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The Communication Theory & Methodology Division of the proceedings contains the following 14 papers: "Interaction As a Unit of Analysis for Interactive Media Research: A Conceptualization" (Joo-Hyun Lee and Hairong Li); "Towards a Network Approach of Human Action: Theoretical Concepts and Empirical Observations in Media Organizations" (Thorsten Quandt); "Community & Civic Values, Communication, and Social Capital: 'Bowling Alone' as a Product of Values and Communication" (Leo W. Jeffres, Jae-won Lee, Kimberly Neuendorf, and David Atkin); "None of the Above: Creating Mass Deliberation Without Discussion" (Ray Pingree); "An Amplification of Sensationalism: Comparing the Tonal Values of the 'New York Times' to the 'New York Post' Using Whissell's Dictionary of Affect in Language" (Paul Crandon and John J. Lombardi); "Do Mass Communication Studies Test Measures for Unidimensionality?" (John D. Richardson and Frederick Fico); "Is Herpes Entertaining?: An Application of Entertainment-Education to Text Information Processing Concerning STDs Among Adolescents" (Donna Rouner and Ralf Kracke-Berndorff); "Attributions of Advertising Influence and Negative Stereotypes Among First- and Third-Person Perceptions" (Don Umphrey and Tom Robinson); "Modeling Micro and Macro: A Multilevel Model to Predict Memory for Television Content" (Brian G. Southwell); "Assessing Co-Termination Between Coders in Unitizing Textual Data: A Multi-Response Randomized Blocks Permutation Approach" (Li Cai); "How General Principles of Organization Theory Explain Gatekeeping Decisions About News: A Revised View of the Field" (Hugh J. Martin); "Democratic Realism, Neoconservativism, and the Normative Underpinnings of Political Communication Research" (Erik P. Bucy and Paul D'Angelo); "The World Wide Web of Sports: A Path Model Examining How Online Gratifications and Reliance Predict Credibility of Online Sports Information" (Thomas J. Johnson and Barbara K. Kaye); and "Self-Esteem, Self-Affirmation and Threats to Self-Worth: Testing a Motivational Explanation for the Third-Person Effect" (Patrick C. Meirick). (RS)

When violence involving students erupts at school, journalists generally are faced with obtaining important records to substantiate their stories. To do that, they must cope with privacy laws that protect student records from abuse, state laws that prohibit the release of information about juveniles involved in crime, and the sensitive nature of the records themselves. This research focuses on what scholars have said about the broad area of school violence and three cases in which students were the victims, in California (a case of a teacher molesting a student), Pennsylvania (a hazing incident), and Colorado (release of information about the shootings at Columbine High School). In all these cases, the press was forced to go to court to obtain records and to cope with accompanying delays. (Contains 101 notes.) (Author/RS)

Have quality newspapers incorporated what scholars have learned over the last quarter century about making news more useful as a resource for civic participation? A year-long analysis of reporting about youth violence in three California newspapers provides a schizophrenic conclusion: After the Columbine massacre, newspapers provided rich context, a wide range of sources, and many frames offering causes and solutions. But coverage of the more common violence that most threatens society was typically frameless, minimally contextualized, and police-sourced. (Contains 40 notes and 6 tables of data.) (Author/RS)

Although colleges and universities generally regard the First Amendment as sacred, they often find themselves at the center of controversies concerning the right to say, print, write, or research with freedom. The complex relationships between a college or university and its student media have often contributed to conflicts over First Amendment issues. This paper examines the case of State of Ohio, ex. rel "The Miami Student" v. Miami University (which began in 1996), when university administrators found themselves being sued for restricting the campus newspaper's access to student disciplinary records and later being sued by the United States government for providing the media with these records. The paper looks at the legal arguments presented in this trail of litigation as a basis for examining the university's obligations to balance the First Amendment rights of the student media and its community with other often conflicting rights, such as the privacy rights of individuals. It examines the central issue of openness for the public good versus the legal rights of individual privacy and whether the First Amendment rights of the student media should prevail on the issue of access to internal disciplinary records of students. (Contains 6 notes and 14 references.) (NKA)

Every year, thousands of college students head to television newsrooms to work as interns to learn from the professionals. Back on campus, they sit in classes and listen to professors who, many times, have not been in a television newsroom themselves for years and years. This research looks at faculty internships. In this pilot-study, the television news directors in North Carolina were surveyed to learn if they would welcome such interns into their newsroom, what they would allow them to do, how they see the college or university faculty intern as both a challenge and a risk. Results indicated that news directors would welcome the wisdom and contributions of mid-career interns. Included in this research are lessons learned from a small sample of faculty who have devoted part of their summer breaks working back in the field. Contains 15 references and 4 unnumbered tables of data. (RS)

This paper reports on a secondary analysis of two large surveys of United States news journalists and newspaper journalists which compares characteristics of graduate-school-trained journalists to those with only a college education. The paper states that the analysis also considers differences between studies in and outside the communication field. It also states that besides demographics and job characteristics, assumed differences in perceived influences of education, in journalistic role concepts and audience perceptions were tested. Overall, the analysis revealed few differences, but journalists with graduate education were found to be more likely than college educated journalists to work for larger news organizations, and to support an interpretive role. Contains 2 tables of data, 17 notes, and 16 references. (Author/NKA)

It has been slightly more than a decade since the 1988 Supreme Court "Hazelwood" decision which reaffirmed the right of high school principals to censor stories in the student newspaper. That ruling caused advisers, principals, and students to reevaluate the operation of those publications. This study investigates press freedom in high school newspapers at the end of the century. Usable surveys on press freedom in the schools were received from 138 advisers and 84 school principals in 47 states. The findings paint a clear picture of a high school student press that is not free, that is controlled mostly by advisers, but also by principals, and that views editing of the paper by the faculty adviser as the norm. (Contains 19 references and 3 tables of data.) (Author/RS)

This paper presents the results of a random e-mail survey of college and university journalism and mass communication educators about their high school and college student publications experience. The study found that 61.5% of the educators had high school experience and 72.4% had college experience. In addition, 40.9% of the respondents decided to pursue journalism and mass communication as a career before or during high school. (Contains 13 references and 8 tables of data.) (Author/RS)

The Mass Communication and Society Division section of the proceedings contains the following 12 papers: "Retreads: Recycling American Prime Time Television for Fun and Profit" (Chad Dell); "Partisan and Structural Balance of Election Stories on the 1998 Governor's Race in Michigan" (Frederick Fico and William Cote); "Newspaper Letters and Phone-Mail to the Editor: A Comparison of Reader Input" (Michael E. Dupre and David A. Mackey); "Economic Literacy and News Interest" (Lowndes F. Stephens); "Treating the Y2K Bug: Knowledge Gap Factors That Shaped the Outcome of a Public Issue" (Francesca R. Dillman Carpentier); "A Framing Analysis: How Did Three U.S. News Magazines Frame about Mergers or Acquisitions?" (Sang Hee Kweon); "Thinking about Health: The Relationship of Mass Media and Cognition to Perceptions of Children's Health" (Bryan H. Reber); "The Effects of News Stories That Put Crime and Violence into Context: Testing the Public Health Model of Reporting" (Renita Coleman and Esther Thorson); "Political Talk--Not All 'Hot Air': A Path Model Predicting Knowledge, Cynicism & Vote in an Issue Campaign" (Glenn Leshner and Maria E. Len-Rios); "An 'Improbable Leap'": A Content Analysis of Newspaper Coverage of Hillary Clinton's Transition from First Lady to Senate Candidate" (Erica Scharrer); "The Impact of Political Advertising: Differences Between Positive Ads and Issue, Image and Mixed Attacks" (Sung Wook Shim); and "Pleasure, Reality, and Hegemony: A Television Drama and Women in a Korean Confucian Patriarchal Family Structure" (Oh-Hyeon Lee). (RS)

The Commission on Status of Women section of the proceedings contains the following three papers: "The Last Male Bastion Enters the 21st Century: The Changing View of Women's Professional Basketball in One Newspaper's Sports Department" (Lynn Klyde-Silverstein); "A Woman's Place: Newspaper Advice Columns in the Wake of the Nineteenth Amendment--A Case Study" (Jacquelyn A. Lowman and Lucinda D. Davenport); and "Images of Women's Basketball Players on the Covers of Collegiate Media Guides" (Kiki N. Baker). (RS)

The Media Management and Economics Division section of the proceedings contains the following nine papers: "Weekly Newspaper Industry: A Baseline Study" (David C. Coulson, Stephen Lacy and Jonathan Wilson); "News Hole Sizing Policies at Nondaily Newspapers" (Ken Smith); "The Influence of Timing of Market Entry on Competition in Local Cellular Telephone Markets" (Hugh S. Fullerton); "How Magazines Covered Media Companies' Merger: A Case of the Evolution of Time Inc." (Jaemin Jung); "Predicting Digital Cable Adoption: Who Will Upgrade to Digital Cable, and How Soon?" (Myung-Hyun Kang); "Looking for the Right Partners in the Information Era: A Longitudinal Study of Acquisition Strategies by the Communications Industries" (Jack C. C. Li); "The Relationship Between What Managers Do and How Newsroom Workers Respond in Times of Change" (George L. Daniels); "Using Audience Turnover to Reveal the 'Double Jeopardy' Effect in Television Daypart Ratings Performance" (Walter S. McDowell and Stephen Dick); and "Great Expectations: Revealing a Placebo Effect in Brand Equity Evaluations of Network News Reporting" (Walter McDowell and Steven J. Dick). (RS)

The Graduate Education Interest Group section of the proceedings contains the following five papers: "The Press, President, and Presidential Popularity During Ronald Reagan's War on Drugs" (Hyo-Seong Lee); "Malaysia's Broadcasting Industry in Transition: Effect of New Competitions on Traditional Television Channels" (Tee-Tuan Foo); "The Transparency of Culture and Politics in Economic Discourse" (Jennie Rupertus); "Convergence of the Internet Websites by Newspaper, Broadcast, and Internet News Organizations" (Sang Hee Kweon); and "The Impact and Relationship of Policy and Competition on the Program Diversity in Cable TV" (Seung Kwan Ryu). (RS)

The Religion and Media Interest Group section of the proceedings contains the following nine papers: "The Effect of Age and Background of Religious Broadcasting Executives on Digital Television Implementation" (Brad Schultz); "Environmental Reporting, Religion Reporting, and the Question of Advocacy" (Rick Clifton Moore); "The Rise of the Early Christian Church: A Triumph of Public Relations?" (David L. Martinson); "Mormons in Las Vegas: A Study of Entertainment Media and Secularization Defense Strategies" (Daniel A. Stout); "Religion, Spirituality, and Uses and Gratifications Theory" (Paul A. Creasman); "Advocacy, Objectivity, Editorial Freedom and Journalistic Quality: A Study of Issues in the Protestant Press" (Ken Waters); "Testing Theoretical Constructs of Framing" (Kyle Huckins); "God and Mammon: The Effects of Secular Takeovers of Religious Media Outlets" (William M. Alnor); and "Religion News and 'Values': A Study of 'The Dallas Morning News'' Religion Section" (Susan Willey). (RS)

The Newspaper Division section of the proceedings contains the following 12 papers: "Diversity Efforts at the 'Los Angeles Times': Are Journalists and the Community on the Same Page?" (Richard Gross, Stephanie Craft, Glen T. Cameron and Michael Antecol); "Setting the News Story Agenda: Candidates and Commentators in News Coverage of a Governor's Race" (Frederick Fico); "The Jasper Newsboy: Reportage and Reconciliation in the Texas Dragging Death" (Barbara Friedman); "Daily Newspaper Use of Web Addresses: Longitudinal Analysis of New Content Form" (Jean M. Trumbo and Craig W. Trumbo); "Two Topic Teams and How They Grew: Education and Public Life at 'The Virginian-Pilot'" (Leslie-Jean Thornton); "A Functional Analysis of New Hampshire Presidential Primary Debates and Accompanying Newspaper Coverage" (Bryan Reber); "To Quell the Quarrels--Examining 'The Philadelphia Inquirer's' Israeli/Palestinian Coverage" (Judith Sylvester and H. Denis Wu); "Computer-Assisted Reporting in Michigan Daily Newspapers: More Than a Decade of Adoption" (Lucinda D. Davenport, Fred Fico and Mary Detwiler); "When the Shooting Stops: A Comparison of Local, Regional and National Newspaper Coverage of 1990s School Shootings" (Michael McCluskey); "Reader Mindset and Bias: A Closer Look at the People Who Say We Skew the News" (Deborah Gump); "Online Newspapers: Collating Banner Advertising with Editorial Content" (David R. Thompson and Birgit Wassmuth); "Information and Interaction: Online Newspaper Coverage of the 2000 Iowa Caucus" (Jane B. Singer); and "Talking the Talk: Expressions of Social Responsibility in Public Newspaper Grous" (Diana Knott, Ginny Carrol and Philip Meyer). (RS)

The Newspaper, Part 2 section of the Proceedings contains the following 10 papers: "Newsroom Teams: A Baseline Study of Prevalence, Organization and Effectiveness" (Fred F. Endres, Ann B. Schierhorn, and Carl Schierhorn); "Hispanics & the Media: A Case Study of Coverage in 'The Dallas Morning News'" (Camille R. Kraeplin and Federico Subervi); "Getting It Right: Newsmaker Perceptions of Accuracy and Credibility" (Scott R. Maier); "Baseball Box Scores in the Newspaper: Helpful Statistics or Sports Hieroglyphics?" (C. A. Tuggle and Don Sneed); "Diversity Efforts in the Newsroom: Doin' the Right Thing or Just a Case of Show Me the Money?" (Richard Gross, Patricia A. Curtin, and Glen T. Cameron); "Improving Newspaper Delivery: A Factor Analysis of Route Demographic Variables and Reliability Measures" (Marc Seamon); "The Shrinking Sphere of Privacy: Candidate Coverage in Presidential Politics, 1980 to 1996" (Elizabeth A. Skewes); "Are Young People Reading the Newspaper? A 25-Year Cohort Analysis" (Nancy Cheever and Tony Rimmer); "Job Satisfaction, Dissatisfaction of Texas Newspaper Reporters" (Li-jing Arthur Chang and George Sylvie); and "Local Views on Local News" (Patricia M. Kennedy). (RS)

The Civic Journalism section of the Proceedings contains the following 7 papers: "Resurrecting Critical Theory: Public Journalism" (Gregory Selber); "Constructing Meaning: The Role of the Audience in News Writing" (Jack Morris); "Media Coverage of Sports and Politics: An Examination of the Press' Role in Campaigns for Professional Sports Stadium Construction" (Robert Trumpbour); "Being a Better Neighbor: A Look at How the Syracuse Newspapers Listened to Readers To Improve Neighborhood News Coverage" (Carla V. Lloyd and Jan S. Slater); "Civic Journalism and Community Policing: Potential for Partnership" (Kathryn B. Campbell); "Following in Their First Steps: A Lesson in Launching Public Journalism" (Rebecca A. Payne); "Civic Journalism and Gender Diversity in News-Story Sourcing" (Brian L. Massey). (RS)

The Status of Women section of the Proceedings contains the following 8 papers: "Coverage of Mars Exploration: Media Messages about Women Scientists" (Karon R. Speckman and Lois A. Bichler); "The Case of President Clinton and the Feminists: Discourses of Feminism in the News" (Dustin Harp); "Liberal Feminist Theory and Women's Images in Mass Media: Cycles of Favor and Furor" (Sandra L. Ginsburg); "Reporting the Birth and Death of Feminism: Three Decades of Mixed Messages in 'Time' Magazine" (Carolyn Kitch); "The Women's Suffrage Movement through the Eyes of 'Life' Magazine Cartoons" (J. Robyn Goodman); "Displaced Persons: Race, Sex and New Discourses of Orientalism in the U.S. Mass Media" (Meenakshi Gigi Durham); "Gender and Cultural Hegemony in Reality-Based Television Programming: The World According to 'A Wedding Story'" (Erika Engstrom); and "Portrayal of Women Using Computers in Television Commercials: A Content Analysis" (Candace White, Katherine N. Kinnick, and Kadesha Washington). (RS)

The Advertising, Part 1 section of the Proceedings contains the following 12 papers: "Incorporating a Promotional Products Teaching Component into the Advertising Campaigns Course: A Partnership Pilot Program" (Denise E. DeLorme); "Information Cues in Renmin Ribao Advertisements (1979-1998)" (Susanna W. Y. Kwok); "Impact of Soft-Money-Sponsored Issue Advocacy Advertising versus Candidate-Sponsored Positive and Negative Advertising: Influences on Candidate Preferences and Democratic Processes" (Michael Pfau, R. Lance Holbert, Erin Alison Szabo, and Kelly Kaminski); "The Emergence of Integrated Marketing Communications: A Theoretical Overview" (John M. McGrath); "Agency Concerns Over Newspaper Advertising" (Ann Maxwell and Wayne Wanta); "Does Good Work Pay Off? A Preliminary Study of Advertising Awards and Financial Growth" (Ann Maxwell, Charles Frazer, and Wayne Wanta); "Who We Are and What We Choose to Read: A Psychological Exploration of Media Use" (Fang Wan, Ken Doyle, and Mohan Jyoti Dutta); "Third-Person Perception, Message Type, Safer-Sex Campaigns, and Sexual Risk-Taking among Minority 'At-Risk' Youth" (John R. Chapin); "An Exploratory Study of the Synergy Among Ad Attention, Promotional Offers and the Use of Grocery Buyer Cards in Building Customer Loyalty" (Mary Alice Shaver, Hyun-Seung Jin, and Carol Pardun); "The Effect of Idiocentrism and Involvement on Attitude, Cognition and Behavioral Intention with Respect to AIDS Appeal Types" (Mohan Jyoti Dutta); "Recall, Liking and Creativity in TV Commercials: A New Approach" (Gerald Stone, Donna Besser, and Loran Lewis); and "The Presence of Nostalgia in Television Commercials" (Wendy Martin and Wei-Na Lee). (RS)

The International Communication, Part 2 section of the Proceedings contains the following 8 papers: "Split Images: Arab and Asian Political Leaders' Portraits in Major U.S. News Magazines" (Hye-Kyeong Pae); "Public Relations Functions and Models: U.S. Practitioners in International Assignments" (Alan R. Freitag); "The Influence of Ideological Perspective on Three North American Chinese-Language Newspapers' Framing of China's Resumption of Sovereignty Over Hong Kong" (Jui-Yun Kao and William A. Tillinghast); "'This Game Is Brought to You Commercial-Free': A Comparative Analysis of World Cup Soccer Television Coverage in Germany and the U.S." (Christian Kaschuba); "Front Pages of Taiwan Daily Newspapers 1952-1996" (Ven-hwei Lo, Anna Paddon, and Hsiaomei Wu); "Problematizing Comparative Studies, Institutional Research Environment and Feminist Perspectives in Japanese Television Drama Discourse" (Eva Tsai); "Transnational Journalism and the Story of Aids/HIV: A Content Analysis of Wire Service Coverage" (Nilanjana R. Bardhan); and "Giving Peace a Chance? Agenda-Building Influence of Nobel Peace Prize Announcements in U.S. Newsmagazines, 1990-1997" (Michelle M. Tedford). (RS)

The Radio-Television Journalism section of the Proceedings contains the following 7 papers: "Winner by a Sound Bite: Fairness and Balance in the 1998 Michigan Governor's Race" (Sue Carter, Frederick Fico, and Jocelyn A. McCabe); "The Effects of Competition on Television Coverage of City Hall" (Stephen Lacy, Charles St. Cyr, and David Coulson); "Television Network Affiliation Changes in a Major Market and the Effect on News Viewing" (Samuel J. Sauls and Marilyn L. Boemer); "The 1996 Presidential Nomination Contests: Network News Coverage" (Karon Speckman); "Prime Time News: Effects Associated with the Rise of the Television News Magazine Format" (Jennie Rupertus); "A Quarter Century of Television Network News: Fewer, Longer (?) and Softer News Items" (Daniel Riffe and Lori Spiczka Holm); and "Has the Salary Gap Closed? A Survey of Men and Women Managers at U.S. Television Stations" (Jennifer Greer and Keisha Williams). (RS)

The Miscellaneous section of the Proceedings contains the following 6 papers: "The Effect of Membership in the Society of Environmental Journalists on Inclusion of Enabling Information in Stories on Water Quality" (Michelle M. Tedford); "Press, Privacy and Presidential 'Proceedings': Moral Judgments and the Clinton-Lewinsky Affair" (Jennifer L. Lambe, Christina L. Fiebich, and Darcia Narvaez); "A Research Agenda for Establishing a Grounding for Journalistic Ethics" (Dan Shaver); "Framing an Environmental Controversy in India's English-Language Press: A Study of Text in Context" (Elizabeth Burch); "The Sources Iowans Trust: The Impact of Involvement on Credibility Perceptions and Channels Used for Environmental Issues" (Sunae Jo and Lulu Rodriguez); and "The Relationship of Risk Information Processing to Consideration of Behavioral Beliefs" (Robert J. Griffin, Kurt Neuwirth, James Giese, and Sharon Dunwoody). (RS)

This experimental study examined the effects of multimedia on Internet news readers, in particular focusing on Web site design and its effect on comprehension and recall of news stories. Subjects (84 undergraduate students) viewed one of two versions of the same Web site--one with multimedia and one without. The Web site consisted of six stories not heavily covered in the media from the categories of local news, national news (politics), international news, sports, health and human interest (people). Text and images on both sites were identical, except that on the plain site audio and/or video enhancements of the multimedia site were transcribed and placed in the same location in the story as on the multimedia site. This made it possible to determine the influence on comprehension and recall of the presence or absence of the audio and/or video files. Dependent variables were comprehension, recall, or response to site. A post-test measured comprehension and recall. Findings did not support a significant difference in comprehension, recall, or response arising from presence or absence of multimedia. Comprehension and recall with regard to items such as current events knowledge, gender, and advertisements are also discussed. Short discussions of information gathered on other factors (time of day, style of writing, interest, sex of the subject, stories read first and last, and number of advertisements remembered from each site) are also presented. Contains 41 references and 7 tables of data. (SR)

The Commission on the Status of Women section of the Proceedings contains the following five papers: "Women as Sources: Gender Patterns in Framing the News" (Lynn M. Zoch and Judy VanSlyke Turk); "Gender Bias in Newspaper Coverage of the 1996 Olympic Games: A Content Analysis of Five Major Dailies" (Katherine N. Kinnick); "Evaluating the Public Information Function: How Media Agents Framed the Silicone Breast Implant Controversy" (Julie Andsager and Leiott Smiley); "Cyber-Wimmin: Co-Opting the Dominant Discourse" (B. Carol Eaton); and "How Do Our Daughters Grow?: Adolescent Socialization Messages in Selected Print and Electronic Media" (Betsy Robertson). Individual papers contain references. (RS)

The Scholastic Journalism section of the Proceedings contains the following five papers: Implementation and Effects of the Arkansas Student Publications Act" (Bruce L. Plopper and William D. Downs, Jr.); "Choosing a Media Career: Factors Influencing the College Student's Decision-Making Process" (Carolyn H. Ringer and Julie E. Dodd); "'Captive Voices' and 'Death by Cheeseburger' on the Bayou: Assessing First Amendment Knowledge of Leading High School Journalism Students in Southern Louisiana" (Joseph A. Mirando); "Disability Legislation as Hands-On Reporting Experience: A Case Study" (Beth Haller); and "The Great Divide: High School Newspapers and Advisers in Chicago and the Metropolitan Area" (Linda Jones). Individual papers contain references. (RS)

The Radio-Television section of the Proceedings contains the following 14 papers: "Law and Ethics behind the Hidden and Intrusive Camera" (Geri Alumit); "Television News and Memory Distortion: Confidence in False Memories for Television News Stories" (Julia R. Fox); "Hype versus Substance in Campaign Coverage: Are the Television Networks Cleaning Up Their Act?" (Julia R. Fox and Chris Goble); "Still Knowing Their Place: African Americans in Southeast TV Newscasts" (Kenneth Campbell; Ernest L. Wiggings; Sonya Forte Duhe); "Political Candidate Sound Bites vs. Video Bites in Network TV News: Is How They Look More Important Than What They Say?" (Dennis T. Lowry); "The Effect of Redundant Actualities on Recall of Radio News" (Larry G. Burkum); "The 'News of Your Choice' Experiment in the Twin Cities: What Kind of Choice Did Viewers Get?" (Kathleen A. Hansen and Joan Conners); "Television Newsroom Training for the 21st Century" (Sandra L. Ellis and Ann S. Jabro); "Impact of New Managers on Local TV News: A Case Study" (Jim Upshaw); "Is It Really News? An Analysis of Video News Releases" (Anthony Hunt); "The Effects of Audiences' Gender-Based Expectations about Newscasters on News Viewing Satisfaction in a Collective Culture: South Korea" (U-Ryong Kim and Cheong-Yi Park); "Seven Dirty Words: Did They Help Define Indecency?" (Jeff Demas); "Television Station Web Sites: Interactivity in News Stories" (Ray Niekamp); and "The Priming of the People: Media Coverage of Presidential Campaigns" (Kim Bissell). Individual papers contain references. (RS)

The Newspaper section of the Proceedings contains the following 16 papers: "Reader-Friendly Journalism's Lasting Impact: A Study of Reporters and Editors Involved in Knight-Ridder's 25/43 Project" (Kris Kodrich); "An Analysis of Online Sites Produced by U.S. Newspapers: Are the Critics Right?" (Jon Gubman and Jennifer Greer); "Self-Promotion and the Internet" (Steve J. Collins); "Is the 'Women's Section' an Anachronism? Affinity for and Ambivalence about the "Chicago Tribune"'s WomaNews" (Melinda D. Hawley); "Assessment of Lead Writing Practices in U.S. Newspapers" (Gerald Stone); "New Study Contradicts Medsger's 'Winds of Change'" (Fred Fedler; Tim Counts; Arlen Carey; Maria Cristina Santana); "Journalism's Status in Academia: A Candidate for Elimination?" (Fred Fedler, Arlen Carey, and Tim Counts); "Newsroom Topic Teams: Journalists' Assessments of Effects on News Routines and Newspaper Quality" (Kathleen A. Hansen; Mark Neuzil; Jean Ward); "Net Gain?: New England's Online Newspapers Assess Benefits and Drawbacks of Their Electronic Editions" (Mary Jane Alexander); "Newspaper Readership Choices of Young Adults" (Carol Schlagheck); "Changing Values in the Newsroom: A Survey of Daily Newspaper Staff Members" (M. David Arant and Philip Meyer); "Newspaper Editors' Policies and Attitudes toward Coverage of Domestic Assault" (Wayne Wanta and Kimber Williams); "Sisyphus or Synergy: Effects of TV-Newspaper Collaborations on Voter Knowledge" (Jurgen Henn); "A Big Enough Web for the Both of Us? Online Coverage of the 1996 Election by Denver's Warring Newspapers" (Jane B. Singer); "Newspaper Nonreadership: A Study of Motivations" (Gina M. Masullo); and "Untangling the Web: Teaching Students How to Use Online Resources and Critically Evaluate Information" (Stan Ketterer). Individual papers contain references. (RS)

The History section of the Proceedings contains the following 12 papers: "Change on Tap for Nashville: The Telegraph and News Content, 1860" (Frank E. Fee, Jr.); "Rod Sterling's 'Hegemony Zone'" (Bob Pondillo); "The Publications of the Carlisle Indian School: Cultural Voices or Pure Propaganda?" (Beth A. Haller); "'Upholding the Womanhood of Woman' by Opposing the Vote: The Countermovement Rhetoric of the 'Remonstrance,' 1890-1920" (Elizabeth V. Burt); "Seeking the Editorial High Ground: E.W. Scripps' Experiment in Adless Journalism" (Duane Stoltzfus); "Edward H. Butler of the Buffalo 'News': The Ascent and Corruption of a New Journalism Pioneer" (Michael J. Dillon); "Selling Cable Television in the 1970s and 1980s: Social Dreams and Business Schemes" (William J. Leonhirth);"John Shaw Billings: The Demons That Drove Time/Life's 'Editor's Editor'" (Michael F. Lane); "Issues of Openness and Privacy: Press Coverage of Betty Ford's Breast Cancer" (Myra Gregory Knight); "The Japanese-Language Press and the Government's Decision of the Japanese Mass Evacuation during World War II: Three Japanese Newspapers' Reception of the War, the Japanese Americans' Wartime Status, and the Evacuation" (Takeya Mizuno); "Free at Last? Religious Contradictions in the Origins of the Black Press in America (Allen W. Palmer and Lyrum Laturner); and "Why Did Women Journalists Leave the Newsroom?: Stories of Quitting (Linda Steiner). (Individual papers contain references.) (CR)

A study compared the topics addressed in a professional trade publication, the RTNDA (Radio and Television News Directors Association) "Communicator," with topics specifically addressing broadcast news in the scholarly journals "Journalism Quarterly" and "Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media." The purpose of the research was to help ascertain whether television and radio news directors will find the research and issues of academic journal researchers useful and relevant to their journalism responsibilities. Findings are based on a content analysis of the publications from 1992-1994, and are a partial replication of an earlier study that compared the content of "Quill,""Editor and Publisher," and "Columbia Journalism Review" with "Journalism Quarterly." As in the earlier study, through the use of correlation measurements of ranking association, the data suggest that the most frequent topics addressed in "Communicator" are also important to the scholarly journals. An even stronger correlation was discovered when a second ranking--without the category "theory and research methods"--was also tested. Despite evidence that broadcast news managers do not read nor value the published efforts of researchers, these findings suggest that studies involving the quality of journalism, ethics and professional values, competition with other media, and work environment issues, may find a receptive audience when the style of an article is revised and edited for interest to the practitioner in addition to the scholar. (Contains 27 references, 7 notes, and 2 tables of data.) (Author/RS)

The 17 papers in this collection all deal with 20th-century journalism, journalists, and mass media. The papers and their authors are: "Building One's Own Gallows: The Trade Publications' Reaction to a Federal Shield Law, 1972-1974" (Karla Gower); "The Useful Ogre: Sweden's Use and Views of American Television, 1956-62" (Ulf Jonas Bjork); "Black or Negro? The Media's Dilemma of Racial Identifiers, 1967-1971" (Joey Senat); "Hostile Crowds, Homosexual Activists and AIDS Victims: Mainstream Newspapers Cover Gay Liberation" (Elizabeth M. Koehler); "Unhappy Events in Ireland: Irish-American Press Coverage of Dublin's 1916 Easter Rising" (Karen Patricia Potter); "'They're Talking about Us': Yellow Journalism and the Press of West Africa" (W. Joseph Campbell); "Same/Difference: The Media, Equal Rights and Aboriginal Women in Canada, 1968" (Barbara M. Freeman); "Literature, Propaganda and the First World War: The Case of 'Blackwood's Magazine'" (David Finkelstein); "Reasoned Protest and Personal Journalism: The Liberty and Death of 'The Intermountain Observer'" (James B. McPherson); "Measuring Jazz Journalism in Missouri Dailies of the 1920s" (Steven D. Koski); "Fighting for 'The Big Voices of the Air': A History of the Clear Channel Broadcasting Service"; "Rural Publicity in the Boilerplate Era: The Mt. Clemens News Bureau" (James C. Foust); "The Delightful Relationship: Presidents and White House Correspondents in the 1920s" (Stephen Ponder); "Construction of a Gay Image in the Washington Press: 1943-1970" (Edward M. Alwood); "Balancing Academic Freedom and Academic Image: The North Carolina Speaker Ban, 1963-1968" (Patricia Richardson); "The Vietnam War, the Cold War, and Protestants: How the 'Christian Century' and 'Christianity Today' Reflected American Society in the 1960s" (David E. Settje); and "News Pegs and the National Farmers Organization: Episodic and Life-Span Patterns of Press Coverage" (Jane S. McConnell). (NKA)

A study examined whether minority participation in high school journalism is lower than participation by White students. Past research has found that participation on high school newspapers is often the catalyst that leads to journalism careers. The study used a telephone questionnaire as the survey instrument. Maryland high schools (160) were selected to provide data for the Maryland Scholastic Press Association, since the state roughly reflects the racial breakdown of the nation (29.4% minority population), with a diverse demographic mix. Of the 137 schools which had newspapers, the adviser was then contacted and interviewed, with a response rate of 76.6%. Results indicated that 85.6% of all 160 non-vocational, non-special needs Maryland public schools published newspapers, including 110 (91.7%) of the 120 White plurality schools as opposed to 27 (67.5%) of the 40 Black plurality schools. Results also indicated that the mean number of pages was 84.8 at the former and 70.2 at the latter. Newspaper leadership in schools with a 69.7% White population was held 80% by White students and, conversely, Blacks made up 22.3% of the student population, but only held 14.2% of the top newspaper positions. Findings revealed that only 3.8% of advisers surveyed were minorities and only 8.6% majored in journalism, with 60% never having taken a journalism course. Findings also revealed that 45% of all American daily newspapers do not have minorities on their staffs. (Contains 2 tables of data and 27 references.) (CR)

A study examined the health of school newspapers in the Chicago Public Schools, one of the most troubled school districts in the nation. Surveys were completed by advisers at 70 of the 88 public or private high schools in the city of Chicago, Illinois. Results indicated that (1) almost 1 adviser in 5 reported that the school's principal read the paper before it went to press, or had decided that a particular story or editorial could not run; (2) more than 9 of 10 advisers spent a great deal of time teaching writing; (3) advisers reported that students practiced self-censorship; (4) gender, race, advising experience, and the presence of a journalism degree were not indicators of advisers censoring or allowing censorship; (5) nearly half of all advisers never considered advising the school paper until asked to do it; (6) the staffs produced an average of 6 issues per year; and (7) at more than half of the public schools, students were limited to writing stories and taking photos. Findings suggest that newspapers in the public schools fall short of guidelines proposed by the Freedom Forum: school newspapers should be allowed to exercise their First Amendment rights responsibly; students should receive clear instruction on the rights and responsibilities of free expression; media outlets should provide vigorous moral and material support for advisers and school newspapers; advisers should be well trained; and newspapers should publish at least monthly. (Contains 4 tables, 18 notes, and a 14-item bibliography. The survey instrument is attached.) (Author/RS)

The communication technology and policy section of the Proceedings contains the following 11 papers: "The Battle for the Net Frontier: Technology and Policy in an Age of Hype and Sensationalism" (Jan H. Samoriski); "Uses and Gratifications of the World Wide Web" (Barbara K. Kaye); "Comparing Consumer Feedback Channels: Newspapers versus Television" (Wayne Wanta and others); "Digitized Source Materials for News Stories: How Do Digital Technologies Affect Media Routines?" (David R. Thompson); "Do Quotes Affect Perception of Online News Stories?" (S. Shyam Sundar); "Changes and Consistencies: Newspaper Journalists Contemplate an Online Future" (Jane B. Singer); "The Communications Decency Act: A Call to Keep a User-Friendly Environment" (Justin Brown); "New Technologies in the American Oval Office and the Canadian Prime Minister's Office" (Betty Houchin Winfield and Michael Antecol); "The Fair Use of Video Clips in Electronic Publications on the World Wide Web" (Quint B. Randle); "Personal Computer Adoption and Internet Use" (Carolyn A. Lin); and "The Myth of a Technological Solution to Television Violence: Identifying Problems with the V-Chip" (Greg Makris). Individual papers contain references. (RS)

The First Amendment rights of students at public universities and colleges are well established by federal and state courts. Where a publication has been created as a forum for student expression, college authorities may not exercise anything but advisory control over editorial decisions of student editors. On-line student newspapers and literary magazines would seem to fall within the broad view of forms of expression granted these free press rights by the courts. Hence, the growing number of on-line student publications should be afforded the same First Amendment rights as their ink-and-paper forerunners. Universities adopting a hands-on attitude, despite consistent rulings by the courts granting editorial control to student editors, could find themselves being held liable for defamatory and privacy-invading statements made in those publications, while colleges that abide by the courts' rulings should be immune from such liability. However, Congress has muddied the First Amendment stream by treating the Internet--at least for the purposes of controlling obscenity and indecent language--as a medium to be regulated by the Federal Communications Commission. It may be that public universities will be forced to oversee and punish students for violations of the Communication Decency Act. That means that student editors could find themselves able to publish certain materials in print but not on-line. It can be argued that the rationales for allowing greater governmental restriction of broadcast media do not apply to on-line student publications. (Contains 121 references.) (TB)

The Visual Communication and Science and Health Communication section of the proceedings contains the following 12 papers: "The Designers' Toolbox: Newsroom Experience and Ideal Characteristics of Newspaper Designers" (Wayne Wanta and Lauren Danner); "Patterned Image of the Homeless: Discourse Analysis of Television News Narrative" (In-Sung Whang and E. J. Min); "Navigating the Digital Universe: The Use of Space in the Design of Multimedia" (Jean Trumbo); "African American Pictorial Coverage in Four U.S. Newspapers" (Paul Martin Lester and Randy Miller); "Pictorial Stereotypes in the Media: A Pedagogical Discussion" (Paul Martin Lester); "How Media Use and Demographics Affect Satisfaction with the Appearance of Community Newspapers" (John Mark King); "Television News Images of the Oklahoma City Bombing and the Fear of Terrorism" (Claudette Guzan Artwick); "'American Gothic' and the Impact of Digital Video Technology on the Visual Communication of Television" (Edward J. Fink); "Environmental Coverage Priorities: A Michigan Newspaper Comparison" (Erik Bean and Jim Detjen); "Domestic and International Coverage of AIDS/HIV by the 'New York Times,''Los Angeles Times,' and 'USA Today': 1990-1994" (Nilanjana Roy Bardhan); "The Quality of Interactive Computer Use among HIV-Infected Individuals" (Paul Smaglik and others); and "Mass Media, Interpersonal Communication, and Real-Life Factors in Risk Perception at Personal and Societal Levels" (Eunkyung Park and others). Individual papers contain references. (CR)

The Radio and Television section of the proceedings contains the following 13 papers: "Two Pacific Powers View the World: News on CBS and TBS Television" (Anne Cooper-Chen); "Nicholas Johnson: The Public's Defender on the Federal Communication Commission, 1966-1973" (Max V. Grubb); "News Tips, TV Viewers, and Computer Links: A Follow-Up Story" (Jim Upshaw and Michael Elias); "Quantitative Television Coverage of Women's Athletics: ESPN Sportscenter and CNN Sports Tonight" (C. A. Tuggle); "A Deeper Look at the 'Superficiality' of Television News" (Daniel Riffe); "Television Station Sites on the World Wide Web" (Ray Niekamp); "Credibility and Perceptions of Network Television News Coverage of the O.J. Simpson Trial" (Patrick J. Sutherland and others); "Evaluating Satisfaction with Cable Television: An Attribute Based Approach" (Randy Jacobs); "Charles Kuralt, Steve Dunleavy, and the Language of Television News" (Matthew C. Ehrlich); "The Role of News Teasers in Processing of TV News" (Hao-chieh Chang); "Riding the Airwaves: Three Models of Women's Access to Broadcasting" (Sue Carter); "The News Box: Re-Evaluating Radio News in the 1920s" (Michael Antecol); and "Mandate to News Consult: The Untold Story of the FCC's 1960 Community Ascertainment Policy" (Craig Allen). Individual papers contain references. (CR)

The Qualitative Studies section of the proceedings contains the following 13 papers: "Writing as Theater: The Marketing of the Digital Word" (Sally McMillan); "Rethinking Ideology: Polysemy, Pleasure and Hegemony in Television Culture" (Luis Rivera-Perez); "Low Power FM: A Small History" (Gregory J. Adamo); "The Residue of Culture: An Ellulian Dialogic Analysis of Religious Imagery in a Network Television Drama" (Rick Clifton Moore); "News Values, News Strategies: "The New York Times" in Haiti, 1994-96" (Jack Lule); "Walt Disney, 1941-1966: Mass Media Products in Service of the American Way" (Joel L. Cliff); "Introducing Television to the American Home: A Dialectic of Structure and Practice in History" (Olaf Hoerschelmann); "Constructing the Nuclear-Waste Discourse: An Analysis of Coverage in Four Minnesota Newspapers of the Prairie Island Controversy" (Patricia Jane Berg); "Public Mind, Private Eye: Critical Orality-Literacy and TV Criticism" (Ralph Beliveau); "Feeding the Dinosaurs: Economic Concentration in the Retail Book Industry" (Jon Bekken); "Ryszard Kapuscinski: Epistemic Responsibility, Narrative Theory, and Literary Journalism" (James L. Aucoin); "Frames of Blame: A Textual Semiosis of "Newstrack's" Representation of Aids in India" (Nilanjana Bardhan); and "A War By Any Other Name: A Textual Analysis of Falklands/Malvinas War Coverage in U.S. and Latin American Newspapers" (Carolina Acosta-Alzuru and Elizabeth Pauline Lester). Individual papers contain references. (CR)

The international communications section of the Proceedings contains the following 14 papers: "Spinning Stories: Latin America and the World Wide Web" (Eliza Tanner); "Private-Enterprise Broadcasting and Accelerating Dependency: Case Studies from Nigeria and Uganda" (Folu Folarin Ogundimu); "The Transitional Media System of Post-Communist Bulgaria" (Ekaterina Ognianova); "Comparing Canadian and U.S. Press Coverage of the Gulf Crisis: The Effects of Ideology in an International Context" (James E. Mollenkopf and Nancy Brendlinger); "Privatization in Indian Telecommunications: A Pragmatic Solution to Socialist Inertia" (Divya C. McMillin); "'Caribscope'--A Forum for Development News?" (Lisa A. McClean); "Ideology and Market: The Political Economy of Russian Media Industry" (Soobum Lee); "The Construction of Cuba in 'The New York Times' and 'The Washington Post'" (William M. Kunz and Alan G. Stavitsky); "Globalization of Mass Communications in the West and East Asia: Towards a New East Asian Model of Mass Communications" (Min Soo Kim); "Agenda Setting in Japan: A Framework for Studying the Media and Politics" (Beverly Horvit); "Japanese and American Coverage of the 50th Anniversary of World War II: Different Stories for Different Audiences" (Koji Fuse and James E. Mueller); "David and Godzilla: Anti-Semitism and 'Seppuku' in Japanese Publishing" (Tom Brislin); "Burma or Myanmar? Determinants of Country-Name Usage by International Newspapers and News Agencies" (Carolyn J. Davis); and "The Impact of Cultural and Market Distance on International Advertising: A Content Analysis of Ad Appeals in Ads from US, Japan and Korea" (Yoo-Kyung Kim and Hao-chieh Chang). Individual papers contain references. (RS)

A study used a diffusion of innovation approach to examine the adoption of digital imaging technology at daily college newspapers and to gauge its effect on student journalists' attitudes about the credibility of news photography and their work routines. College papers are well suited for such a study because their adoption of technology is likely to be more gradual than at professional papers. The study measures adoption rates over a 3-year period using questionnaires sent to student newspapers publishing at least 4 days per week. Measurement began in the early adoption stage (13%) and concluded in the late majority stage (66%). In all, 99 newspapers participated. By April 1995, 56 of them were using digital imaging technology on a routine basis. Adoption rates followed an s-curved (sigmoid) pattern. Students at the papers using digital technology said they had an easier time processing their photographic reports. Most disturbing for the photojournalism profession, however, is the pessimistic attitude these student editors expressed about the future credibility of news photos. It is possible that those who work with the computers daily learn very well how easy it is to change photographic representation without leaving a trace. Students also reported that the technology allowed for significant improvements in the way they perform their jobs in the newsroom. Response patterns suggest early adopters and majority adopters reacted differently to digital imaging. (Contains 3 figures, one table of data, and 24 notes.) (TB)

The 14 papers in this collection all deal with 20th century journalism and journalists in the United States. The papers and their authors are: "Educating Ike: The Evolution of Presidential PR in 1953" (David W. Guth); "Crumbs from the Publishers' Golden Tables: The Plight of the Chicago Newsboy" (Jon Bekken); "'They Work Too Hard': How Newspapers Justified the 1924 Exclusion of Japanese Immigrants" (Brad Hamm); "Agnes Smedley: A Radical Journalist in Search of a Cause" (Karla Gower); "The Camera's Red Lens: Television Coverage of Wounded Knee II, 1973" (William Hewitt); "From College Expulsion to Pulitzer Prize: How the New York World-Telegram's Fred Woltman Became the 'No. 1 Newspaper Specialist' on Communists" (Brad Hamm); "The Segregationist Press in the Closed Society: The Jackson Daily News' Coverage of the Civil Rights Movement, 1960-1964" (David R. Davies); "A 'Political Institutional' Theory of the News: The Emergence of Independent Journalism in Detroit, 1865-1920" (Richard L. Kaplan); "Will Irwin Revisited: A Contrast of Past and Present Criticisms of the Press" (Brian C. Smith); "Returning Government to the Hands of the People: The Pacific Northwest's Nonpartisan League Newspapers" (Mary M. Cronin and Paul Schlienz); "Birth Control Crusade: The Public Relations Campaign" (R. Brooks Garner); "AIDS and the Gay Press: Uncovering or Covering Up?" (Rodger Streitmatter); "The Farmer and the Radio Man Should Be Friends: Clear Channel Radio Stations and the Farm Lobby, 1941-1968" (James C. Foust); and "Electrical Transcriptions: Quality Programming for All Radio Stations" (Jann Hyde). (NKA)

The 13 papers presented in this collection all deal with journalism and journalists from colonial America through the 19th century. The papers and their authors are: "'The Presence of God Was Much Seen in Their Assemblies': Religious News in Colonial America" (David A. Copeland); "And So They Came: The Persuasive Effect of American Settlement Literature during the Colonial Era" (Julie Hedgepeth Williams); "The Impact of the American Revolution on the Occupational Ideology of Journalists: A Comparison of Pre- and Post-Revolution Prospectuses" (Patricia L. Dooley); "Trade, Treachery, and Daily Necessities: The Significance of the Sea to Colonial Newspapers" (David A. Copeland); "The Press and the War of 1812" (Susan Thompson); "'A Tincture of Madness': The Failure of Benjamin Franklin's West Indies Printing Partnerships" (Ralph Frasca); "'The Earnest Endeavor': Andrew Brown's Role in Philadelphia's 1793 Yellow Fever Epidemic" (Mark A. Smith); "Constantine Rea: An Antebellum Editor" (Nan Fairley); "The Rise of the Fact and 'Naive Empiricism' in Journalism and the Sciences, As Seen in the Great Cholera Epidemics of 1832, 1849, and 1866" (David T. Z. Mindich); "Observers of Crisis and Compromise: The Washington Correspondents of 1850" (Mark J. Stegmaier); "With Respect and Admiration--Walter Mason Camp, Journalist of the Little Big Horn" (Warren E. "Sandy" Barnard); "Domesticity and Municipal Housekeeping Concerns in the Writing of Women Journalists during the Nineteenth Century" (Agnes Hooper Gottlieb); and "From an Incautious Heroine, Ishbel Ross: Arms Outstretched beneath a Backward-Billowing Old Glory" (Beverly G. Merrick). (NKA)

A study examined the extent to which high school journalism advisers strive to achieve a balance between the right of school authorities to control the educational process and students' First Amendment rights. Questionnaires were sent to a stratified random sample of 500 public secondary schools across the United States. A total of 248 journalism advisers responded, for a response rate of 50%. Results indicated that: (1) most teachers supported the position that the student editor has the final responsibility for content decisions; (2) advisers with journalism certification, those with a heavy journalism class load, veteran teachers and suburban teachers were more likely than their counterparts to assume responsibility for supporting student freedom of expression across the involvement continuum; (3) most advisers would not seek the principal's approval before a sensitive, critical or controversial story is published; and (4) stories about school personnel competency and sex and sexuality were the stories that teachers, students, and administrators were most apt to disagree about. Findings suggest that the answer to the journalism teacher's dilemma is a pragmatic or situational one. Maintaining the balance between the ideals of journalism and the pragmatic realities of everyday school life is difficult but possible. Findings also point toward establishing policies that favor the hiring of certified journalism teachers. (Contains 51 notes and 31 tables of data. The questionnaire is attached.) (RS)

This paper reviews research concerning the attitudes that principals, journalism advisers, high school journalism press association directors, and student editors hold toward student publications, and it reviews research concerning effective political strategies. The study focuses particularly on the strategies employed by supporters of student press legislation in Arkansas, where such legislation, despite the state's politically conservative orientation, was passed finally in 1995. A detailed history of attempts to draft legislation palatable to all parties involved shows how convoluted a process it became. Supporters of the Arkansas Student Publications Act found that it was only by applying information from both surveys of those associated with high school publications and surveys of those involved in the political processes that they were able to draft successful legislation. First, supporters built a wide base of support for their proposed bill. When that base of support seemed about to unravel, they framed the issue in terms all could appreciate and also compromised on some issues. Second, supporters found effective legislative sponsors, all of whom were well-respected Democrats with rural constituencies, and two of whom were experienced legislators who had either media or teaching backgrounds. Third, and perhaps most importantly, supporters negotiated with the opposition before the opposition had a change to mobilize its forces. They managed to convince the opposition that the proposed act was a win-win-win situation for administrators, advisers and students. (Contains 24 references; 5 appendixes contain successive drafts of the bill). (Author/TB)

This paper details the introduction of trauma interview instruction to the journalism classroom. The paper begins by summarizing what has been learned from the academic and trade literature, followed by a detailed explanation of the role play exercise, the principal method of investigation in the paper. The paper also discusses the reactions of the three graduate students chosen to play the bereaved individuals in the role-play and the responses of the undergraduate students who played the reporters sent to interview the victims. The findings support the value of role play in classroom instruction and suggest the need for careful training in preparation for the trauma victim interview. Contains 2 unnumbered tables of data and 25 notes. Appendixes present role-playing information for the victims and for the reporters. (Author/RS)

A study examined how a select group of successful high school journalism teachers face the challenge of applying professional standards in the quest for student press freedom. A total of 162 questionnaires (representing a response rate of 46.5%) were returned by a purposive sample of teachers who advise some of the most highly acclaimed student newspapers in the United States. Results indicated that: (1) 90% of the advisers agreed strongly or somewhat that students must behave ethically if they want to exercise freedom of the press in the high school newspaper; (2) the advisers valued classroom instruction and also the learning that comes from addressing specific ethical issues confronting the professional and student press; and (3) the advisers acknowledged their role as a bridge to the professional press and they put a premium on helping their students acquire the tools to make ethical decisions. Findings suggest that the advisers of acclaimed student newspapers ARE setting high standards for their students and definitely want their publications and students to be identified with the best of professional journalism. (Contains 20 references, 1 note, and 3 tables of data.) (RS)

The law section of the Proceedings contains the following 12 papers: "Constitutional Considerations of the Escrowed Encryption Standard" (Pat Bastian); "Exploring the Link between Source Credibility and Reputational Harm: Effects of Publication Type on Belief of Potentially Defamatory Statements" (Kenneth R. Blake); "Legislative Magic and the Leonard Law: Turning Private Universities into Public Entities" (Clay Calvert); "Technical Innovation Meets Economic and Financial Monopoly: The Clear Channel Group and the Clear Channel Issue, 1934-1941" (James C. Foust); "Alachua Free-Net: Looking for the First Amendment at One Outpost on the Information Highway" (David R. Friedman and Matt Jackson); "Speakers' Rights in Private Forums: How the First Amendment Might Look on the Information Superhighway" (Michelle Johnson); "Retractions to Avoid Libel Suits: The Uniform Correction or Clarification of Defamation Act versus Tennessee Law" (Kelly C. Lockhart and Geoffrey Hull); "Who Belongs to the Privileged Class? Journalistic Privilege for Non-Traditional Journalists" (Priscilla Coit Murphy); "Taming the Watchdog: Justice Byron White and the Repudiation of Press Privilege" (Alan Prendergast); "Anti-Abortion Political Ads: Balancing Questions of Indecency, Censorship, and Access" (Michael Spillman); "'Living Law' in the Newsroom: A Study of Social Influences" (Paul S. Voakes); and "When Copyright Law Silences Creativity: Digital Sampling and a Group Called 'Negativland'" (Sylvia E. White). (CR)

The visual communication section of the Proceedings contains the following 8 papers: "Constructing Meaning from Visual Images in Local Television Crime News" (Claudette Guzan Artwick); "Comparative Performance of the Pie and the Bar" (Prabu David); "Job Satisfaction among Photojournalists past 40: A National Survey Looks at 'The Lifers'" (John Freeman); "Piecing Together the AIDS Quilt Story: A Micro-Analysis of the Interaction of Television News' Visual and Verbal Texts" (Steven Konick); "The Burden of Visual Truth: The Role of Photojournalism in Mediating Reality" (Julianne H. Newton); "The Health of Photojournalism and Visual Communication Education in the Nineties: Cause for Concern or a Bright Future?" (C. Zoe Smith and Andrew Mendelson); "Design Variations Within and Among Newspaper Chains" (Sandra H. Utt and Steve Pasternack); and "Public Perceptions of Photographic Credibility in the Age of Digital Manipulation" (Tom Wheeler). (CR)