescape denotes the use of Instagram. Introverted Instagram users were found to be co-creators, but food-related personality traits did not exclusively construct their visit plan. As the perceived territoriality and social distancing were found to augment foodstragramming of solo dining in this study, the visit plan of solo dining in culinary tourism was not solely perceived by introverted people. The use of the narrative approach in this study provided unique and valuable insights to these theoretical perspectives that may be overlooked by other analyses or approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the article is to reveal the content of the main Ukrainian culturological and art personological concepts and to identify the personal determinants of the composer‘s creative personality. The methodology is to apply the personological approach and methodology of culturological and art regionalism as basic for characterizing the personal determinants of the composer‘s creative personality, as well as the analytical method for characterizing scientific concepts of Ukrainian scientists in the field of personal art. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the definition of personal parameters in the field of cultural and artistic personology, which are determinants of the composer‘s creative personality. Conclusions. In the Ukrainian culturological and art personology the most significant are the scientific developments of V. Batanov, T. Husarchuk, I. Drach, V. Zharkova, O. Komenda, I. Konovalova, N. Savytska, V. Stepurko, S. Tyshko, L. Shapovalova, I. Shestrenko. The works of these researchers lay the foundations for a comprehensive description of the composer‘s personality, which allows to create a holistic concept of personal determinants of creative individuality, but they do not pay enough attention to the local context of the life scenario of artists. Among the most important determinants that form the creative individuality of the composer, the epoch and generation to which the artist belongs; features of the deployment of his life scenario; the ratio of extraversion and introversion vectors in the activity complex of the composer; individual musical style, genre priorities and use of the most significant cultural symbols, codes, archetypes; locus as a cultural space in which the life scenario of the artist unfolds are indicated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]