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This article shows a novel, minimally invasive laser method for skin rejuvenation by creating isolated microscopic lesions within tissue below the epidermis using laser induced optical breakdown (LIOB). Using a well-researched technology, wavelengths of 1064/532nm focused near-infrared laser pulses are used to create optical breakdown in the dermis while leaving the epidermis unharmed, resulting in cavities due to plasma formation. This stimulates a wound healing response and leads to stimulation and neocollagenesis terminating in results of skin rejuvenation such as improvement of laxity, colour, and improvement in the appearance of pores. A retrospective trial with analysis of in-vivo, non-interventional treated human skin samples successfully showed the safety and effectiveness of the treatment; microscopic in LIOB and macroscopic in edema and erythema. Treatments can be performed by minimal to no downtime and mild to no side-effects with no topical anesthetics needed. The non-interventional in-vivo results shown by confocal laser microscopy (LC-OCT), showed evidence of microscopic cavities and new collagen formation around the vacuoles. Conclusion: This method is a safe and efficient alternative to more invasive procedures by minimal to no social downtime and mild to no side effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This in vitro pilot study aimed to evaluate whether different pre-treatments (demineralization, deproteinization, (chemo-)mechanical reduction of the surface layer) influence the penetration depth of a resin infiltrant into MIH-affected enamel compared to initial carious lesions. Thirty extracted human permanent molars with non-cavitated initial carious lesions (n = 5) or MIH (n = 25) were chosen and randomly assigned to six experimental groups: IC: initial caries; M: MIH; MN: MIH, 5.25% sodium hypochlorite; MM: MIH, microabrasion; MA: MIH, air abrasion; MAN: MIH, air abrasion and 5.25% sodium hypochlorite. A modified indirect dual fluorescence staining method was adopted to assess the penetration depth (PD) of the resin infiltrant and the lesion depth (LD) by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Exemplarily, scanning electron microscopic (SEM) images were captured. The relationship between group assignment and penetration/lesion depth was estimated using a linear mixed model incorporating the tooth as random effect (two observations/tooth). The significance level was set at p < 0.05. For MIH-affected molars, the mean PD (in µm; median, [minimum-maximum]) were M (178.2 [32.5–748.9]), MN (275.6 [105.3–1131.0]), MM (48.7 [0.0–334.4]), MA (287.7 [239.4–491.7]), and MAN (245.4 [76.1–313.5]). Despite the observed differences in PD between the groups, these could not be statistically verified (Bonferroni, p = 0.322). The percentage penetration was significantly higher for IC than for MIH groups (Bonferroni, p < 0.05). Compared to IC, resin infiltration into MIH-affected enamel ist more variable. Different pre-treatments influence the resin penetration into developmentally hypomineralized enamel to a fluctuating level. • Lesion depths of creamy-white and yellow-brown demarcated opacities are increased compared to initial caries. • Resin infiltration into MIH enamel is more heterogeneous than into initial caries. • Various pre-treatments influence resin infiltration into MIH-affected enamel variably. • Further studies are needed on how to improve resin infiltration into MIH enamel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a new form of regulated cell death, ferroptosis is closely related to various diseases. Tracing ferroptosis related biological behavior is helpful to better understand this process and its related biology. Considering that ferroptosis is featured with remarkable lipid peroxidation which can easily change the membranes' compositions and structures, it is potential to detect intracellular environmental changes for direct assessment of ferroptosis. In view of the close relationship between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and ferroptosis, we designed an ER‐targeted and polarity‐sensitive fluorescent probe SBD−CH, which has superior photostability and can respond to polarity with high selectivity without the affection of viscosity. SBD−CH can monitor the trend of ER polarity during ferroptosis by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), and analyze the distribution of polarity in ferroptosis by fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM). During Erastin induced ferroptosis, the polarity of ER in HT‐1080 cells increased and the polarity distribution in ER was more dispersed. Our work provides an effective strategy for evaluating the process of ferroptosis by monitoring the changes of ER polarity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] The anticancer drug doxorubicin hydrochloride (DX) shows a high solubility in aqueous media thanks to the positive charge in the ammonium group. This feature, however, affects the drug encapsulation in the hydrophobic domains of polymeric micelles (PMs) used for the targeted delivery of the drug. At basic pH, DX deprotonates but also acquires a negative charge in the phenolic groups of the anthracycline structure. Both the efficiency and the rate of encapsulation will be increased by choosing an appropriate pH such that the drug molecule is in neutral form. An optimal pH for the encapsulation of the DX in PMs based on commercial poloxamers and on the diblock copolymer methoxy-poly(ethylene glycol) 17 - b -poly(ε-caprolactone) 9 was determined by fluorescence spectroscopy, following the time evolution of both the intensity ratio of the first and the second emission bands of DX and its fluorescence lifetime, both sensitive to the environment polarity. Intracellular delivery of PMs encapsulated drug was followed by Confocal Scanning Laser Microscopy (CSLM). Cell viability was assessed with the sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay. By adjusting pH to 8.1 a high yield of incorporation of DX in the PMs was achieved coupled to an appreciable increase (one order of magnitude) in the drug encapsulation rate. In-vitro tests in selected cancer cell lines showed the slow release of the drug and a delay in the cytotoxic response in comparison to free DX as detected by CSLM and SRB assay. The proposed methodology paves the way for a greener, faster and more efficient encapsulation of DX in PMs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heteropolysaccharides are among the most widely distributed compounds in nature, acting as both tissue building blocks and as a source of nutrients. Their physicochemical and biological properties have been studied thoroughly; however, the microstructural properties of heteropolysaccharides are still poorly understood. This study aims to investigate the micro-structural peculiarities of agarose, gum arabic, hyaluronic and alginic acids by means of confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and cryogenic scanning electron microscopy (cryo-SEM). Herein, attention is paid to layered complexity of the microstructure differentiating surface, under surface, inner, and substrate interface layers. The scale and pattern of the polysaccharide's microstructure depend on the concentration, changing from lamellae to cell-like porous structures. This work provides the insight into micro- and nanoscale mechanisms of self-healing and substrate-induced reorganisation. Thus, investigation of the self-healing mechanism revealed that this diffusion-based process starts from the fibres, turning into lamellae, following by cell-like structures with smaller dimensions. Investigation of the substrate-induced reorganisation ability showed that nano-to-micro (scale) porous substrate causes reorganisation in the interface layer of the studied heteropolysaccharides. This work contributes to understanding the structural peculiarities of heteropolysaccharides by looking at them through a supramolecular, micro-level prism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In this study, we aimed to compare the effectiveness of various chelating agents, ethilenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), citric acid (CA), and etidronic acid (HEDP) mixed in two different forms, in removing the smear layer and promoting the penetration of an endodontic sealer into the dentinal tubules of extracted single-rooted teeth. Methods: The study used 75 teeth divided into five groups: 17% EDTA, 10% CA, 9% HEDP + NaOCl, 9% HEDP + distilled water (DW), and a control (DW) group. Scanning electron microscopy was used to assess smear layer removal and confocal laser microscopy was used to evaluate tubular sealer penetration at different depths from the apical tip. Results: Sealer penetration was highest with 17% EDTA and 10% CA as compared with the other agents (p<0.001). At the cervical third, the sealer penetration for EDTA, HEDP + NaOCl, and HEDP + DW groups were significantly different than those in DW (p= 0.020). For the middle third, EDTA, CA, and HEDP + NaOCl groups were significantly higher than those of the DW group (p<0.001). Cervical-level values were significantly higher than apical-level values for HEDP + NaOCl, HEDP + DW, and DW (p<0.001). Smear layer removal was lower with 9% HEDP + DW than with 17% EDTA and 10% CA at all depths (p<0.001). A significancy in smear layer removal was observed between 10% CA and control (p = 0.015) in middle depth. Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, highest values were seen in EDTA and CA in terms of sealer penetration and smear layer removal. In the light of these findings, the use of strong chelating agents highlights better clinical efficiency than dual-rinse or single HEDP irrigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) could be sequestrated by soils via microbial reduction to Cr(III) and association with minerals, however, quantitative understanding of metal reducing bacteria on the coupled kinetics of Cr and Fe minerals is still lacking. Here, microbial-mediated ferrihydrite transformation and reductive sequestration of Cr(VI) were investigated with Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 under varying Cr/Fe ratios. Quantitative results depicted that the contents of magnetite from ferrihydrite transformation decreased from 70 % to 22 % after 288 h as Cr/Fe ratios increased from 0 to 8 × 10−3, and reductive transformation rates increased with decreasing Cr/Fe ratio. Elemental mapping and line scan analyses at nano-scale revealed that Cr(VI) was evenly combined within fresh ferrihydrite, and a part of produced Cr(III) was doped into the crystal lattice of magnetite and goethite. Cr may be sequestrated by secondary Fe minerals via structural substitution, surface complexation, and physical encapsulation. Microscopy-based results exhibited that more Fe minerals adsorbed on the surface of cell and less cells were lysed at low Cr/Fe ratios. Confocal laser scanning microscopy depicted that less cells were alive at high Cr/Fe ratios. The amplification of extracellular electron transfer-associated genes was downregulated as Cr/Fe ratios increased. The Cr/Fe ratios could affect cell activity, the combination with Fe minerals, and Mtr gene expression, thus controlling the reductive sequestration of Cr(VI) and phase transformation of ferrihydrite. A kinetic model has been established by combining elementary reductions, and it could well describe Cr(VI) reduction and Cr(III) incorporation under various Cr/Fe ratios during dissimilatory Fe reduction process. These findings could broaden our knowledge of quantifying the migration and transport of Cr in anoxic Cr-contaminated soil environments, and could be useful for simulating Cr dynamic behaviors in the natural soil, aquatic, and sediment environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During life up to 70% of aniridia subjects develop aniridia-associated keratopathy (AAK). AAK is characterized by limbal stem cell insufficiency, impaired corneal epithelial cell differentiation and abnormal cell adhesion, which leads to centripetal spreading vascularization, conjunctivalization, and thickening of the cornea. Our aim was to examine the subbasal nerve plexus and central corneal stromal microstructure in subjects with congenital aniridia, using in vivo confocal laser scanning microscopy CLSM. 31 eyes of 18 patients (55.6% males, mean age: 25.22 ± 16.35 years) with congenital aniridia and 46 eyes of 29 healthy subjects (41.4% males, mean age 30 ± 14.82 years) were examined using the Rostock Cornea Module of Heidelberg Retina Tomograph-III. At the subbasal nerve plexus, corneal nerve fiber density (CNFD), corneal nerve fiber length (CNFL), corneal total branch density (CTBD), and corneal nerve fiber width (CNFW) were analyzed using ACCMetrics software. Keratocyte density in the anterior, middle and posterior stroma was assessed manually. The CNFD (2.02 ± 4.08 vs 13.99 ± 6.34/mm2), CNFL (5.78 ± 2.68 vs 10.56 ± 2.82 mm/mm2) and CTBD (15.08 ± 15.62 vs 27.44 ± 15.05/mm2) were significantly lower in congenital aniridia subjects than in controls (p < 0.001 for all). CNFW was significantly higher in aniridia subjects than in controls (0.03 ± 0.004 vs 0.02 ± 0.003 mm/mm2) (p = 0.003). Keratocyte density was significantly lower in all stromal layers of aniridia subjects than in controls (p < 0.001 for all). Stromal alterations included confluent keratocytes, keratocytes with long extensions and hyperreflective dots between keratocytes in aniridia. Decrease in CNFD, CNFL, and CTBD, as well as increase in CNFW well refer to the congenital aniridia-associated neuropathy. The decreased keratocyte density and the stromal alterations may be related to an increased cell death in congenital aniridia, nevertheless, stromal changes in different stages of AAK have to be further analyzed in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A biofilm is a layer of microbes that have aggregated to form a colony. The colony attaches to a surface with a slime layer which protects the microorganisms, promoting their growth and survival. Biofilms occur in various environments such as soils, sediments, wastewater, water pipelines, water purifying systems, cooling water systems, medical devices, archaeological monuments, marine vessels, and hospitals. Biofilms may induce adverse effects such as fostering drug-resistant strains. Here, we review biofilms with focus on their formation, occurrence in water systems, impact, microbial interactions, and characterization methods. Communication includes cell-to-cell interactions by quorum sensing, interactions mediated by flagella, gene, and signaling molecules, and interactions mediated by extracellular polymeric substances. Characterization methods comprise surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, sensors, and metagenomics analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This preregistered ex vivo investigation examined the dentinal hybrid layer formation of a resinous infiltrant (Icon), with reference to both thickness (HLT) and homogeneity when combined with modified tunnel preparation (occlusal cavity only) and internal/external caries infiltration. The adhesives Syntac and Scotchbond MP were used as controls (Groups 1 and 3) or in combination with Icon (Groups 2 and 4). A split-tooth design using healthy third molars from 20 donors resulted in 20 prepared dentine cavities per experimental group. The cavity surfaces (n = 80) were etched (37% H3PO4), rinsed, and air-dried. Rewetting with ethanol was followed by application of the respective primers. After labeling with fluorescent dyes, either Syntac Adhesive/Heliobond or Scotchbond MP Adhesive was used alone or supplemented with Icon. HLT, as evaluated by scanning electron microscopy, did not significantly differ (P > 0.05), and confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed homogeneously mixed/polymerized resin-dentine interdiffusion zones in all groups. Icon can be successfully integrated into an ethanol-wet dentine bonding strategy, and will result in compact and homogeneous hybrid layers of comparable thickness considered equivalent to the non-Icon controls, thus allowing for preservation of the tooth's marginal ridge and interdental space in the case of internal/external infiltration of proximal caries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The significant impact of Nb on ferrite transformation, both in terms of solute drag effect (SDE) and interphase precipitation, was investigated quantitatively. Ferrite transformation kinetics were characterized using thermal expansion experiments and theoretical calculations. The microstructures were characterized using high−temperature confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), a field−emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), and a transmission electron microscope (TEM). Under a higher driving force, interphase precipitations were observed in the sample with a higher Nb content. A three−dimensional (3D) reconstruction method was used to convert the two−dimensional (2D) image of interphase precipitation into a three−dimensional model for a more typical view. The SDE and interphase precipitation had opposite effects on the kinetics of ferrite transformation. A lower Nb content showed a strong contribution to the SDE, which delayed ferrite transformation. A higher concentration of Nb was expected to enhance the SDE, but the inhibition effect was eliminated by the interphase precipitation of NbC during interfacial migration. Both the experimental results and theoretical calculations confirmed this phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osteocyte lacuno-canalicular network (LCN) is comprised of micrometre-sized pores and submicrometric wide channels in bone. Accumulating evidence suggests multiple functions of this network in material transportation, mechanobiological signalling, mineral homeostasis and bone remodelling. Combining rhodamine staining and confocal laser scanning microscopy, the longitudinal cross-sections of six mouse tibiae were imaged, and the connectome of the network was quantified with a focus on the spatial heterogeneities of network density, connectivity and length of canaliculi. In-vivo loading and double calcein labelling on these tibiae allowed differentiating the newly formed bone from the pre-existing regions. The canalicular density of the murine cortical bone varied between 0.174 and 0.243 μm/μm3, and therefore is three times larger than the corresponding value for human femoral midshaft osteons. The spatial heterogeneity of the network was found distinctly more pronounced across the cortex than along the cortex. We found that in regions with a dense network, the LCN conserves its largely tree-like character, but increases the density by including shorter canaliculi. The current study on healthy mice should serve as a motivating starting point to study the connectome of genetically modified mice, including models of bone diseases and of reduced mechanoresponse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most refractory organisms to antibiotic treatment and appears to be one of the least susceptible to photodynamic treatment. TMPyP is effective in the photoinactivation of P. aeruginosa, and the co‐administration with the cationic polymer Eudragit®‐E100 (Eu) potentiates this effect against isolates both sensitive and resistant to antibiotics. The fluorescent population (>98%) observed by flow cytometry after exposure to Eu + TMPyP remained unchanged after successive washings, indicating a stronger interaction/internalization of TMPyP in the bacteria, which could be attributed to the rapid neutralization of surface charges. TMPyP and Eu produced depolarization of the cytoplasmic membrane, which increased when both cationic compounds were combined. Using confocal laser scanning microscopy, heterogeneously distributed fluorescent areas were observed after TMPyP exposure, while homogeneous fluorescence and enhanced intensity were observed with Eu + TMPyP. The polymer caused alterations in the bacterial envelopes that contributed to a deeper and more homogeneous interaction/internalization of TMPyP, leading to a higher probability of damage by cytotoxic ROS and explaining the enhanced result of photodynamic inactivation. Therefore, Eu acts as an adjuvant without being by itself capable of eradicating this pathogen. Moreover, compared with other therapies, this combinatorial strategy with a polymer approved for pharmaceutical applications presents advantages in terms of toxicity risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Super sulphated cement (SSC) is a very promising substitute for traditional construction materials (i.e. Portland cement), due to its enhanced durability and particularly low environmental impact. This paper explores the microstructure and certain properties of SSC, focusing on the particular complexities of its microstructure and the difficulties of microanalysis of its hydrates. To do so, SSC paste samples were first cast to identify hydration products using X‐ray diffraction, then observed at early age using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and at early and late age using scanning electron microscopy. In addition, concrete cores impregnated with fluorescein in order to highlight porosity, cracking and aggregates debonding were observed under UV light using optical microscopy (OM), showing a complete absence of cracking and aggregate debonding. Both microscopy techniques (CLSM and UV light OM) have been applied to this type of binder for the first time. The results show that SSC microstructure is characterised by a sophisticated intergrowth of various phases, including ettringite and amorphous calcium‐(alumina)‐silicate hydrate gels. Finally, Monte–Carlo simulation of electron‐matter has been provided for a better understanding of EDS analysis. LAY DESCRIPTION: This work focuses on the study of a particular construction material known as super sulphated cement (SSC). SSC appears to be a promising alternative to traditional building materials as it offers improved durability reduced and environmental impact attributed to its composition comprising at least 75% of a by‐product of the steel industry. This study investigates the microstructure and properties of this type of cement, focusing particularly on its complex microstructure and the challenges posed by the analysis of its hydration products. To do this, samples of SSC cement paste were first cast to identify hydration products using X‐ray diffraction. They were then examined at early stages using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and at early and late stages using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In addition, fluorescein‐impregnated SSC concrete cores were observed under ultraviolet (UV) light using optical microscopy (OM) to highlight porosity, cracking and delamination of aggregates, phenomena that may be present in such materials. These observations revealed the absence of these problems on this type of cement in this work. This research marks the first application of CLSM and OM under UV light to this type of cement. These microscopic techniques enabled us to understand the hydration phenomenon of this type of cement and its highly complex morphology. Finally, Monte–Carlo simulation was used in this study to model electron‐matter interaction, enabling us to understand the elemental analyses obtained and to gain a better understanding of the microstructure of SSC samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we report the development of a macromolecular multifunctional imaging tool for biological investigations, which is comprised of an N‐(2‐hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide backbone, iridium‐based luminescent probe, glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII) targeting ligand, and biotin affinity tag. The iridium luminophore is a tris‐cyclometalated complex based on [Ir(ppy)3] with one of its 2‐phenylpyridine ligands functionalized to allow conjugation. Synthesized macromolecular probes differed in the structure of the polymer and content of the iridium complex. The applicability of the developed imaging tools has been tested in flow cytometry (FACS) based assay, laser confocal microscopy, and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM). The FACS analysis has shown that the targeted iBodies containing the iridium luminophore exhibit selective labelling of GCPII expressing cells. This observation was also confirmed in the imaging experiments with laser confocal microscopy. The FLIM experiment has shown that the iBodies with the iridium label exhibit a lifetime greater than 100 ns, which distinguishes them from typically used systems labelled with organic fluorophores exhibiting short fluorescence lifetimes. The results of this investigation indicate that the system exhibits interesting properties, which supports the development of additional biological tools utilizing the key components (iridium complexes, iBody concept), primarily focusing on the longer lifetime of the iridium emitter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of time, temperature, and burial in a natural environment on the viability of chondrocytes in porcine femoral condyles using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Hind trotters from 10 pigs were buried or left unburied. Samples were collected daily and stained with a combination of vital dyes (calcein-AM and ethidium homodimer-1). The chondrocytes showed an intense staining corresponding to their vitality. In the first 3 days, viability decreased slowly and showed no statistical difference between buried and unburied samples. After the first 3 days, it decreased rapidly, with the viability of the buried samples being 66% on day 4, decreasing to 25% on day 8 and to 16% on day 10, while in the unburied samples it decreased to 43% on day 4, 13% on day 8 and 5% on day 10. Our results indicate a time, temperature, and burial dependent decrease in chondrocyte viability and suggest the use of chondrocyte viability as a marker for estimating PMI in both the natural environment and in animals, as well as its potential use in humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cytoskeletal organization of a squirmid, namely Platyproteum vivax, was investigated with confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) to refine inferences about convergent evolution among intestinal parasites of marine invertebrates. Platyproteum inhabits Pacific peanut worms (Phascolosoma agassizii) and has traits that are similar to other lineages of myzozoan parasites, namely gregarine apicomplexans within Selenidium, such as conspicuous feeding stages, called "trophozoites," capable of dynamic undulations. SEM and CLSM of P. vivax revealed an inconspicuous flagellar apparatus and a uniform array of longitudinal microtubules organized in bundles (LMBs). Extreme flattening of the trophozoites and a consistently oblique morphology of the anterior end provided a reliable way to distinguish dorsal and ventral surfaces. CLSM revealed a novel system of microtubules oriented in the flattened dorsoventral plane. Most of these dorsoventral microtubule bundles (DVMBs) had a punctate distribution and were evenly spaced along a curved line spanning the longitudinal axis of the trophozoites. This configuration of microtubules is inferred to function in maintaining the flattened shape of the trophozoites and facilitate dynamic undulations. The novel traits in Platyproteum are consistent with phylogenomic data showing that this lineage is only distantly related to Selenidium and other marine gregarine apicomplexans with dynamic intestinal trophozoites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Myrtle rust, caused by Austropuccinia psidii, has been associated with more than 480 plant species belonging to the family Myrtaceae. Intraspecific variability in pathogenicity has been reported among isolates of A. psidii from different hosts. However, there are few studies that have comparatively quantified the disease in guava (Psidium guajava) and rose apple (Syzygium jambos). The objective of this work was to quantify the pathogenic variability of A. psidii isolates collected from guava and rose apple in Brazil and to investigate the mechanisms of infection and colonization of the pathogen at the cellular level. The monocyclic components of the rust disease were evaluated on young leaves of rose apple and guava plants cross‐inoculated with isolates from rose apple and guava. Pathogenic specialization of both A. psidii isolates for their respective hosts was confirmed in this work. The guava A. psidii isolate was able to infect and colonize rose apple leaf tissues but no sporulation occurred. Similarly, the rose apple A. psidii isolate infected guava plants but did not sporulate. Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed that lobed haustoria were present within rose apple leaves at 2 days post‐inoculation (dpi) with both isolates, which resulted in intense mesophyll colonization for both interactions at 9 dpi. The latter is remarkable because infection of rose apple with the guava A. psidii isolate did not result in mature rust pustules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Freeze-thaw cycles (FTC) in soils can cause the aggregation of dissolved organic matter but controlling factors are little understood. In freeze–thaw experiments with tannic acid (TA) as model substance, we studied the effect of TA concentration, pH, electrolytes (NaCl, CaCl 2 , AlCl 3), and number of FTC on particle formation. Tannic acid (0.005 to 10 g L−1) was exposed to 1–20 FTC at pH 3 and 6. The size and shape of particles was determined by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Particle stability was deduced from the equivalent circle diameter (ECD) obtained in dry state and the hydrodynamic diameter measured in thawing solutions. Tannic acid particles occurred as plates and veins, resembling the morphology of ice grain boundaries. Low pH and presence of electrolytes favored the formation of large particles. The freeze-concentration effect was most intense at low TA concentrations and increased with the number of FTC. While ECD of particles formed at low TA concentrations were smaller than at high concentrations, it was vice versa in the thawed state. At low TA concentrations, higher crystallization pressure of ice caused enhanced stability of large particles. We conclude that FTC can strongly alter the physical state of dissolved organic matter, with likely consequences for its bioavailability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new technique is assessed in order to measure, at the wafer scale, direct bonding energies. It is derived from the standard Double Cantilever Beam (DCB) method and uses interferometry in confocal IR laser source microscopy to measure crack openings. Such a bonding energy measurement protocol has better accuracy compared to other techniques. This is due to a better confocal microscopy resolution and the high intensity of the laser source. The elastic energy stored in bent wafers is obtained by measuring the beam curvature. DCB deformation models are discussed from the short-range crack opening theory to long distance beam-bending theories. Comparison is made between models, experimental results, and FEM simulations. Finally, the bonding energy error during standard measurements is estimated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the potential antimicrobial properties of natural compounds and their impacts on Clostridioides difficile virulence factors may aid in developing alternative strategies for preventing and treating C. difficile infections (CDI). In this study, we investigated the bactericidal effects of ginger oil (GO), peppermint oil (PO), curcumin (CU), cinnamon aldehyde (CI), and trans-cinnamaldehyde (TCI) on the adhesion and biofilm disruption of C. difficile. We used three reference and five clinical C. difficile strains of different ribotypes. The bactericidal activity was assessed using the broth microdilution method. The adhesion was evaluated using human epithelial cell lines, and biofilm formation was visualized by confocal laser scanning microscopy. All tested strains exhibited susceptibility to CU, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 128 µg/mL to 2048 µg/mL. Similarly, all strains were susceptible to CI and TCI, with MIC values ranging from 6.25% (v/v) to 25% (v/v). Most of the tested substances reduced the adhesion of C. difficile strains, while two tested strains showed significantly higher adhesion when co-incubated with the tested substances. Similar observations were made for biofilm formation, with observed density and morphology varied depending on the strain. In conclusion, the tested products demonstrated bactericidal activity and reduced the adhesion of C. difficile strains. They may be considered for further studies as potential antimicrobial agents targeting biofilm-related infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of high pressure processing (HPP) and polysaccharides on the structure and emulsifying properties of lactoferrin (LF) has been investigated by fluorescence, circular dichroism, FTIR, dynamic light scattering, physical stability, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and microrheology measurements. Compared with LF alone, the presence of xanthan gum (XG) inhibited the exposure of hydrophobic core in LF caused by HPP to a certain extent. HPP slightly changed the secondary structure of LF, while the addition of XG expanded the effect. 200 MPa treatment was favorable for LF-XG complexes to form ordered structure, while higher pressure decreased the content of α-helix. HPP treatment or XG addition both led LF molecules to unfold, while the combination of them caused LF to fold under certain conditions. Droplet sizes of LF-XG stabilized emulsions were smallest under 400 MPa. HPP increased the charges on the surface of droplets. HPP caused the oil droplets closer to spherical, more evenly distributed and reduced the flocculation among droplets. The Addition of 0.3 wt% XG or combination of 0.2 wt% XG and HPP could maximize the physical stability of emulsions. By altering the molecular structure of LF or LF-XG, HPP, and XG increased the viscoelasticity of emulsions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Both Wood's lamp and reflective confidential laser scanning microcopy are helpful for the diagnosis and treatment of vitiligo. However, there is few research that contains large samples and consistent observations. Aims: To analyze the characteristics of Wood's lamp images and reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) images of vitiligo lesions and to evaluate their significance in vitiligo staging. Methods: We analyzed the characteristics of RCM images, Wood's lamp images, the vitiligo disease activity (VIDA) score, and clinical features to guide vitiligo staging and treatment. Results: The expert consensus based on the clinical features, VIDA score, Wood's lamp findings, and isomorphic response was consistent with the Wood's lamp findings (χ2 = 3.63, p > 0.05) and RCM findings (χ2 = 3.60, p > 0.05) in diagnosing vitiligo and assessing the disease stage. There was a correlation between the three lesion grades based on the Wood's lamp findings and the stage of vitiligo (p < 0.01). Lesions that appeared porcelain white under the Wood's lamp were in the slowly progressive stage; lesions that appeared gray‐white or trichromatic under the Wood's lamp were in the rapidly progressive stage; lesions with clear borders under the Wood's lamp needed further analysis by RCM for the stage to be determined; lesions with blurred borders under the Wood's lamp were in the rapidly progressive stage; lesions that were visible under the naked eye and under the Wood's lamp were in the rapidly progressive stage. Conclusion: The study demonstrates a reliable correlation between the findings of RCM (a sophisticated expensive tool) and Wood's lamp examination (a simple, readily available, inexpensive tool) in the assessment of the disease activity of vitiligo lesions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The general morphology of the body, including the distribution of putative sensory ciliary cells, was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in the siboglinid Nereilinum murmanicum Ivanov, 1961 collected from the Barents Sea and at a new, deeper locality in the Greenland Sea outside the known range of this species. The fine features of cuticular structures in N. murmanicum, including the bridle and cuticular plaques from different parts of the body, were described for the first time. Since we have previously shown in the closely related siboglinid Oligobrachia haakonmosbiensis Smirnov, 2000 using SEM and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) that all epidermal cilia except for the ventral ciliary band belong to sensory cells, we consider all ciliary structures detected in N. murmanicum as sensory. The tentacles, clusters of ciliary cells along the dorsal furrow, areas around the openings of the multicellular glands, papillae, and the ciliary patch located on the cephalic lobe at the base of the tentacles can be regarded as specialized sensory areas. Based on our current knowledge of sensory structures in annelids, a number of assumptions were made about possible functional characteristics of putative sensory structures in siboglinids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study displays a comprehensive investigation into the micro- and macrostructures of gluten and its responses to temperature-induced changes, employing various analytical techniques. The integration of time domain-nuclear magnetic resonance (TD-NMR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), size-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography (SE-HPLC), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR), and multiphoton laser microscopy (MLM) measurements facilitates the multidimensional examination of gluten's phase distribution and structure across various scales. Notably, TD-NMR helps to refine prior T2 assignments for hydrated gluten through dynamic T2 measurements at sub-zero temperatures. The innovative application of TD-NMR uncovers insights into freezable water quantities and their changes under varying temperature conditions. Through real-time analyses utilizing not only TD-NMR but also MLM techniques, along with SE-HPLC measurements, the study highlights increased lacunarities in the gluten structure, particularly between 60 and 85 °C. These structural changes are attributed to heating effects that unfold and denature proteins and culminate in aggregation and crosslinking phenomena, leading to the release of water into macropores, hence changes in the water distribution in the gluten matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: This study investigated the Maillard reaction (MR) and the stability of liquid infant formulas (LIFs) stored at 5 °C, 25 °C and 40 °C for 6 months. With the increase in storage temperature, the concentrations of 2‐furoylmethyl‐ε‐lysine (furosine) increased from 60.72 to 109.60 mg/100 g protein and Nɛ‐ Carboxy methyl lysine (CML) increased 106.82 to 197.04 mg/100 g protein. Colour became darker, yellower and redder, and pH values decreased. Negative charges increased during the first 3 months and decreased during the last 3 months. Fat globule sizes increased and particle size distribution (PSD) regressed, and the accumulation of fat was clearly observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Shear thickened with the increase in shear rate, and the turbiscan stability index (TSI) values increased. In summary, these results indicated that lower storage temperature (5 °C) inhibits the MR and reduces unstable changes of LIF during storage period; thus, the nutritional value of LIF can be largely preserved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on analysis of current-voltage characteristics and imaging of the resistive state of thin-film tin strips using low-temperature laser scanning microscopy (LTLSM), the process of destruction of superconductivity by current and microwave irradiation with the formation and spatial rearrangement of the order parameter phase slip lines, and their transformation into discrete localized normal domains are shown. The prospects of LTLSM are considered from the point of view of the study of the high-frequency properties of superconducting structures and spatial characteristics in the pre-critical state for instrumental applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Opecoeloides Odhner, 1928, is represented by 19 valid species found in marine fish, of which five have been reported in Brazil. Specimens of Opecoeloides pedicathedrae Travassos, Freitas & Bührnheim, 1966, were collected from the intestine of smooth weakfish Cynoscion leiarchus, a new host record, from off the coast of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. They were examined using light and confocal laser microscopy. New partial sequences of 18S and 28S rDNA genes of O. pedicathedrae were obtained. Bayesian inference analysis on the partial 28S rDNA dataset resulted in a phylogram in which O. pedicathedrae formed a well-supported clade with Opecoeloides fimbriatus and Opecoeloides furcatus. The K2p distance between O. pedicathedrae and O. fimbriatus was 0.34%, with 3 divergent nucleotides; and between O. pedicathedrae and O. furcatus was 4.18%, with 38 divergent nucleotides. A Bayesian-inference phylogenetic tree based on the 18S rDNA recovered two main clades with five subfamilies. A clade of Opecoelinae showed that O. pedicathedrae was closer to Pseudopecoeloides tenuis; the K2p distance between these species was 2.14%, with 28 divergent nucleotides. The new nucleotide sequences presented inclusion of a phylogenetic analysis that can help to clarify the understanding of this complex taxon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Post-mining reservoirs are distinguished by characteristic environmental conditions where specific diatom communities can be observed. Reservoirs created as a part of the reclamation plan after human mining activities are marked by unique chemical and physical water parameters. In the course of research on the diatoms from Bogdałów reservoir, we examined the taxonomic and morphological diversity of Nitzschia taxa from the section Lanceolatae occurring in a post-mining lignite reservoir. Our study describes a new species of Nitzschia from a post-mining reservoir, Nitzschia nandorii Olszyński, Zakrzewski & Żelazna-Wieczorek, sp. nov. Morphometry and morphology analyses of new species were performed with light and scanning electron microscopy. Chloroplast morphology analysis was conducted with differential interference contrast microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Molecular data from SSU 18S, rbcL and psbC sequences were obtained from cultures of this taxon. Differential diagnosis of Nitzschia nandorii Olszyński, Zakrzewski & Żelazna-Wieczorek, sp. nov. with co-occurring taxa: N. lacuum and N. alpinobacillum was performed using morphological traits and nMDS analysis of the valves' morphometry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development of insects relies on ecdysis, a process entailing periodic production of a new exoskeleton and detachment of the previous one. Combining light microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy, we described the morphological details of naturally molted exoskeletons of the head louse, Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer. All exoskeletons had visible expansion and a consistent pattern of the ecdysial opening anterior on the dorsal medial line of exoskeletons ending at the vertex of the metathorax. Early genital differentiation was observed in nymph III even without a complete molt. The respiratory system composed of thoracic and abdominal spiracles, tracheae, tracheoles, and taenidia, adheres to the exoskeleton. The abdominal spiracles had a circular peritrema with concentric wavy shapes. Within the spiracular atrium were structures resembling valves that control entry of oxygen into the respiratory system. These were observed in all specimens, indicating the exoskeleton and respiratory system are completely replaced at each stage of metamorphosis. This is the first study of morphology of the P. h. capitis exoskeleton by combination of state-of-the-art microscopy techniques. The results serve as the basis for future research on physiological characterization and regulation of morphological development and ecdysis of head lice. El desarrollo de los insectos se basa en la ecdisis, proceso que implica la producción periódica de un nuevo exoesqueleto y el desprendimiento del anterior. Combinando microscopía óptica, microscopía de barrido láser confocal y microscopía electrónica de barrido, describimos los detalles morfológicos de los exoesqueletos mudados naturalmente del piojo de la cabeza, Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer. Todos los exoesqueletos tenían una expansión visible y un patrón consistente de la apertura ecdisial anterior en la línea dorsal medial de los exoesqueletos que termina en el vértice del metatórax. Se observó una diferenciación genital temprana en la ninfa III, incluso sin una muda completa. El sistema respiratorio, compuesto por espiráculos torácicos y abdominales, tráqueas, traqueolas y tenidios, se adhiere al exoesqueleto. Los espiráculos abdominales presentaban un peritrema circular con formas onduladas concéntricas. Dentro de la aurícula espiracular había estructuras que se asemejaban a válvulas que controlaban la entrada de oxígeno al sistema respiratorio. Éstas se observaron en todos los especímenes, lo que indica que el exoesqueleto y el sistema respiratorio se reemplazan por completo en cada etapa de la metamorfosis. Este es el primer estudio de morfología de los exoesqueletos de P. h. capitis mediante combinación de técnicas de microscopía de última generación. Los resultados sirven como base para futuras investigaciones sobre la caracterización fisiológica y la regulación del desarrollo morfológico y la ecdisis de los piojos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, we explore the synthesis of and characterize α-aminophosphonates derived from anthraquinone and benzanthrone, focusing on their fluorescence properties and potential applications in confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The synthesized compounds exhibit notable solvatochromic behavior, emitting fluorescence from green to red across various solvents. Spectroscopic analysis, including 1H-, 13C-, and 31P-NMR, FTIR, and mass spectrometry, confirms the chemical structures. The compounds' toxicity is evaluated using etiolated wheat sprouts, revealing varying degrees of impact on growth and oxidative damage. Furthermore, the study introduces these α-aminophosphonates for CLSM imaging of the parasitic flatworm Opisthorchis felineus, demonstrating their potential in visualizing biological specimens. Additionally, an X-ray crystallographic study of an anthraquinone α-aminophosphonate provides valuable structural insights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) has a defined in vivo morphology of vitiligo and re-pigmentation. Combination therapies seem more effective than monotherapies. Objective: We aim to describe the clinical and RCM features of re-pigmentation with combined narrowband ultraviolet B (NB-UVB) and piperine-based topical treatment in localized vitiligo. Methods: Eight patients enrolled at a single center received combined treatment: topical treatment was applied twice daily + NB-UVB twice weekly for 2 × 2-month periods. Clinical changes were analyzed by the Vitiligo Noticeability Scale (VNS) and percentage of re-pigmentation. The evaluator agreement was assessed. Predefined RCM features had the presence/absence of (i) blood vessels, (ii) dendritic cells, and the quantity of (i) an irregular honeycombed pattern and (ii) non-pigmented papillae. Clinical and RCM monitoring was performed at the baseline, 2, 3, 5, and 7 months. Results: Macules were "slightly less noticeable" with 25–50% re-pigmentation. Irregular honeycomb patterns and non-pigmented papillae were significantly less frequently observed, and in less extended areas (T1 vs. T2, p = 0.039; T0 vs. T1, p = 0.005 and T2 vs. T4, p = 0.033). Dendritic cells and blood vessels improved, with significant changes in blood vessels (T1 vs. T2, p = 0.005 and T3 vs. T4, p = 0.008). Conclusions: RCM confirms the morphological changes induced by combined treatment for localized vitiligo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The musculature of parasitic flatworms plays a central role in locomotory movement, attachment to the host, and in the function of the digestive, reproductive, and excretory systems. We examine for the first time the muscle system of the flatworm Dicrocoelium dendriticum, a causative agent of the parasitic disease dicrocoeliosis, by use of fluorescently labeled phalloidin and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Somatic musculature of D. dendriticum consists of the circular, longitudinal, and diagonal muscles. The distribution of the muscle fibers in the body wall differed among the anterior, middle, and posterior body regions of the worm. The musculature of the attachment organs, the oral and ventral suckers, includes several types of muscles: the external equatorial and meridional muscles, internal circular and semicircular muscles, and radial muscles. Inside of the ventral sucker the diagonally located muscles were revealed and the supplementary u‐shaped muscles were found adjoined to the base of the sucker from outside. The musculature of the internal organs composed of the excretory, reproductive, and digestive systems were characterized. Our results increase our knowledge of the morphology of trematodes and the arrangement of their muscle system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The switching speed of light polarization plays a crucial role in determining the upper‐limit bandwidth of applications like optical communications and laser microscopy. However, conventional polarization elements based on macroscopic anisotropic crystals like birefringent crystals and chalcogenide glasses are either static or restricted by the low switching time of about hundreds of picoseconds. Here, a femtosecond‐scale all‐optical polarization controlling method is proposed through engineering the excited hot electrons in a graphene‐loaded metasurface. Remarkably, a giant polarization orientation from left‐handed polarization (LCP) to right‐handed polarization (RCP) in the Poincaré sphere (≈80° rotation) is realized within only 200 fs in the mid‐infrared. With pumping, the dedicated polarization‐sensitive design allows the metasurface to exhibit a consistent resonance blueshift as the transient increase of the hot‐electron temperature in graphene for y‐polarized incidence. This polarization conversion approach features a giant modulation range and enables the reflected light to be dynamically and arbitrarily modulated into RCP, LCP, and linear states at femtosecond timescale. A few logic operations "AND", "OR", "NAND", and "XOR" based on this method are also demonstrated by monitoring the normalized Stokes parameters. It is believed that this work may find practical application in next‐generation signal‐processing systems with large capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Oleosomes are natural oil droplets with a unique phospholipid/protein membrane, abundant in plant seeds, from which they can be extracted and used in emulsion-based materials, such as foods, cosmetics and pharmaceutics. The lubrication properties of such materials are essential, on one hand, due to the importance of the in-mouth creaminess for the consumed products or the importance of spreading the topical creams. Therefore, here, we will evaluate the lubrication properties of oleosomes, and how these properties are affected by the components at the oleosome membrane. Oleosomes were extracted, and their oral lubricating properties were evaluated using tribology. To understand the influence of the oil droplet membrane composition, reconstituted oleosomes were also studied, with membranes that differed in protein/lecithin ratio. Additionally, whey protein- and lecithin-stabilised emulsions were used as reference samples. Confocal laser scattering microscopy was used to study the samples visually before and after tribological analysis. Oleosomes followed a ball-bearing mechanism, which was probably related to their high physical stability due to the presence of membrane proteins. When the membrane protein concentration at the surface was reduced, the droplet stability weakened, leading to plating-out lubrication. Following our results, we elucidated the oleosome lubrication mechanism and showed their possible control by changing the membrane composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) cryogels can be functionalized with n -Halamines to confer biocidal features useful for their application as wound-dressing tools. Their efficacy can be boosted by stably embedding a polymeric bacterial food source (e.g., starch) in the gel matrix. The bioavailability of the food source lures bacteria inside the gel network via chemotactic mechanisms, promoting their contact with the biocidal functionalities and their consequent inactivation. The synthesis of a novel hydantoin-functionalized PVA (H-PVA-hyd) is proposed. The newly synthesized H-PVA-hyd polymer was introduced in the formulation of H-PVA-based cryogels. To promote the cryogelation of the systems we exploited phase-separation mechanisms employing either a PVA carrying residual acetate groups (L-PVA) or starch as phase-segregating components. The permanence of the biocidal functionality after swelling was investigated via proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) microscopy. The activated H-PVA-hyd cryogels have been tested against bacteria with amylolytic activity (Bacillus subtilis) and the outcomes were analyzed by direct observation via confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The cryogels containing starch resulted in being the most effective (up to 90% bacterial killing), despite carrying a lower amount of hydantoin groups than their starch-free counterparts, suggesting that their improved efficacy relies on a "Trojan Horse" type of mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Traditional nanodrug delivery systems have some limitations, such as eliciting immune responses and inaccuracy in targeting tumor microenvironments. Materials and methods: Targeted drugs (Sorafenib, Sora) nanometers (hollow mesoporous silicon, HMSN) were designed, and then coated with platelet membranes to form aPD-1-PLTM-HMSNs@Sora to enhance the precision of drug delivery systems to the tumor microenvironment, so that more effective immunotherapy was achieved. Results: These biomimetic nanoparticles were validated to have the same abilities as platelet membranes (PLTM), including evading the immune system. The successful coating of HMSNs@Sora with PLTM was corroborated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), western blot and confocal laser microscopy. The affinity of aPD-1-PLTM-HMSNs@Sora to tumor cells was stronger than that of HMSNs@Sora. After drug-loaded particles were intravenously injected into hepatocellular carcinoma model mice, they were demonstrated to not only directly activate toxic T cells, but also increase the triggering release of Sora. The combination of targeted therapy and immunotherapy was found to be of gratifying antineoplastic function on inhibiting primary tumor growth. Conclusions: The aPD-1-PLTM-HMSNs@Sora nanocarriers that co-delivery of aPD-1 and Sorafenib integrates unique biomimetic properties and excellent targeting performance, and provides a neoteric idea for drug delivery of personalized therapy for primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we examine the topography and adhesion images of the cell surface of neutrophils during the activation process. Our analysis of cell surface parameters indicates that the most significant changes in neutrophils occur within the first 30 min of activation, suggesting that reactive oxygen species may require approximately this amount of time to activate the cells. Interestingly, we observed surface granular structure as early as 10 min after neutrophil activation when examining atomic force microscopy images. This finding aligns with the reorganization observed within the cells under confocal laser scanning microscopy. By analyzing the cell surface images of adhesion, we identified three spatial surface parameters that correlate with the activation time. This finding enables us to estimate the degree of activation by using atomic force microscopy maps of the cell surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This in vitro study evaluated the bacterial reduction provided by the EndoActivator (EA), Easy Clean (EC), passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI), and XP-Endo Finisher. Eight-four mesial roots of mandibular first molars were instrumented, inoculated with Enterococcus faecalis, and divided into four groups (n. 20). Bacterial reduction in the main canals and dentinal tubules were respectively determined by MTT assays and Live/Dead BackLight technique through confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) at 50, 100, and 150 µm in-depth (n. 10 per group). Statistical analyses were conducted following a significance level of 95% (P < 0.05). A significant statistical difference was just identified between XPF and EC in the main canals. In the dentinal tubules from the main root canals, at 100 and 150 µm in-depths, significant statistical differences were only observed between XPF and EC (P = 0.027) for the former and between XPF and EC (P = 0.011) and XPF and PUI (P = 0.021) for the latter. In the dentinal tubules from the isthmus, at 100 µm in-depth, statistically relevant differences did occur between XPF and EC (P = 0.038) and EC and EA (P = 0.029). At 150 µm in-depth, these differences were only significant by comparing XPF and PUI (P = 0.025) and XPF and EC (P = 0.036). Although no irrigation method could thoroughly disinfect the RCS, bacterial reduction indexes were generally better after using XPF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we report an improved method of coherent sensing through the use of a generalized phase-stepping algorithm to extract magnitude and phase information from interferometric fringes acquired by laser feedback interferometry (LFI). Our approach allows for significantly reduced optical sampling and acquisition times whilst also avoiding the need for fitting to complex models of lasers under optical feedback in post-processing. We investigate theoretically the applicability of this method under different levels of optical feedback, different laser parameters, and for different sampling conditions. We furthermore validate its use experimentally for LFI-based sensing using a terahertz (THz)-frequency laser in both far-field and near-field sensing configurations. Finally we demonstrate our approach for two-dimensional nanoscale imaging of the out-of-plane field supported by individual micro-resonators at THz frequencies. Our results show that fully coherent sensing can be achieved reliably with as little as 4 sampling points per imaging pixel, opening up opportunities for fast coherent sensing not only at THz frequencies but across the visible and infra-red spectrum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of GC-MS analysis showed that the set soybean yoghurt without oil contained only two esters and one alcohol: delta-dodecalactone, 5-decanolide, and R-(−)-2-butanol. The set soybean yoghurt with olive oil was characterized by five volatile flavors: hexanoic acid, 2-nonanol, phenylacetaldehyde, 3-heptylacrolein, and acetylpyrazine. The set soybean yoghurt with coconut oil was characterized by nine volatile flavors: 5-hydroxyoctanoic acid lactone, ethyl caprylate, ethyl caprate, ethyl laurate, 2-tridecanone, dihydro-2-methyl-3(2H)-thiophenone, lauric acid, 1-octanol, and 2-decanol. Gas chromatographic analysis showed that free fatty acid species increased in set soybean yoghurt after oil addition, which were positively correlated with volatile flavor substances. By confocal laser microscopy observation, the oil droplets in the three groups of set soybean yoghurt were reduced after digestion. Research has proved that adding an appropriate amount of olive oil or coconut oil to set soybean yoghurt can improve the flavor and does not increase the digestive burden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report on the analysis of individual dye loaded block copolymer (BCP) vesicles via a combination of confocal laser scanning microscopy (CSLM)/fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) on the one hand and atomic force microscopy (AFM) on the other hand. AFM measurements on ATTO 647N-loaded poly(styrene-block-poly(acrylic acid)) (PS115-b-PAA15) vesicles were carried out with high spatial resolution and afforded morphology and dimensions of BCP vesicles on solid substrates. By contrast the CSLM and FLIM data are diffraction limited, but from the time resolved fluorescence data information on the local vicinity of the reporter dye can be extracted. In the combined experiment individual dye-loaded vesicles and vesicle aggregates were discerned, analyzed metrologically by AFM and in more detail by CSLM and FLIM. On the basis of FLIM data the partitioning of the reporter dye was analyzed. The dye resides preferentially in the hydrophilic corona inside the vesicles. The dye concentration in the polymersome was about 90 times higher than in the solution used for encapsulation. These results underline that the combination of AFM with sensitive optical techniques, especially FLIM, is a promising approach for obtaining a deeper understanding of molecular interactions and nanoenvironments in supramolecular macromolecular structures and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, the δ‐ferrite/γ‐austenite transformation and the precipitation behavior of M23C6 carbides in X10CrAlSi18 ferritic heat‐resistant stainless steel (FHSS) with various Si contents at a cooling rate of 100 °C min−1 using confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM) are investigated. The findings reveal that γ‐austenite preferentially forms along the δ‐ferrite phase boundaries, and it progressively precipitates into the δ‐ferrite phase as the temperature decreases. The increase in the Si content reduces the δ‐ferrite/γ‐austenite transformation temperature. It also inhibits the martensite transformation in the subsequent cooling process, decreasing the volume fraction of γ‐austenite/martensite. M23C6 carbides are mostly found at the δ‐ferrite and γ‐austenite/martensite phase boundaries. Meanwhile, the nucleation of M23C6 carbides becomes more difficult as the volume fraction of γ‐austenite/martensite decreases. Furthermore, the complex solidification mechanism of the nucleus is addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the food packaging industry has focused on developing an eco-friendly and sustainable food packaging system. This study describes the effect of beeswax on the physical, structural, and barrier properties of a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/polyacrylic acid (PAA) composite film. The incorporation of beeswax improved the barrier properties against oxygen, water, and oil. However, the addition of a high content of beeswax caused phase separation in the film-forming solution. The destabilization mechanisms such as clarification and creaming formation in the film-forming solution were revealed by turbidimetric analysis. The results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) indicates that non-homogeneous structures in the film-forming solution were formed as a function of increased beeswax content due to the agglomeration of beeswax. The mechanical properties of the films were also evaluated to determine the most appropriate content of beeswax. There was a slight decrease in tensile strength and an increase in elongation as beeswax content increased up to 10%. Thus, the PVA/PAA composite film with 10% beeswax was chosen for further applications. In summary, the PVA/PAA composite film developed in this study with 10% beeswax exhibited a significant improvement in barrier properties and has the potential for use in commerce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces an innovative microscopy analysis methodology to preserve in situ non-soluble particles within hailstones using a protective porous plastic coating, overcoming previous limitations related to melting the hailstone sample. The method is composed of two techniques: trapping non-soluble particles beneath a plastic coat by using the adapted sublimation technique and then analyzing the particles individually with both Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy-Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). CLSM provides insights into physical attributes like particle size and surface topography, enhancing understanding of ice nucleation. SEM-EDS complements CLSM by offering detailed information on individual particle elemental chemistry, enabling classification based on composition. Strategies to reduce background noise from glass substrates during EDS spectral analysis are proposed. By combining powerful, high resolution microscopy techniques, this methodology provides valuable data on hailstone composition and properties. This information can give insights into hail developmental processes by enhancing our understanding of the role of atmospheric particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infections caused by Campylobacter spp. are a major cause of severe enteritis worldwide. Multifactorial prevention strategies are necessary to reduce the prevalence of Campylobacter. In particular, antiadhesive strategies with specific inhibitors of early host–pathogen interaction are promising approaches to reduce the bacterial load. An in vitro flow cytometric adhesion assay was established to study the influence of carbohydrates on the adhesion of C. jejuni to Caco-2 cells. Chitosans with a high degree of polymerization and low degree of acetylation were identified as potent antiadhesive compounds, exerting significant reduction of C. jejuni adhesion to Caco-2 cells at non-toxic concentrations. Antiadhesive and also anti-invasive effects were verified by confocal laser scanning microscopy. For target identification, C. jejuni adhesins FlpA and JlpA were expressed in Escherichia coli ArcticExpress, and the influence of chitosan on binding to fibronectin and HSP90α, respectively, was investigated. While no effects on FlpA binding were found, a strong inhibition of JlpA-HSP90α binding was observed. To simulate real-life conditions, chicken meat was inoculated with C. jejuni, treated with antiadhesive chitosan, and the bacterial load was quantified. A strong reduction of C. jejuni load was observed. Atomic force microscopy revealed morphological changes of C. jejuni after 2 h of chitosan treatment, indicating disturbance of the cell wall and sacculi formation by electrostatic interaction of positively charged chitosan with the negatively charged cell surface. In conclusion, our data indicate promising antiadhesive and anti-invasive potential of high molecular weight, strongly de-acetylated chitosans for reducing C. jejuni load in livestock and food production. Key points: • Antiadhesive effects of chitosan with high DP/low DA against C. jejuni to host cells • Specific targeting of JlpA/Hsp90α interaction by chitosan • Meat treatment with chitosan reduces C. jejuni load [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We proposed the Representative Elementary Area (REA) analysis method and illustrated how it is needed to evaluate representative roughness parameters of surfaces. We used mean height (Sa) roughness to study how its variations converge to a steady state as we expanded the area of investigation (AOI) using combined scan tiles obtained through Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy. We tested quartz and glass surfaces, subjecting them to various levels of polishing with grit sizes ranging between # 60 and #1200. The scan tiles revealed a multiscale roughness texture characterized by the dominance of valleys over peaks, lacking a fractal nature. REA analysis revealed Sa variations converged to a steady state as AOI increased, highlighting the necessity of the proposed method. The steady-state Sa, denoted as Sa REA , followed an inverse power law with polishing grit size, with its exponent dependent on the material hardness. The REA length representing Sa REA of glass surfaces, followed another inverse power law with polishing grit size and an indeterminate relationship for quartz surfaces. The multiscale characteristics and convergence to steady state were also evident in skewness, kurtosis, and autocorrelation length (Sal) parameters. Sal increased to a maximum value before decreasing linearly as AOI was linearly increased. The maximum Sal, termed as Sal max , exhibited a linear relationship with REA. In the absence of REA analysis, the magnitude of uncertainty depended on the polishing grit size. Finely polished surfaces exhibited a 10–20% variability, which increased to up to 70% relative to the steady-state Sa with coarser polishing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to evaluate the course of paraproteinemic keratopathy (PPK) in patients undergoing systemic therapy for the underlying hematological disease. Baseline and follow-up examinations included hematological work-up, best-corrected visual acuity, slit-lamp biomicroscopy, and in vivo confocal laser scanning microscopy (IVCM). We included 22 patients with bilateral PPK (aged 68 ± 10.4 years, 11 males). Ten patients with multiple myeloma (MM) underwent on-label systemic therapy. During follow-up, we observed a regression of corneal opacities in three patients under slit-lamp examination and under IVCM, while PPK remained unchanged in seven patients. In three patients with monoclonal gammopathy of ocular significance (MGOS), systemic therapy was initiated off-label to reduce the serum paraprotein load before penetrating keratoplasty (PKP). These patients showed no signs of PPK recurrence for up to 24 months after PKP. In one patient without systemic therapy, a recurrence in corneal grafts occurred within 12 months of PKP. In eight patients without systemic therapy, PPK remained stable. In conclusion, systemic therapy for MM patients reduced corneal opacity in 30% of treated patients. Furthermore, systemic therapy performed before PKP in patients without conventional systemic therapy indication (MGOS) likely postpones PPK recurrence in the corneal graft. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective was to compare the physical, chemical, mechanical, and microbiological properties between discs (n = 10) of Ti–6Al–4V and Ti–35Nb–7Zr–5Ta (TNZT) obtained by Machining (M) and additive manufacturing (AM) by Laser Powder Bed Fusion technique to identify the influence of chemical composition and processing technique on material properties. Using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX), x-ray diffraction (XRD), wettability, surface free energy, roughness by confocal laser microscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM), Vickers microhardness (VM), and colony forming units (CFU) against S. aureus. Two-way ANOVA (p < 0.05) was applied. Higher roughness and irregularity were observed in the AM discs. The chemical composition of the EDX alloys was compatible with the concentrations expected and available in the literature. For TNZT the manufacturing technique interfered in the present phases (α and β) due to different cooling rates. The wettability and surface free energy of TNZT was higher than that of Ti–6Al–4V, and there was no significant difference for the manufacturing techniques. Ti–6Al–4V showed greater hardness than TNZT and the M technique greater than AM. There was no difference in S. aureus CFU between the groups. It was concluded that TNZT alloy showed higher hydrophilicity, surface free energy, roughness, lower hardness, manufacturing techniques that interfered in its phases, and no differences for CFU compared to Ti–6Al–4V. The AM technique generated more irregular and rough surfaces, and lower hardness, without significant changes concerning M in terms of chemical composition, wettability, surface free energy, and bacterial formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rhodamine B (RHB) based derivatives are especially known for their dye characteristics. Nevertheless, very limited of such revealed promising in‐vivo and in‐vitro therapeutic potency; besides demonstrating great interest due to their excellent photophysical and structural proficiency. Therefore, novel RHB derivatives with significant biological activity are requisite. Hence, current work presents the contemporary design aspect, synthesis, characterization, and anticancer activity of five new RHB amides attained by reacting RHB specifically with simple small amines being side chains of existing anticancer drugs. Therefore, this strategy resulted in a dual effect i. e. fluorescence property and considerable anticancer activity among achieved RHB amides. Obtained fluorophores exhibited emission wavelength at ∼560 nm, a fluorescence quantum yield Φf=10 to 40 % in aqueous solutions, and showed operational stability in pH 4–10, conditions. Further, a study for in‐vitro cell‐based experiments was carried out, wherein AGS (Human gastric cancer) and B16F10 (Murine melanoma) cells were used to screen the compounds. Hydroxy phenyl piperazine substituted RHB amide showed greater growth inhibition than other compounds with an IC50 value of 1.18 μM and 9.07 μM in AGS and B16F10 cells. Fluorescence imaging was performed for the compounds in AGS cells with DAPI as the counterstain using confocal laser microscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]