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The rapid and efficient identification and quantification of neurotoxic organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) are crucial for ensuring environmental safety and human health. However, the current acetylcholinesterase OP sensors are largely limited by the stability and cost of bio-enzymes, as well as the occurrence of false negatives in "signal-off" strategies. In this study, we present a pioneering approach that utilizes high-performance electrochemiluminescence (ECL) of tungsten disulfide quantum dots (WS2 QDs) to develop an alternative sustainable non-enzymatic ECL sensor for "signal-on" OP detection. The presence of phosphate esters in OPs efficiently mediates ECL enhancement of WS2 QDs using K2S2O8 as a coreactant. With this new strategy, we achieved highly sensitive and selective detection of common OPs, including methyl parathion, naled, dimethoate, and malathion, with detection limits of 1.48 pg mL−1, 4.30 pg mL−1, 0.35 pg mL−1, and 5.58 pg mL−1, respectively. When applied to river water and spinach samples, the sensor also demonstrated high reproducibility and good recovery. The electrochemical hydrolysis decomposition of OPs during the detection process in this study provides a "two birds with one stone" strategy, serving the dual objective of identifying and degrading OPs. This work paves a new avenue for direct ECL sensing in environmental and food screening, eliminating the reliance on common indirect biological identification elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the ratiometric fluorescent (RF) strategy, the selection of fluorophores and their respective ratios helps to create visual quantitative detection of target analytes. This study presents a framework for optimizing ratiometric probes, employing both two-component and three-component RF designs. For this purpose, in a two-component ratiometric nanoprobe designed for detecting methyl parathion (MP), an organophosphate pesticide, yellow-emissive thioglycolic acid-capped CdTe quantum dots (Y-QDs) (analyte-responsive), and blue-emissive carbon dots (CDs) (internal reference) were utilized. Mathematical polynomial equations modeled the emission profiles of CDs and Y-QDs in the absence of MP, as well as the emission colors of Y-QDs in the presence of MP separately. In other two-/three-component examples, the detection of dopamine hydrochloride (DA) was investigated using an RF design based on blue-emissive carbon dots (B-CDs) (internal reference) and N-acetyl L-cysteine functionalized CdTe quantum dots with red/green emission colors (R-QDs/G-QDs) (analyte-responsive). The colors of binary/ternary mixtures in the absence and presence of MP/DA were predicted using fitted equations and additive color theory. Finally, the Euclidean distance method in the normalized CIE XYZ color space calculated the distance between predicted colors, with the maximum distance defining the real-optimal concentration of fluorophores. This strategy offers a more efficient and precise method for determining optimal probe concentrations compared to a trial-and-error approach. The model's effectiveness was confirmed through experimental validation, affirming its efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low-power and smart sensing systems for iron detection are necessary for in situ monitoring of water quality. Here, a potentiometric Fe2+-selective electrode (ISE) was fabricated based on cyanomethyl N-methyl-N-phenyl dithiocarbamate for the first time as an ionophore. Under optimal conditions, the ISE showed a Nernstian slope of 29.76 ± 0.6 mV per decade for Fe2+ ions over a wide concentration range from 1.0 × 10−1 to 1.0 × 10−5 M with a lower detection limit (LOD) of 1.0 × 10−6 M. The ISE interference of various cations on the potentiometric response was also investigated. The ISE had a response time less than 3 s and the lifetime was two months. Also, an automated, long-range (LoRa), wireless enabled sampling microfluidic device powered with a solar panel as an autonomous power source was developed for a continuous sampling and sensing process. The sensing platform was employed in the determination of Fe2+ in acid mine drainage and spiked water samples with an average recovery of 100.7%. This simple, inexpensive (below $350), portable sensing platform will allow for rapid real-time monitoring of ground-, drinking-, and industrial waters contaminated with iron. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: A new analytical method based on the coupling of microextraction and microfluidics was developed and investigated for the pre-concentration, separation, and electrochemical detection of fenitrothion (FT) and parathion (PA) at the sub-ppm concentrations. Methods: In the first step, the microchip capillary electrophoresis technique was used to serve as a separation and detection system. Analytes were injected in the 40 mm long microchannel with 10 mm sidearms. Then, they were separated by applying a direct electrical field (+1800 V) between the buffer and detection reservoirs. 2-(n-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid (MES) buffer (20 mM, pH 5) was used as a running buffer. The electrochemical detection was performed using three Pt microelectrodes with the width of working, counter, and reference electrodes (50, 250, and 250 µm, respectively) in the out-channel approach. Results: The system was devised to have the optimum detection potential equal to -1.2 V vs. pseudo-reference electrode. The dimensions of the SU-8 channel have 20 µm depth and 50 µm width. In the second step, an air-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction technique was used to extract and preconcentration of analytes from human blood plasma. Then, 1, 2 di-bromoethan was used as extractant solvent, the analytes were preconcentrated, and the sedimented solvent (50 µL) was evaporated in a 60 °C water bath followed by substitution of running buffer containing 10% ethanol. The optimal extraction cycles were found to be 8 with adding 1% NaCl to the aqueous phase. Analyzing time of the mentioned analytes was less than 100s, the precision range was 3.3 - 8.2 with a linear range of 0.8-100 ppm and 1.2-100 ppm for FT and PA, respectively. The extraction recoveries were about 91% and 87% for FT and PA, respectively. The detection limits for FT and PA were 240 and 360 ppb, respectively. Finally, the reliability of the method was investigated by GC-FID. Conclusion: The proposed method and device were validated and can be used as in situ and portable detection systems for detecting fenitrothion and parathion insecticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, an efficient and sensitive methyl parathion (MP) electrochemical sensor was fabricated by using β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) decorated single-wall carbon nanotubes (SCN), which were used to modify the glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The β-CD@SCN/GCE sensor achieved the sensitive MP detection. For the obtained β-CD@SCN nanocomposite, SCN could form three-dimensional reinforced carbon conductive network with good conductivity property and efficient charge transport channels; β-CD could promote the dispersion of carbon materials and boost the accumulation capability of MP on the surface of β-CD@SCN/GCE. The combination of β-CD and SCN significantly optimized the electrochemical property of β-CD@SCN/GCE sensor for the detection of MP. The β-CD@SCN/GCE sensor exhibited good MP electrochemical detection performance with low limit of detection of 7.23 nM. When used for the detection of MP in grape juice, the β-CD@SCN/GCE sensor exhibited good MP electrochemical sensing analysis performance with satisfactory recovery rates (96.54–98.18%) and relative standard deviation values (1.60–2.07%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, a novel electrochemical sensor was designed for the sensitive determination of methyl parathion (MP) using the Super P Li carbon black@β-cyclodextrin (SPLCB@β-CD) decorated glassy carbon electrode (GCE). SPLCB with high electroactive area exhibited exceptional conductivity and good dispersive property, which is beneficial for forming the interlinked conductive network structure. β-CD could not only promote the uniform dispersion of SPLCB but also effectively realise the enrichment of MP molecules. Moreover, the existence of SPLCB could make up for the defect of poor conductivity of β-CD. Under the optimal experimental condition (pH = 7.0, enrichment time: 60 s). The collaborative cooperation of SPLCB and β-CD achieved the excellent MP detection property (LOD: 8.6 nM; concentration range: 0.01–10 μM). The SPLCB@β-CD/GCE sensor exhibited acceptable repeatability and reproducibility. In addition, the proposed sensor was successfully employed to detect MP in apple juice (Recoveries: 98.0–98.6%, RSD values: 3.68–4.63%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The samples of greenhouse cucumbers were collected from the Central Fruit and Vegetable Market of Tabriz between June and December 2017. In the twenty-four cucumber samples (unwashed, washed, peeled), the residue of 18 organophosphates pesticides (OPPs) was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) following the modified QuEChERS method (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe). Chronic non-carcinogenic risk assessment from pesticide residues in the samples was also performed for age groups of adults (women and men) and children using the Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS). Amongst the eighteen studied pesticides, eight pesticides including dimethoate, diazinon, methyl parathion, fenitrothion, chlorpyrifos, profenofos, ethion, and azinphos-methyl were detected. Pesticide residues were detected in 100% of unwashed, washed and peeled samples in the range of 0.08 to 0.37 mg.kg-1, 0.03 to 0.17 mg.kg-1 and 0.01 to 0.08 mg.kg-1, respectively. The maximum and minimum values were found for diazinon pesticides with 0.37 mg.kg-1 and profenofos and fenitrothion with 0.01 mg.kg-1. 100 % of samples contained at least three pesticide residues (dimethoate, diazinon, and methyl parathion), while 87.5% of the samples contained more pesticides residues. The residues of dimethoate, diazinon, and methyl parathion were above Maximum Residue Limits (MRL) in 100%, 83.33%, and 66.66% of samples, respectively. The identified residues were more than the EU MRLs and the IR MRLs in 100% and 95.83% samples, respectively. The mean reduction of pesticide residues in the washed and peeled samples was in the range of 37.74 to 56.52% and 66.66 to 92.30%, respectively. According to the performed risk assessment, there is no significant non-carcinogenic health risk due to the consumption of cucumber for the age group of adults. Hence, there is a considerable non-carcinogenic health risk to children due to the consumption of unwashed (HI = 2.22) and water-washed (HI = 1.36) greenhouse cucumbers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, a deep eutectic solvent (DES)‐based miniaturized pressurized liquid extraction in combination with DES‐based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) was developed for the extraction of organophosphorus pesticides (parathion–methyl, triazophos, parathion, diazinon, and phoxim) from egg powder samples prior to their analysis by a high‐performance liquid chromatography‐diode array detector. In this work, first, the analytes' extraction was done by a pressurized liquid phase extraction for effective extraction of the analytes from the solid matrix, and then they were concentrated on a DLLME for more concentration of the analytes to reach low limits of detections. The use of DESs was done in both steps to omit the use of toxic organic solvents. Satisfactory results including high extraction recoveries (74–90%), great repeatability (relative standard deviations equal or less than 4.3% and 5.3% for intra‐ and inter‐day precisions), and low limits of detection (0.11–0.29 ng/g) and quantification (0.38–0.98 ng/g) were attained under the optimum conditions. Lastly, the suggested approach was utilized for the determination of the studied pesticides in various egg powder samples marketed in Tabriz, Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organophosphorous (OP) pesticides can cause many human diseases. In this study, the separation and determination of two organophosphorous pesticides (diazinon and methyl-parathion) in biological samples using solid-phase extraction method prior to their measurements by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were investigated. Herein, a new functionalized cerium-based metal–organic framework (MOF) bearing oxime moiety, denoted here UiO-66(Ce)-MO, was synthesized through two-synthetic steps from the pristine UiO-66(Ce) and then applied as an efficient porous adsorbent for the extraction of pesticides from biological samples. Various techniques including Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis were used for the description of adsorbent. The optimization of variables was performed by Box–Behnken design combined with response surface methodology. The factors' effects including pH, eluent volume (EV), sample flow rate (SF) and eluent flow rate (EF) were also examined. The optimum conditions for both compounds were pH 5.5, eluent volume 0.6 mL, SF 2 mL min−1, and EF 0.2 mL min−1, leading to 97.1% and 96.0% removal of diazinon and methyl-parathion, respectively. Under the optimum conditions, the maximum adsorption capacity was obtained 454.5 mg g−1 for methyl-parathion and 476.2 mg g−1 for diazinon. The limit of detection (LOD) was found to be 0.04 μgL−1 for diazinon and 0.06 μgL−1 for methyl-parathion. Sensitivity analysis showed that pH plays a significant role on the efficiency of both organic pollutants. Remarkably, the results showed that this adsorbent outperforms the other UiO-66(Ce) samples and is suitable for separation and determination of these organic materials from water and biological real samples (blood plasma and urine). A porous oxime-functionalized Ce-MOF, UiO-66(Ce)-MO, was synthesized and applied for efficient extraction and determination of trace amounts of methyl-parathion and diazinon from water and biological samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hydrochloric acid (HCl 0.1 M) supporting electrolyte was used in the electrochemical estimation cyclic voltammetry for CaCl2 concentrations also using crystal violet dye or (hexamethyl pararosaniline) as ligand. For oxidation and reduction waves, the potential range is 0.5 V, -0.5 V. The interaction of calcium ions with crystal violet was examined using several analytical estimates, and kinetic and thermodynamic parameters. The analytical concentration for calcium ions in different samples especially in Nile River were estimated in the range from 1.6 to 14.3 mmol. The estimation of calcium ion concentrations was achieved up to 11.49 mmol in waste water in Mansoura University. Applications were made for calcium estimation of different water samples and molecular docking of the calcium-crystal violet complex against the Hepatitis C viral proteins (4i33, 4KTC), roving strong bonds of interaction were observed. And anti-bacterial effect on calcium complex with crystal violet and face mask N-95 tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An unprecedented photocatalyst, Sm2EuSbO7, was successfully fabricated in this paper, through a high-temperature solid-state calcination method, which represented its first ever synthesis. Additionally, using the solvothermal method, the Sm2EuSbO7/ZnBiSbO5 heterojunction photocatalyst (SZHP) was fabricated, marking its debut in this study. XRD analysis confirmed that both Sm2EuSbO7 and ZnBiSbO5 exhibited pyrochlore-type crystal structures with a cubic lattice, belonging to the Fd3m space group. The crystal cell parameter was determined to be 10.5682 Å or 10.2943 Å for Sm2EuSbO7 or ZnBiSbO5, respectively. The band gap width measured for Sm2EuSbO7 or ZnBiSbO5 was 2.73 eV or 2.61 eV, respectively. Under visible light irradiation for 150 min (VLTI-150 min), SZHP exhibited remarkable photocatalytic activity, achieving 100% removal of parathion methyl (PM) concentration and 99.45% removal of total organic carbon (TOC) concentration. The kinetic constant (k) for PM degradation and visible light illumination treatment was determined to be 0.0206 min−1, with a similar constant k of 0.0202 min−1 observed for TOC degradation. Remarkably, SZHP exhibited superior PM removal rates compared with Sm2EuSbO7, ZnBiSbO5, or N-doped TiO2 photocatalyst, accompanied by removal rates 1.09 times, 1.20 times, or 2.38 times higher, respectively. Furthermore, the study investigated the oxidizing capability of free radicals through the use of trapping agents. The results showed that hydroxyl radicals had the strongest oxidative capability, followed by superoxide anions and holes. These findings provide a solid scientific foundation for future research and development of efficient heterojunction compound catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The effect of complex organic acids (COA) treatment at different concentrations (0%, 1%, 5%, 10% and 15%) on the myofibrillar protein (MP) structure and meat quality of crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) was investigated. The results showed that with increasing concentrations of COA treatment, the sulfhydryl content of MP decreased and dityrosine content increased. The MP secondary structure has a reduced α‐helix content and an increased β‐fold content. The MP tertiary structure unfolded, exposing hydrophobic and other amino acids to a polar environment. MP aggregation was induced in the 1% and 5% COA treatment groups and MP degradation was induced in the 10% and 15% COA treatment groups. Crayfish meat in the 5% COA treatment group showed improved textural properties due to protein aggregation. It also enhanced the colour, aroma and micromorphology of the crayfish meat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pesticides are chemicals used to control a wide variety of animals and plants. Methyl parathion (MP) is an organic phosphorus insecticide used in agriculture against animal organisms that damage the crop. Pesticides can reach water resources in different ways. May affect non-target organisms such as fish to varying degrees. Since fish is a valuable nutrient in human nutrition, its sustainability is very important. For this reason, sublethal effects of MP on Alburnus tarichi, which is economically important for the Lake Van basin, were studied. This study was carried out to determine the pathological effects of MP on the gonad, gill and liver tissues of Alburnus tarichi. Fish weighing 3‒7 g were used in the study. The semistatic test method was applied. Fish were exposed to 4.28 mg L-1 MP. The bioassay was carried out at 17.9 °C for 30 days. At the end of the test, gonad, gill and liver tissues were removed from the dissected fish for pathological evaluations. In the examinations made, cells with eosinophilic and fat accumulation in the liver, local necrosis and enlarged vessels, and yellow colored structures were determined. Thickened primary lamella, folded secondary lamella and epithelial layer separations were observed in the gills. No pathology was found in ovarian cells. Degeneration in the germ cells in the mitotic phase, interstitial tissue containing eosinophilic cell groups, enlarged follicle lumen and bleeding were observed in the testes that were not in the mitotic phase. As a result, MP is a chronic toxic substance according to histological criteria for Alburnus tarichi. MP should be used in agriculture in a controlled and careful way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this contribution, we describe the kinetics associated with the rac-Me2Si[2-Me-4-Ph-Ind]2ZrCl2 (Cat-1)/borate/TIBA catalyzed copolymerization of E/dienes (isoprene (IP), butadiene (BD), 5-ethylidene-2-norbornene (ENB), 4-vinylcyclohexene (VCH) and vinyl norbornene (VNB)), and E/diene/1-hexene (1H) terpolymerization by using thiophenecarbonyl chloride (TPCC) that was used in Ziegler-Natta (Z-N) and metallocene-catalyzed polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) and E/P polymerizations. In both types of polymerizations, a higher amount of dienes was incorporated when VNB (2.70 mole %) and VCH (1.56 mole %) were added as comonomer, but IP and BD were incorporated with the moderated rate (0.6-1.1 mole %) with higher activities (3.45x106gm/mmolMt·h). The active center [Zr]/[C*] fraction is higher (61%) than previously reported PE polymerizations, especially in the case of E/IP, E/BD and E/IP/1H but lower than E/P (87%) copolymerization. Significantly, IP and BD activated the inactive catalytic sites that were dormant in the PE. The propagation rate constant (kpE) with IP was higher (kp564 Lmol-1s-1), while kpE with VNB (kp379 Lmol-1s-1) and VCH (kp304 Lmol-1s-1), which were lower than PE. This difference is built because of the diffusion barrier in the system. Compared to E/diene copolymers, kpE values in E/diene/1H terpolymerizations for IP, VCH, and VNB are higher and stable except ENB and determine that 1H prevents the insertion of dienes and reduces the crystalline properties resultant moderate kpE. Even though the E/BD copolymers decreased butadiene content of over 2 mol% resulted in better crystalline characteristics, lower diffusion barriers, and a higher kpE value. In concept, IP and BD are linear and readily available for coordination. While VCH, ENB and VNB are cyclic and bulky, metallocene in contact ion pairs cannot accept ENB, VNB, and VCH for coordination and subsequently act as dormant in the polymerization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal–organic framework (UiO-66) derived nanoporous carbon/electrochemically reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite (UiO-66/NPC/ERGO) was developed to fabricate an electrochemical sensor for achieving efficient detection of methyl parathion (MP) residues in food. The carbonization derivative UiO-66/NPC was synthesized by one-step pyrolysis with only UiO-66 precursor. Based on the synergistic effect of enough active absorption sites and specific absorption of UiO-66/NPC for MP as well as the high conductivity of ERGO, the UiO-66/NPC/ERGO sensor exhibited excellent sensing performance. Under the optimal conditions, a linear determination range of 20–4000 ng/mL and low limit of detection (LOD) of 0.395 ng/mL for MP was obtained by direct electrochemical oxidation using SWV. Additionally, the sensor provided excellent stability and selectivity, as well as effective determination of real samples with satisfactory recoveries (98.5–104.0%), manifesting that the UiO-66/NPC/ERGO has great potential for organophosphorus pesticide detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a highly effective technique for studying the surface of electrodes in great detail. EIS-based electrochemical sensors have been widely reported, which measure the charge transfer resistance (Rct) of redox probes on electrode surfaces to monitor the binding of target molecules. One of the protective drugs against hemorrhagic cystitis caused by oxazaphosphorine chemotherapy drugs such as ifosfamide, cyclophosphamide and trophosphamide is Mesna (sodium salt of 2-mercaptoethanesulfonate). The increase in the use of Mesna due to the high consumption of anti-cancer drugs, the determination of this drug in biological samples is of particular importance. So far, no electrochemical method has been reported to measure Mesna. In this research, a novel impedimetric sensor based on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with oxidized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)/gold nanoparticle (AuNPs) (denoted as Au NPs/MWCNTs/GCE) for impedimetric determination of Mesna anticancer drug was developed. The modified electrode materials were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and EIS. The electrochemical behavior of Mesna at the surface of Au NPs/MWCNTs/GCE was studied by an impedimetric method. The detection mechanism of Mesna using the proposed impedimetric sensor relied on the increase in the Rct value of [Fe (CN)6]3−/4− as an electrochemical probe in the presence of Mesna compared to the absence of Mesna as the analyte. Under the optimum condition, which covered two linear dynamic ranges from 0.06 nmol L−1 to 1.0 nmol L−1 and 1.0 nmol L−1 to 130.0 µmol L−1, respectively. The detection limit was 0.02 nmol L−1. Finally, the performance of the proposed sensor was investigated for Mesna electrochemical detection in biological samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parabens are used as preservatives in sanitizers and cosmetic products causing environmental concern, because presented potential as endocrine disrupters. Among these compounds, the most used are methylparaben and propylparaben. Thus, a study was proposed to evaluate the interaction between different concentrations (mmol L-1) of the variables methylparaben [MP] and propylparaben [PP], against the acute toxicity of the microcrustacean Artemia salina (A. salina) and Allium cepa (A. cepa) applying the 2² factorial design with an added center point. Responses were used: percent A. salina mortality (% mortality), A. cepa root growth inhibition (% root inhibition) and mitotic index (%MI). For A. salina, after 72 hours of exposure with the combination of concentration ([MP] and [PP] = 0.8 mmol L-1) caused an 80% mortality. While, A. cepa a high cytotoxicity was observed with the mixture of Parabens, exhibiting 72.3% root growth inhibition at [MP] = 1.2 mmol L-1 with [PP] = 1.2 mmol L-1. In contrast, for response %MI at [MP] = 0.3 mmol L-1 with [PP] = 0.3 mmol L-1, 2.5 %MI with 36% inhibition. In this context, parabens demonstrated high toxicity for A. salina and cytotoxicity for A. cepa, based on the interaction with the effect of the concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, Microplastics (MPs) have gained significant attention all over the world due to their propensity to pollute the environment and transfer toxins into the food chain, thereby endangering human health. Landfill leachate seems to be an obvious source of MPs and has the capacity to contaminate surface water, groundwater and soil. MP pollution in aquatic ecosystems has received significant research attention, whereas MP pollution in terrestrial ecosystems has received less focus. The main objective of this research is to presents the current level of knowledge about the origin, detection, occurrence, and effects of MPs in Indian landfill leachate. MP concentrations in landfill leachate was ranged between 9 and 21 items/L. The most common MP shape was fiber (83%), followed by fragment (11%), film (3%), and foam (2%). The MP colour found in leachate was yellow (35%), transparent (16%), purple (15%), blue (11%), pink (8%), white (6%), black (3%), green (2%), and orange (1%). From the chemical analysis the predominant polymers detected were LDPE, PP, PET, CA, and Nitrile. This study provides information on the properties and quantity of MPs in landfill leachate, launching additional investigation into the mechanisms through which MP s reach the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The issue of organophosphorus (OP) poisoning remains a significant global health concern, especially prevalent in developing nations. Aims and Objective: This current investigation endeavors to examine the clinic-demographic characteristics observed among patients exhibiting symptoms of OP poisoning. Methodology: A retrospective and prospective study spanning a duration of one and half year was carried out on patients with OP poisoning at a tertiary-level medical college. Results: Throughout the study duration, a total of 40 patients presented themselves. Instances of intentional self-poisoning (95%) outweighed those of accidental exposure (5%). The preponderance of patients were identified as housewives (32.5%), succeeded by individuals in occupations such as private job, farmers, studentship, sweepers and some were unemployed (5%). Among the toxins ingested by patients, Dichlorvas (42.5%) emerged as the predominant choice (35.74%), trailed by Chlorpyrifos, Dimethoate, Methyl parathion, Phorate, Thiomate and Monocrotophos. Manifestations of nausea and vomiting, observed in 85.02% of cases, while the predominant sign was miosis, noted in 91.94%. The mean duration of hospital stays varied among the different severity level. In terms of outcomes, 75% of patients survived without the need for mechanical ventilation and the mortality rate documented in our study stood at 10%. Conclusion: The current investigation revealed that a significant proportion of the patient cohort consisted of individuals in their youthful years, with males surpassing females in representation. Deliberate poisoning incidents exceeded accidental ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Omnipresent microplastics (MPs) in marine ecosystems are ingested at all trophic levels and may be a vector for the transfer of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) through the food web. We fed rotifers polyethylene MPs (1–4 µm) spiked with seven congeners of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and two congeners of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). In turn, these rotifers were fed to cod larvae from 2–30 days post-hatching (dph), while the control groups were fed rotifers without MPs. After 30 dph, all the groups were fed the same feed without MPs. Whole-body larvae were sampled at 30 and 60 dph, and four months later the skin of 10 g juveniles was sampled. The PCBs and PBDEs concentrations were significantly higher in MP larvae compared to the control larvae at 30 dph, but the significance dissipated at 60 dph. Expression of stress-related genes in cod larvae at 30 and 60 dph showed inconclusive minor random effects. The skin of MP juveniles showed disrupted epithelial integrity, fewer club cells and downregulation of a suite of genes involved in immunity, metabolism and the development of skin. Our study showed that POPs were transferred through the food web and accumulated in the larvae, but that the level of pollutants decreased once the exposure was ceased, possibly related to growth dilution. Considering the transcriptomic and histological findings, POPs spiked to MPs and/or MPs themselves may have long-term effects in the skin barrier defense system, immune response and epithelium integrity, which may potentially reduce the robustness and overall fitness of the fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficient elimination of lead (II) and methyl blue from aqueous media was a critical problem for humans. The removal of dyes and heavy metals, especially methylene blue and lead, from wastewater is essential for human health and the environment, and utilizing a suitable adsorbent to attain this goal is highly desirable. In the present study first time, chitosan biopolymer was functionalized using Two Dimensional Metal-Organic Frameworks (Ni 3 (HITP) 2) and MXene for efficient, rapid, and selective removal of lead (II) and Methyl blue. To obtain an adsorbent (Ni 3 (HITP) 2 /MXene/CS), 1 g of chitosan (biopolymer) and Metal-Organic Frameworks were added in MXene dark-colored suspension and ultrasonically dispersed for 25 min. The batch sorption was carried out, and sorption behavior was analyzed. Batch sorption procedures were conducted to explore the sorption of Pb2+ and MB by Ni 3 (HITP) 2 /MXene/CS composite in 25 mL of aqueous solutions. The adsorbent utilized in the present experiments was 10 mg. The effect of the initial concentration of Pb2+ and MB was explored in the range of 10–400 mg L−1. Composite (Ni 3 (HITP) 2 /MXene/CS) had excellent sorption performance in the range of pH= 3–6 for lead (II) and pH= 2–9 for methyl blue. The maximum adsorption capacity for lead (II) was 448.93 mg g− 1 at 298 K, 400.59 mg g− 1 at 308 K, and 305.80 mg g− 1 at 318 K. In contrast, the maximum sorption capability for methyl blue was 424.99 mg g− 1 at 298 K, 354.03 mg g− 1 at 308 K, and 251.78 mg g− 1 at 318 K. The sorption of lead (II) and methyl blue on Ni 3 (HITP) 2 /MXene/CS composite conformed to pseudo-second-order kinetic and Langmuir model. These outcomes verified that Ni 3 (HITP) 2 /MXene/CS composite was selectivity efficient, and quick removal of Methylene blue and lead from wastewater, which is of practical importance. [Display omitted] • MXene and CS introduced OH-, F-, NH, and S in the MOFs that increased the uptake of Pb2+, and MB. • The prepared composite was characterized by SEM, RAMAN, XRD, EDX, XPS, and TEM. • After five reusability experiments, the sorption capacities were still high. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pesticide pollution in recent times has emerged as a grave environmental problem contaminating both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems owing to their widespread use. Bioremediation using gene editing and system biology could be developed as an eco-friendly and proficient tool to remediate pesticide-contaminated sites due to its advantages and greater public acceptance over the physical and chemical methods. However, it is indispensable to understand the different aspects associated with microbial metabolism and their physiology for efficient pesticide remediation. Therefore, this review paper analyses the different gene editing tools and multi-omics methods in microbes to produce relevant evidence regarding genes, proteins and metabolites associated with pesticide remediation and the approaches to contend against pesticide-induced stress. We systematically discussed and analyzed the recent reports (2015–2022) on multi-omics methods for pesticide degradation to elucidate the mechanisms and the recent advances associated with the behaviour of microbes under diverse environmental conditions. This study envisages that CRISPR-Cas, ZFN and TALEN as gene editing tools utilizing Pseudomonas, Escherichia coli and Achromobacter sp. can be employed for remediation of chlorpyrifos, parathion-methyl, carbaryl, triphenyltin and triazophos by creating gRNA for expressing specific genes for the bioremediation. Similarly, systems biology accompanying multi-omics tactics revealed that microbial strains from Paenibacillus, Pseudomonas putida, Burkholderia cenocepacia, Rhodococcus sp. and Pencillium oxalicum are capable of degrading deltamethrin, p-nitrophenol, chlorimuron-ethyl and nicosulfuron. This review lends notable insights into the research gaps and provides potential solutions for pesticide remediation by using different microbe-assisted technologies. The inferences drawn from the current study will help researchers, ecologists, and decision-makers gain comprehensive knowledge of value and application of systems biology and gene editing in bioremediation assessments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we reported a simple and sensitive methyl parathion (MP) electrochemical sensor based on the expired mung bean-derived porous carbon (MDPC)-modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE). For the fabricated MDPC/GCE sensor, MDPC presented three-dimensional (3D) interconnected porous carbon structure with good electrical conductivity, which provided more efficient charge transfer channels. Moreover, 3D interconnected porous carbon structure could help enhance the specific surface area and adsorption capacity of sensing electrode. Under the optimal conditions, the fabricated MDPC/GCE sensor showed good MP detection property with acceptable limit of detection of 13.2 nM (Linear MP concentration: 0.1–11 μM). Moreover, the fabricated MP electrochemical sensor presented good reproducibility and repeatability with relatively low relative standard deviation of 4.08% and 2.14%, respectively. The good practical performance could be realised at the fabricated MDPC/GCE sensor with satisfactory recovery (96.2–98.8%) and relative standard deviation (1.92–4.61) for the detection of MP in lake water sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the vital signs collected during hospital triage, respiratory rate is an important parameter associated with physiological, pathophysiological, and emotional changes. In recent years, the importance of its verification in emergency centers due to the severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS2) pandemic has become very clear, although it is still one of the least evaluated and collected vital signs. In this context, infrared imaging has been shown to be a reliable estimator of respiratory rate, with the advantage of not requiring physical contact with patients. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of analyzing a sequence of thermal images as an estimator of respiratory rate in the clinical routine of an emergency room. We used an infrared thermal camera (T540, Flir Systems) to obtain the respiratory rate data of 136 patients, based on nostrils' temperature fluctuation, during the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil and compared it with the chest incursion count method, commonly employed in the emergency screening procedures. We found a good agreement between both methods, with Bland-Altman limits of agreement ranging from −4 to 4 min−1, no proportional bias (R2 = 0.021, p = 0.095), and a strong correlation between them (r = 0.95, p < 0.001). Our results suggest that infrared thermography has potential to be a good estimator of respiratory rate in the routine of an emergency room. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current approach for the risk assessment of chemicals does not account for the complex human real-life exposure scenarios. Exposure to chemical mixtures in everyday life has raised scientific, regulatory, and societal concerns in recent years. Several studies aiming to identify the safety limits of chemical mixtures determined hazardous levels lower than those of separate chemicals. Following these observations, this study built on the standards set by the real-life risk simulation (RLRS) scenario and investigated the effect of long-term exposure (18 months) to a mixture of 13 chemicals (methomyl, triadimefon, dimethoate, glyphosate, carbaryl, methyl parathion, aspartame, sodium benzoate, EDTA, ethylparaben, butylparaben, bisphenol A and acacia gum) in adult rats. Animals were divided into four dosing groups [0xNOAEL (control), 0.0025xNOAEL (low dose—LD), 0.01xNOAEL (medium dose—MD) and 0.05xNOAEL (high dose-HD) (mg/kg BW/day)]. After 18 months of exposure, all animals were sacrificed, and their organs were harvested, weighed, and pathologically examined. While organ weight tended to be higher in males than in females, when sex and dose were taken into account, lungs and hearts from female rats had significantly greater weight than that of males. This discrepancy was more obvious in the LD group. Histopathology showed that long-term exposure to the chemical mixture selected for this study caused dose-dependent changes in all examined organs. The main organs that contribute to chemical biotransformation and clearance (liver, kidneys, and lungs) consistently presented histopathological changes following exposure to the chemical mixture. In conclusion, exposure to very low doses (below the NOAEL) of the tested mixture for 18 months induced histopathological lesions and cytotoxic effects in a dose and tissue-dependent manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The pesticides are potentially toxic compounds that have become omnipresent in the environment. These toxicants modulate and/or disrupt the reproductive and hormonal environment by acting on hypothalamus, pituitary and reproductive organs. Fewer studies have been carried out on pesticide residues in body fluids especially blood and semen in breeding bulls. Methods: Study was done to assess the pesticide residues in blood in relation to the endocrine profile in crossbred breeding bulls. Nineteen blood samples were collected and were allowed to clot overnight; serum was separated and stored at -20C until analysis. The samples were analyzed for the pesticide residues using gas chromatography (GC) for seven organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) namely Heptachlor epoxide, Chlordane, Fipronil, Lindane, Methoxychlor, op-DDT and Endrin and eleven organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) namely Chorpyrifos, Dichlorovos, Ethion, Monocrotophos, Malathion, Parathion-methyl, Profenphos, Phorate, Triazophos, Quinalphos and Phosalone and four synthetic pyrethroids (SPs) namely Cypermethrin, Permethrin, Deltamethrin, Cyhalothrin. Result: The blood samples of these bulls were found positive for organophosphate-phosalone and around 73.68% of the bulls were positive for phosalone at a retention time of 13.837 min. The concentration of phosalone in the blood of crossbred breeding bulls was found to be 1.89±0.98 ng/ml. In the present study, the blood hormonal profile of pesticide residues was analyzed and it showed a significant increase in the level of Estrogen there by decreasing the testosterone: estrogen ratio. The decreased testosterone: estrogen ratio may be attributed to the detection of phosalone in blood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the effects of different concentrations of green lentil acetone extract (GLA) (250, 500, 750, and 1000 μg/mL) and protein of green lentil (PGL) (1, 2, 3, and 4 g/100 g MP) on the functional attributes of myofibrillar protein (MP). GLA extract and PGL significantly affected the structure of MP by decreasing the carbonyl and sulfhydryl contents. Intrinsic fluorescence quenching studies showed that static quenching was involved in MP-GLA extract and MP-PGL complexes. Compared to the control (MP), the addition of GLA extract and PGL decreased the surface hydrophobicity, which correlated with the decrease in protein solubility. The MP-GLA and MP-PGL had lower cooking losses and slightly higher water-holding capacities P < 0.05 . FTIR spectroscopy demonstrated changes in MP secondary structure with the addition of GLA extract and PGL. GLA extract and PGL also decreased the thermal stability of MP and showed significant synergism in enhancing the radical scavenging activity of MP. Taken together, the results indicated that a high concentration of GLA extract (1000 μg/mL) and PGL (4 g/100 g MP) improved the functional properties of MP, and GLA extract was the most effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A rapid and easy approach for producing very stable gold nanoparticles has been discovered. Calix[4]pyrrole tetrahydrazide (CPTAH) was utilized effectively in the synthesis of gold nanoparticles as a reducing and stabilizing agent. These functionalized AuNPs were characterized by Surface Plasmon Resonance, Transmission Electron Microscopy, Selected Area Electron Diffraction, and Energy Dispersive X‐ray techniques. CPTAH‐AuNPs possessed a particle size of 11±2 nm and are highly stable at pH 7.0 for more than 150 days. The selectivity and sensitivity of CPTAH‐AuNPs as a fungicide sensor was assessed for Metalaxyl, Mancozeb, Tebuconazole, Tricyclozole, Dimoxystrobin, Kresoxim‐methyl, and Carbendazim, amongst which Dimoxystrobin (DMX) was sensed exclusively with naked eyes by means of aggregation of CPTAH‐AuNPs with a detection limit of the order of 5 ppm using "Turn‐on" fluorescence enhancement. Additionally, the CPTAH‐AuNPs were found to be effective cytotoxic agent against the human cervix cancer cell line KB‐3‐1 with IC50 value of 64.63 μg/mL which admits the employability of CPTAH‐AuNPs in the study of development of anti‐cancer drug. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the process of manufacture and transportation, vials are prone to breakage and cracks. Oxygen (O2) in the air entering vials can lead to the deterioration of medicine and a reduction in pesticide effects, threatening the life of patients. Therefore, accurate measurement of the headspace O2 concentration for vials is crucial to ensure pharmaceutical quality. In this invited paper, a novel headspace oxygen concentration measurement (HOCM) sensor for vials was developed based on tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS). First, a long–optical–path multi–pass cell was designed by optimizing the original system. Moreover, vials with different O2 concentrations (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%) were measured with this optimized system in order to study the relationship between the leakage coefficient and O2 concentration; the root mean square error of the fitting was 0.13. Moreover, the measurement accuracy indicates that the novel HOCM sensor achieved an average percentage error of 1.9%. Sealed vials with different leakage holes (4, 6, 8, and 10 mm) were prepared to investigate the variation in the headspace O2 concentration with time. The results show that the novel HOCM sensor is non-invasive and has a fast response and high accuracy, with prospects in applications for online quality supervision and management of production lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wide use of the insecticide profenofos in crop production has led to serious ecological water problems in agricultural fields. With the increasing global production of nuts, a large amount of nutshell waste has a serious impact on the environment. Turning nutshell waste into biochar to remove high levels of profenofos in water is a cost-effective treatment method. In this study, biochars made from nutshell waste are investigated for the adsorption of aromatic organophosphorus insecticide profenofos. The adsorption amount of nutshell biochar was 13-fold higher than crop stalk biochar in removing profenofos from water. The results indicated that the adsorption of profenofos by nutshell biochar was specific. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis showed that nutshell biochars had a larger specific surface area and more microporous structures. Meanwhile, nutshell biochars could exhibit a stable adsorption capacity at different initial concentrations of profenofos (10–40 mg/L), temperature (298–318 K), and pH (3–7). Desorption and reuse experiments showed that profenofos was firmly bound to nutshell biochars in water and could be extracted from the biochars with acetonitrile. Within 10 times of recycling, nutshell biochar had a stable and strong adsorption capacity for profenofos. The adsorption process of profenofos by nutshell biochar was pore diffusion and surface adsorption, which is consistent with the pseudo second-order kinetic model and the Freundlich isotherm model. Elemental and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses showed that the adsorption mechanism of profenofos on nutshell biochar was mainly through π-π and hydrophobic interactions. Nutshell biochar also showed strong adsorption capacity for other aromatic organophosphorus pesticides, and the adsorption rates of methyl parathion, isocarbophos and 2-chloro-4-bromophenol were 85%, 73% and 73%, respectively. Nutshell biochar can serve as an excellent material for removing aromatic organophosphorus insecticide pollution from water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacillus subtilis is a robust industrial workhorse for the production of heterologous proteins. Chromosomal integration-based protein production has advantages over plasmid-based methods. Considering that the expression level of a gene is affected by its location in the chromosome, it is important to find an optimal integration site for the gene to be expressed. This work establishes a method for random insertion of a gene expression cassette into chromosomes, enabling the screening of optimal integration sites for high-level protein production. Specifically, a gene expression cassette and a chloromycetin-resistance marker are assembled into a transposon. This transposon is inserted between the promoter and the ribosomal binding site of the zeocin-resistance marker in the chromosome, which blocks the transcription of the zeocin-resistance gene. Transposase Himar1-mediated transposition of this transposon activates the zeocin-resistance marker, which can be selected on plates containing both chloromycetin and zeocin. The transposition frequency was over 10−5. This method was used to select proper insertion sites for the expression cassette of methyl parathion hydrolase (MPH). Compared with the common integration site amyE , the expression level of MPH was increased up to 50 % at the yjbH site. • A transposon system was established for random knock-in in B. subtilis. • The transposon system overcame the shortcomings of previous systems. • The production of methyl parathion hydrolase (MPH) was increased using this system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

3D‐printing has revolutionized various industries and scientific research by its substantial benefits such as fast prototyping, high accuracy, durability, and customized shapes. Fused deposition modeling has been used in the fabrication of 3D‐printed nanocarbon electrodes. Utilization of these 3D‐printed nanocarbon electrodes in the identification of organophosphates (OPs) such as parathion, methyl parathion, paraoxon, and fenitrothion, has not been reported. These compounds are highly toxic and used as chemical warfare agents and pesticides. Herein, we show that 3D‐printing can be utilized for low‐cost and diagnosis of priority nerve agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing simple, efficient, and inexpensive method for trace amount organophosphorus pesticides' (OPs) detection with high sensitivity and specificity is of significant importance for guaranteeing food safety. Herein, an Ag/Au bimetallic nanoparticle-based acetylcholinesterase (AChE) surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) biosensor was constructed for in situ simple and sensitive detection of pesticide residues in food. The principle of this biosensor exploited 4-mercaptophenylboronic acid (4-MPBA)-modified Ag/Au bimetallic nanoprobes as SERS signal probe to improve sensitivity and stability. The combination of AChE and choline oxidase (CHO) can hydrolyze acetylcholine (ATCh) to generate H2O2. The product of H2O2 selectively oxidizes the boronate ester of 4-MPBA, decreasing the Raman intensity of the B-O symmetric stretching. In the presence of OPs, it could inhibit the production of H2O2 by destroying the AChE activity, so the reduction of the SERS signal was also alleviated. Based on the principle, an Ag/Au bimetallic nanoparticle-based AChE SERS sensor was established without any complicated pretreatments. Benefiting from the synergistic effects of Ag/Au bimetallic hybrids, a linear detection range from 5×10−9 to 5×10−4 M was achieved with a limit of detection down to 1.7×10−9 M using parathion-methyl (PM) as the representative model of OPs. Moreover, the SERS biosensor uses readily available reagents and is simple to implement. Importantly, the proposed SERS biosensor was used to quantitatively analyze OP residues in apple peels. The levels of OPs detected in real samples by this method were consistent with those obtained using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), suggesting the proposed assay has great potential applications for OPs in situ detection in food safety fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microplastics are a recent entrant in the list of environmental pollutants, exhibiting great diversity owing to different sizes, surface charges, and morphologies. The present study explores the impact of varied size, surface functionalization, and concentration of polystyrene microplastics (PS MP) on plants. For this study, Cicer seedlings were exposed to two different sizes of PS (1 μm and 12 μm) with three different surface functionalization (plain, carboxylated, and aminated) and at three distinct concentrations (10, 50, and 100 mg/L). The growth and photosynthetic parameters (like pigment content, Hill activity, etc.) along with oxidative stress marker (ROS) and anti-oxidant enzyme activities (like Superoxide dismutase, Catalase, and Peroxidase) were assessed. The results incline towards the idea that with increasing concentration of PS, there was a decline in the growth of the seedlings. There was also a dose-dependent increase in oxidative stress due to the suppression of the action of antioxidant enzymes. The effect was more prominent for 12 μm PS, perhaps due to its larger size and adherence to roots resulting in mechanical damage as deduced from MDA levels in the seedlings. Besides, MP with negative surface charge was comparatively less toxic than uncharged or positively charged PS of 1 μm. Overall, it can be concluded that the impact of MP on plants does not rely on individual characteristics of the particles alone, rather it is a concerted result of various determinants like size, charge, and concentration. [Display omitted] • Phytotoxicity of MPs varies with size, surface functionalization, and concentration. • MPs induce oxidative stress in Cicer. • Negatively charged MP is less toxic than MP with positive or no surface charge of 1 μm. • Larger-sized MP can induce more ROS resulting greater extent of root damage. • The activity of anti-oxidant enzymes suppressed at high concentrations of MPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In present work, an efficient, reliable and accurate analytical method has been used for the extraction of five organophosphorus pesticides (diazinon, chloropyrifos, phosalone, parathion-methyl and azinphos-methyl) from milk samples. The extracted analytes were determined with high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector. For this purpose, the milk proteins are precipitated by trichloroacetic acid and the analytes dissolved in the supernatant phase are adsorbed onto an octadecyl silane sorbent. Then, acetone is contacted with the sorbent to elute the analytes and then it is mixed with toluene. The mixture is rapidly dispersed into deionised water filled into a syringe. To break down the obtained cloudy solution, 250 µL acetonitrile is added to the solution as a demulsifier. Finally, the collected organic phase in the tip of the syringe is collected, evaporated and reconstituted in mobile phase for using in determination of the analytes. Figure of merits were calculated for method validation and acceptable limits of detection (0.17–0.36 ng mL–1) and quantification (0.57–1.34 ng mL–1), high enrichment factors (395–460) and extraction recoveries (79–92%) were obtained. Inter- (n = 6) and intra-day precisions at a concentration of 3 ng mL–1 (each analyte) with relative standard deviations ≤7.2%, was obtained. Lastly the method was successfully used for determination of the analytes in some milk samples and chloropyrifos was found in one sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ruthenium and gold metal nanoparticles-incorporated zirconium dioxide (ZrO2@Ru and ZrO2@Au) nanostructures were developed as promising photocatalysts for wastewater remediation. These nanostructures were synthesized using a hydrothermal method and were well characterized with several techniques. ZrO2 exhibited a nanoflower-like morphology while spherically-formed Ru/Au NPs were individually incorporated on the ZrO2 surface in ZrO2@Ru and ZrO2@Au nanocomposites. The photocatalytic performance of ZrO2@Ru and ZrO2@Au was investigated for the degradation of diuron (DI) and methyl parathion (MP) pesticides. Both nanostructures exhibited remarkable photocatalytic activity under visible light exposure. For instance, ZrO2@Ru displayed high efficiency for the degradation of DI and MP in 13 and 35 min, with an estimated rate constant of 0.2506 and 0.0762 min−1, respectively. Similarly, the ZrO2@Au nanostructure attained a rate constant of 0.1766 and 0.0456 min−1 with a degradation time of 18 and 60 min for the degradation of DI and MP, respectively. Furthermore, the reactive species scavenger study and mass spectroscopy analyses were conducted to illustrate the photocatalytic degradation mechanism. Pesticide degradation was primarily governed by hydroxyl radicals via an oxidative pathway. In addition, the reusability of ZrO2@Ru was validated, which reveals their immense capability for the degradation of toxic substances for environmental indemnity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, nanostructured gold was successfully prepared on a bare Au electrode using the electrochemical deposition method. Nanostructured gold provided more exposed active sites to facilitate the ion and electron transfer during the electrocatalytic reaction of organophosphorus pesticide (methyl parathion). The morphological and structural characterization of nanostructured gold was conducted using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD), which was further carried out to evaluate the electrocatalytic activity towards methyl parathion sensing. The electrochemical performance of nanostructured gold was investigated by electrochemical measurements (cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV)). The proposed nanostructured gold-modified electrode exhibited prominent electrochemical methyl parathion sensing performance (including two linear concentration ranges from 0.01 to 0.5 ppm (R2 = 0.993) and from 0.5 to 4 ppm (R2 = 0.996), limit of detection of 5.9 ppb, excellent selectivity and stability), and excellent capability in determination of pesticide residue in real fruit and vegetable samples (bok choy and strawberry). The study demonstrated that the presented approach to fabricate a nanostructured gold-modified electrode could be practically applied to detect pesticide residue in agricultural products via integrating the electrochemical and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS-MS) analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Escherichia coli , acyl carrier protein (ACP) is posttranslationally converted into its active holo-ACP form via covalent linkage of 4′-phosphopantetheine (4′-PP) to residue serine-36. We found that the long flexible 4′-PP arm could react chemoselectively with the iodoacetyl group introduced on solid supports with high efficiency under mild conditions. Based on this finding, we developed site-selective immobilisation of proteins via the active holo-ACP fusion tag, independently of the physicochemical properties of the protein of interest. Furthermore, the molecular ratios of co-immobilised proteins can be manipulated because the tethering process is predominantly directed by the molar concentrations of diverse holo-ACP fusions during co-immobilisation. Conveniently tuning the molecular ratios of co-immobilised proteins allows their cooperation, leading to a highly productive multi-protein co-immobilisation system. Kinetic studies of enzymes demonstrated that α-amylase (Amy) and methyl parathion hydrolase (MPH) immobilised via active tag holo-ACP had higher catalytic efficiency (k cat /Km) in comparison with their corresponding counterparts immobilised via the sulfhydryl groups (-SH) of these proteins. The immobilised holo-ACP-Amy also presented higher thermostability compared with free Amy. The enhanced α-amylase thermostability upon immobilisation via holo-ACP renders it more suitable for industrial application. [Display omitted] • As a fusion tag, ACP enhances soluble expression of target proteins. • ACP can be modified to allow passenger proteins to be covalently immobilized in controlled fashion. • Holo-ACP mediated co-immobilization of proteins allows the ratios of immobilized proteins to be controlled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of pesticides adversely affects the chemical and ecological condition of water resources. The Water Framework Directive (WFD), developed for the conservation and improvement of water resources, is the most current and valid environmental legislation in Europe. WFD aims to achieve a good chemical and ecological status in all water resources. Parameters mainly used to assess chemical and ecological status are respectively priority substances and specific pollutants. Most of the substances classified as priority substances and specific pollutants are pesticides, making them key contaminants according to WFD requirements. The aim of this study is to monitor pesticide residues in the Büyük Menderes River, Turkiye. Monthly samples were collected for the duration of three years, from January 2016 to December 2018, on six different monitoring points. The most frequently detected pesticides in the river water samples were: imidacloprid, acetamiprid, parathion-methyl, dimethoate, metolachlor, clopyralid, carbendazim, and piperonyl butoxide. Since the limit values have been exceeded due to the current pressures in the basin, it is of high importance to take the necessary precautions to prevent the pesticides reaching the body of water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthetic β-cyclodextrin/zeolite-A (CD/ZA) composite was evaluated as a potential adsorbent for Cd2+, PO43−, and methyl parathion (MP). The CD/ZA particles exhibit higher Cd2+ (223 mg/g), PO43− (196.2 mg/g), and MP (368.7 mg/g) Qsat values than zeolite-A reflecting the impact of the integrated polymer. The Cd2+, PO43−, and MP uptake follows the classic assumptions of Pseudo-First order kinetics and Langmuir isotherm. The monolayer equilibrium model of one energy site was applied for more details about the adsorption systems. Based on the model findings, the CD/ZA particles can adsorb up to 4 Cd2+ ions (n = 2.76 to 3.03), 3 PO43− ions (n = 2.2 to 2.31), and 2 MP molecules (n = 1.89 to 1.94) per site. The adsorption site densities of Cd2+ (75.9 mg/g), PO43− (87.9 mg/g), and MP (194.7 mg/g) illustrate the high uptake properties of MP. Based on the classic kinetics, equilibrium, and Gaussian energies (˂ 8 kJ/mol) findings, the pollutants were adsorbed by physical processes in monolayer and homogenous forms. This was supported by the adsorption energies (˂ 40 kJ/mol) that reflected the effect of van der Waals, hydrogen bonding, and dipole bonding forces. The thermodynamic functions validate the spontaneous and exothermic behaviors of the adsorption systems. The composite display significant recyclability and affinity for the studied contaminants under the competitive effect of other ions (Pb2+, Zn2+, NO3−, SO42−, malachite green, and chlorpyrifos). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Microplastics (MP, plastic particles <5 mm) are ubiquitous in arable soils due to significant inputs via organic fertilizers, sewage sludges, and plastic mulches. However, knowledge of typical MP loadings, their fate, and ecological impacts on arable soils is limited. Aims: We studied (1) MP background concentrations, (2) the fate of added conventional and biodegradable MP, and (3) effects of MP in combination with organic fertilizers on microbial abundance and activity associated with carbon (C) cycling, and crop yields in an arable soil. Methods: On a conventionally managed soil (Luvisol, silt loam), we arranged plots in a randomized complete block design with the following MP treatments (none, low‐density polyethylene [LDPE], a blend of poly(lactic acid) and poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) [PLA/PBAT]) and organic fertilizers (none, compost, digestate). We added 20 kg MP ha–1 and 10 t organic fertilizers ha–1. We measured concentrations of MP in the soil, microbiological indicators of C cycling (microbial biomass and enzyme activities), and crop yields over 1.5 years. Results: Background concentration of MP in the top 10 cm was 296 ± 110 (mean ± standard error) particles <0.5 mm per kg soil, with polypropylene, polystyrene, and polyethylene as the main polymers. Added LDPE and PLA/PBAT particles showed no changes in number and particle size over time. MP did not affect the soil microbiological indicators of C cycling or crop yields. Conclusions: Numerous MP occur in arable soils, suggesting diffuse MP entry into soils. In addition to conventional MP, biodegradable MP may persist under field conditions. However, MP at current concentrations are not expected to affect C turnover and crop yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A highly sensitive electrochemical sensor using a calix[6]arene/bismuth ferrite/multiwall carbon nanotube-modified fluorine-doped tin oxide electrode (CA6/BFO/MWCNTs/FTO) was fabricated for the detection of methyl parathion. The MWCNTs, BFO, and CA6 were consecutively cast onto the FTO electrode surface to enhance the surface area, electron transfer, and selectivity of sensors. The electrochemical behavior of CA6/BFO/MWCNTs/FTO was studied via cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. MP was detected via cyclic voltammetry in a phosphate buffer solution at pH 7.0. The working principle of the sensor involves a linear decrease in the anodic peak current of BFO with increasing MP concentration. The linear working ranges are 0.005–0.05 nM and 0.07–1.5 nM. The CA6/BFO/MWCNTs/FTO sensor provides a low detection limit (S/N = 3) of 5 pM and a high electrochemical sensitivity of 1.23 A μM–1 cm–2. The fabricated sensor was successfully applied to assess the presence and amount of MP in vegetables and fruits (recoveries of 82.0–106.8%), with results comparable to high-performance liquid chromatography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

N-doped graphene with nano-sized holes possesses abundant electrochemically active sites at the exposed edge and an open porous structure, leading to a better electrochemical performance and faster electron and ion transport than the basal planes in graphene. In this study, three-dimensional graphene with a porous structure and abundant doped N (3d-NHG) were synthesized as bifunctional electrodes for methyl parathion (MP) detection and supercapacitors. The roles of N-doping and the holey construction in the electrochemical performance of the 3d-NHG were systematically investigated through a combined theory–experiment strategy. The 3d-NHG-based electrochemical sensor successfully detected methyl parathion in the range of 38 nm–380 μM with a low detection limit (2.27 nM) and superior sensitivity. Furthermore, the 3d-NHG also demonstrated potential for use in supercapacitors with a specific capacitance of 207 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 and excellent rate capability (76% capacitance retention at 10 A g−1). Density functional theory calculations revealed that the exposed carbon sites at the edge are the reactive sites for species adsorption. Moreover, the holey structure in 3d-NHG plays a dominating role in electrochemical processes and in the enhanced electrocatalysis. This work provides guidance for the rational design of high-performance bifunctional electrodes for MP detection and supercapacitors by defect engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】The present paper aimed to prepare a monoclonal antibody against O,O-diethyl organophosphorus pesticides (DPPs) and establish an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ic-ELISA), so as to provide technological support for rapid detection of organophosphorus pesticide residues.【Method】Compound (E)-3-[4- (diethoxyphosphorothioyloxy) phenyl] acrylic acid was used as hapten to make antigen. Immunized mice were screened to prepare monoclonal cell lines that stably secreted antibodies that recognized DPPs. The positive rate and recognition rate of the fusion cell lines were evaluated and the monoclonal cell lines stably secreting antibodies against DPPs were screened. Then, the best concentration combination of antigen and antibody was selected, and the standard curve of ic-ELISA was established. Based on the cross-reactivity rate of the antibody with 6 DPPs, the broad-spectrum of ic-ELISA was evaluated. The cross reaction between the antibody and quinalphos was the strongest, thus the addition and recovery test of quinalphos was carried out on citrus and fresh orange samples.【Result】Artificial antigens were synthesized successfully, including coating antigen DPPs-OVA and immune antigen DPPs-BSA. Sensitive and broad-spectrum cell line 5G8 was obtained by limited dilution method. 0.5 μg/mL coating antigen DPPs-OVA and 1.0 μg/mL antibody 5G82D5 made up the best working concentration combination. Parathion, a pesticide with high antibody recognition rate in this cell line screening, was selected as the inhibition standard, and its ic-ELISA and standard curve were established. The half inhibitory concentration (IC50) was 41.78 ng/mL, and the detection range(IC20-IC80) was 3.21-239.59 ng/mL. The established ic-ELISA showed varying degrees of cross reactions with 5 DPPs (coumaphos, quinalphos, phorate, methyl parathion and fenthion). The cross-reactivity rate of quinalphos was the highest, which was 19.79%. The recoveries of quinalphos in citrus and orange samples by ic-ELISA and GC were compared. The recoveries of ic-ELISA ranged from 75.80% to 116.12%,while the recoveries of GC ranged from 92.5% to 115.00%. The results of the two methods are in good agreement.【Conclusion】The established ic-ELISA has high cross-validation accuracy by GC method and can rapidly detect quetiapine residues in agricultural products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the metal-organic framework (MOF) MIL-88A was prepared and employed as the carrier to immobilize the methyl parathion hydrolase from Azohydromonas australica (Azau-MPH). Compared with the free enzyme, the immobilized Azau-MPH could retain over 90 % activity from 40 to 60 ℃, much higher than that of the free enzyme. Additionally, more than 80 % of initial activity was retained after 60 days, suggesting a great storage stability. After 10 recycling numbers, a high reuse efficiency was obtained, resulting in approximately 70 % of relative activity. For methyl parathion, the detection limit of 0.038 μM and a linear range of 0.038–189 μM were achieved by the immobilized Azau-MPH in the presence of fluorescent agent 7-amino-4-methyl coumarin (AMC). All of these suggested that the immobilized Azau-MPH could be exploited not only an efficient enzyme-MOFs catalyst for organophosphorus pesticides degradation but also a biological probe for sensitive detection of methyl parathion. [Display omitted] • The Metal organic framework MIL-88A was successfully prepared. • Immobilized MPH shows wider temperature spectrum and better thermal stability. • A high reuse number and storage stability was achieved. • The immobilized enzyme completely degraded 50 mg/L of methyl parathion in 5 min. • The detection limit of methyl parathion was 0.038 μM by the immobilized MPH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In conclusion, this study has successfully developed a novel SERS substrate using Fe3O4@UiO-66(Zr)@Ag nanoparticles for the detection of OPs in food samples. In this work, a new SERS substrate, Fe3O4@UiO-66(Zr)@Ag nanoparticles (FUAs), was developed and applied for trace detection of organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) in food. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has attracted much attention as a rapid, sensitive, and non-destructive method for trace analysis, especially in food and biological samples (Yun et al., 2012). [Extracted from the article]

Natural phillipsite zeolites were functionalized with β-cyclodextrin chains and assessed as a potential organophilic and multifunctional adsorbent (CD/Ph) for three types of organophosphorus pesticides (methyl parathion (MPn), omethoate (OM), and acephate (AC)). The CD/Ph structure achieved significant efficiencies and the estimated Qsat values are 360 mg g−1 (MPn), 321.6 mg g−1 (OM), and 434.5 mg g−1 (AC) at 313 K. The classic equilibrium studies of the MPn, OM, and AC adsorption systems reflect their agreement with the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-first order kinetics. The steric and energetic parameters of the addressed advanced isotherm model (monolayer model of one energy site) were estimated to illustrate the uptake mechanisms. Each active site on the surface of CD/Ph can adsorb up to 2 molecules of the AC pesticide and up to 3 molecules of MPn and OM pesticides in a vertical orientation by effective multi-molecular mechanisms. The estimated values of the effective site densities (199.18 mg g−1 (MPn), 175.89 mg g−1 (OM), and 314.9 mg g−1 (AC)) illustrate the determined higher AC uptake efficiency. The findings of Gaussian energies (<8 kJ mol−1), kinetic and isotherm studies and adsorption energies (<40 kJ mol−1) validate the physisorption of MPn, OM, and AC pesticides by the synthetic CD/Ph structure. This might involve van der Waals, hydrogen bonding, and dipole bonding forces. The thermodynamic functions validate the spontaneous and endothermic behaviors of the adsorption systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Senegal, the onion is one of the most consumed vegetables because it is used in all salty culinary preparations. The objective of the study was to assess the contribution of imported onions to exposure to pesticide residues and metallic trace elements. Composite samples of onions were taken in the seven largest markets of Dakar: Thiaroye, Keur Massar, Castors, Cambérene, Rufisque, Tilène and Dalifort. The metallic trace elements were determined by the ICP-AES, type Agilent Technology serial number AU 14110053 of 2014, while pesticide residues were detected and quantified by gas chromatograph, type Agilent Technology 6890A serial CN10721019, equipped with an Electron Capture micro-Detector with serial number 022423. The average content of the composite samples in lead (Pb) (778.22 µg/kg) was 7 to 8 times higher, in cadmium (Cd) (12.43 µg/kg) 5 times lower than the maximum residue limits determined by the European Union and the Codex Alimentarius, while the average concentration of aluminum (Al) was 13570 µg/kg. Twenty four (24) pesticide residues were tested. The average concentrations of some pesticides banned in European Union (EU) exceeded the maximum limits set by them. In fact, they are more than hundred (100) times higher for Prophenophos (2088.16 µg/kg), 25 times for Fenthion (508.01 ppb), 7 times for Tetramethrin (72.56 µg/kg), 2.5 times for Parathion methyl (50.16 ppb), 2 times for Dichlorvos (19.12 µg/kg), and 1.4 times for Endrin (14.26 µg/kg). The Dimetoate and the Malathion, although 21224 authorized, were found in onions at concentrations 25 times (250.8 µg/kg) and 2 times (40.71 µg/kg), respectively higher than the maximum limits set by the EU. Only the average content of Chlorpyrophos (4.13 µg/kg), Bifenthrin (2.99 µg/kg), Lambda Cyhalothrin (7.30 µg/kg) and Cypermethrin (8.095 ppb) were in accordance with the EU regulations. The results of the exposure assessment reveals that the calculated daily consumption of 0.158 kg of these onion samples by a 60 kg average body weight Senegalese adult would provide 56% of the Toxicological Reference Value for lead, 25% for aluminum, 66% for Dimetoate, 63% for Dichlorvos, 28% for Dieldrin, 19% for Fenthion, 18% for Endrin and Prophenophos and 13% for Parathionmethyl. This study reveals that the imported onion contributes to the exposure of the Senegalese adult to eight (8) phytosanitary active substances and three (3) metallic trace elements. Thus, the health risk cannot be ruled out and it is important to set up a monitoring plan for the imported onion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Organophosphate poisoning leads to considerable mortality and morbidity across the world especially in developing countries. Extensive domestic and industrial use and availability of pesticides increases the chances of poisoning and long-term health effects. Our study aims tofind out enzyme activity like Serum creatinine phosphokinase (CPK) and Serum cholinesterase in organophosphorus poisoning, compare the enzymes as prognostic indicator and provide recommendations. Methods and Results: This prospective, observationalstudy was conducted in the Department of General Medicine at M.K.C.G Medical college hospital, Berhampur during 2020 to 2021. Data was collected from 100 patients and their attendants; blood samples were investigated and data was analysed. Majority (60%) were females and 89% were suicidal. Median (IQR) age was 29 years and mean (SD) 32.8 (12.7) years. Familial issues (41%) were most common reason. Methyl parathion (40%) was the most common organo-phosphorous used, followed by chlorpyrifos (24%). Patients had pin point pupil(25%), depressed mental status (36%), secretions (74%), fasciculations (15%), respiratory failure (25%) and had intermediate syndrome (10%), bradycardia (25%), tachycardia (10%). Mild, moderate and severe secretions in 15%, 39% and 20% respectively. The median serum CPK levels decreased over from Day 1 (232) to Day 7 (134). The median serum Cholinesterase levels increased from Day 1 (2000.5) to Day 7 (4110). The mortality rate was 25%.Non-Survivors had significantly higher serum CPK levels than the survivors at Day 1as well as at Day 7 (1 week) (p<0.05) andlower serum cholinesterase levels than the survivors at Day 1(admission) as well as at Day 7 (1 week) (p<0.05). Survivors had significantly lower CPK levels and higher Serum cholinesterase levels at Day 7 than Day 1 of admission (p<0.05). Non-Survivors had both significantly higher Serum CPK levels and Serum cholinesterase at Day 7 than Day 1 of admission (p<0.05). Serum CPK had better predictive value for deaths than cholinesterase. A significant negative correlation between the serum CPK and cholinesterase levels at the admission (r-0.204, p=0.041). Non-survivors had significantly higher dose of atropine, pralidoxime, number of days in ventilator, ICU and overall hospital stay than the survivors (p<0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A dual-emission fluorescent (FL) probe was constructed by coordinating Cu2+ of copper metal–organic frameworks (Cu-MOFs) with − COO− group of carbon dots (CDs) for pesticide thiophanate-methyl (TM) determination. TM was recognized by organic ligands (H2BDC and H2BDC-NH2) of Cu-MOFs via π stacking. Due to the higher affinity of Cu2+ to TM than ligands and CDs, TM chelated with Cu2+ to form TM-Cu complex. Thus coordination of Cu-MOFs was damaged and the ligands were released resulting in the FL intensity increase of Cu-MOFs (F430). And also CDs were released from CDs@Cu-MOFs hybrids and electron transfer from CDs to CuMOFs was inhibited, leading to the FL intensity increase of CDs (F600). The FL intensity ratio (F430/F600) showed a good linear relationship with TM concentrations of 0.0307–0.769 μmol L−1 with a limit of detection (LOD) of ~ 3.67 nmol L−1. The probe was successfully applied to detect TM in spiked food samples with satisfactory recoveries of 93.1–113%. Additionally, visual detection of TM was achieved according to the fluorescence color variation from blue to carmine, indicating promising application of CDs@Cu-MOFs probe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]