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Spheres comprising 10 wt.% Mo2C/γ-Al2O3, synthesized through the sucrose route, exhibited unprecedented catalytic activity for olefin hydrogenation within an industrial naphtha feedstock that contained 23 wt.% olefins, as determined by supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC). The catalyst demonstrated resilience to sulfur, exhibiting no discernible deactivation signs over a tested 96 h operational period. The resultant hydrogenated naphtha from the catalytic process contained only 2.5 wt.% olefins when the reaction was conducted at 280 °C and 3.44 × 106 Pa H2, subsequently blended with Athabasca bitumen to meet pipeline specifications for oil transportation. Additionally, the carbide catalyst spheres effectively hydrogenated olefins under steam conditions without experiencing any notable hydrogenation in the aromatics. We propose the supported carbide catalyst as a viable alternative to noble metals, serving as a selective agent for olefin elimination from light petroleum distillates in the presence of steam and sulfur, mitigating the formation of gums and deposits during the transportation of diluted bitumen (dilbit) through pipelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodiesel is a promising alternative fuel, but it has drawbacks. This research aims to diminish the NOx dilemma for diesel and biodiesel by utilizing straight-run naphtha as an additive. It has a low carbon footprint of production from light distilled crude oil without any requirement for the thermal cracking process. The diesel was blended with naphtha at percentages of 5%, 10%, and 15% that abbreviated by N5, N10, and N15, respectively. The biodiesel/diesel blend was mixed with the same naphtha concentrations forming the blends B30N5, B30N10, and B30N15, respectively. Experiments were applied on a single-cylinder engine at 2,000 rpm and different loads. The findings revealed that N15 declined the brake specific fuel consumption (bsfc) at most loads relative to neat diesel. Contrarily, biodiesel blends reflected a spiking trend of bsfc at tested loads. Notably, the NOx emissions declined with N15 blend at high loads relative to neat diesel. The blends B30N15 and B30N10 reduced NOx at high loads compared to the diesel/biodiesel blend. The straight-run naphtha was found to be a promising additive because the balanced composition of the iso-paraffins and n-paraffins. Hence, it dominated the ignition tendency and reduced NOx emissions due to its cooling effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Improving the purification of oil refining waste affects the efficiency of the recycling process. Purpose. Determine the density and viscosity of oil sludge when using different solvents, in different mass ratios to sludge, to clean sludge from mechanical impurities. Methodology. The density of oil sludges of different origin and composition was determined with a pycnometer, viscosity was determined with a Pinkeevich viscometer (VPZhT-2, with a viscometer constant of 0.73 mm²/s) Originality. A suitable solvent and its optimal quantitative ratio to the sludge were determined, and the design parameters of the mixer for mixing the solvent and oil sludge were selected. Findings. With an increase in the proportion of solvent in the mixture, the density of oil sludge decreased from 1200 to 910 kg/m³, viscosity - from 980 to 935 mm²/s; The optimal number (6 pcs.) of stirrer blades was determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective The aim is to analyze the optimal allocation of domestic ethylene cracking feedstock, and provide relevant information and technical reference for refining and chemical enterprises. Methods After rational analysis of the investment heat of ethylene production from ethane cracking, it was pointed out that the feedstock of ethylene production from steam cracking in China was still mainly naphtha with a small amount of low-carbon hydrocarbon and low-octane oil. The important roles of naphtha separation technology and cracking evaluation test in the optimization of ethylene feedstock were described. The physical properties and cracking properties of coal-based naphtha and petroleum-based cracking feedstock were compared and analyzed. Results The hot investment of the cracking of ethane to ethylene should be cautious and rational, while actively activating naphtha resources, the by-products such as low-carbon hydrocarbons and low-octane oil products, which were suitable for ethylene cracking feedstock, should be selected and used reasonably. The mass fraction of N-alkanes in coal-based naphtha was 72.83%, and the yields of ethylene, propylene, diene and triene were 18.33%-26.27%, 5.92%-12.34%, 16.50%-21.41%, 12.66%-17.53% higher than those of petroleum-based naphtha, respectively. The ethylene yield of coal-based naphtha was 10.95% and 10.74% higher than that of topped oil and light hydrocarbon of oil field, respectively. The yield of diene was 4.28% and 4.09% higher than that of topped oil and light hydrocarbon of oil field respectively. The yield of triene was 6.89% higher than that of topped oil and 6.22% higher than that of light hydrocarbon. Conclusions Based on the actual domestic energy structure of rich coal, poor oil and lack gas, the superiority of refining and chemical integration to be brought into full play, and the cracking feedstock of petroleum-based ethylene to be brought into active play, taking coal-based naphtha as a breakthrough to develop new sources of cracking feedstock was an effective way to solve the problem of shortage of domestic ethylene cracking feedstock, to improve the quality and efficiency of refining and chemical plants, to promote the high-quality development of refining and chemical industry, and to ensure energy security and realize the sustainable development of ethylene industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbially induced corrosion (MIC) damage in crude oil and natural gas‐bearing pipelines is a severe threat for the petroleum industries. This is primarily due to the presence of hydrocarbons, which serve as nutrients for microorganisms. The comfortable growth of these microorganisms in hydrocarbon systems ultimately results in enhanced degradation of the pipelines. Hence, to understand the effect of microorganisms on the degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons and its subsequent influence on the corrosion of pipeline materials, a detailed review of the literature has been carried out. This review is primarily focused on the principal factors and the major microorganisms responsible for biofilm development. Furthermore, the role of these microorganisms in causing MIC in underground buried petroleum‐bearing pipelines has been reviewed in detail. Most importantly, the techniques required for studying MIC have been thoroughly discussed. In addition, a few microbial cases associated with various petroleum industries have been reviewed to acquire a clear understanding about the real situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To evaluate the safety and efficacy of skin care product containing artemisia naphtha in individuals with sensitive skin. Methods A single-center and self-controlled (before and after application) clinical trial was conducted in 31 subjects with sensitive skin. Test product was applied to the face of the subjects twice daily for 4 weeks. Measurement of physiological function, VISIA-CR photography and lactic acid test were carried out on the skin before and on the days 7,14,28 of the trial. 16S rRNA gene sequencing technology was used to analyze the mi- croecological diversity of the skin surface meanwhile physician and subject' self-assessments were performed. Results Physician assessment scores for erythema were decreased at all three follow-up visits (P<0. 05 vs. baseline). The subjects' self-assessments of itching, tingling, burning, tightness, flushing and sensitivity scores were also decreased (all P < 0. 05 vs. baseline). The skin a* values were decreased significantly (all P<0.05 vs. baseline). Similarly, erythema index was significantly decreased (all P <0.05 vs. baseline). Moreover, stratum corneum hydration levels were significantly increased on D7 and D28 (all P <0.05 vs. baseline). The transepi- dermal water loss rates tended to decrease, and were significantly different between the baseline and day 14 (P <0. 05) . In contrast, the skin elasticity and firmness parameters were not changed significantly. Furthermore, lactic acid scores were decreased significantly on D14 and D28 (all P <0.001 vs. baseline). Additionally, there was a tendency of increases in alpha diversity indices ACE and Chao1 on days D7 and D14, with a significant increase on day 14 (P <0.05 vs. baseline). Beta diversity analysis showed that the four groups of samples failed to gather into clusters, and the diiferences in composition structure were not significant. No adverse reactions were observed during the trial. Conclusions Skin care product containing artemisia naphtha is safe for individuals with sensitive skin and improves multiple clinical signs and symptoms of sensitive skin, including acceleration of the skin barrier recovery, elevation in stratum corneum hydration, reduction in transepidermal water loss rates and lactate stinging test score, alleviation of itching, tingling, burning, tightness and flushing, and increases in the richness and diversity of facial skin microbiota. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Indonesian government is optimizing the production of high-octane gasoline by utilizing existing ingredients that are plentiful and rarely used in Indonesia to keep up with the rising demand for it. Although light naphtha, a by-product of the oil refinery process, has the potential to be transformed into fuel with a high Research Octane Number, its application has not yet been fully realized. The objective of this study is to carry out a study of the economic and technical feasibility of high-octane gasoline plants. A 10,000 barrel/day production potential has been built into the plant. In order to reach the RON objective of 98 for high-octane fuel, light naphtha, which has a Research Octane Number of 73, will need to be increased. The production process includes isomerization, depentanizing, and adsorption. From a technical perspective, this plant can produce high-octane gasoline from light naphtha with RON 98. From an economic perspective, the Net Present Value is $ 138,247,252; Internal Rate of Return of 29.38 % per year; Pay Out Time is 3 years 5 months; and Break Even Point is 49 %. Overall, based on technical and economic perspectives, this power plant is feasible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective The aim is to analyze the optimal allocation of domestic ethylene cracking feedstock, and provide relevant information and technical reference for refining and chemical enterprises. Methods After rational analysis of the investment heat of ethylene production from ethane cracking, it was pointed out that the feedstock of ethylene production from steam cracking in China was still mainly naphtha with a small amount of low-carbon hydrocarbon and low-octane oil. The important roles of naphtha separation technology and cracking evaluation test in the optimization of ethylene feedstock were described. The physical properties and cracking properties of coal-based naphtha and petroleum-based cracking feedstock were compared and analyzed. Results The hot investment of the cracking of ethane to ethylene should be cautious and rational, while actively activating naphtha resources, the by-products such as low-carbon hydrocarbons and low-octane oil products, which were suitable for ethylene cracking feedstock, should be selected and used reasonably. The mass fraction of N-alkanes in coal-based naphtha was 72.83%, and the yields of ethylene, propylene, diene and triene were 18.33%-26.27%, 5.92%-12.34%, 16.50%-21.41%, 12.66%-17.53% higher than those of petroleum-based naphtha, respectively. The ethylene yield of coal-based naphtha was 10.95% and 10.74% higher than that of topped oil and light hydrocarbon of oil field, respectively. The yield of diene was 4.28% and 4.09% higher than that of topped oil and light hydrocarbon of oil field respectively. The yield of triene was 6.89% higher than that of topped oil and 6.22% higher than that of light hydrocarbon. Conclusions Based on the actual domestic energy structure of rich coal, poor oil and lack gas, the superiority of refining and chemical integration to be brought into full play, and the cracking feedstock of petroleum-based ethylene to be brought into active play, taking coal-based naphtha as a breakthrough to develop new sources of cracking feedstock was an effective way to solve the problem of shortage of domestic ethylene cracking feedstock, to improve the quality and efficiency of refining and chemical plants, to promote the high-quality development of refining and chemical industry, and to ensure energy security and realize the sustainable development of ethylene industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports the application of multi-component hydrocracking catalyst grading technology in diesel hydrocracking system to increase naphtha, and studies the influence of catalyst systems with different number of graded beds on the reaction process of diesel hydrocracking. Three hydrocracking catalysts with different physicochemical properties as gradation components, the diesel hydrocracking reaction on catalyst systems of one-component, two-component and three-component graded beds with different loading sequences are carried out and evaluated, respectively. The catalytic mechanism of the multi-component grading system is analyzed. The results show that, with the increase of the number of grading beds, the space velocity of reaction on each catalyst increases, which can effectively control the overreaction process; along the flow direction of feedstock, the loading sequences of catalysts with acidity decreasing and pore properties increasing can satisfy the demand of different catalytic activity for the conversion of reactant with changing composition to naphtha, which has a guiding role in the conversion of feedstock to target products. Therefore, the conversion of diesel, the selectivity and yield of naphtha all increase significantly on the multi-component catalyst system. The research on the grading technology of multi-component catalysts is of great significance to the promotion and application of catalyst systems in various catalytic fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the background of product oil market surplus and Double carbon target, reducing refined oil and increasing chemical feedstock can speed up the adjustment of industrial structure and improve the core competitiveness of enterprises. In order to reduce diesel and gasoline ratio and increase naphtha production to extend chemical industrial chain, the influence of FCC light diesel blending ratio on properties and yield of refined products was studied in this paper. The experiment result showed naphtha yield decreased and diesel yield increased with increasing of the blending ratio of FCC light diesel in straight run diesel. The desulfurization effect of refined diesel is better, and diesel CI decreased but it still can meet the quality requirements of products. The content of alkane in naphtha decreased while the aromatic latencies increased, so naphtha is suitable for catalytic reforming. The optimum blending ratio of FCC light diesel is 12%. While naphtha is used as cracking feedstock FCC light diesel blending ratio should be reduced. The experimental results can lay a foundation for further research on straight-run diesel blending with other oils, and provide technical support and reference data for feedstock adjustment of similar units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective The cracking feedstock and the process conditions are optimized for producing more propylene from naphtha resources. Methods The cracking feedstock and the yield of propylene in the cracking product of naphtha from six different producing areas under different process conditions were compared and analyzed by using the bench scale pyrolysis apparatus（BSPA） of KBR company. Results Urumqi Petrochemical company naphtha has the highest yield of propylene, which is 16.19%. Compared with the raw material composition, it also has the highest mass fraction of isoalkanes, which is 52.58%. Under the conditions of residence time 100 ms, water-oil mass ratio 0.6 and cracking temperature 860 ℃, the propylene yield of naphtha in No.2 tank farm of Lanzhou Petrochemical company is 15.50%. Conclusions The naphtha with high quality fraction of isoalkane may produce more propylene. At the same time, under the premise of not pursuing the maximum yield of ethylene and propylene, relatively low cracking temperature and high water-oil mass ratio are conducive to the improvement of the yield of propylene. According to the economic benefit estimation results of naphtha from different producing areas, it is found that in the selection of naphtha cracking feedstock for productive propylene, factors such as the yield of ethylene, propylene and butadiene, energy consumption, market price of olefin, and coking problem should be combined in order to obtain the maximum economic benefit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing demand for clean and efficient fuels in the world reflects the rapid growth in automotive vehicles and more stringent environmental regulations. Hence, the refining industry must employ diverse strategies to obtain a gasoline pool made up of streams from different processes focused on improving the fuel quality and the octane ratings suitable for the current demanding automotive performance. The composition of gasoline varies mainly from each country's policies, climate, environmental regulations, financial capacity, and local producer's oil refining infrastructure. However, a generally accepted composition by source of the gasoline pool is: FCC naphtha and reformate, making up about 60%, light straight-run naphtha and alkylate gasoline, around 30%, isomerate, close to 5%, and variable proportions of butane, oxygenating agents, such as methyl-ter-butyl ether (MTBE), ter-amyl-methyl ether (TAME) and/or ethanol and additives for the remaining 5%. This review is focused on the recent research in the advancement and development of catalysts for the different processes used by the oil refining industry to improve the composition and properties of gasoline fuels. A detailed section on the Fischer-Tropsch process, where liquid hydrocarbons are potentially employed to further produce clean gasoline, is also discussed. A section devoted to research on biogasoline as a potential renewable fuel is also addressed. Finally, a discussion of the physicochemical properties of the gasoline blending components is also provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper proposes ways to reduce energy consumption during naphtha isomerization and catalytic reforming by optimizing the recovery heat exchange of the feed preparation unit using pinch analysis. A pinch analysis procedure based on heat flux integration was carried out in three stages. At the first stage, information on the technological and energy characteristics of the unit was collected and studied. At the second stage, options for improving the energy efficiency of the unit were determined. At the third stage, a detailed study of technical solutions for optimizing the flow scheme of recovery heat exchange was performed along with an economic justification. Proposed options for modernizing the existing industrial unit are based on the set of positive values for economic indicators and criteria of the program for improving the operational efficiency. The presented heat exchange system layouts can be used in the design and modernization of secondary naphtha distillation units at oil and gas refineries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To reduce the coke formation, a novel Al/Si/Cr/Ce composite ceramic coating was prepared on the surface of the Cr 25 Ni 35 Nb alloy substrate by pack cementation. The microstructure, phase composition, surface morphology and element distribution of substrate and coating were characterized by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The results reveal that the outer layer of the coating forms a protective layer with a high proportion of AlN and Cr 3 Si and trace amounts of Ce. The inter-diffusion layer is mainly aluminide coating (AlNi and AlFe) and transition layer contains a small amount of AlN. The anti-coking performance of the coating was assessed using naphtha steam cracking. To study coking behavior, the morphology and microstructure of the coke layer were analyzed and characterized by SEM and Laser Micro-Raman Spectrometer. The coke layer on uncoated sample has a higher focal density and is more likely to spall and peel off when subjected to coking experiment. A large number of filamentous and granular cokes appear on the surface of the uncoated sample, whereas only less granular cokes appear on the surface of the coated sample, and the coke on the uncoated sample has a more disordered and amorphous carbon structure. The coating significantly inhibited the growth of filamentous coke and reduced coke accumulation. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Naphtha is an important distillation product of crude oil, and is used as a raw material for first-generation products such as ethylene, propylene, gasoline, xylene (BTX), and others. However, due to the different sources of crude oil, differences in naphtha composition impact the quality of conversion processes. Parameters such as pressure, charge flow, and temperature need to be adjusted for conversion efficiency. This work aims to compare naphtha samples from different origins, through the analysis of distillation curve (ASTM D86), density (ASTM D4052), total sulfur (ASTM D4294), and n-paraffins, iso-paraffins, olefins, naphthene, and aromatics (PIONA, ASTM D5134). Among these parameters evaluated in naphtha, the ones that showed the greatest correlation with the type of oil and its origin was the amount of total sulfur, number of aromatics, and paraffins. The three imported evaluated naphtha presented values greater than 200 mg/kg of total sulfur, aromatics above 9%w, and paraffins (P + I) below 76%w, while the national naphtha presented sulfur contents of at most 141 mg/kg, aromatics below 7%w, and paraffins (P + I) above 78%w. Finally, the study of this type of hydrocarbon enables the understanding of the needs of Latin American refineries and the world in relation to its treatment. National petrochemical companies have more difficulty in processing this product, causing an increase in naphtha importation by 108.51% from 2020/2021 in Brazil. Given this scenario, the Brazilian government should invest more in its petrochemical plants to reduce these imports, which, in the long term, would have a positive impact on the quality and value of naphtha byproducts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plastics are engineering marvels that have found widespread use in all aspects of modern life. However, poor waste management practices and inefficient recycling technologies, along with their extremely high durability, have caused one of the major environmental problems facing humankind: waste plastic pollution. The upcycling of waste plastics to chemical feedstock to produce virgin plastics has emerged as a viable option to mitigate the adverse effects of plastic pollution and close the gap in the circular economy of plastics. Pyrolysis is considered a chemical recycling technology to upcycle waste plastics. Yet, whether pyrolysis as a stand-alone technology can achieve true circularity or not requires further investigation. In this study, we analyzed and critically evaluated whether oil obtained from the non-catalytic pyrolysis of virgin polypropylene (PP) can be used as a feedstock for naphtha crackers to produce olefins, and subsequently polyolefins, without undermining the circular economy and resource efficiency. Two different pyrolysis oils were obtained from a pyrolysis plant and compared with light and heavy naphtha by a combination of physical and chromatographic methods, in accordance with established standards. The results demonstrate that pyrolysis oil consists of mostly cyclic olefins with a bromine number of 85 to 304, whereas light naphtha consists of mostly paraffinic hydrocarbons with a very low olefinic content and a bromine number around 1. Owing to the compositional differences, pyrolysis oil studied herein is completely different than naphtha in terms of hydrocarbon composition and cannot be used as a feedstock for commercial naphtha crackers to produce olefins. The findings are of particular importance to evaluating different chemical recycling opportunities with respect to true circularity and may serve as a benchmark to determine whether liquids obtained from different polyolefin recycling technologies are compatible with existing industrial steam crackers' feedstock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unsaturated C4 hydrocarbons are abundant in various petrochemical streams. They can be considered as a potential feedstock for the steam-cracking process, where they must be co-processed with C6 and higher (C6+) hydrocarbons of primary naphtha fractions. Co-pyrolysis experiments aiming at the comparison of different C4 hydrocarbon performances were carried out in a laboratory micro-pyrolysis reactor under standardized conditions: 820 °C, 400 kPa, and 0.2 s residence time in the reaction zone. C4 hydrocarbons were co-pyrolyzed with different co-pyrolysis partners containing longer hydrocarbon chain to study the influence of the co-pyrolysis partner structure on the behavior of C4 hydrocarbons. The yields of the pyrolysis products and the conversion of C4 hydrocarbons were used as the performance factors. A regression model was developed and used as a valuable tool for quantifying the inhibition or acceleration effect of co-pyrolysis on the conversion of co-pyrolyzed hydrocarbons. It was found that the performance of different C4 hydrocarbons in co-pyrolysis is substantially different from the separate pyrolysis of the individual components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Desulfurization of fuels is a critical process in oil refining due to the destructive effects of sulfur compounds on human health and the environment. Naphtha is an important middle distillate product, which is utilized as an automobile, engine, and jet-B fuel or blended with other fuel fractions. Therefore, the quality of the produced naphtha is essential in terms of sulfur content. Nowadays, hydrodesulfurization (HDS) is widely used in many refineries to remove the sulfur compounds from fuels. This method needs high temperature and pressure, higher investment costs, and in-situ hydrogen sources. The oxidative desulfurization (ODS) is recommended as a suitable alternative or complementary process to HDS due to the mild reaction conditions and lack of hydrogen requirement. In recent years, the oxidative desulfurization of many real fuels such as diesel has been investigated. However, a few numbers of studies reported the oxidative desulfurization of naphtha fraction. Therefore, it is essential to address the ODS challenges for naphtha, especially in mini-refinery applications. In this study, the naphtha cuts and their compounds, the mechanism of ODS, classification and comparative analysis of different ODS methods, different types of oxidants/catalysts, and the kinetics of ODS reaction have been examined comprehensively. In addition, the effect of various parameters, such as temperature, pH, catalyst content, and oxidation time on the desulfurization efficiency is investigated. Finally, the research gaps in this field have been discussed, and suggestions for future studies in the field of oxidative desulfurization of naphtha have been proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The novel derivatives of naphtho-furan such N-(5bromo-2-(5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)naphtha[2,1-b]furan-1-yl)acetamide (8), N-(5-bromo-2-(hydrazinecarbonyl)naphtha[2,1-b]furan-1-yl]acetamide (7), ethyl-1-acetamido-5-bromonaphtho[2,1-b]furan-2-carboxylate (6), N-(5-nitro-2-(5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)naphtha[2,1-bfuran-1-yl]acetamide (5),N-(2-(hydrazinecarbonyl)-5-nitronaphtho[2,1-b]furan-1-yl)acetamide (4), ethyl-1-acetamido-5-nitrpnaphtho[2,1-b]furan-2-carboxylate (3), are prepared by ethyl-1-acetamidonaphtho[2,1-b]furan-2-carboxyate and ethyl 1-aminonaphtho[2,1-b]furan-2-carboxylate. All newly synthesized compounds were confirmed by Mass, NMR, and FTIR spectroscopic techniques. Those compounds were used for antimicrobial activity it exhibits good antibacterial and anti-functional activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The combustion and emission characteristics of n-butanol/coal-derived naphtha blends in homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion mode were experimentally researched on a retrofitted diesel engine. The effects of intake temperature (Tin) and excess-air coefficient (λ) were mainly analyzed. The results show that the peak in-cylinder pressure (Pmax) and peak heat release rate (HRRmax) of all tested fuels show an overall increasing trend as Tin rises. The combustion gets faster and more stable, carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions decrease, and the indicated thermal efficiency (ITE) first increases and then decreases. When Tin remains constant, the Pmax and HRRmax decrease and the combustion phase delays as the n-butanol volume fraction increases; CO and HC emissions gradually increase, except for that of lower Tin, which shows a trend of first reduction and then increase. ITE gradually decreases in general, but when Tin is higher than 100°C, coal-derived naphtha containing 24% of n-butanol in volume (B24N76) exhibits the highest ITE. In addition, for all tested fuels, both Pmax and HRRmax decrease as λ increases and the combustion gets slower and less stable; CO and HC emissions deteriorate, and ITE gradually decreases. It is worth noting that B24N76 shows the best combustion stability for all λs and exhibits the lowest CO and HC emissions when λ are 3.0 and 3.5. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Worldwide gas emissions are being strictly regulated, therefore processes to reduce steam injection for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) require a deeper analysis to identify the means to contribute to environmental impact reduction. Lately the usage of additives such as a solvent for steam injection processes has taken a new interest due to its positive impact on improving oil recovery and energy efficiency and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. In that sense, the use of nanoparticles in thermal EOR has been explored due to its impact on avoiding the volatilization of the solvent, offering greater contact with the oil in the reservoir. Nanoparticles have well-known effects on asphaltenes adsorption, aquathermolysis reactions, oil upgrading, and improving energy efficiencies. This article presents a summary and ranking of the nanoparticles evaluated in nanofluid-based solvent for steam processes, specifically in the catalysis of aquathermolysis reactions. A novel experimental design is proposed for the characterization, formulation (based on catalytic activity and dispersion), and evaluation of solvent improved with nanoparticles. This new approach will be used as a guideline for the evaluation of nanoparticles dispersed in hydrocarbon-type solvents as a hybrid technology to improve steam injection processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the petroleum industry, naphtha cracking centers (NCC), which produce ethylene, propylene, propane, and mixed-C4, are known to consume a large amount of energy and release a significant amount of carbon dioxide (CO2). This necessitates economic and environmental assessments with the aim of achieving a reduction in energy use in order to ensure efficiency in terms of cost and environmental impact. Herein, a heat exchanger network (HEN) is considered with the aim of determining its optimal operating strategy. In addition, the trade-off between reduction in utility costs (i.e., profit) and the installation cost of the heat exchanger (i.e., loss) is evaluated in terms of economic efficiency. Finally, an environmental impact assessment is performed with respect to the source of fuel consumed for steam generation. The HEN's energy consumption in the three configurations analyzed herein was found to be reduced by 3%, 6%, and 8%. When considering variations in the fuel used for steam generation, the changes in the payback period caused differences in the results for the most economical configuration. On the basis of this study, it was possible to design the use of waste heat in the pinch network and the network configuration for the installation of additional heat exchangers in an economically feasible manner, while analyses of various fuel source were used to determine favorable conditions with respect to environmental impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a new optimization-based framework for the optimal operation of the naphtha cracking process under uncertain market conditions. Two distinct decision models are embedded in the proposed framework: (i) product price prediction based on the machine learning techniques under market condition uncertainty for sales strategy, and (ii) mathematic model of naphtha cracking model for production planning strategy, both of which aim to maximize operating profit in the final optimization model. Based on the predicted price and the unit operation principles, the optimization model determines the major operation conditions of the naphtha cracking process. In particular, different price prediction models (multiple linear regression, artificial neural networks, and system dynamics) are compared to secure precise product prices. The rigorous mathematical model is developed by considering transport phenomena, thermal reaction, and coking effect and validated compared to real industrial data. As a result, the annual profit of the naphtha thermal cracking is expected to be 305,154 USD/year, which is 7.11% better than the reference case. This study could also be used as an auxiliary indicator for decision makers or businesses to identify production planning (i.e., optimal process operating conditions) and sales strategy (i.e., selling timing and quantity) in order to improve profits. [Display omitted] • Optimization-based model for maximizing operating profit in petrochemical process. • Machine learning-based model for price prediction of products under market uncertainties. • Mathematical modeling of complex naphtha thermal cracking process. • The model increases 7.11% of the operating profit compared to the actual operating profit. • An auxiliary indicator for the petrochemical plant's operation and sales strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new route for the conversion of refinery light cracked naphtha (LCN) stream into lubricity improvers for ultra-low sulphur diesel (ULSD) was developed through a simple chemical process involving olefin epoxidation and esterification reactions. Two different methods viz., H2O2/glacial acetic acid and m-chloroperbenzoic acid (m-CPBA), were found to be suitable for the epoxidation of LCN. The LCN epoxide was subjected to an esterification reaction via epoxide ring opening using different long chain (C4 - C18 alkyl groups) organic acids to get the hydroxy ester derivatives of LCN. The lubricating property of the newly synthesized hydroxy esters was studied by dosing them with ULSD at 300 and 150 ppm (wt/vol) concentrations. Amongst them, LCN hydroxy ester derived from stearic acid showed the best lubrication-enhancing property at both dosage levels. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) image and energy dispersive spectra (EDS) of the high-frequency reciprocating rig (HFRR) specimen support the lubricating action of the LCN esters through the formation of a protective layer between the metallic surfaces. The synergy of simple chemical processes and efficient lubricity action makes these LCN esters as promising materials for low-cost and scalable additives for ULSD. The olefin-rich light cracked naphtha obtained from the fluidized catalytic cracker unit of the oil refinery was converted into hydroxy esters through an epoxidation reaction followed by the esterification with different carboxylic acids. The hydroxy esters at low dosage levels (150/300 ppm) enhance the lubricating property of ultra-low sulfur diesel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Naphtha catalytic reforming is a key process for oil refining in terms of production of gasoline with a high octane number. In the present research, the gradual and sudden effect of operating conditions changes on the products of the catalytic reforming unit and the octane number, as well as how to neutralize their negative effects were investigated. Also, kinetic parameter optimisation and unit operation optimisation, using the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm were performed. For these purposes, a suitable dynamic model was solved within a three-lump kinetic network that included a model of the reactors, furnaces, and catalyst deactivation functions. In addition, two cases were considered for operationalizing the optimization to maintain the octane number at its highest value during the catalyst lifetime. In the first case, the optimization parameters were the inlet temperature of the three reactors along with the recycle flow rate; in the second case, the optimised parameters were the inlet temperature of the three reactors, the recycle rate, and the feed flow rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The naphthofuran and its derivatives are important biological compounds so we have focused on the synthesis of naphthofuran derivatives. The synthesized compounds of ethyl 1-(acetylamino)-5-nitronaphtho[2,1-b]furan-2- carboxylate (3), and N-[2-(hydrazinylcarbonyl)-5-nitronaphtho[2,1-b]furan-1-yl]acetamide (4) used for the synthesis of N-(2-{[(2Z)-2-benzylidenehydrazinyl]carbonyl}-5-nitronaphtho[2,1-b]furan-1-yl)acetamide compounds of four derivatives 5 (a-d) and 1-acetamido-5-nitro-N-(5-oxo-2-phenylthiazolidin-3-yl)naphtha[2,1-b]furan-2-carboxamide compounds of four derivatives 6 (a-d). The prepared compounds were confirmed by FTIR NMR, and mass methods. The prepared naphthofuran derivatives used for the antibacterial activity versus both Gram(+ve) and Gram(-ve) bacteria show excellent results. Therefore the synthesized compounds are used for further antibacterial studies in the medical field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. At JV Uz-Kor Gas Chemical LLC 102,000 tons of pyrolysis distillate, 8.000 tons of pyrolysis oil and 10.000 tons of resinous products are annually produced. These products are not processed in the republic. Purpose. Development of technology for the processing of pyrolysis distillate and its industrial testing at Kungrad Gas-Oil LLC. Its peculiarity is the high yield of gasoline due to the complex hydrodynamic processing of the pyrolysis distillate during its intensive contact with the catalyst. Methodology. The experiments were carried out on a pilot plant for studying the processes of catalytic processing of pyrolysis distillate. The quality indicators of pyrolysis distillate samples were determined according to GOST 9736-68 and GOST 2177-99, sulfur determinations according to GOST 1437-75. Originality. The values of pyrolysis distillate hydrogenation regimes are revealed. Qualitative indicators of obtained samples of distillate fractions meet the requirements of the company's standards KSt 16472899-022:2006 for light naphtha and KSt 16472899 -026:2006 for heavy naphtha. Findings. The mass fraction of sulfur in the pyrolysis distillate fractions, in the presence of the AKM catalyst at 350°C and 3.5 MPa, decreases by 70–80 mg/kg, and the mass content of resins in their composition decreases by 104–120 mg/100 cm³. At the same time, the density of the obtained distillate fractions decreases by 7.3÷8.9 kg/m³, and the temperature regime of their distillation does not change significantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The amount of silicon in naphtha must be controlled because it results in silica deposits in vehicle components, such as spark plugs, catalytic converters, and oxygen sensors, which can lead to fuel economy degradation, increased emissions, and damage to catalytic converters. Naphtha has low specific gravity and high volatility; plasma does not form during analysis using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry. Therefore, the analysis of silicon in naphtha has been conducted using a dilution method with organic solvents. On the other hand, a high dilution factor increases the LOQ (limit of quantitation), making it difficult to analyse below 100 ppb. In this study, propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate (PGMEA) was used to solve this problem because it has excellent naphtha solubility, low volatility, and is used widely in semiconductor processing. A LOQ and LOD (limit of detection) of up to 3.3 ppb and 1.0 ppb, respectively, could be achieved using a concentration method by diluting naphtha in PGMEA and heating it. In addition, the reference materials were prepared with octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane to ensure analysis accuracy; excellent results were obtained with an 88% recovery rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Dedicated calibration for methanol and naphtha to operate in transient conditions. • Naphtha gave excellent torque and stability, with reductions in NOx emissions. • Methanol showed negligible soot but struggled with low-load combustion stability. • Naphtha showed potential in reducing emissions and carbon impact under the WTLC. This study conducted a detailed investigation to evaluate the transient operation of a compression ignition engine using three low-reactivity fuels. The fuels tested were gasoline, methanol, and naphtha. This research gives valuable insight into how these alternative fuels behave under dynamic operating conditions compared to stationary conditions. Employing a comprehensive two-part methodology, the study firstly undertakes experimental procedures involving parametric sweeps to optimize the engine performance across three operating conditions, and a dedicated calibration was achieved for the engine operation for each of the three fuels. With this calibration, two transient cycles were proposed for evaluating the engine response regarding the injection system, air management system, and emissions. The transient response was assessed through load variations at fixed engine speeds and combined cycles of speed and load transitions. The second part of the work covered a numerical assessment using GT-Power to simulate global emissions in a Class 3 WLTC. The findings reveal that naphtha outperforms other LRFs like methanol and gasoline in torque response and stability in fixed-speed cycles. Methanol, while exhibiting almost negligible soot emissions, encountered significant combustion stability challenges under low-load conditions, rendering it less suitable for exclusive use in real vehicle scenarios. On the other hand, naphtha showed promising results as a diesel alternative in the WLTP cycle, achieving similar torque and speeds, with a substantial reduction of 40 % in NOx emissions, a slight increase of 9 % in soot emissions, and an important reduction of 10 g CO2/km in carbon impact. However, the rise in unburned hydrocarbon species poses a challenge for meeting tailpipe emissions regulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The physicochemical alterations in naphtha co-injection with steam were evaluated. • Physical properties of upgraded crude oil are related to structural changes. • The ANOVA evaluated the influential parameters in the naphtha co-injection/steam. • The 1H NMR parameters relate the change in viscosity in the upgraded crude oils. Steam and naphtha co-injection processes have been considered as an Enhanced oil recovery strategy to deal with current challenges in the development of heavy oil reservoirs. However, the reactions and oil physicochemical alterations in crude-solvent–water interactions under high pressure and temperature have not been dealt with in depth. Steam injection in three Colombian crude oils was studied to identify its effect on the quality of the upgraded crude oils. For this purpose, physicochemical properties such as viscosity and fraction distribution (ASTM/D-7169) were analyzed. A 23 factorial experimental design was used to know the effect of variables (270–300 °C, 48–66 h and 3–9 wt% naphtha) over viscosity reduction of upgraded crude A. Subsequently, with the best conditions crudes B and C were evaluated. The analysis of variance and Pareto chart depicted that the naphtha-vapor relationship and temperature were the variables with the greatest effect. Crude A has a viscosity of 3115.1 cP (at 45 °C), and the addition of naphtha showed viscosity reductions of about 25 to 51 %, and between 36 and 58 % for temperatures of 270 and 300 °C, for 66 h. Likewise, crude oils B and C exhibited viscosity drops of about 20 and 30 % at 270 °C, 66 h, and 9 wt% naphtha. The simulated distillation showed that the physicochemical changes were related to the conversion of the fraction with boiling points above 565 °C+. The conversions were 3.2–3.9 % and 4.5–9.1 % at temperatures of 270 and 300 °C. Average molecular parameters obtained by spectroscopy FTIR/1H NMR showed that the naphtha and steam conditions favor the transformation of complex compounds into simpler structures. These changes in physicochemical properties translate into upgraded crude oil and better results in oil recovery factors. These outcomes could be a guideline to understand the recovery mechanism during steam/naphtha injection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The dynamics of intermediates in the hexane-catalyzed pyrolysis pathway elucidated. • The rate controlling steps in the three paths are determined. • The major sources of ethylene and propylene were discovered. • The effect of temperature and pressure on the reaction process was studied. • The optimal temperature in three paths was established. It has been a challenge to accurately control the monomolecular pathways, bimolecular pathways and aromatization reactions in the catalytic pyrolysis of naphtha to further improve the selectivity of propylene. The dynamic variations of intermediate species in these three pathways were simulated using microkinetics under a wide range of operating conditions. The intermediate species in the active site and the rate controlling step as a function of temperature were identified. The optimum temperatures for the monomolecular, bimolecular and aromatization pathways were determined to be 1000 K, 950 K and 1200 K, respectively. Meanwhile, it is confirmed that most of the propylene originate from the bimolecular pathways. The results of the microkinetics were verified by DFT studies and experiments. The DFT results show that C5 and C6 carbeniums ions are more likely to occupy the active site for reaction. In the experiment, with increasing temperature, the proportion of the monomolecular pathways initially decreased and then increased, while the bimolecular pathways changes in the opposite direction. In addition, pressure affected the optimal temperatures but had insignificant impact on the maximum reaction rate and product selectivity for the three paths. As for the catalytic pyrolysis reaction of hexane, it is suggested that the optimal temperature and pressure be set at 950 K and 101.32 kPa, which promoted the occurrence of the main reaction path and inhibits the aromatization reaction, while maximized the selectivity of propylene. This study provides new insights into the control of the reaction pathway and optimization of operating conditions for the catalytic pyrolysis of n-hexane to produce propylene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Ni/BEA is active for PE hydrocracking at mild conditions (250 °C and 30–60 bar H 2). • Ni/BEA produces naphtha achieving a maximum 80% yield with 85% selectivity. • Ni/BEA outperforms Pt- and Mo-based hydrocracking catalysts by 2.5–6.2x. • Reuse shows minor deactivation but calcination fully regenerates performance. • Mechanistic insights indicate PE chains can directly access the zeolite micropore. Naphtha (C 5 -C 12 alkanes) is a platform feedstock in the petroleum industry and an ideal target for reutilizing plastic waste at scale. Hydrocracking has emerged as a promising technology for deconstructing polyolefins to naphtha. However, contemporary catalysts rely on Pt to achieve high rates, while earth-abundant metals (EAM) perform poorly. Herein, we develop high-performance Ni/BEA catalysts for polyolefin hydrocracking, achieving complete low-density polyethylene (LDPE) deconstruction with 80 % maximum naphtha yield within 12 h at 250 °C, 60 bar H 2 , and a catalyst-to-polymer ratio of 1:100. These catalysts are versatile, accommodating virgin resins and commercial polymer products, and are directly reusable and regenerable. Comparative analysis highlights that 5Ni/BEA(25) exhibits the highest naphtha productivity of 11.4 g Naphtha g cat ∙ h , surpassing previously reported Pt- and EAM-based catalysts by 2.5–6.2x. Technoeconomic and life-cycle analyses reveal naphtha from LDPE hydrocracking is economically and environmentally competitive to fossil-fuel-derived naphtha. These advancements pave the way for the industrial implementation of earth-abundant Ni-based catalysts in polyolefin hydrocracking, followed by retrofitting steam crackers to address plastics waste at scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research included preparing the used catalyst (zeolite) for reforming of naphtha. The process was carried out by adding certain proportions of naphtha and the catalyst to the autoclave reactor with a capacity of (300 cm³) under initial conditions (150, 200, 250, 300 ̊C, catalyst ratio was 0.5% and reaction time was one hour). Naphtha samples were measured firstly by (1HNMR and FTIR), it was found that the best temperature for reforming for naphtha was (300°C) .The optimal conditions for this process were adjusted by increasing the catalyst ratio and reaction time, and it was found that the best conditions are (The catalyst ratio is 2.5% and the reaction time is 3 hours. The used catalyst showed the ability to cyclisation of paraffins and dehydrogenation of paraffins and naphthenes, which led to an increase the ratio of aromatic compounds from (7.09%) to (29.13%) . In addition to the previous measurements, the gas chromatography of one of the naphtha samples was measured and was identical to those measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Steam injection has mainly been applied due to its physical recovery mechanisms. However, a chemical process could arise and is called aquathermolysis. These reactions could be favored by the addition of a catalyst, which acts on cracking reactions of some heavy compounds. Therefore, an experimental evaluation of catalytic aquathermolysis of heavy oil was carried out in a microreactor batch. The experiments were performed at three different reaction times (24 h–62 h) and temperatures between 240 °C–300 °C. Iron naphthenate, molybdenum naphthenate, and nickel naphthenate were the catalysts used. Oil upgrading was measured by changes in the physical property, and the identification of reactive molecules by nuclear magnetic resonance 1H-NMR technique to obtain average molecular parameters. The average number of carbons in alkyl chains was determined to simplify the samples' compositional analysis, as well as the number of substituted rings and the aromaticity factor. The experimental results showed an increase in the viscosity reduction efficiency as Mo < Ni < Fe. In addition, the catalysts increased the API° gravity and decreased the viscosity by 10° and 79%, respectively. Furthermore, naphtha and kerosene production increased the conversion of the 300 °C + fraction up to 8%. Finally, upgraded oils showed a smaller difference in alkyl chains length. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxidative Desulfurization (ODS) is one of the promising alternative processes. However, the lifetime of the ODS catalysts is an issue that restricted the use of the process. In this work, Activated Carbon (AC) prepared from biowaste (apricot stones (AS)) was impregnated with Mn and coated with aluminum oxide to prolong the lifetime of the ODS process. To evaluate the performance of the prepared catalysts for a continuous three-phase ODS process, a trickle bed reactor (TBR) was used to conduct the ODS process at mild oxidation temperatures. The ODS evaluation study was conducted under different temperatures (60 and 70 °C), LHSVs (1, 1.35, 2, and 4 h-1), pressures (6 and 800 kPa), and initial sulfur concentrations (100 and 300 ppm). Both coated and uncoated catalysts showed high removal efficiency of the n-butyl mercaptan in the TBR. The maximum conversions obtained were 97.29 % and 95.19 % for the coated and uncoated Mn/AC catalysts at T = 70 °C, P = 800 kPa, LHSV= 1 hr-1, and initial sulfur concentration= 300 ppm. Besides the high performance, the coated Mn/AC showed outstanding stability during the continuous oxidation process. A kinetic model was formulated for the ODS process for the estimation of kinetic parameters of the high stability process. gPROMS has been used for modeling, simulation, and parameter estimation via optimization. The simulation results showed good consistency with the experimental data of all lumps with an absolute average error of up to 5 % and the optimization resulted in the optimal kinetics parameters of the high stability ODS process [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Increase the production of naphtha and increase economic benefits. Methods The 1. 8 Mt/a gasoline and diesel oil upgrading unit of PetroChina Yunnan Petrochemical Company Limited was upgraded and transformed, the hydrofining reactor and the cracking reactor has been exchanged, the refining catalyst FF-36A used for first-cycle was regenerated, and new refining catalyst FF-66 and cracking catalyst FC-52 were added. Results Under the condition of 98. 3% load operation, the density of diesel products under 20 t was 839. 5 kg/m³, the cetane index was 40. 3, the sulfur mass fraction was less than 1 µg/g, the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons mass fraction was 1.3%, and the diesel products was used for China VI standard in diesel blending. The naphtha yield was 20. 4 wt%, the naphtha final boiling point was 170. 4 t, the sulfur mass fraction was less than 0.5 µg/g, the aromatic latent content was 47. 16 wt%, which is high quality materials for catalytic reforming. Conclusions After upgraded and transformed, the unit reaches the objective of producing high quality naphtha and the economic benefits of the refinery is improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hydrocracking of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) blended with vacuum gas oil (VGO) has been studied to assess the effect of H2 pressure on the yield and composition of the products and with the aim of obtaining commercial fuels, mainly naphtha. The experiments have been performed using a PtPd/HY catalyst in a semibatch reactor under the following conditions: H2 pressure, 20–110 bar; 440 °C; catalyst to feed ratio, 0.1 gcat (gfeed)−1; HDPE to total feed ratio, 0.2 gHDPE (gfeed)−1; and reaction time, 2 h. The composition of the main fractions produced (gas, naphtha, and light cycle oil) reveals the interest in carrying out the process at 110 bar. Thus, conversions of 96 and 79% for the removal of heavy hydrocarbons and the removal of HDPE molecules have been obtained, respectively, together with a yield of naphtha of 53.4 wt%. This naphtha is mainly paraffinic, and it has a RON of 91.5 (within the commercial standards). Furthermore, three fractions have been observed in the analysis (temperature-programmed oxidation) of the coke. This analysis reveals that at 110 bar, the coke retained in the HY zeolite cages is less developed and burns at a moderate temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, Ce and Zr modified commercial SAPO-34 and H-ZSM-5 catalysts were synthesized via a wet impregnation method and used as catalysts for the production of light olefins from naphtha. The synthesized catalysts were characterized using SEM, TGA, XRD, BET, and NH3-TPD. Thermal catalytic cracking of parent catalysts (SAPO-34 and H-ZSM-5) and modified catalysts with Ce and Zr on the production of light olefins from naphtha has been studied. The effects of different loading of Ce (2–8 wt.%), Zr (2–5 wt.%), and different temperatures on the yield of ethylene and propylene were also investigated. The yield of ethylene and propylene improved by 21.78 wt% and 23.8 wt%, respectively, over 2% Ce and 2% Zr on SAPO-34 catalyst. This is due to the higher acid sites on the surface of modified catalysts. It was found that H-ZSM-5 with 2% Zr loading has the highest yield of light olefins (40.4%) at 650°C in comparison with unmodified parent catalysts, while Ce loading has less effect on the olefin yield compared to Zr loading. Finally, simultaneous loading of Ce and Zr showed no effect on the light olefin yield owing to the significant decline of acid sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Ni/γ‐Al2O3, Ni/HZSM5, Co/HZSM5, Mo/HZSM5, and NiMo/γ‐Al2O3 catalysts were synthesized by the wetness impregnation technique. Field emission scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and nitrogen physisorption methods were used for characterizing the prepared catalysts. The activity of the synthesized catalysts was studied by passing the mixed naphtha and H2 over a fixed bed reactor with sulfiding process prior to HDS reactions at ambient pressure, 285°C, LHSV of 5.8 h−1, and H2/HC volumetric ratio of 94. Ni, Co, and Mo with mass percent of 3.5 wt% were loaded on laboratory‐synthesized γ‐Al2O3 and purchased HZSM5 supports. For promoted NiMo/γ‐Al2O3 catalyst, 3.5 wt% Ni and 17 wt% Mo were impregnated on laboratory synthesized γ‐alumina support, similar to the commercial industrial catalyst. Ultimately, the HDS reactions over the synthesized NiMo/γ‐Al2O3 decreased the total sulfur content of mixed naphtha from 430 to 25 ppm wt, as a synthesized catalyst with the best reactor performance and acceptable long‐term stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subnanometric Pt-Ga alloy clusters were encapsulated in MFI zeolite frameworks for n -hexane dehydrogenation. The introduction of Ga species in small amounts significantly improves the catalytic activity and stability of Pt clusters and effectively avoids the deep dehydrogenation. Excess Ga (>0.10 wt%) not only exhibits the negative electronic effect of Pt-Ga alloys, but instead forms a large number of L acid sites in the catalyst, which promotes cyclisation and catalytic cracking reactions. [Display omitted] • Synthesis of novel bimetallic Pt-Ga clusters in Silalite-1 zeolites by a ligand-protected direct H 2 reduction method; • Remarkably promotion of the catalytic activity and stability by introduction of Ga species to Pt form GaPt 3 alloy clusters. • The electronic effect in PtGa@S-1 hinders the deep dehydrogenation on metal surfaces and inhibit coke formation. • 0.4Pt0.04 Ga@S-1-H exhibited the highest catalytic activity, selectivity and stability in the dehydrogenation of light naphtha to mono-olefins. Dehydrogenation of light naphtha followed by catalytic cracking into high-value end products can meet the high demand in the world's petrochemical market. In this work, at attempting synthesis of novel catalysts for hexane dehydrogenation, a series of bimetallic Pt-Ga clusters encapsulated within Silicalite-1 (S-1) catalysts were synthesized using the ligand-protected direct H 2 reduction method. The reduced Pt-Ga@S-1-H catalysts comprised restricted ultra-fine Pt-Ga alloys with an average size 0.86–0.95 nm, mainly corresponding to the Pt 3 clusters with coordinate number 1.5–2.1. Ga doping significantly improved the catalytic stability, depending on the Ga content, which ranged from 0.02 to 0.27 wt%. As confirmed by the XPS and EXAFS analysis, after the Ga addition, electron transfer occurred between the Pt-Ga alloys and the skeleton oxygen in zeolite, stabilizing the Pt clusters on the zeolite, thereby inhibiting the growth of Pt crystals. During the n -hexane dehydrogenation, the 0.40Pt0.04 Ga@S-1-H catalyst exhibited a hexene selectivity of 87.1 %, achieving a hexene formation rate of 101.4 mol hexene ∙g Pt -1∙h−1 at 550 °C with a WHSV of 90 h−1. After 1000 min of reaction, this best catalyst experienced only slight deactivation with a deactivation constant of 0.066 h−1. The catalytic activity remained almost unchanged after consecutive five cycles of H 2 regeneration. DFT calculation using the synchronous structural models showed that the Gibbs free energy changes (−ΔG) for the first three steps of hexane dehydrogenation over the 0.4Pt0.04 Ga@S-1-H catalyst were much lower than those obtained on the 0.4Pt/S-1-H catalyst, suggesting that the introduction of Ga energetically favored the hexane dehydrogenation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • first-principles modeling (FPM) reveals additional sensitive control stages. • feed composition has a crucial influence on the position of sensitive stage. • data from these stages were used as additional input variables for soft sensor (SS) • FPM shows an advantage in selecting the optimal set of additional predictors. • predictive accuracy of resulted SS increased regardless feed composition. This paper presents a versatile strategy for using simulations to identify control stages of naphtha distillation plant where additional temperature probes can be installed. This search is based on sensitivity analysis applied to the real distillation columns under different operating modes, while simulating the data probed with added thermocouples. It was shown that feed composition has a crucial influence on the resulting position of the control stage(s) and efficiency of the soft sensor (SS) in predicting the quality product. In most practical cases, when the oil field changes, the accuracy of the SS decreases significantly and requires rebuilding, which poses a problem in the control of the technological process. As shown in the paper, SS built with additional thermocouples used as inputs has demonstrated increase in the prediction accuracy under different feed compositions. The effectiveness of the suggested strategy is confirmed by comparing the results with those assuming the use of only physically available probes as inputs for SS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy naphtha reforming, a crucial downstream process in oil refineries for improving the octane number of the gasoline feedstock, requires expensive Pt metal catalysts and it accounts for 60% of the catalyst cost. These conventional Pt nanoparticle sizes range between 1 – 2 nm and thus, only ≈ 80% of the Pt atoms of the particle are available for the catalytic reactions. In this work, we hypothesized that it might be possible to achieve 100% atom utilization if the Pt atoms are distributed as single or pseudo-single atom clusters, where all the atoms are exposed to the reactant molecules and by tuning their Interfacial Interactions. We aimed to significantly reduce the Pt contents by dispersing the active Pt sites as pseudo-single atoms on industrially relevant γ-Al 2 O 3 support. Interfacial Interactions and stability of Pt sites were then tuned by using tin (Sn) as a promoter. These catalysts were then evaluated for heavy naphtha reforming in a fixed-bed reactor. The catalyst with Sn/Pt mole ratio of 1.68 showed excellent performance with aromatics of 83 wt% and research octane number (RON) of ≈ 103. These results indicated our catalyst preparation methodologies and interfacial interaction tuning successfully disperse Pt on the spherical alumina support leading to better atom economy. With 30–50% less Pt content when compared to the industrially used catalyst, made the heavy naphtha reforming process economical and sustainable. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coal-based naphtha features a low Octane number and is a promising fuel as potential energy supplements for advanced compression ignition engines where the auto-ignition dominates the combustion process. However, its auto-ignition characteristics including ignition delay times (IDTs), knocking propensity have not been well studied yet. In the present work, the Leeds optical Rapid Compression Machine (RCM) equipped with simultaneous pressure acquisition and high-speed photography was implemented to study the IDTs and knock properties of coal-based naphtha over a wide range of temperatures (640–900 K), pressures (1.0–2.0 MPa) and equivalence ratios (0.5–1.5). A three-component surrogate model with detailed oxidation kinetics has been developed to predict the IDTs, excitation time and heat release rate for coal-based naphtha. Both pressure traces and combustion luminosity images indicated that the onsets of knock and super-knock are related to the initiation of 'detonation-like hot-spot' before the arrival of reaction wave. A knock map derived from the measured pressure traces showed the knock and super-knock tendency to occur at high temperature and rich equivalence ratio regime. Moreover, the Bradley's ξ-ε diagram was adopted to classify and interpret the evolution of ignition modes of coal-based naphtha in RCM. In this context, ξ represents ratio of acoustic velocity, a, into autoignitive velocity, u a. The ε quantifies the rapidity of heat release in a hot spot and is defined as r 0 a τ e . The combination of super-knock pressure oscillation, detonation images and ξ-ε parameters all provided the evidence that the super-knock is related to the transition of detonation. • Measured the auto-ignition delay time of coal-based naphtha. • Evaluated the knock tendency, culminating in the presentation of a knock map. • A ξ-ε detonation peninsula for analyzing the evolution of ignition modes. • An evidences on the chemical reactions governing the transition of detonation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • It analyzed methods of application of naphtha and ethanol to diesel engines. • Naphtha is suitable for blending with diesel and then supply. • Ethanol is suitable for injection into the intake air independently of diesel fuel. • Ethanol convergence combustion is superior in reducing NOx emissions. • The application of naphtha or ethanol needs to improve THC and CO emissions. Since electrification is difficult in the sector where heavy-duty diesel engines are used, research is still needed to improve air pollutants. In addition, it is necessary to search for fuel to solve the depletion of fossil fuels and to study appropriate combustion methods according to fuel characteristics. In this study, naphtha or ethanol was selected as a fuel that could replace a certain fraction of diesel fuel. This study aims to compare both methods of supplying and burning naphtha or ethanol with diesel. The method of supplying naphtha or ethanol blended directly with diesel and burning it is suitable for naphtha. Since ethanol has a lower heating value, blended-fuel combustion mode with ethanol reduces IMEP net. However, this method of separate injection and burning is only suitable for ethanol. When naphtha is utilized in convergence combustion, a wetting phenomenon arises due to its limited evaporation characteristics, leading to a reduction in fuel delivery. The NOx reduction rate was higher in the convergence combustion mode than that in the blended-fuel combustion mode. However, both the combustion methods led to an increase in the THC and CO emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Jet fuel is the fastest-growing oil-based commodity. • Hydrotreated esters and fatty acids (HEFA), kerosene from hydrocracking (Jet HC) and FCC heavy naphtha (FCC HN) were researched. • The blendability of HEFA with Jet HC and with FCC HN was determined to meet the specification of JET A-1. • The results can help increase the production of jet fuel in oil refineries. Jet fuel is the fastest-growing oil-based commodity. As it is difficult to substitute it with other energies, more attention is being paid to sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs). Hydrogenated esters and fatty acids (HEFAs) dominate SAF now. The jet fuel consumption forecasts show that the share of petroleum hydrocarbons in jet fuel will remain high until 2050. As oil consumption will decline with electromobility, the availability of straight-run kerosene for jet fuel will also decline. For this reason, the utilization of alternative petroleum fractions, such as hydrocracking kerosene (Jet HC) or hydrotreated heavy FCC naphtha (FCC HN), and their miscibility with HEFA have been studied. These components were generally blendable with HEFA. All properties were linearly dependent on the HEFA content, with the exception of the smoke point. Taking into account the Jet A-1 requirements, only Jet HC met them completely. Since the components have opposing properties, blending them has opened an application window in jet fuel, wider for blends of HEFA with Jet HC (0–68 vol% HEFA) and narrower for HEFA with FCC HN (73–81 vol% HEFA). The limitations were the low density of HEFA and the high density, the high aromatic content, the low smoke point, and the low net calorific value of FCC HN. To expand the application window of FCC HN in jet fuel, further research will focus on the hydrogenation of aromatics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores using Computational Fluid Dynamics-Discrete Phase Model simulation in an industrial naphtha reforming unit. It analyzes the reformer process, including the reformer, hopper, and three elbow types. Objectives encompass catalyst residence time, fluid flow, and erosion due to the catalyst in these geometries. Simulation results unveil insights, showing varying erosion rates among the elbows. The 90-degree elbow has the highest erosion rate 4.42 × 10 − 8 kg m 2 s , followed by the 60-degree elbow 3.49 × 10 − 8 kg m 2 s , and the 45-degree elbow with lower erosion rate 2.65 × 10 − 8 kg m 2 s. Results align with literature, emphasizing flow dynamics' role in optimization and maintenance. The study validates simulation with only 1.58% deviation from plant data, highlighting model's precision. Catalyst residence time is 1.28 s. Erosion patterns in the hopper pinpoint high-density zones as erosion-prone areas, guiding preventive measures. This research enhances continuous catalytic reformer systems' efficiency and integrity, aiding decisions for design and maintenance, ultimately improving overall process efficiency and stability. [Display omitted] • CFD-DPM simulations of an industrial-scale reformer process have been carried out. • Erosion analysis, catalyst residence time, and fluid flow characteristics were investigated. • The 90-degree elbow exhibits the highest erosion rate. • The model is validated by comparing the experiments and literatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Post-consumer recycled high-density polyethylene is used as pyrolysis feedstock. • ZSM-5 converts PCR-HDPE oil mainly into BTX, along with light paraffins and olefins. • Zn/ZSM-5 exhibits excellent long-term durability for 50 h. • The zeolite pore structure is crucial for upgrading PCR-HDPE pyrolysis oil. The catalytic conversion of post-consumer recycled high-density polyethylene (PCR-HDPE) pyrolysis oil was investigated using modified ZSM-5 zeolites, prepared under different conditions. The PCR-HDPE oil, obtained through pyrolysis at 500 °C followed by distillation at 165 °C, contained a naphtha fraction hydrocarbons suitable for catalytic upgrading. H/ZSM-5 converts PCR-HDPE naphtha fraction oil primarily into BTX, along with light paraffins and olefins. Introducing mesoporosity led to increased propylene yield at the expense of BTX. Zn impregnation onto H/ZSM-5 and H-meso/ZSM-5 enhanced BTX yield by up to 13 %. However, Zn-meso/ZSM-5 exhibited a lower BTX yield than Zn/ZSM-5 with the same Zn loadings, especially after additional steam treatment at 700 °C. Spent catalysts revealed no noticeable increase in metal contaminants such as calcium and aluminum that were present in the PCR-HDPE. The Zn/ZSM-5 catalyst was stable for more than 50 h time on stream and showed promising potential for upgrading PCR-HDPE naphtha fraction oils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various methods exist for reconstructing the molecular composition of petroleum feedstocks from their bulk properties. While data-driven approaches are precise and efficient, they often lack mechanistic insight. This paper presents an interpretable, data-driven model for naphtha composition reconstruction. Utilizing a property-based Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) model, optimized with the Tree Parzen Estimator (TPE) and property mixing rules, we achieve notable accuracy. The model leverages Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) to elucidate the influence of each property on specific compositions. Moreover, we introduce a compositional-weighted SHAP metric, revealing overarching molecular distribution patterns. Our analyses show that PIONA values and boiling points have a more pronounced effect on molecular compositions than other examined properties. Finally, the SOL-CNN model is employed for accurate property prediction of predefined components. • A high-performance naphtha reconstruction model was built through XGBoost regression. • The regression model was autotuned through TPE and mixing properties. • Compositional-weighted SHAP value was proposed to explain the pre-trained model. • A SOL-CNN model was used to predict the bulk properties of deterministic component fractions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]