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Introduction: To analyze, using bibliometric techniques, the scientific production on drug-related problem (DRP) indexed in the Scopus bibliographic database. Method: Cross-sectional descriptive study. Data were obtained from the Scopus database, querying with the term “drug-related problem” in the registration fields of title, abstract and keywords; final search date January 2024. Results: A total of 2992 references were obtained. The annual relationship of the number of publications showed a direct linear regression model (R2 = 0.8; p < 0.001). The most frequent document type was the original article with 2455 (82.1%) references, with a productivity index of 3.4. Papers published in 26 different languages were identified, with English being the predominant language with 2607 (87.1%) papers. There was a statistically significant correlation between JCR and CiteScore impact indicators (R = 0.7, p = 0.005). A total of 40659 keywords (KW) were found, with an average of 13.6 KW per paper. The most used KW was Human, in 2411 (5.9%) times. Conclusions: Taking into account all previously mentioned, it could be concluded: This study showed that research in the field of DRPs has experienced a steady growth over the years, although it has not yet reached exponential growth. The original article was the most common type of document in scientific production. There was a clear Anglo-Saxon influence, both in terms of language and institutional affiliation. The lack of use of standardized language was evident. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractUrban spatial structures significantly influence the quality of production, living, and ecological spaces within cities. Development zones serve as essential spatial carriers in China’s rapid industrialization and urbanization, facilitating horizontal urban expansion. This study examines the impact of development zone site selection on urban space expansion through both theoretical analysis and empirical evidence. Results reveal that the dispersion of development zones leads to urban geometry loosening. Potential mechanisms, such as land expansion, are closely linked to various heterogeneous factors like official turnover and city size. With the establishment of development zones, there is an increase in the intensity of industrial and commercial/residential land transfers within a 5-km radius, confirming that the industrial suburbanization and passive residential suburbanization catalyzed by the development zones are the primary drivers of horizontal urban space expansion. Additionally, dispersion fosters competition for homogenization among industrial parks in the same administrative area. To promote organized and effective urbanization, strategies should prioritize compact development, strengthen boundary regulations, reform institutional land development practices, and optimize industrial resource integration within the city’s existing parks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study delves into the factors influencing the willingness of rural land transfers in different terrain areas, aiming to promote the improvement of land transfer institutions and accelerate the process of scale farming. Based on rural survey data from Anhui and Qinghai provinces in China, this research uses geographical detector and Binary Logistic Model to explore the differential factors affecting the willingness of farmers to participate in land contract transfer in the first and third terrain areas of China. The study examines four dimensions, including individual characteristics, family endowments, social support strategies, and geographical environment. The findings reveal the following: (1) By comparing the mean values, standard deviations, and coefficients of variation of the data from both provinces, it is evident that the indicators of individual characteristics, family endowments, social support strategies, and geographical environment differ significantly between the two provinces. This indicates substantial disparities in the basic attributes of farmers and their living environments. (2) The single-factor explanatory power significantly influencing farmers' willingness to engage in land transfer varies considerably and is statistically significant at the 1% level. The types of interaction between two factors mainly include dual-factor enhancement, nonlinear enhancement, single-factor nonlinear attenuation, and nonlinear attenuation. (3) There are commonalities and differences in the factors that significantly influence farmers' willingness to participate in land transfer in the two provinces. Common factors influencing farmers' land transfer willingness in both provinces include: the educational level of household heads, the health status of household heads, the number of family laborers, the arable land area, the differentiation of agricultural management objectives, the proportion of agricultural operating income, labor service economy, and relocation policies. Factors showing different influences include: the age of household heads, school-age children, the number of family members engaged in different occupations, the proportion of income from off-farm employment, minimum guarantee policies credit support, location distance, and terrain undulation. Therefore, in formulating land transfer policies, the government should prioritize significant driving factors influencing farmers' decision-making behavior in different regions. It is essential to develop and implement land transfer policies tailored to local conditions with the primary goal of safeguarding the rights and interests of the principal stakeholders, thus achieving sustainable land utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transfer of land plays a crucial role in revitalizing land resources, acting as a catalyst for promoting the high-quality development of agriculture. The land transfer ratio is a crucial metric for assessing the progress of rural land transfer and the effective allocation of rural land resources. Thus, this study examines the rural land transfer ratio across 30 provinces in China from 2005 to 2020. The study explores the distribution characteristics of the ratio using the rank-size rule and trend surface analysis. The LISA space-time transition method is employed to analyze the spatial and temporal dynamics of the rural land transfer ratio and examine its convergence. The study aims to comprehensively analyze the spatial distribution characteristics and evolutionary patterns of rural land transfer in China, illustrating the convergence and influencing factors during the development process. The results indicate that: (1) The rural land transfer ratio in China is generally increasing, with a spatial pattern showing an upward trend from west to east and from north to south. The main spatial contrast is between the eastern and western regions, with a relatively minor distinction between the southern and northern regions. (2) The LISA space-time transition highlights a significant spatial locking effect in China's rural land transfer ratio, suggesting strong spatial integration in its evolution. (3) Clear indications of σ convergence, absolute β convergence, and club convergence are evident in China's rural land transfer ratio. This suggests a gradual reduction in internal disparities among provinces and regions, where areas with higher land transfer ratios influence spatial spillover effects on adjacent lower areas. (4) Factors such as transportation infrastructure, irrigation, water conservancy construction, and farmers' per capita income collectively influence the spatial and temporal evolution of China's rural land transfer ratio, with dominant driving factors varying across different periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines how the Roman Catholic Church in Poland navigated the enormous increase in church buildings at its disposal at the end of the Second World War. This expansion was largely due to the mass acquisition of post-German churches in lands transferred from Germany to Poland. But rapid reconstruction of most of the churches destroyed during the war as well as the resumption of new construction also played a role. Although access to increased worship space might seem to have been a boon for Poland's postwar Catholic Church, the appropriation, reconstruction and completion of thousands of church buildings presented the church with an array of challenges. Refounding local Polish religious life in post-German, and often post-Protestant, houses of worship raised difficult questions about how various constituencies in newly formed communities could be made to feel at home in their new surroundings. Trade-offs between the expectations and customs of divergent groups were exacerbated by the prominence within the postwar church of Catholics who were themselves post-German, having spent the war categorized as German before being recategorized as Polish after 1945. Close attention to how Polish Catholics encountered new sacred spaces and one another reveals the complex negotiations and balancing acts required to form an ostensibly homogeneous religious-national community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on panel data from 2009 to 2021, covering 30 provinces in China, we have been constructed the Rural Financial Risk Index using the objective entropy weighting method to study rural financial risk in China systematically from the perspective of spatial distribution. Specifically, we discuss the spatial distribution, regional differences and dynamic evolution of rural financial risk across Chinese four different regions divided into the Northeast, East, Central and West. It's found that Local government debt and Land transfer income are the two primary determinants influencing the level of rural financial risk in China. Furthermore, we conclude the ranking value of rural financial risk across four regions that the central exhibits the highest level, followed by the West, the East, and finally the Northeast, where the reasons for such ranking results as follows. Firstly, although the highest level of risk among provinces in the West is equivalent to that in the Central, there exists a smaller minimum rural financial risk in the former compared to the latter. Then, it should be noted that there's a low-low agglomeration of rural financial risk in the Northeast, while it demonstrates a high-high agglomeration in the Central according to the Moran Index test analysis. Again, there's a declining trend in rural financial risk disparity within the region and an upward trend is observed when comparing different regions (except the East vs West), especially increase largely between the Northeast and Central in past two years after analyzing the decomposition of Dagum Gini coefficient. Moreover, we study the absolute differences and dynamic evolution in different four regions through three-dimensional diagram of kernel density estimation, and it's found that the change of rural financial risk in four regions moved to the right as a whole, while the tail distribution remains inconspicuous. The absolute difference is diminishing in the Northeast, and the two-level differentiation characteristics tend to weaken as a whole in the Central, with a disordered wave peak height observed in both the East and West. Finally, the article presents pertinent policy implications but limitations according to the research findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the impact of farm households' social capital characteristics and local government policies on the selection of farmland transfer contracts in China's rural industrial revitalization context. Utilizing field research data from 1,979 households in ethnic areas of Hunan Province, this paper constructs an econometric model to assess how farm households' social capital and local governments' involvement in rural industrial revitalization influence farmland transfer contract selections. The findings indicate that, lacking government program support, farmers' social capital significantly affects contract type and duration, but not the rent. Specifically, farmers possessing extensive social capital prefer verbal and short-term contracts (coefficients of 0.525 and 0.643, significant at the 5% level), whereas their influence on rent (coefficient of 2.418, significant at the 5% level) manifests under government program support. These results challenge the conventional theory of farmland transfer contracts and offer substantial empirical support for the development of local government policies in rural industrial revitalization, underlining the critical role of government guidance and social capital in enhancing farmland transfer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The asymptomatic at-risk phase might be the optimal time-window to establish clinically meaningful endpoints in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Objective: We investigated whether, compared with the Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test (FCSRT), the Memory Binding Test (MBT) can anticipate the diagnosis of emergent subtle episodic memory (EM) deficits to an at-risk phase. Methods: Five-year longitudinal FCSRT and MBT scores from 45 individuals matched for age, education, and gender, were divided into 3 groups of 15 subjects: Aβ-/controls, Aβ+/stable, and Aβ+/progressors (preclinical-AD). The MBT adds an associative memory component (binding), particularly sensitive to subtle EM decline. Results: In the MBT, EM decline started in the Aβ+/progressors (preclinical-AD) up to 4 years prior to diagnosis in delayed free recall (FR), followed by decline in binding-associated scores 1 year later. Conversely, in the FCSRT, EM-decline began later, up to 3 years prior to diagnosis, in the same group on both immediate and delayed versions of FR, while on total recall (TR) and intrusions decline started only 1 year prior to diagnosis. Conclusions: The MBT seems more sensitive than the FCSRT for early EM-decline detection, regarding the year of diagnosis and the number of scores showing AD-linked EM deficits (associated with the AD-characteristic amnesic hippocampal syndrome). Considering the MBT as a detection tool of early subtle EM-decline in an asymptomatic at-risk phase, and the FCSRT as a classification tool of stages of EM-decline from a preclinical phase, these tests ought to potentially become complementary diagnostic tools that can foster therapies to delay cognitive decline. Clinical trial registration title: Electrophysiological markers of the progression to clinical Alzheimer disease in asymptomatic at-risk individuals: a longitudinal event-related potential study of episodic memory in the INSIGHT pre-AD cohort (acronym: ePARAD). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Article tells an untold history of the American title registry, a colonial bureaucratic innovation that, though overlooked and understudied, constitutes one of the most fundamental elements of the U.S. property system today. Prior scholars have focused exclusively on the registry's role in catalyzing property markets, while mostly overlooking the main sources of this property in the American colonies: expropriated lands and enslaved people. This analysis centers the registry's work of organizing and "proving" land claims that were not only individual but collective, to affirm encroachments on tribal nations' lands. In this way, registries helped scaffold the colonies' tenuous but growing political and jurisdictional power. The specific history of the U.S. title registry illustrates a crucial dynamic between property and sovereignty. In America, property and property institutions did not issue from sovereigns with established authority to govern a territory, as in the understanding drawn from European legal traditions. Rather, property institutions, exemplified by the title registry, preceded and ushered in colonial and U.S. sovereign title to Native homelands. This Article presents new questions about how the legal infrastructure of property furthered European colonists' conquest and how this progression of conquest on the ground produced the national jurisdiction and real-estate market of today. Leveraging established scholarship on the colonies and deploying original research on county creation, it shows that in the haphazard history culminating in the American title registry, colonists borrowed the English legal forms of the registry and county and remade them into local tools of colonial territorial expansion. The registry and county became key local governmental forms that drew settlers into Native nations' territories and encouraged them to claim lands by reassuring those settlers that their claims would become real property. The time map of county creation--not of the formation of territories, nor the admission of states, nor the conclusion of treaties--most accurately tracks where the United States grew its jurisdictional power, and when. The United States created counties and registries between its plans to invade and its actual ability to govern lands, before the naming of transitional territories, and often even before obtaining Native cessions to the lands by treaty. In the history of conquest, county creation thus lies in the transition between mere white entitlement and actual title. And as a consequence of this history, counties came to underpin the national jurisdiction, and the local institution of the registry became the common and continuous infrastructure for the entire national real-estate market. This Article's history of the title registry underscores the conceptual and practical stakes of redressing the erasure of race from our understanding of legal institutions and development. In particular, this history challenges us to recognize less obvious ways that the legacies of conquest and enslavement survive to structure our landscape and lives. Race works to shape law and legal outcomes in ways that many now recognize, such as by excluding people from institutional protections and benefits and through the predatory risks of formal inclusion. But the registry's history also illustrates a third phenomenon: the phenomenon of legal innovation spurred by white settlers' willingness to view racial violence as an economic resource, which introduced new institutions and practices that may appear to be facially "race-neutral" but promote the production of property value through the dehumanizing logic of race. Colonists constructed minimalist registries, which did not authenticate title claims and encouraged their proliferation. In this way, they prioritized the collective goal of building jurisdictional power at the direct expense of Native and Black communities whose lands and people colonists rapaciously claimed as property for that ever-growing market. The result was an institution that continues to privilege the production of property value above all--above protecting individual property interests, and above sustaining homes, communities, and life, in ways that now affect us all. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops a multidimensional poverty index (MPI) evaluation system using multiple measures. We use the China Family Panel Study (CFPS) data to build balanced panel data from 2012 to 2018. Employing the probit model to analyze the impact of land transfer on relative poverty incidence, as well as utilizing the two-way fixed effects model and the logit model, we approach the issue from the perspective of multidimensional relative poverty identification. Our study indicates a decrease in relative poverty among rural households since 2012. Nonetheless, the overall incidence of relative poverty among rural households in China remains high at 20.6%, highlighting the severity of this issue in rural China. Moreover, we examine the heterogeneity of the poverty reduction effects of land transfer-in and land transfer-out. Land transfer can significantly reduce the incidence of relative poverty among rural households, with distinct mechanisms for land transfer-in and land transfer-out. Land transfer-in primarily reduces the relative poverty incidence of rural households through the education, housing, and land dimensions, while land transfer-out focuses on the quality-of-life dimension. Overall, land transfer-out has a more significant poverty reduction effect than land transfer-in. Furthermore, our study reveals that the reduction effect of land transfer on the incidence of relative poverty among rural households persists for at least two years, but by the fourth year, this effect disappears. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) can cause vaginal dysbiosis that may influence general vaginal health and pregnancy complications. Balancing vaginal microbiome using Lactobacillus spp. may be a new way to prevent and treat mild BV. We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study aimed at evaluating the effect of the product VagiBIOM, a multi-Lactobacillus vaginal suppository, on peri- and premenopausal women with BV in restoring vaginal pH and overall vaginal health by resetting the vaginal microbiome composition. Sixty-six peri- and premenopausal women with BV symptoms were randomized with a 2:1 ratio to be treated with VagiBIOM or placebo suppositories. Vaginal pH, VAS itching score, total Nugent score, and vaginal health index (VHI) were measured. Vaginal microbiome changes before and after the treatment were analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing and bioinformatics analysis. After 4 weeks of intervention with VagiBIOM or a placebo, the mean score for vaginal pH, VAS itching, and total Nugent score was significantly decreased from the baseline. Compared to the baseline scores, the VHI scores improved significantly following 28-day intervention (p < 0.001). Our results revealed two Lactobacillus species, L. hamsteri, and L. helveticus, as indicator species occurring differentially in the VagiBIOM-treated group. Furthermore, the regression and species network analyses revealed significant bacterial associations after VagiBIOM treatment. Lactobacillus hamsteri was positively associated with the Nugent score and negatively associated with vaginal pH. L. iners and L. salivarius were positively and inversely associated with VHI. As is typical, Bacteroides fragilis was positively associated with vaginal pH and negatively associated with the Nugent score. Interestingly, the Lactobacillus spp. diversity improved after VagiBIOM treatment. The VagiBIOM suppository treatment for peri- and premenopausal women with BV significantly relieved vaginal itching by decreasing vaginal pH and Nugent scores and improving the overall VHI after 4 weeks' intervention. This effect was primarily the result of VagiBIOM improving vaginal Lactobacillus diversity. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov registration: NCT05060029, first registration 09/28/2021: Title: A Pilot Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Lactobacillus Species Suppositories on Vaginal Health and pH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The ecological vulnerability and landscape ecological risk of karst mountainous areas have increased as a result of enhanced disturbance of natural resources by human activities. This paper aimed to explore the characteristics of ecological risk evolution under different landscape patterns in the region, with a view to providing reference for land classification protection, sustainable use of resources and regional ecological risk optimization in karst mountainous areas. [Method] Taking Huangping County, a typical karst mountainous area, as an example, eight evaluation factors of natural and landscape patterns were selected to construct a landscape ecological risk evaluation model, to quantitatively explore the spatio-temporal evolution of landscape ecological risk and the trend of risk level transfer in the study area from 2010 - 2018, and to reveal the complex relationship between ecological risk and topography in karst mountainous areas. [Result] From 2010 to 2018, land use types changed to different degrees, with the most amount of woodland transferred out (1 627. 37 hm2) and the most amount of construction land transferred in (1 303. 93 hm2); a total of 3 552. 31 hm2 of land was transferred, with a change ratio of 2. 13%, and there was a significant conversion between construction land, arable land, and woodland. (2) From 2010 to 2018, the landscape ecological risk in the study area changed significantly, and the landscape ecological risk index decreased from 0.344 1 to 0. 173 3, showing an upward and then downward trend; the landscape ecological risk of the whole region was dominated by low-risk and lower-risk zones, and the ecological risk level generally shifted from a high level to a low level, and the ecological environment was improved. (3) There was a negative correlation between ecological risk and topographic position, and high-risk zones were mainly distributed among low topographic zones; with the change of time, the advantage of risk level for the selection of topography was gradually weakened, and the influence of anthropogenic factors on the ecological risk of the landscape was becoming more and more prominent. [Conclusion] This paper can provide theoretical basis for land use optimization and ecological protection in karst mountainous areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable intensification of cultivated land use (SICLU) and large-scale operations (LSO) are widely acknowledged strategies for enhancing agricultural performance. However, the existing literature has faced challenges in precisely defining SICLU and constructing comprehensive indicators, which has hindered the exploration of factors influencing LSO within the SICLU framework. To address this gap, we integrated self-efficacy theory into the design of an index framework for evaluating SICLU. We subsequently employed econometric models to analyze the significant factors that impact LSO. Our findings reveal that SICLU can be divided into four key dimensions: intensive management, efficient output, resource conservation, and ecological environment optimization. Furthermore, it is crucial to incorporate belief-based cognitive factors into the index system, as farmers' understanding of fertilizer and pesticide application significantly influences their willingness to engage in LSO. Moreover, we identify grain market turnover as the most influential factor in promoting LSO, with single-factor contribution rates reaching 70.9% for cultivated land transfer willingness and 62.5% for the total planting areas. Interestingly, unlike irrigation and agricultural machinery inputs, increased labor inputs correspond to larger planting areas for farmers. This trend may be attributed to reduced labor availability because of rural labor migration, whereas the reduction in irrigation and agricultural input is contingent on innovations in production practices and the transfer of cultivated land management rights. Importantly, SICLU dynamically influences LSO, with each index related to SICLU having an optimal range that fosters LSO. These insights offer valuable guidance for policymakers, emphasizing farmers as their central focus, with the adjustment of input and output factors as a means to achieve LSO as the ultimate goal. In conclusion, we propose research avenues for further enriching the SICLU framework to ensure that it aligns with the specific characteristics of regional agricultural development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the factors influencing the willingness of family farms to adopt green agricultural technology, we looked at survey results from six prefecture-level cities in Jiangsu Province. Cluster stratification and the Logit model were used to empirically analyze the level of desire and influencing factors related to the adoption of agricultural technology by family farmers. The study found that family farmers tend to choose improved seed technology, water-saving irrigation technology, high-efficiency pesticide spray technology, and soil testing formula fertilization technology. This decision is closely related to crop growth, capital endowment, and other factors affecting the selection of technology by farmers. It is also related to variables such as market economic returns and surrounding social networks. Based on this, suggestions are made to improve the land transfer system, implement the occupational farmers' cultivation plan, create a good market environment, and optimize the social network resources available to farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Across the globe, the expansion of large‐scale commodity agriculture is occurring not into empty space but over existing social systems. An understanding of the dynamics of expansion and associated impacts of commodity agriculture thus fundamentally requires examining how existing control regimes are dissolved and, simultaneously, how novel ones are assembled in order to make way for the changes in resources use that characterize these transitional moments. With this in mind, in this article, I provide a broad review of the strategies used to secure control over land prospected for agricultural commodity production, distinguishing between the tactics that are applied by agro‐interested actors in order to 'break down' forms of existing land control, those they apply in parallel to 'build up' new control structures, and those strategies that are applied by actors (often smallholders) wishing to 'hold on to' the control that they have. I then present a framework for examining the dynamics of control transfer that builds on this analytical structure of 'breaking down', 'building up', and 'holding on to' control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Local climate zones (LCZs) are an effective nexus linking internal urban structures to the local climate and have been widely used to study urban thermal environment. However, few studies considered how much the temperature changed due to LCZs transformation and their synergy. This paper quantified the change of urban land surface temperature (LST) in LCZs transformation process by combining the land use transfer matrix with zonal statistics method during 2000–2019 in the Xi'an metropolitan. The results show that, firstly, both LCZs and LST had significant spatiotemporal variations and synchrony. The period when the most LCZs were converted was also the LST rose the fastest, and the spatial growth of the LST coincided with the spatial expansion of the built type LCZs. Secondly, the LST difference between land cover type LCZs and built type LCZs gradually widened. And LST rose more in both built type LCZs transferred in and out. Finally, the Xi'an-Xianyang profile showed that the maximum temperature difference between the peaks and valleys of the LST increased by 4.39°C, indicating that localized high temperature phenomena and fluctuations in the urban thermal environment became more pronounced from 2000 to 2019. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We address the problem of landholder participation in biodiversity offsetting, a policy tool based on principles of market-based incentives. Our study focuses on the working rules of offsetting, specifically the rights and responsibilities of landholders. Our case study is an application of biodiversity offsetting in the Greater Sydney Metropolitan area, New South Wales, Australia. We conduct empirical analysis of landholders' perceptions of their rights and responsibilities and subsequently apply an institutionalist perspective to infer implications for public policy reform. We find that landholders' perceptions of their rights and responsibility with regard to i) providing offsets, ii) receiving money for doing so, iii) land management, and iv) transferring the land, elicit diverse reasons for (non)participation in biodiversity offsets in the Greater Sydney Metropolitan area. Some landholders consider themselves in alignment with the current working rules of the scheme, others do not. We reflect on these findings by abductively inferring reasons for institutional reform. The broader significance of our study resides in its potential to inform institutional design in jurisdictions where established schemes are under review, or may become subject to review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are various explanations for the centralization of planning approval authority, but few studies focus on the explanation of selective centralization from a national governance perspective. To address this gap, this paper uses the concept of land risk to identify the reason why central government centralizes the planning approval authority of a prefectural-city in China. An econometric quantitative approach is adopted. The findings suggest that land risk from farmland protection is an important factor affecting centralization. Specifically, the probability of centralization increases by approximately 2% for each unit reduction in per capita farmland area, by 1.6% for every 1% increase in land transfer area and by 1% for each level increase in illegal land use. Furthermore, the cities with high land risk are mainly concentrated in four provinces along eastern coastal China. Additionally, the result is predicted with an overall accuracy of 93%, which proves the validity of the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on technology acceptance model, this paper uses 3500 samples of farmers in underdeveloped areas of Shaanxi Province to reveal the influence mechanism of farmers’ land transfer behavior by using partial least squares structural equation model. The results show that: (1) Perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use have a positive impact on farmers’ land transfer behavior. The effect of perceived usefulness is stronger than that of perceived ease of use, and the effect of economic perceived usefulness is the strongest. (2) Family environment, social environment and land environment indirectly affect farmers’ land transfer behavior by affecting their perception of land transfer. (3) The decision-making path of farmers’ land transfer behavior is: external environmental factors → perceived usefulness → land transfer behavior; external environmental factors → perceived ease of use → land transfer behavior; external environment → perceived ease of use → perceived usefulness → land transfer behavior. It can be seen that perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use based on specific environment will have a significant impact on land transfer behavior. Therefore, to promote land transfer, we should focus on increasing the economic benefits of land transfer and improving the convenience of transfer transactions based on local reality [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research explores the spillover effects in the directional movement of returns and the persistence of shocks among three prominent energy spot markets: title transfer facility for natural gas, Brent crude oil and electricity markets from monthly price data spanning January 2010 to September 2022. Methodologically, we initially employ bivariate vector autoregressive models to detect potential lagged return effects from one spot market on another. Then, we examine the impact on the conditional mean returns and volatility across these spot markets using the standard dynamic conditional correlation (DCC) model, as well as the respective asymmetric (ADCC) and flexible (FDCC) extensions. In addition, we accommodate innovative insights that include recent datasets on the COVID-19 crisis and the Ukrainian war, which constitute a new addition to the existent literature. The empirical findings confirm the significant impact of these two unprecedented moments of contemporaneous history, given that both events are substantiated by an exponential increase in prices and by a rise in volatility. However, the effect on returns was not uniform across the time series. Specifically, there was a consistent increase in volatility for natural gas and electricity from the start of 2020 until the end of 2022, while Brent oil exhibited a substantial peak only in the first half of 2020. This study also reveals that previous lagged returns within each market, particularly for Brent oil and electricity, had statistically significant effects on current returns. There was also a robust unidirectional positive spillover effect from the Brent oil market to the returns of electricity and the natural gas markets. The study also reveals the presence of a weak positive autocorrelation between natural gas and electricity returns, and positive shocks to returns had a more pronounced impact on volatility compared to negative shocks across all the time series. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Law on the Position of Notaries does not regulate the existence of criminal sanctions for the actions of notaries. This does not absolve the notary from criminal liability. Notaries can be held criminally liable if their actions contain a criminal element, where the relevant Notary can be summoned by the Notary Honorary Council. The problem is how to apply legal sanctions to a notary who falsifies the deed transferring land rights in Supreme Court Decision Number 139 k/PID/2016? And what is the responsibility of the Notary who falsified the deed of transferring land rights in Supreme Court Decision Number 139 K/PID/2016? The research method used is normative juridical. The results of the research are that the Notary concerned cannot be held responsible when elements of fraud and error are committed by the parties, because the Notary only records what is conveyed by the parties to be included in the deed, this is often known as partij deed. False information submitted by the parties is the responsibility of the parties. This means that a notary is only responsible if the fraud originates from the wishes and/or desires of a notary. In the UUJN which regulates sanctions for violations committed by a notary, the deed made by a notary does not have the power of an authentic deed but only has the power of a private deed. In relation to the actions of notaries who commit criminal acts of forgery of deeds or criminal acts of false statements committed by parties, the UUJN does not specifically regulate criminal provisions because they are based on the principle of legality which are the principles in the Criminal Code. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blockchain and cryptocurrencies have ushered in a digital gold rush. But all that glitters is not gold. The latest fad is the use of non-fungible tokens (NFTs) to purchase and finance real estate. Typically, crypto real estate transactions begin with the transfer of title for a residential property into a dedicated business entity, such as a limited liability company. Thereafter, an NFT is "minted" and used to represent the ownership interest in that entity. The real property is then marketed online specifying that, to acquire it, one simply purchases the relevant NFT via a blockchain transfer. Crucially, buyers are expected to use the NFT as collateral to fund their purchase, rather than obtaining a traditional mortgage. Proponents of this novel structure insist that it yields cheap, fast, and secure real estate transfers, disrupting a sector infamous for its high costs, delays, and labyrinthine bureaucracy. This Article offers the first exhaustive examination of crypto real estate transactions. We reveal that the NFT financing model is not a mere technological upgrade, but rather transports parties out of the domain of traditional mortgages and into secured transactions law, with significant legal and policy implications. Most worryingly, it exposes borrowers to swift and irreversible home liquidations in cases of default, robbing them of the protections historically afforded to homeowners. As foreclosures already impact minorities disproportionately, crypto real estate transactions risk burting society's most vulnerable. Our proposed normative framework seeks to address these flaws. We contend that the law should look past technological mechanisms and focus on substance. These dealings are still real property purchases financed with a loan, so courts should offer those in default the same safeguards available under traditional mortgages. Robust public policies on ownership must be upheld, and fair protections for the family home cannot be sacrificed at the altar of innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the wide application of the "Tender, Auction, and Listing" system for land in China, it is of paramount importance to establish a sound land auction mechanism so as to avoid unreasonable land allocation. However, existing studies only focus on developers who are merely concerned about land combinations and offline auctions with low efficiency and high land unsold rate. To further improve land auction mechanism, we modeled the problem of land allocation as an online combinatorial auction. On this basis, we defined a land correction coefficient and designed an optimal online combinatorial auction mechanism that enabled developers to submit multiple combinations of land. Our designed mechanism proved to satisfy both incentive compatibility (IC) and individual rationality (IR), which can prevent developers from lying in the auction while winning higher revenue, reducing land unsold rate, increasing developer turnover rate and promoting the stability of land resource allocation rate. Therefore, online combinatorial auction mechanism, both applicable and efficient, is a practical solution for improving land auctions in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Housing prices in China have experienced rapid growth in recent decades, and land finance has long been discussed as an important factor in this growth. In this paper, we explore the interactions among housing prices, land transfer revenue and infrastructure investment from the perspective of government revenue and expenditure. Based on the panel data of 35 large and medium-sized cities in China from 2000 to 2017, the empirical results show that land transfer revenue, infrastructure investment and housing prices are causally related and result in positive feedback. The grouped regression results show that infrastructure investment has greater impacts on housing prices in eastern region cities than in the other cities. In contrast, in the central and western regions, land sales revenue has a greater impact on housing prices, indicating that cities in less-developed areas are more dependent on land finance than are those in more developed regions. Finally, we use the vector error correction model (VECM) to add control variables for robustness testing. The results show that land transfer income and infrastructure investment have a positive impact on housing prices. Our results provide some references for the stable development of housing markets in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) pose a major challenge to health economic cost and residents' health status. Community health workers (CHWs) are the gatekeeper of primary health care. Objective: This study aimed to conduct a situational analysis of current human resource and requirements of NCDs-related training among CHWs in Chengdu with regard to address to understand the suggestions for improvement of challenges and barriers. Methods: A descriptive online cross-sectional survey was conducted among CHWs (doctors and nurses) from 23 districts and counties in Chengdu. Sociodemographic and NCDs-related variables were collected. Univariate analysis and multiple response analysis were used to describe the characteristics of these variables. Results: 711 doctors and 637 nurses completely responded. There were significant differences among gender, age, educational levels, professional title, working year, type of institution, urban circle and registration in general practice between doctors and nurses (P < 0.001). 60.6% of doctors were female, compared to 98.0% for nurses. 58.2% of doctors held a bachelor's degree compared with 45.4% of nurses, while 48.3% of nurses held a junior college degree compared with 25.7% of doctors. Higher levels of professional title and registration in general practice were found in doctors compared with nurses. The proportions of NCDs' category, NCDs-related roles and tasks, NCDs-related training contents and forms that CHWs have attend and hoped to gain more were significantly different between doctors and nurses (P < 0.001). In general, the proportions in nurses were much lower than those of doctors (P < 0.05). The top five diseases managed by CHWs were hypertension, diabetes, cerebrovascular disease, chronic respiratory diseases and mental diseases. The five most reported roles performed among doctors included the distribution of health education (91.4%), following up (85.9%), establishing archives (71.3%), medicine adjustment (64.7%) and treatment implementation (52.0%). The top three diseases managed by nurses were same with doctors. The top four and five tasks were contact with patients or health services (39.6%) and referral (16.6%) in nurses. Most CHWs had received primary and common diseases-related trainings, but they had few opportunities to study in a tertiary hospital (40.4% in doctors and 20.9% in nurses, respectively), attend domestic academic conferences (26.9% in doctors vs. 9.7% in nurses), and take part in training courses (44.9% in nurses). CHWs hoped that the above-discussed training contents and forms could be provided more in the future. Besides basic skills related trainings, some specific skills related trainings should be strengthened. Conclusion: The qualifications in doctors were much better than those of nurses. The roles performed by CHWs in NCDs management are varied form common and frequent disease management to subsequent follow up and supervision. CHWs hope to receive more desired and oriented trainings. There is a need for building capacity of CHWs, optimizing and defining CHWs' role, facilitating postgraduate medical education support and strengthening multidisciplinary collaboration would be effective in NCDs management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper evaluates the popularly adopted recent land development programme under 'increasing versus decreasing balance' policy in China to boost inclusive development of the urban and rural in the face of rapid urbanisation. We distinguish two types of increasing versus decreasing balance land programmes based on the different ways they manage land development rights and offer qualitative and quantitative evidence of the programme effects on village development and household welfare. We show that both programmes provide rural households with better access to urban-equivalent services and spaces, while different approaches to managing land development rights play different roles in market access and household income. To promote more inclusive urbanisation, governments and rural collectives should balance short-term economic benefits and long-term development potential and adopt proper land management programmes according to their own conditions. Practical policies are suggested for China and other developing regions faced with land use pressures under inevitable urbanisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research discusses the authority of the Land Deed Official (Pejabat Pembuat Akta Tanah or PPAT) to issue authentic deeds, specifically Sale and Purchase Deeds (Akta Jual Beli or AJB), in the process of transferring land rights through sale and purchase, where authentic deeds hold full probative force. The case under consideration involves the misuse of PPAT authority in the execution of their duties. PPAT, in carrying out their responsibilities in creating authentic deeds, must adhere to the principles of caution and precision. The responsibility of the PPAT for a legally defective Sale and Purchase Deed in the Decision of the District Court of Wonogiri Number 13/PDT.G/2021/PN Wng. is discussed. In the judgment, it is explained that the PPAT violated the law due to the failure to meet the legal requirements of the agreement as per Article 1320 of the Indonesian Civil Code. This research is normative juridical, utilizing a qualitative data analysis method. To examine legal issues, primary legal sources, secondary legal sources, and tertiary legal sources are used, and these sources are subsequently analyzed using descriptive analytical techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yunnan Province has emerged as a trailblazer in fostering an ecological civilization, assuming a prominent and pioneering role as the vanguard of ecological conservation in the southwestern region of China. Within the expansive tapestry of Yunnan Province, the northwest region has assumed a pivotal and indispensable position in spearheading the advancement of ecological civilization. To unravel the intricate and complex dynamics at play, this investigation employed a comprehensive array of methodologies, encompassing the sophisticated land use transfer matrix, the dynamic degree of land use, the center-of-gravity migration model, and the standard deviation ellipse. These sophisticated approaches were employed to delve deeply into the nuanced characteristics of the spatiotemporal evolution of ecologically pristine land in northwest Yunnan, while meticulously exploring the multifaceted factors that have intricately shaped its trajectory. The research findings illuminated several pivotal domains: (1) In terms of quantitative transformations, a substantial conversion of vast grassland expanses into cultivated land transpired from 2000 to 2010, spanning an expansive territory of 1303 km2. The most significant transformations were observed between forested land and grassland (591.81 km2) and from cropland to built-up land (51.99 km2). (2) Turning our attention to the pace of transformation, a closer examination of the land use dynamic degree revealed that urban construction land exhibited the highest degree of dynamism throughout the study period, demonstrating an average annual growth rate of 3.89% from 2000 to 2010, followed by a more accelerated growth rate of 6.14% from 2010 to 2020. In terms of the comprehensive land use dynamic degree, the annual rates of land use change from 2000 to 2010 and from 2010 to 2020 were only 0.1% and 0.03%, respectively. These figures indicate a gradual and deliberate overall pace of land use change in the northwest region of Yunnan throughout the entire study period. (3) Regarding spatial transformations, between 2000 and 2010, there was a discernible southeastern displacement of the center of gravity for ecological land. However, from 2010 to 2020, the center of ecological land experienced a migration towards the northwest, covering an impressive migration distance of up to 48,657.35 m. Simultaneously, the index of biological abundance exhibited high values in the northwest and low values in the southeast, indicative of favorable ecological conditions in the northwest region. (4) An analysis of the influencing factors revealed that the adaptive and dynamic nature of social and economic factors played a pivotal role in shaping the alterations observed in the ecological landscape. The study of ecological land use in northwest Yunnan holds the potential to provide valuable support for the protection and sustainable utilization of regional ecological land use, thereby contributing to the consolidation of the ecological security barrier in southwestern Yunnan and the preservation of biodiversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In the last ten years, many countries have started to develop constructive systems for registering common diseases and cancers. In this research, we intended to determine and identify the minimum data set (MDS) required for the design of the oral and lip squamous cell cancer registration system in Iran. Methods and material: At first, primary information elements related to disease registries were extracted using scientific papers published in reliable databases. After reviewing the books, related main guidelines, and 42 valid articles, the initial draft of a researcher-made questionnaire was compiled. To validate the questionnaire, two focus group meetings were held with 29 expert panel members. The final version of this questionnaire was prepared by extracting different questions and categories and receiving numerous pieces of feedback from specialists. Lastly, a final survey was conducted by the experts who were present at the previous stage. Results: Out of 29 experts participating in the study, 17 (58.62%) were men and 12 (40.37%) were women. The age range of experts varies from 34 to 58 years. One hundred-fourteen items, which are divided into ten main parts, were considered the main information elements of the registry design. The main minimum data sets have pertained to the demographic and clinical information of the patient, information related to the consumed drugs, initial diagnostic evaluations of the patient, biopsy, tumor staging at the time of diagnosis, clinical characteristics of the tumor, surgery, histopathological characteristics of the tumor, pathologic stage classification, radiotherapy details, follow-up information, and disease registry capabilities. The distinctive characteristics of the oral and lip squamous cell cancer registry systems, such as the title of the disease registration programme, the population being studied, the geographic extent of the registration, its primary goals, the definition of the condition, the technique of diagnosis, and the kind of registration, are all included in a model. Conclusion: The benefits of designing and implementing disease registries can include timely access to medical records, registration of information related to patient care and follow-up of patients, the existence of standard forms and the existence of standard information elements, and the existence of an integrated information system at the country level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the 3rd issue of Landsat remote sensing images in 2000, 2010 and 2018, the intensity and speed of urban construction land expansion in Urumqi, an oasis city in arid areas, and the characteristics of the three expansion modes of enclave, edge and fill were analyzed and their thermal environmental impact were analyzed. The results can provide examples and scientific support for optimizing the future land use structure and improving ecological efficiency of oasis cities, preventing the occurrence of land use conflicts, promoting regional harmony and stability, and building harmonious coexistence between man and nature. The results showed that the area of urban construction land continued to grow from 2000 to 2018, and its expansion rate showed a trend of first increase and then decrease, and the direction of urban expansion was mainly northeast, south and southwest. The three expansion modes between 18a were mainly grassland and arable land transfer. Under the background of construction land expansion, the environmental distribution of thermal field and construction land was spatially consistent from 2000 to 2018. The thermal phenomenon decreased locally during this period but showed an overall upward trend. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of social and economic, the transition rate of production living ecological land has accelerated, having a significant impact on the ecological environment and the coordinated use of natural resources. This study analyzed the spatiotemporal pattern of production-living-ecological land and its impact on the environment in Beijing-Tianjin -Hebei region from 2000 to 2018 using Geo-info Atlas and land use transfer matrix based on land use data. The results indicated that: (1) From 2000 to 2018, living and ecological land showed an increasing trend, while production land showed a decreasing trend. The primary spatial change of production-living -ecological land was the conversion of production land to living land, with some conversion to ecological land as well. (2) The ecological environment quality was relatively good in the east and north, while it was relatively poor in the southwest. Overall, the ecological environment quality was improving. (3) In areas with degraded ecological environment quality, the rate of living land increase was relatively high and the area of ecological land was reduced. Conversely, in areas with improved ecological environment quality, the rate of living land increase was relatively low, and the area of ecological land was increasing. These findings can guide the sustainable use of land resources and help reduce ecological environment risks in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studying spatial‐temporal change in residential land prices (RLP) can help implement real estate regulations to promote the healthy development of the residential land market. This study applied the urban scaling law to explore the spatial‐temporal pattern of RLP from 2010 to 2019 in China. We found rapid growth in RLP across China from 2010 to 2019, with a growth rate of 179.12%. Among them, the Eastern Region had the highest RLP and growth rates. Furthermore, differences in RLP between large cities and small‐medium cities widened, indicating a trend of the Matthew effect in prefecture‐level cities. Moreover, the scale‐adjusted metropolitan indicator (SAMI) indicated urban agglomerations including Beijing‐Tianjin‐Hebei (BTH), Yangtze River Delta (YRD), Guangdong‐Fujian‐Zhejiang Coastal (GFZ), and Pearl River Delta (PRD) located in the Eastern Region had higher RLP than urban agglomerations with the same population size. In addition, the SAMI also highlighted disproportionately high RLP in some small‐medium cities compared to equivalent cities, warranting regulatory policy attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We conducted a theoretical investigation into how the molecular stacking effect impacts the photophysical properties in solid phases. Our findings indicated that in the aggregated state, the out-of-plane distorted vibration and imidazole ring stretching vibration of triimidazo-[1,3,5] triazinethe are significantly suppressed, which decreased the Huang-Rhys factor and the corresponding reorganization energy of the photophysical process, as a result, this restricted intramolecular motions and dissipation pathways of excess energy in the excited state, therefore, aggregation induced enhancement emission (AIEE) was found for the title compound from dichloromethane solution to solid state. Analysis of the emission spectrum through discrete spectral lines revealed that the main peak was affected by the vibrational modes with lower frequencies, while the middle-frequency modes influenced the shoulder peak. Furthermore, the predicted intersystem crossing rate (kiosk) and reverse intersystem crossing rate (krisc) using Marcus theory confirmed that an electron can successfully shift from its S1 state to the T1 state, however, the reverse T1 → S1 process can not come into being due to very small krisc (10–6–10–9 s–1), therefore the phosphorescence can be observed. At last, we explored the influence of charge transfer process of the title compound, our theoretical data declared this process can be ignored due to its low transfer rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the process of the visitation and demarcation of the village of Gueychiapa, in the province of Xilotepec (Mexico), during the stage prior to the elimination of the congregation and reduction of its numbers. It analyses the organization of the territory, the transfer of villages and their position within the congregational order. It also examines the disputes among cattle ranchers, landowners, and beneficiaries of land grants; the Indian villages adjacent to these properties; and the viceregal administration, which was inclined to return the lands in order to reduce the number of congregated villages on them. The documentation consulted provides a glimpse into both the Indigenous villagers' and Spanish and Creole farmers/ranchers' interests in the control and use of resources such as land and water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work studies the term structure dynamics in the natural gas futures market, focusing on the Dutch Title Transfer Facility (TTF) daily futures prices. At first, using the whole dataset, we compared the in-sample fitting performance of three models: the four-factor dynamic Nelson–Siegel–Svensson (4F-DNSS) model, the five-factor dynamic De Rezende–Ferreira (5F-DRF) model, and the B-spline model. Our findings suggest that B-spline is the method that achieves the best in-line fitting results. Then, we turned our attention to forecasting, using data from 20 January 2011 to 13 May 2022 as the training set and the remaining data, from 16 May to 13 June 2022, for day-ahead predictions. In this second part of the work we combined the above mentioned models (4F-DNSS, 5F-DRF and B-spline) with a Nonlinear Autoregressive Neural Network (NAR-NN), asking the NAR-NN to provide parameter tuning. All the models provided accurate out-of-sample prediction; nevertheless, based on extensive statistical tests, we conclude that, as in the previous case, B-spline (combined with an NAR-NN) ensured the best out-of-sample prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regional land-use change is the leading cause of ecosystem carbon stock change; it is essential to investigate the response of LUCC to carbon stock to achieve the strategic goal of "double carbon" in a region. This paper proposes a residual network algorithm, the Residual Multi-module Fusion Network (R-MFNet), to address the problems of blurred feature boundary information, low classification accuracy, and high noise, which are often encountered in traditional classification methods. The network algorithm uses an R-ASPP module to expand the receptive field of the feature map to extract sufficient and multi-scale target features; it uses the attention mechanism to assign weights to the multi-scale information of each channel and space. It can fully preserve the remote sensing image features extracted by the convolutional layer through the residual connection. Using this classification network method, the classification of three Landsat-TM/OLI images of Zhengzhou City (the capital of Henan Province) from 2001 to 2020 was realized (the years that the three images were taken are 2001, 2009, and 2020). Compared with SVM, 2D-CNN, and deep residual networks (ResNet), the overall accuracy of the test dataset is increased by 10.07%, 3.96%, and 1.33%, respectively. The classification achieved using this method is closer to the real land surface, and its accuracy is higher than that of the finished product data obtained using the traditional classification method, providing high-precision land-use classification data for the subsequent carbon storage estimation research. Based on the land-use classification data and the carbon density data corrected by meteorological data (temperature and precipitation data), the InVEST model is used to analyze the land-use change and its impact on carbon storage in the region. The results showed that, from 2001 to 2020, the carbon stock in the study area showed a downward trend, with a total decrease of 1.48 × 10 7 t. Over the course of this 19-year period, the farmland area in Zhengzhou decreased by 1101.72 km 2 , and the built land area increased sharply by 936.16 km 2 . The area of land transfer accounted for 29.26% of the total area of Zhengzhou City from 2001 to 2009, and 31.20% from 2009 to 2020. The conversion of farmland to built land is the primary type of land transfer and the most important reason for decreasing carbon stock. The research results can provide support, in the form of scientific data, for land-use management decisions and carbon storage function protections in Zhengzhou and other cities around the world undergoing rapid urbanization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Municipal annexation has been one of the most widely adopted instruments for urban growth in the United States. Scholars of public choice and regional studies have long debated the fiscal effect of local government annexation. Few studies, however, examine the fiscal effect of municipal administrative annexations in China, where prefectural cities have extensively annexed county-level governments through forcefully converting rural counties into urban districts in a top-down manner. Employing a difference-in-differences (DID) method coupled with an event study approach, we analyzed a panel data set of 282 prefectural cities from 2007 to 2015 to examine the fiscal impact of annexation in China. The findings show that prefectural cities have significantly increased their land conveyance fees through administrative annexation. Given that land conveyance fees serve as one of the most important own-source revenues at the local level, our findings shed light on the crucial link among the urbanization process, government reorganization, and local land finance in China and, potentially, in other transition countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of formalization has long underpinned policy interventions and measures intended to connect informal entities with state institutions or formal economic structures. However, despite the policy enthusiasm, the outcomes of formalization policies have frequently been disappointing. This article argues that this disconnect lies in the concept of formalization itself and that common approaches to formalization are often rooted in three conceptual fallacies: a binary distinction between formal and informal economic actors, a lack of appreciation for the diversity of informal economic actors and the idea that 'becoming' formal necessarily spurs positive externalities. These conceptual confusions pay insufficient attention to contextual complexity and the political and social dynamics that shape informality in a given context and they are frequently rooted in the practicalities and power structures that shape knowledge creation in this area. This article demonstrates this through case studies of tax registration and property titling. Thus, it argues for a new research agenda on formalization that challenges both its conventional conceptual foundations and the practices of research that engage with it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

RECENTLY COMPILED DATASETS for hillforts and corn-drying kilns in the west of Britain, when subject to chronological analysis using Kernel Density Estimation (KDE), show a sharp and lasting fall-off in activity in the later 6th and 7th centuries. This paper investigates this through the regional and broader evidence for three major paradigms of change at this time: the Justinianic Plague, climate change, and the growth of Christianity, the last manifested in transfers of land to churches and in an ascetism which affected assembly practices. The resultant analysis provides archaeologically derived insights into social changes of this period, and raises questions about the applicability of dominant narratives framed in other regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protracted political conflicts disrupt people's lives, including their ability to feed themselves. Urban planning, operating within the ambit of the state, impacts food systems in conflict cities. We examine the confluence of planning and political misgovernance on food sovereignty in conflict cities. We do so by documenting the experiences of urban growers who cultivate, eat, and distribute indigenous greens (haakh) in the city of Srinagar in the Himalayan belt of Jammu and Kashmir, the site of a protracted conflict. Experiences of growers were analyzed within the context of the city's complex urban planning landscape. Empirical methods included qualitative interviews of urban growers (n = 40) and review of land use plans and policies. We found that haakh production ensured access to affordable, nutritious, and culturally celebrated greens for haakh growing households. That said, intersecting burdens from undemocratic governance and militarism (from India), weak forms of local planning (within Srinagar), and climate change threaten urban growers' work, and imperils food sovereignty. Completing a study in a conflict region was extraordinarily challenging. The study's generalizability is limited by its short duration and small sample size—the inductive findings set the stage for future research. Conflict cities are a reminder that urban planning is anything but technical. Planning curricula must prepare future planners for the politics of planning. Planners in conflict cities are in liminal positions—between the state and the public. To the best of their ability, planners in conflict cities such as Srinagar have to protect smallholder growers' control of their food system, especially over land and water. The monitoring, recording, and suspension of contested or undemocratic land conversions, land grabs, or land transfers without full consent of indigenous and local peoples ought to be a local and international policy priority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2.MED1 phylogenetic branch of Yersinia pestis of the medieval biovar became widespread in the Caspian Sea region, the Caucasus, and the Northern Aral Sea region in the 20th century, causing outbreaks and epizootics of plague there. Some of the formed natural foci of 2.MED1 still show epizootic activity and retain their epidemic potential. In this work, we carried out a phylogenetic analysis of 46 Y. pestis strains of the medieval biovar isolated in the Caucasus, the Caspian Sea, and the Northern Aral Sea regions during epidemic outbreaks and epizootics from 1922–2014. The obtained phylogenetic data, together with epidemiological and epizootological data accumulated over a period of about a hundred years, indicate the presence of two waves of penetration of the 2.MED1 branch into the Caucasus. The first occurred, apparently, in the first half of the 20th century as a result of the penetration of 2.MED1 from the foci of the Northern and North-Western Caspian Sea. The second wave was caused by the spread of 2.MED1 from the Northern Aral to the foci of the North-Western, Northern and Eastern Caspian Sea regions at the beginning of the second half of the 20th century, followed by introduction into the Pre-Caucasus and Transcaucasia. The rapid spread of 2.MED1 could be associated with the transfer of the pathogen by land and sea transport in the process of economic activity of the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In general, registering documents in the Land Registry is subject to two requirements under the Spanish Mortgage Law: (i) a material requirement: the documents must relate to a mortgage matter and (ii) a formal requirement: it must be executed in a public instrument. However, there are legal exceptions to these requirements, which may prove very helpful in practice. This article analyses the general requirements for registration under the Land Registry and the exceptions that allow for access with private documents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an essential factor of production in economic development, land is an important tool for local governments to boost economic growth. The goals of reaching peak carbon emissions and achieving carbon neutrality will push local governments to change the extensive mode of attracting high energy-consuming and high-pollution enterprises by transferring industrial land at low prices. The lowcarbon city pilot policy is important for China to achieve green and low-carbon economic transformation and sustainable development. This policy will inevitably influence the land transfer behavior of local governments in heavily polluting industries. Based on the panel data of 286 cities from 2007 to 2019, this paper took the low-carbon city pilot policy as a quasi-natural experiment and used the time-varying difference-in-differences method to empirically study the relationship between the pilot policy and the land transfer behavior of local governments. The results showed that: ① The implementation of the low-carbon city pilot policy significantly reduced the area and number of land transfers in heavily polluting industries. The above conclusions still held after a series of robustness tests. ② The impact of the low-carbon city pilot policy on land transfer in heavily polluting industries was affected by the intensity of environmental regulation of local governments and the tenure of officials. The stronger the intensity of environmental regulation in the pilot city became, the more the area and number of land transfers in heavily polluting industries were reduced. When the tenure of the secretary of the municipal CPC committee in the pilot city was less than or equal to 3 years, the area and number of land transfers in heavily polluting industries were significantly reduced. However, the age of the secretary of the municipal CPC committee had no significant impact on the land transfer in heavily polluting industries. ③ Heterogeneity analysis showed that non-resource-based cities, cities with high levels of economic development, and large cities displayed a higher reduction in the area and number of land transfers in heavily polluting industries. Based on these, this paper puts forward suggestions from three aspects: we should further promote the low-carbon city pilot policy, add environmental objectives to the assessment system of officials to increase the constraints of environmental objectives, and formulate and implement environmental policies in accordance with local conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How are patterns of armed control and dispute by armed actors related to land concentration, land property rights, and distribution? We argue that armed actors affect land tenure by using different land transfer mechanisms to distribute the land, which reflects the dynamics of control and dispute during civil conflict. We test this argument by studying the case of Urabá, a region in northwestern Colombia, using a mixed-method strategy. First, using extensive qualitative fieldwork, we find that armed actors systematically applied different land transfer mechanisms in areas where they held control. Armed actors strategically changed from employing one land transfer mechanism to another in relation to the level of dispute, political and economic objectives, and alignment with the state, among others. In our fieldwork, we identify how these land transfer mechanisms led to patterns of territorial control and land tenure structure. We then analyze an original dataset of rural plot ownership in Urabá, based on official cadastral information, to empirically verify our qualitative findings. We estimate a village-level fixed effects model that shows that disputed territories and those under paramilitary control had larger plots, higher land inequality, and fewer land transfers. In contrast, territories with established control by left-wing insurgents exhibit a small landholder scheme. These results offer important insights into the relationship between civil armed conflict and land and the logic of rebel governance. ¿Cómo se relacionan los patrones de control armado y de disputa por parte de los agentes armados con la concentración de tierras, los derechos de propiedad de las tierras y su distribución? Argumentamos que los agentes armados ejercen un efecto en la tenencia de tierras utilizando diversos mecanismos de transferencia de tierras para distribuir las tierras, lo que refleja la dinámica de control y de disputa durante un conflicto civil. Ponemos a prueba esta hipótesis, utilizando una estrategia de método mixto, a través del estudio del caso de Urabá, una región en el noroeste de Colombia. En primer lugar, hallamos, utilizando un extenso trabajo de campo cualitativo, que los agentes armados aplicaron sistemáticamente diferentes mecanismos de transferencia de tierras en las áreas donde tenían el control. Los agentes armados fueron cambiando, de manera estratégica, el uso entre uno u otro mecanismo de transferencia de tierras en función del nivel de disputa, de los objetivos políticos y económicos, y de la alineación con el Estado, entre otros factores. En nuestro trabajo de campo, identificamos cómo estos mecanismos de transferencia de tierras provocaron patrones de control territorial y de estructura de tenencia de la tierra. A continuación, analizamos un conjunto de datos originales, basado en información catastral oficial, de propiedades parcelarias rurales en Urabá con el fin de verificar empíricamente nuestros hallazgos cualitativos. Estimamos un modelo de efectos fijos en las aldeas que demuestra que los territorios en disputa y aquellos bajo control paramilitar tenían parcelas más grandes, mayor desigualdad de tierras y menor transferencia de tierras. En contraposición, aquellos territorios cuyo control está establecido por insurgentes de izquierdas exhiben un pequeño esquema de terratenientes. Estos resultados ofrecen información importante acerca de la relación entre el conflicto armado civil y la tierra, y acerca de la lógica de la gobernanza rebelde. Quels sont les liens qui unissent les schémas de contrôle armé et de conflits des acteurs armés à la concentration et la distribution des terres, ainsi que les droits à la propriété foncière? Selon nous, les acteurs armés ont une incidence sur le régime foncier en utilisant différents mécanismes de transfert des terres, qui reflètent la dynamique de contrôle et les oppositions lors d'un conflit civil. Afin de vérifier cette hypothèse, nous appliquons une stratégie aux méthodes mixtes pour analyser le cas d'Urabá, une région au nord-ouest de la Colombie. D'abord, à l'aide d'un travail de terrain qualitatif approfondi, nous observons que les acteurs armés ont systématiquement appliqué différents mécanismes de transfert de terres dans les régions qu'ils contrôlaient. Ils passaient stratégiquement d'un mécanisme de transfert des terres à l'autre, notamment selon l'intensité du conflit, les objectifs politiques et économiques ou leur accord avec l'État. Dans notre travail de terrain, nous identifions comment ces mécanismes de transfert de terres ont engendré des schémas de contrôle territorial et une structure de régime foncier. Ensuite, afin de vérifier empiriquement nos observations qualitatives, nous analysons un ensemble de données original de la propriété des parcelles rurales à Urabá, en nous appuyant sur les informations officielles du cadastre. Nous élaborons un modèle des effets fixe au niveau d'un village qui montre que les territoires disputés, et ceux contrôlés par des forces paramilitaires, se caractérisent par de plus grandes parcelles, une inégalité foncière plus marquée et des transferts de terres plus rares. À l'inverse, l'organisation des territoires non disputés et contrôlés par des rebelles de gauche favorise les petits propriétaires terriens. Ces résultats fournissent des renseignements importants sur la relation entre un conflit armé civil, les terres et la logique de gouvernance rebelle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Impairment of arm movement occurs in up to 85% of people post-stroke, affecting daily living activities, and quality of life. Mental imagery effectively enhances hand and daily function in people with stroke. Imagery can be performed when people imagine themselves completing the movement or imagine another person doing it. However, there is no report on the specific use of first-person and third-person imagery in stroke rehabilitation. Aims: To develop and assess the feasibility of the First-Person Mental Imagery (FPMI) and the Third-Person Mental Imagery (TPMI) programs to address the hand function of people with stroke living in the community. Methods: This study comprises phase 1—development of the FPMI and TPMI programs, and phase 2—pilot-testing of the intervention programs. The two programs were developed from existing literature and reviewed by an expert panel. Six participants with stroke, living in the community, participated in the pilot-testing of the FPMI and TPMI programs for 2 weeks. Feedback collected included the suitability of the eligibility criteria, therapist's and participant's adherence to intervention and instructions, appropriateness of the outcome measures, and completion of the intervention sessions within the specified time. Results: The FPMI and TPMI programs were developed based on previously established programs and included 12 hand tasks. The participants completed four 45-min sessions in 2 weeks. The treating therapist adhered to the program protocol and completed all the steps within the specified time frame. All hand tasks were suitable for adults with stroke. Participants followed the instructions given and engaged in imagery. The outcome measures selected were appropriate for the participants. Both programs showed a positive trend towards improvement in participants' upper extremity and hand function and self-perceived performance in activities of daily living. Conclusions: The study provides preliminary evidence that these programs and outcome measures are feasible for implementation with adults with stroke living in the community. This study outlines a realistic plan for future trials in relation to participant recruitment, training of therapists on the intervention delivery, and the use of outcome measures. Trial registration: Title: Effectiveness of first-person and third-person motor imagery in relearning daily hand tasks for people with chronic stroke: a randomised controlled trial. Registration No: SLCTR/2017/031. Date registered: 22nd September 2017. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The uniqueness, complexity and sensitivity of the geographical environment in Qinling make it a typical area for the study of resource environmental protection and man-land coordination. Therefore, in order to study the changes of cultivated land resources and environment in Qinling, the annual update evaluation and statistical yearbook data of cultivated land quality at 1:10000 county level from 2005 to 2019 in Shaanxi province were adopted based on dynamic attitude model, location index, center of gravity migration model and geographic detector. The spatial-temporal pattern and driving mechanism of cultivated land quality in 6 prefecture-level cities, 39 counties(county-level cities, districts)and 353 towns in Shaanxi section of Qinling were investigated. The results show that ① in terms of time, during 2005-2010, 2010-2015 and 2015-2019, the quantity of cultivated land resource decreases with an average annual decrease rate of 0.45%, 0.12% and 0.20%, respectively; the change of cultivated land quantity tends to be stable with an average quality of 10.98; it is slightly higher than the average of Shaanxi province (11.34) and lower than the national average (9.96); ② spatially, the Shaanxi section of Qinling shows a distribution pattern of high cultivated land quality in the north line and southwest line near Guanzhong plain, and in the central area, while low cultivated land quality in the east and west from 2005 to 2019; according to the changes of location index, Xi'an and Weinan cities with better natural geographical conditions have higher cultivated land and are the aggregation areas of high-quality cultivated land, while Hanzhong, Ankang and Shangluo cities in the southern Shaanxi have poorer cultivated land quality and a higher aggregation degree of middle- and low-quality cultivated land; according to the center of gravity migration, the center of gravity of the high-quality cultivated land transfers from Zhouzhi county to Huyi district of Xi'an city, that of the middle-quality cultivated land transfers from Ningshan county to Zhen'an county, that of the low-quality cultivated land transfers from Hanbin district of Ankang city to Zhashui county, and then to Zhen'an county; coordinate migrations of cultivated land are low-quality, middle-quality and high-quality in descending order; ③ the main driving factor of spatio-temporal change of cultivated land quality in Shaanxi section of Qinling is human activity; the interaction of each factor enhances the explanatory power, and jointly affects the change of cultivated land quality in Shaanxi section of Qinling. The research results provide scientific basis for further implementation of cultivated land resources, ecological environment protection and rural revitalization in Qinling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial poverty alleviation is one of the most important aspects of targeted poverty alleviation. Identifying the mechanism influencing the spatial differentiation of the benefits of industrial poverty alleviation plays an essential role in optimising an industrial layout for poverty alleviation, consolidating poverty alleviation achievements, and revitalising rural industries. This study examined the spatial distribution characteristics and influencing factors of the benefits of industrial poverty alleviation at the village level using the household data collected from Jiangjin District, Chongqing, China. The results show that the benefits of industrial poverty alleviation presented obvious spatial differentiation in the villages with the overall performance being high in the north and low in the south and decreasing from the south of the county to the north and south. Spatially, there was a significant positively correlated agglomeration effect. High‐value agglomeration areas were concentrated in the north with the characteristics of 'one centre and two subcentres'. However, low‐value and outlier agglomeration effects were not obvious, presenting sporadic distribution. Seven major factors affect industrial poverty alleviation in Jiangjin District, including average altitude and land transfer rate. The interaction between any two of the seven factors has a more significant impact than that of a single factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the system of political centralization and economic decentralization, the expanding scale of land finance and the increasingly severe environmental pressure have jointly become crucial features of China's urban development. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to study the intrinsic mechanism of land finance on haze pollution for China's economy to achieve kinetic energy transformation and green development. This paper empirically analyzes the impact of land finance on haze pollution using a dynamic spatial Durbin model based on panel data of 269 prefecture‐level cities in China from 2004 to 2017. The statistical results show that haze pollution has a significant "snowball effect" and space spillover effect. Land finance has a significant positive effect on haze pollution. Land transfer both by agreement and by bid invitation, auction, and listing have significant positive effect on haze pollution. However, the promoting effect of land transfer by agreement on haze pollution is significantly higher than that of land sale by bid invitation, auction, and listing. Furthermore, regional heterogeneity implies that for cities in the eastern region, land finance is conducive to alleviating haze pollution. In contrast, for cities in the central and western regions, land finance significantly promotes haze pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]