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Shadow education, known as private tutoring, is expanding rapidly worldwide. While mainstream studies explain shadow education from a family-centered perspective, this study focuses on the role of the school. Using data from the China Panel Education Survey, this study discerns that active communications between schools and families can elicit private tutoring involvement. The school-initiated communications yield more positive and significant effects when schools impose heightened assessment pressure on teachers, suggesting an inextricable linkage between shadow education and formal schooling. The school effect is also more pronounced for economically disadvantaged families. These findings provide important insights for understanding how schools shape social stratification in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purposes: This scoping review aims to determine the family factors that influenced the occurrence of bullying among adolescents in Asian countries. Therefore, the research questions behind this review are as follows: What protective factors and risk factor are known to influence bullying among adolescent in Asian countries? Method: This study used PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews reporting guidelines. Search strategy in this study employs four electronic databases resources, SAGE, Springerlink, Science Direct, and Proquest. Result: Researchers compiled previous relevant quantitative and qualitative research to investigate family as a protective factor and a risk factor for adolescent bullying. The search on the database resulted in 28 studies published from 2012 to 2021 which have been analyzed. Parental bonding was the most common protective factor found in the literature, followed by warm parenting, parental involvement, parents' support and acceptance. The risk factors for bullying included slapping, authoritarian parenting, parental control, weak family attachment, parental neglect, poor parental support, and poor communication with family. Applications/Originality/Value: The conclusion from this research is the scoping review results revealed that family variables became the protective and risk factors for adolescent bullying in the Asian context. The findings suggested that family was also an influential factor in adolescent bullying in the Asian context, in line with previous relevant studies in Western countries. However, the bonding with parents as a protective factor against bullying for adolescents in Asia might be explored further by employing collectivist cultural studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Evidence supports the efficacy of Behavioral Parent Training (BPT) interventions such as Parent–Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) for treating child behavior problems; however, treatment engagement and outcomes vary across ethnic groups. Risk for poor treatment engagement and outcomes may be attributed in part to misalignment between parent explanatory model components (PEMs) and the traditional BPT model, including treatment expectations, etiological explanations, parenting styles, and family support for treatment. The present study aims to examine whether personalized treatment adaptations addressing these PEM–BPT misalignments reduce risk for poor treatment engagement and outcomes. Methods: The authors previously utilized the PersIn framework to develop a personalized version of PCIT (MY PCIT) that assesses these PEMs in order to identify families at risk for poor treatment engagement and outcomes. Families were identified as high risk (due to PEM–BPT misalignment) and low risk (meaning those without identified PEM–BPT misalignment) for specific PEMs. Families at elevated risk then received tailored treatment materials designed to improve alignment between the parental explanatory model and the PCIT treatment explanatory model. A recent pilot trial of MY PCIT demonstrated positive treatment outcomes; however, the extent to which adaptations were successful in reducing the underlying risk factors has not yet been examined. Results: Findings demonstrate that the personalization approach was effective in reducing indicators of risk, and that families who were initially at high and low risk during pre-treatment reported similar levels of treatment engagement and outcomes by post-treatment. Conclusions: The findings suggest that this personalized approach has the potential to reduce risk associated with poor treatment engagement and outcomes for culturally diverse families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent research has indicated an association between both poverty and income inequality and firearm homicides. Increased minimum wages may serve as a strategy for reducing firearm violence by increasing economic security among workers earning low wages and reducing the number of families living in poverty. This study aimed to examine the association between state minimum wage and firearm homicides in the U.S. between 2000 and 2020. State minimum wage, obtained from Temple's Law Atlas and augmented by legal research, was conceptualized using the Kaitz Index. State-level homicide counts were obtained from 2000 to 2020 multiple-cause-of death mortality data from the National Vital Statistics System. Log-linear regressions were conducted to model the associations between state minimum wage and firearm homicides, stratifying by demographic groups. Analyses were conducted in 2023. A 1% point increase in a state's Kaitz Index was associated with a 1.3% (95% CI: −2.1% to −0.5%) decrease in a state's firearm homicide rate. When interacted with quartile of firearm ownership, the Kaitz Index was associated with decreases in firearm homicide in all except the lowest quartile. These findings were largely consistent across stratifications. Changing a state's minimum wage, whereby a full-time minimum wage worker's salary is closer to a state's median income, may be an option for reducing firearm homicides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2015 Pelotas Birth Cohort Study in Brazil is a comprehensive research project that investigates the determinants of health and development in children. The study includes follow-ups at different ages and assesses the impact of COVID-19. The research covers various areas such as violence, psychosocial development, stress, sleep patterns, and the effects of the pandemic. The study has a diverse range of participants and has collected new biomarkers and assessments. The assessments conducted at different stages of the children's development cover a wide range of measures, including socioeconomic characteristics, health, parenting practices, child development, and mental health. The study found both positive changes and negative trends in social and environmental determinants of health over a 33-year period. The study's strengths include high response and follow-up rates, as well as comprehensive data collection, but there are limitations such as limited data from fathers and a low response rate for the COVID-19 study. The data from the study are available for collaborative research proposals. [Extracted from the article]

Niger, a country in Western Africa, has the highest fertility rate in the world, with a total fertility rate of 6.7 in 2023. It is classified as a "least developed country" with a low human development index. The United Nations predicts that Niger's population will reach 67 million by 2050, more than doubling its current population. However, achieving sustainable development goals in Niger, such as reducing poverty and improving education and healthcare, will be challenging due to its high population growth and limited resources. The country also faces issues such as high child marriage rates, adolescent fertility, and low contraceptive use. To harness its demographic dividend, Niger needs to address challenges like low education, high unemployment, and gender inequalities. [Extracted from the article]

Objective: This study examined associations between parental precarious work schedules and child behavior problems among a sample of families with low incomes receiving child-care subsidies and tested three hypothesized mediators of these associations: work-family conflict, economic insecurity, and child-care instability. Background: As "just-in-time," or on-call, scheduling practices become more prevalent among low-paid workers, working parents must balance family demands with precarious work schedules characterized by instability, unpredictability, and lack of control. Precarious work schedules may threaten child well-being by increasing parents' work-family conflict and stress, economic insecurity, and child-care instability. Yet, few studies have been able to empirically test these relationships. Method: This study uses data from a survey of child-care subsidy recipients to test the associations between five dimensions of parental precarious work schedules--variable work hours and shifts, limited advance notice, unexpected schedule changes, and lack of schedule control--and child externalizing behavior problems via work-care conflict, economic insecurity, and child-care instability. Analyses use Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression and decomposition methods and control for a host of child, parental, and household characteristics. Results: Variable shifts were indirectly associated with more parent-reported child behavior problems via work-care conflict, whereas unexpected schedule changes were indirectly associated with more behavior problems via both work-care conflict and material hardship. Conclusion: These findings add to a growing evidence-base on the incongruence between precarious employer-driven scheduling practices and the needs of families with young children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I study student characteristics and academic performance at the University of California, where consideration of an applicant's ethnicity has been banned since 1996 and SAT scores were used in admitting students to the university until fall 2021. I show the following: (1) SAT scores were more important than high school grades in predicting first‐year university GPA; (2) the use of SAT scores alone or with high school grades in determining admission is biased in favor of admitting underrepresented minorities and students who are socioeconomically disadvantaged; (3) SAT scores are more important and high school grades are less important in predicting GPA for underrepresented minorities and/or those students from low‐income families than they are for those students who are white and/or from high‐income families; and (4) the University of California found ways to admit a significant number of underrepresented minorities despite many of them having low SAT scores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the role of libraries in rural communities in the United States, emphasizing their services and impact on families with toddlers. Topics include libraries as providers of books, internet access, and programs promoting literacy and family engagement. It explores the historical growth of libraries in the US, their role in disadvantaged communities, and their participation in national literacy initiatives like Every Child Ready to Read.

Background: Anemia in pregnancy is considered a significant public health problem. It has an essential role in disabled life and death of pregnant women and their future children, mainly in developing countries. Pregnant women in Yemen in internally displaced camps remain at most exposed to anemia. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence and associated factors related to anemia among pregnant women in Marib, Yemen. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 402 pregnant women attending General hospitals from October 2023 to January 2024. The data were collected through structured pretested questionnaire, and via an interview. Laboratory investigations were done. Data Analysis: the data were statistically analyzed through SPSS program (version 21) using descriptive statistics, Chi square test for investigating the association between anemia and the independent factors. Results: The overall prevalence of anemia among study participants was 56.7%. The moderate anemia were the most prevalence among pregnant women (65.8%). Risk factors associated with anemia among pregnant women were displacement, level education, low family income, gestational age, space interval of birth, lack of iron supplementation during pregnancy, and one /zero consumption of monthly meat, liver and vegetables during pregnancy, habits such as taking tea immediately after meal and chewing of khat during pregnancy. Conclusion: prevalence of anemia in this study was public health problem. Several factors were found to be associated with anemia during pregnancy. Measures have to be taken to solve the problem by mass iron supplementation, family planning and health education towards risk factors that were associated with anemia to avoid them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The widespread expansion of school choice policies has bolstered the consumer-education paradigm where parents compete for what they perceive to be a limited number of high quality schools. In this comparative case study, we examine advantaged White parents' perceptions of meritocracy in the context of a competitive elementary and high school choice system in New York City. We find that parents' critique the choice policies and the unfair burdens they place on low-income and immigrant families while engaging in opportunity hoarding to ensure their children's privileged access to the most competitive schools, all while dismissing claims that school choice is meritocratic. Ultimately, advantaged parents' suggest returning to neighborhood zoning which would preserve their access to exclusive, high performing schools and avoid the stress and inequities of school choice policies. This study offers further examples of the powerful influence of contradictory White discourse in the context of education policy and reform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rise of neoliberalism, community leisure practitioners have access to fewer resources, which requires adopting the business-like practices of private sector organizations. To ensure access for low-income families, practitioners incorporate economic-based access policies. Despite these efforts, many low-income families are still unable to access community-based leisure provisions. Drawing on data from a case study of a nonprofit organization that supports low-income families' access to leisure activities, we found that community leisure provisions had rigid program structures, subsidy programs, registration processes, and volunteer obligations that hindered rather than helped parents' ability to enroll, facilitate, and maintain their children's leisure participation. Our findings indicate that top-down programming resulted in not meeting families' needs due to program options, despite being designed for low-income families, the leisure access provisions prevented rather than cultivated participation in leisure activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The health condition during childhood has been shown to influence an individual's health and socioeconomic status in adulthood. Understanding the concentration and persistence patterns in children's healthcare expenditures is crucial for providing risk protection and promoting the well-being of children. Studies regarding the concentration and persistence of health expenditures have focused mainly on elderly individuals in developed regions. To gain insights into factors that contribute to childhood health expenditures, this article examined children with high costs (that is, in the top 10% of the expenditure distribution) and explored the characteristics and spending patterns that distinguished them from other patients in the context of the largest developing economy—China. Methods: By using a unique individual-level administrative claims dataset over a 5-year observation period, this study identified spending concentrations and the proportion of children whose costs remained high over five years using a linear probability model and logit regression analysis. Results: Teenagers from 12 to 17 years old were more likely to persist in the high-cost group than any other age groups in the study. Pediatric complex chronic conditions and other severe health ailments were predictive factors for entry into and persistence in the high-cost category. More than half of the total health expenditures were attributed to children in the top 10% expenditure group. In addition, risk protection and healthcare insurance support for high-cost children was found to be inadequate, particularly for children from low-income families. Conclusions: Healthcare support for children impacts individual development and family financial status. This study described the characteristics and spending patterns of children patients in the largest developing country. The fact that over half of total expenditures are concentrated toward 10% of patients makes it valuable to consider relevant support for this group, especially for families whose medical costs are higher than income. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Healthy Start (HS) is a government scheme in England, Wales and Northern Ireland that offers a financial payment card and free vitamins to families experiencing low income. Pregnant women and families with children < 4 years can use the HS card to buy fruit, vegetables, cow's milk, infant formula and pulses. HS was fully digitalised in March 2022. While digitalisation has improved the user experience for many families, in the context of the cost-of-living crisis and increasing dietary inequalities, it is important to understand why HS is not reaching more families. This study aimed to (i) assess the perceptions and experiences of HS from stakeholders across the system including those who promote, implement and are eligible for HS, and (ii) identify recommendations to improve the scheme's effectiveness and uptake. Methods: The study design was a post-implementation rapid qualitative evaluation using stakeholder interviews. Data were collected between January and June 2023 via semi‐structured interviews (50% online; 50% in person) with 112 stakeholders, including parents (n = 59), non‐government organisations (n = 13), retailers (n = 11) and health and community professionals (n = 29) at national and local levels. Findings were confirmed by a sub-sample of participants. Results: Six core themes cut across stakeholders' perceptions and experiences, and stakeholders collectively outlined seven recommendations they felt could be acted upon to maximise uptake and efficiency of HS, with actions at both national and local levels. A novel finding from this study is that raising awareness about HS alone is unlikely to result automatically or universally in higher uptake rate. Recommendations include: continuing to provide this scheme that is universally valued; the need for many families to be provided with a helping hand to successfully complete the application; reframing of the scheme as a child's right to food and development to ensure inclusivity; improved leadership, coordination and accountability at both national and local levels. Conclusions: HS provides benefits for child development and family wellbeing. The study's recommendations should be actioned by national and local governments to enable all families eligible for the scheme to benefit from this nutritional safety net. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Antenatal care (ANC) visit is a proxy for maternal and neonatal health. The ANC is a key indicator of access and utilization of health care for pregnant women. Recently, eight times ANC visits have been recommended during the pregnancy period. However, nearly 57% of women received less than four ANC visits in Ethiopia. Therefore, the objective of this study is to identify factors associated withthe number of ANC visits in Ethiopia. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study design was conducted from March 21 to June 28/2019. Data were collected using interviewer-administered questionnaires from reproductive age groups. A stratified cluster sampling was used to select enumeration areas, households, and women from selected households. A Bayesian multilevel negative binomial model was applied for the analysis of this study. There is an intra-class correlation (ICC) = 23.42% and 25.51% for the null and final model, respectively. Data were analyzed using the STATA version 17.0. The adjusted incidence risk ratio (IRR) with 95% credible intervals (CrI) was used to declare the association. Result: A total of 3915 pregnant women were included in this study. The mean(SD) age of the participants was 28.7 (.11) years. Nearly one-fourth (26.5%) of pregnant women did not have ANC visits, and 3% had eight-time ANC visits in Ethiopia. In the adjusted model, the age of the women 25–28 years (IRR:1.13; 95% CrI: 1.11, 1.16), 29–33 years (IRR: 1.15; 95% CrI: 1.15, 1.16), ≥34 years (IRR:1.14; 95% CrI: 1.12, 1.17), being a primary school (IRR: 1.22, 95% CrI: 1.21, 1.22), secondary school and above (IRR: 1.26, 95% CrI: 1.26, 1.26), delivered in health facility (IRR: 1.93; 95% CrI: 1.92, 1.93), delivered with cesarian section (IRR: 1.18; 95% CrI: 1.18, 1.19), multiple (twin) pregnancy (IRR: 1.11; 95% CrI: 1.10, 1.12), richest (IRR:1.23; 95% CrI: 1.23, 1.24), rich family (IRR: 1.34, 95% CrI: 1.30, 1.37), middle income (IRR: 1.29, 95% CrI: 1.28, 1.31), and poor family (IRR = 1.28, 95% CrI:1.28, 1.29) were shown to have significant association with higher number of ANC vists, while, households with total family size of ≥ 5 (IRR: 0.92; 95% CrI: 0.91, 0.92), and being a rural resident (IRR: 0.92, 95% CrI: 0.92, 0.94) were shown to have a significant association with the lower number of ANC visits. Conclusion: Overall, 26.5% of pregnant women do not have ANC visits during their pregnancy, and 3% of women have eight-time ANC visits. This result is much lower as compared to WHO's recommendation, which states that all pregnant women should have at least eight ANC visits. In this study, the ages of the women 25–28, 29–33, and ≥34 years, being a primary school, secondary school, and above, delivered in a health facility, delivered with caesarian section, multiple pregnancies, rich, middle and poor wealth index, were significantly associated with the higher number of ANC visits, while households with large family size and rural residence were significantly associated with a lower number of ANC visits in Ethiopia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Poultry meat is an excellent animal protein source accessible to many low-income families in developing countries. It is also part of a balanced diet and contains valuable nutrients necessary for maintaining human health. The poultry sector implements improved processes to increase the quality and nutritional value of poultry meat. This study aimed to determine the influence of licorice root extract on the amino acid, fatty acid, vitamin, mineral composition, nutritional value, and productivity of quail meat. Materials and Methods: Two groups were formed from Japanese quails: A control group and one experimental group, each consisting of 50 individuals. Quails from both the experimental and control groups received the same complete diet. Quails in the experimental group had licorice root extract added to their water at a dosage of 10 g/L, starting from the age of 3 days to 42 days of growth. At 42 days of age, 30 birds from each group were slaughtered to examine their meat productivity and chemical composition. The quail carcasses were analyzed for the following parameters: Live weight, carcass weight, nutritional value, mineral substances, vitamin content, fatty acid composition, amino acid composition, and amino acid score. Results: This study demonstrated that quails in the experimental group receiving water with licorice extract exhibited higher indicators than those in the control group. Calcium (21.05%), magnesium (20.83%), and phosphorus (23.53%) were the most elevated mineral substances in the meat of the experimental birds. Vitamins E (22.22%) and C (20.0%) showed the greatest increase in vitamin content. The fatty acid composition parameters 17:0 margaric acid (8.16%), 18:3 linolenic acid (6.25%), and 20:4 arachidonic acid (4.49%) showed the highest increase. There was a clear increase in the amino acids valine (4.61%), lysine (4.32%), threonine (5.99%), tryptophan (4.87%), phenylalanine (5.87%), and cysteine (14.17%). The application of licorice root extract also positively impacted the amino acid score of quail meat, except for leucine, which remained within the range compared with the control group. Quails in the experimental group weighed 7.96% more live weight before slaughter than the controls. Moreover, the carcass weight was in favor of the experimental group (8.59%). Conclusion: The use of licorice root extract positively influences the quality and biological value of quail meat. Data on amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, trace elements, and other important components of quail meat will significantly expand our understanding of the biological value of licorice root extract. These findings can be used in the formulation of balanced diets for children and adults and highlight the importance of this issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a post hoc analysis and critical reflection of an unplanned methodology change made in the face of the unforeseen disruption brought by Covid-19 pandemic to a longitudinal study on children (N=462) from low-income families in Singapore. The research team was thrown into a state of intense ambivalence between waiting for life to come back to normal so that face-to-face survey could be resumed or to reformulate the methods and keep to the designed time intervals. This paper documents the framework that guided the urgent decision made for the change of data collection methods from f2f to video call survey, the trade-offs, implications on ethics and implementation results. Corroborating mixed post-hoc analysis methods of five qualitative focused group discussions with 39 survey interviewers who implemented the video-call survey, and statistical analysis of the consistencies of survey results over 3 time points, it was found that utilizing video call methodology did not lead to substantial difference in survey quality. The findings of this paper underscore the need for social science researchers to recognize the inevitability of uncertainties in the research fields and the need to strengthen one's preparedness for change while closely attending to the possible ethical implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study aimed to assess the Oral Health-Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL) of pediatric patients (9– 18 years old) who underwent root canal treatment (RCT) on first permanent molars (FPMs). Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at three healthcare centers in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Participants (n = 482) completed the validated OHIP5-Ar questionnaire to assess OHRQoL. Responses were classified as "optimal" (no problems) or "less than optimal" (any reported problems). Logistic regression analyzed the relationship between OHRQoL and sociodemographic factors. Results: There were 66.8% children reported optimal OHRQoL after RCT. Logistic regression showed no significant association between optimal OHRQoL and gender, family income, or location of treated tooth. However, although not statistically significant. Treating only one FPM with RCT (compared to multiple teeth) and lower family income (compared to higher income) were more likely to have decreased or increased odds of optimal OHRQoL (AOR = 0.684 or 1.424; respectively). Conclusion: RCT on FPMs can be a successful treatment option for pediatric patients, offering optimal oral health-related quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The problem of maternal mental health is a priority issue of global concern. Dyadic coping refers to the co-managing and making decisions between two parties in response to a joint stressful event. At present, china has limited focus on dyadic coping for pregnant women during pregnancy. This study aimed to investigate different categories and characteristics of dyadic coping in pregnant women throughout pregnancy and to analyze the factors that influence these categories. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional, and 376 pregnant women who visited the obstetric clinic at a tertiary hospital in Sichuan province from June to September 2023 were interviewed face-to-face using convenience sampling. Data were collected using a sociodemographic questionnaire, dyadic coping scale, and family adaptability and cohesion evaluation scale. The data were imported into excel and exported to spss 27.0 to analyze the potential characteristics of pregnant women's dyadic coping during pregnancy and to explore the effects of this using univariate analysis and multifactorial logistic regression. Results: A total of 376 valid questionnaires were collected. The results of the potential profile analysis showed that the dyadic coping of pregnant women during pregnancy could be categorized into three different groups: the "low coping group" (21.3%), the "general coping group" (67.5%), and the "high coping group" (11.2%). Multiple logistic regression analyses revealed that low monthly family income, early pregnancy, primipara, family adaptability and cohesion were the factors influencing the dyadic coping of pregnant women during pregnancy. Conclusion: During pregnancy, pregnant women exhibit moderate levels of dyadic coping. Three different categories of dyadic coping patterns were exhibited: low coping group, general coping group, and high coping group, with significant heterogeneity. Therefore, there is a need to focus on the dyadic coping status of various categories of pregnant women and implement targeted couple and family-wide interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Instability in early childhood education and care (ECEC) arrangements may have detrimental consequences on children's mental health. This study examined ECEC trajectories in the first 30 months of life for 373 children from low-income families in Toronto. We provide information about patterns of instability and reasons for instability. We also tested whether instability in ECEC was related to children's mental health using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Five main profiles of ECEC stability were identified: (1) 8% in Home-Only, (2) 56.3% in Home-Center, (3) 8.0% in Home-Center-Home, (4) 5.9% in In-and-Out, and (5) 20.9% in Home-Multiple-Centers. Frequently mentioned reasons for change were a new baby in the family, availability of grandparents, quality of ECEC and family relocation. Families in these different profiles had similar demographic characteristics. Of the five profiles, children in the Home-Center-Home profile had a significantly higher likelihood of experiencing mental health problems compared to the Home-Center and Home-Multiple-Centers groups. These findings have important implications for future research, policy and practice related to ECEC availability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poverty impacts negatively on children's health and future life chances. Access to the UK's National Health Service (NHS) is based on clinical need rather than the ability to pay but horizontal inequities in access exist. Children North East, a charity supporting children experiencing poverty, are working with partners to reduce the impacts of poverty on NHS access. This collaborative study aimed to understand barriers to healthcare access faced by families living on low incomes to validate and support further development of a Poverty Proofing© healthcare tool. Twenty-four parents and eight Voluntary Community Social Enterprise sector staff participated in qualitative interviews or focus groups. Data were analysed thematically, and three main themes were identified as impacting access to healthcare: hidden costs, securing appointments and developing relationships with healthcare providers. We conclude that low-income families experience both financial and other barriers to accessing NHS healthcare and that these barriers are exacerbated for low-income families living in remote/rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Family-based treatment (FBT) is a front-line empirically supported intervention for adolescent anorexia nervosa, but it is often inaccessible to families from lower income backgrounds, as it is most typically available in specialty research and private practice settings. In preparation for a pilot trial of FBT delivered in the home setting, this study qualitatively examined provider perceptions of implementing FBT in lower-income communities. Methods: Eating disorder clinicians working in community clinics (therapists, medical doctors, dietitians, and social workers; n = 9) were interviewed about their experiences using FBT. Interview transcripts were analyzed both deductively, using an approach consistent with applied thematic analysis, and inductively, using the Replicating Effective Programs implementation framework, to examine barriers to FBT implementation. Results: Prevailing themes included concern about the time and resources required of caregivers to participate in FBT, which may not be feasible for those who work full time, have other caregiving demands, and/or lack family support. Psychosocial problems outside of the eating disorder, such as food insecurity, other untreated mental health concerns (in themselves or other family members), or externalizing behaviors on the part of the adolescent, were also discussed as barriers, and participants noted that the lack of cohesive treatment teams in the community make it difficult to ensure continuity of care. Conclusion: Findings from this qualitative study indicate the need to address systemic socioeconomic barriers to improve the efficacy of implementation of FBT in the community and to understand how provider perceptions of these barriers influence their uptake of FBT. Plain English summary: This study looks at reasons why providers think that family-based treatment for adolescent anorexia nervosa (FBT) is difficult to implement in community settings serving families from lower-income backgrounds. When interviewed, participants expressed concerned that FBT requires a lot of time and resources from families and that problems beyond the eating disorder (like having other mental health conditions or not having enough money to make ends meet) get in the way of treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Memorial University of Newfoundland (MUN) undergraduate and graduate students. Using the National College Health Assessment (third revision) (NCHA-III) survey, the relationship between COVID-related stressors and mental health was assessed after controlling for demographic, economic, and academic variables, and reported mental illness. A hierarchical regression revealed that psychological distress was higher for students who were undergraduate, female, of lower family income, with a pre-existing anxiety or depressive disorder. Psychological distress was also predicted by direct COVID stressors (e.g., fear of infection), as well as indirect stressors, including worries about employment and tuition, professor/instructor support, campus efforts to ensure safety, and discrimination/hostility due to race/ethnicity. Chi Square tests subsequently revealed that graduate students were more likely to be concerned about the threat COVID-19 posed to loved ones, separation from family/friends, and pandemic duration, while undergraduates were more likely concerned about returning to school, tuition, employment, and the legitimacy of their degree. Undergraduates were also more likely to have witnessed discrimination/hostility, and less likely to report professor/instructor support. Finally, independent t tests revealed that undergraduate students were significantly lower in overall social support, as well as for particular subdomains including 'guidance', 'social integration', and 'reassurance of worth'. Interpretation of the findings and implications are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Spina bifida's prevalence and incidence vary across geographical regions with sociodemographic characteristics and socioeconomic status of the populations having a significate influence over its epidemiology. This study aimed to outline the socioeconomic profile of families with spina bifida children, based on sociodemographic characteristics. Methods: Between August and December 2022, 86 surveys completed by parents of children that underwent spina bifida repair in our institution were included in this analysis. The first part of the survey included questions based on sociodemographic characteristics. The second part of the survey was based on care provided by the families, regular follow-ups, participation in rehabilitation programs, and type of burdens perceived by the caregivers. Results: A close look at the highest level of parent education showed that more than half of them were only middle school graduates. Occupational status in the perioconceptional period revealed that 77% of mothers were housewives/unemployed. 23% had a history of induced or spontaneous abortion. A high number of consanguine marriages were registered with 58% of the subjects being biologically related. 53% of the spina bifida children came from families with low household income. Only 15% of the spina bifida children had access to physiotherapy and 18% to rehabilitation programs. Conclusions: Children with spinal dysraphism were more likely to come from families resulted from consanguineous marriages, with at least two children, low level of parent education and household income. Emotional and financial burden perceived by caregivers should be addressed in order to diminish the numerous challenges that this group of families encounter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adversity during infancy can affect neurobehavioral development and perturb the maturation of physiological systems. Dysregulated immune and inflammatory responses contribute to many of the later effects on health. Whether normalization can occur following a transition to more nurturing, benevolent conditions is unclear. To assess the potential for recovery, blood samples were obtained from 45 adolescents adopted by supportive families after impoverished infancies in institutional settings (post-institutionalized, PI). Their immune profiles were compared to 39 age-matched controls raised by their biological parents (non-adopted, NA). Leukocytes were immunophenotyped, and this analysis focuses on natural killer (NK) cell populations in circulation. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) seropositivity was evaluated to determine if early infection contributed to the impact of an atypical rearing. Associations with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), two cytokines released by activated NK cells, were examined. Compared to the NA controls, PI adolescents had a lower percent of CD56bright NK cells in circulation, higher TNF-α levels, and were more likely to be infected with CMV. PI adolescents who were latent carriers of CMV expressed NKG2C and CD57 surface markers on more NK cells, including CD56dim lineages. The NK cell repertoire revealed lingering immune effects of early rearing while still maintaining an overall integrity and resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While there is a growing body of literature on the lived experiences of people in poverty, their interaction with the welfare delivery system at different levels is still under‐theorised. This article presents a multi‐level institutional framework to qualitatively study the low‐income families' experiences in claiming in‐work benefits (IWBs). Considering the Low‐income Working Family Allowance (LIFA) in Hong Kong as an extreme case of IWB's residualism and productivism, the findings suggest that LIFA claimants faced cycles of counter‐productive re‐assessment in their everyday frontline practices, and underwent organisational barriers in workplaces and families in collecting the proofs required by the means‐testing and work‐testing procedures. These experiences were linked to Hong Kong's macro‐systemic contexts that prioritised long working hours and strict targeting of low‐wage breadwinners. This study contributes to the literature by linking social policy implementation and welfare delivery to claiming experiences, and empirically reveals the complexities of IWBs using means‐tests and work‐tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study advances contemporary theories of motherhood, mothering, and foodwork within the context of poverty by focusing on the ways that low‐income Black mothers engage interdependent culturally distinct mothering strategies in light of a porous social safety net. Background: Contemporary standards for good parenting are increasingly resource‐based. As such, the intricate and tactical ways that low‐income Black mothers manage to make food ends meet with little means and few resources are often obscured in favor of hegemonic forms of mothering. Method: This study draws on 44 in‐depth interviews with low‐income Black mothers and grandmothers to examine their survival strategies, focusing on food provision. Results: Findings reveal that these mothers prioritize basic needs provision, such as food and feeding, and achieve this often difficult goal by engaging a cultural toolkit that we term symbiotic mothering. Symbiotic mothering is constructed and reinforced through the collective processes of maternal exchange, mutual aid and resource pooling, and the intergenerational and horizontal transmission of cultural knowledges, values, and practices. Conclusions: While there is a wealth of scholarship interrogating the ways Black women deviate from dominant mothering expectations, symbiotic mothering highlights the unique cultural skillsets these mothers actively engage to meet the everyday demands of mothering, particularly related to food provision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study examined the longitudinal trajectories of economic hardship for low‐income families with a college education. Background: The relation between parental education and family income to parenting behaviors and children's achievement is well documented. Less is known on how high education and low income interact within families, particularly over time. Method: The sample consisted of 537 families who were low‐income and college‐educated when their child was in kindergarten. We used latent growth curve analyses to classify families into different trajectory classes based on economic hardship over several years. We then examined predictors and outcomes of each class. Results: Within this sample of low‐income, college‐educated families, there were two economic hardship trajectories: Transient (i.e., short‐term) and Chronic (i.e., long term). Parents in the transient class were more likely to work an occupation requiring a postsecondary degree and had higher educational expectations than the chronic class. We conducted additional analyses to test for generalizability and comparison to other family types. Conclusion: Parental education attainment may provide a protective buffer for parents and children when facing short‐ or long‐term economic hardship. Implications: This study highlights the sustained importance of educational attainment and the need for policy and program solutions to address families' diverse needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Informed by the family systems theory, the current study aimed to examine whether shared parental responsiveness between fathers and mothers with low income was associated with preschoolers' developmental outcomes. Background: Both fathers' and mothers' parental responsiveness are key contributors to their young children's development. However, the ways in which fathers and mothers work as a system, as well as the role of shared parental responsiveness in child development, are not well understood, especially among families from low‐income contexts. Method: Participants were from the Building Strong Families project, a racially diverse group of families from socioeconomically disadvantaged backgrounds (N = 1,173). Fathers' and mothers' parental responsiveness were observed during father–child and mother–child interactions using the two‐bags task. Preschoolers' child behavior problems, prosocial behaviors, and receptive language served as developmental outcomes of interest. A common fate approach to dyadic analysis was employed to create shared responsiveness and individual residual variance latent variables, which the child outcomes were regressed onto. Moderation analysis by fathers' resident status was conducted. Results: Shared responsiveness positively predicted preschoolers' prosocial behaviors (Β = 0.33, p <.001) and receptive language (Β = 14.85, p <.001), above and beyond individual residual variance. Fathers' resident status did not moderate any of the examined relationships. Conclusion: There may be benefits to young children's development when mothers and fathers demonstrate shared responsiveness. Implications. Interventions serving families with low income could help strengthen mother–father shared responsiveness to promote child development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the US safety net includes housing supports, finding and securing affordable housing remains a challenge for many low-income families. As a block grant to states, Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) is a potential mechanism for creating additional supports for housing, which some states such as New Jersey pursue. This qualitative study focuses on three New Jersey counties with positive track records of implementing those additional supports. Research questions concern what factors contributed to successful implementation of the housing supportive Emergency Assistance Program on a county level and how these factors interacted to impact program effectiveness. From thematic coding of interviews with government and nonprofit staff at the state and county levels (N = 17), document reviews, and meeting observations, this study found that the program was incorporated as one piece of a family-centered approach to social service provision. Having a tight network between service providers with strong commitment to the program, vital in previous social service research as well as the current study, fed into that family-centered approach and successful implementation. Future research should examine how to build staff buy-in and mission-driven approaches with a family focus as well as center the voices of participants in these programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To better understand biology by environment interactions in early temperament, we examined whether children's respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA; resting RSA and RSA reactivity) operated as a biological marker of differential susceptibility to maternal harsh parenting in predicting children's temperament. Participants were 133 mother–child dyads (53% male children) from families oversampled for lower income, higher life stress, and child maltreatment risk. Mothers reported harsh parenting at age 3 and children's temperament, including negative affectivity, effortful control, and surgency, at ages 3 and 4. Resting RSA was measured during a 3-min resting task. RSA reactivity was computed as a difference score between a 4-min toy cleanup task and the resting task. Results showed that the interaction between maternal harsh parenting and children's resting RSA significantly predicted negative affectivity, after controlling for sex, household income, and age 3 negative affectivity. Specifically, harsh parenting positively predicted negative affectivity among children with higher, but not lower, resting RSA. Similarly, maternal harsh parenting interacted with children's RSA reactivity to predict negative affectivity after adjusting for controls, such that harsh parenting positively predicted negative affectivity in children with higher, but not lower, RSA reactivity. These findings suggest that higher resting RSA and greater RSA reactivity may operate as markers of increased susceptibility to negative parenting in the development of negative affectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• States present a wide range of policies addressing suspension and expulsion in ECE subsystems. • Suspension comes in two types, in and out of program, and is often not addressed compared to expulsion. • Data collection is infrequently required for exclusions and definitions can mask incidence. • Parents/families are inconsistently included in the exclusionary discipline process. Exclusion from early care and education (ECE) programs creates employment challenges for families and disrupts learning for children, often differentially impacting children placed at-risk due to income, race, and disability. Federal policy guidance and changes in the Child Care and Development Fund (CCDF) Block Grant requirements are meant to influence states to create policies that will both regulate and prevent disciplinary exclusions, especially suspension and expulsion. We present a national census of states' CCDF plans, center-based child care licensing regulations, and state pre-K policies addressing suspension and expulsion. Using content analysis methodology, we evaluate the presence of key policy components of suspension and expulsion prevention including data collection, parent/family involvement in the process of exclusions, accessing community resources, and the use of developmental information to inform the use of exclusionary discipline. Our results indicate that expulsion and suspension policies vary widely both across states, and within the same state's subsystems. The component found most frequently across all subsystems is an expulsion policy, with noticeable variation in specifying and defining suspension. Our findings also point to a great deal of variance in policy alignment, with pre-K including the most information on expulsion and suspension policies and prevention. As state-level policymakers seek to adopt policies that reduce exclusion in ECE, our findings point to a need to consider the importance of creating policies that protect children, especially those over exposed to exclusionary discipline, and then aligning those components within and across ECE subsystems to promote equitable access to ECE. This is particularly important for low-income families, Black children, children with disabilities, and boys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cost-related medication nonadherence (CRN) is associated with poor prognosis among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a population that requires long-term treatment for secondary prevention. In this study, we aimed to estimate the prevalence and sociodemographic characteristics of CRN in individuals with COPD in the US. Methods: In a nationally representative survey of US adults in the National Health Interview Survey (2013–2020), we identified individuals aged ≥18 years with a self-reported history of COPD. Cross-sectional study. Results: Of the 15,928 surveyed individuals, a weighted 18.56% (2.39 million) reported experiencing CRN, including 12.50% (1.61 million) missing doses, 13.30% (1.72 million) taking lower than prescribed doses, and 15.74% (2.03 million) delaying filling prescriptions to save costs. Factors including age < 65 years, female sex, low family income, lack of health insurance, and multimorbidity were associated with CRN. Conclusions: In the US, one in six adults with COPD reported CRN. The influencing factors of CRN are multifaceted and necessitating more rigorous research. Targeted interventions based on the identified influencing factors in this study are recommended to enhance medication adherence among COPD patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Multidimensional factors such as socioeconomic or environmental factors influence malnutrition. Several studies have strongly linked malnutrition to poverty. Some international studies point to the worse nutritional status of urban slum children than rural children. Limited data is available regarding the nutritional status of slum children in Karachi. This study aimed to determine characteristics of malnourished children in an urban squatter settlement in Karachi, Pakistan. Methods: A case- control study was carried out at the primary healthcare center of a squatter settlement in Karachi, Pakistan. All children under five years of age visiting the primary healthcare center were recruited consecutively. Cases were defined as children with z scores < -2 SD of WHO reference measurements of WFA, HFA, WFH and OFC. The controls were similar in terms of age group but had z scores between − 2SD and + 2SD. A self- structured risk factor questionnaire that included information about sociodemographic, economic and environmental factors as well as child- related characteristics was researcher administered via face-to-face interviews with the mothers of children. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted. Crude and adjusted odds ratios were calculated with 95% confidence interval. Results: A total of 280 participants including 140 cases and 140 controls participated in the study. A larger proportion of the sample originated from individuals with low household income. After adjusting for the confounders, childhood malnutrition was significantly associated with a low education level of father (aOR 4.86, 95% CI 2.23–10.60), a monthly income less than 25,000 PKR (89 USD) per month (aOR 7.13, 95% CI 1.67–30.54), pour pit latrine type of toilet (aOR 4.41, 95% CI 2.67–7.3), less than six months of exclusive breast feeding (aOR 3.578, CI 1.58–8.08), inappropriate weaning age (aOR 3.71, 95% CI 1.53-9). Conclusion: Malnutrition in children under five years of age in the community is associated with low family income, low paternal education, poor toilet facilities, lack of exclusive breastfeeding and inappropriate weaning age. The implementation of poverty reduction programs, sanitation provision at affordable rates, community-based breast feeding and weaning education intervention are urgently required to efficiently improve children's nutritional status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article spotlights the role of children from poor, underprivileged families who are drawn into care work to facilitate inclusion for their families in food security by performing fingerprint authentication. Owing to the youthful suppleness of their bodies, children's fingerprints are more likely to succeed in fulfilling biometric requirements. They are also more compliant in having their schooling or playtime disrupted by the unpredictable and time-consuming biometric authentication process. Children's names may also be added on ration cards to facilitate food security for relatives other than their parents who depend on the biometric viability of children's bodies and time for welfare. Supplementing ethnographic data with the state's data of the biometric authentications recorded in the Aadhaar database of India, I make visible the poor child as an 'ideal biometric child' in enabling the biometric assemblage of the welfare state to care for its citizens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Families participating in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) experienced barriers to accessing healthy food during the COVID-19 pandemic, but we do not yet understand how WIC participant food purchases shifted during the pandemic. Objectives: We aimed to describe the association between the initial shock of the pandemic in March 2020 and WIC shoppers' food purchases and changes in purchases before and during the pandemic at a top grocery chain and examine differences in these relationships by duration of WIC use. Methods: We used longitudinal food transaction data from WIC shoppers (n = 2,989,116 shopper-month observations from 175,081 unique WIC shoppers) from 496 stores in a top grocery store chain in North Carolina between October 2019 and May 2021. We used an interrupted time series design to describe the following: 1) the relationship between the initial shock of the pandemic and WIC shopper food purchases and 2) differences in purchases before and during the pandemic. To assess differences in purchases between shoppers consistently using WIC electronic benefit transfer (EBT) cards and shoppers starting or stopping WIC EBT use during the pandemic, we used models stratified by WIC group. Primary outcomes were share (%) of total calories purchased from fruits, vegetables, nuts, and legumes (FV), processed foods, and sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs). Results: We observed small decreases in the share of total calories from FV (-0.4%) and small increases in the share of calories from processed food (1.1%) and SSBs (0.5%) purchased at this retailer when comparing the pre and post March 2020 periods. Compared with shoppers that started or stopped using WIC benefits during the pandemic, shoppers that used WIC benefits consistently had slightly higher FV and lower processed food and SSB purchases at this retailer. Conclusions: Future studies should examine whether additional supports for nutrient-dense food choices may be needed for families with low incomes in public health emergencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A collective trauma like COVID-19 impacts individuals differently due to socio-contextual and individual characteristics. Younger adults, minorities, affiliates of certain political parties, and residents of some regions of the United States reported experiencing poorer mental health during the pandemic. Being diagnosed with COVID-19, or losing a friend/family to it, was related to more adverse mental health symptoms. While the negative impact of COVID-19 on health outcomes has been studied, mental health changes during this pandemic need further exploration. Methods: In a study of 8,612 U.S. households, using three surveys collected from a nationally representative panel between May 2020 and October 2021, using a repeated cross-sectional design, a linear mixed effect regression model was performed to investigate factors associated with the mental health status, based on the Mental Health Inventory-5, of individuals throughout different phases of the COVID-19 pandemic, and whether an improvement over time, especially after vaccines became available, was observed. Results: An overall improvement in mental health was observed after vaccines became available. Individuals with no COVID-related death in their household, those not wearing masks, those identifying as members of the Republican Party, race/ethnicities other than Asian, men, older adults, and residents of the South were less likely than others to report mental health challenges. Conclusions: Our results highlight the need for widespread mental health interventions and health promotion to address challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond. Due to the worse mental health observed among Asians, younger adults, women, low-income families, those with a higher level of concern for COVID-19, people who lost someone to COVID-19, and/or individuals with histories of opioid use disorder and criminal legal involvement, over the period of this study, targeted attention needs to be given to the mental health of these groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the evolution of early literacy programming in libraries, highlighting the shift from rarity to acceptance of programs for babies and toddlers, driven by research on the connection between early experiences and brain development. Topics include the expansion of early literacy programming to include expectant parents, recognizing the impact of prenatal experiences on language development.

Background: Parental depression increases children's risk of mental illness and may simultaneously impair the detection of children's symptoms. Here we investigate the nature of parent‐child agreement of children's psychopathology in children of parents with current (cMD) versus remitted (rMD) major depression. Methods: Baseline data from 100 parent‐child dyads including healthy children aged 8–17 (M = 11.89, SD = 2.83) and their parents with a history of depression were analysed. The presence of sub‐clinical psychopathology (yes/no) in children was assessed using semi‐structured diagnostic interviews with child and parent (K‐DIPS). Self‐ (YSR) and parent‐report (CBCL) questionnaires were used to measure the severity of symptoms. Parent‐child agreement was calculated using Chi‐square tests and Cohen's kappa respectively. We compared whether agreement differed between children of parents with cMD (n = 52) versus rMD (n = 48). Results: In the interviews parents more frequently reported sub‐clinical child psychopathology than the children themselves (χ21,100 = 4.63, p < 0.001, d = 0.59). This pattern characterised parents with cMD (χ21,52 = 7.99, p = 0.005; κ = 0.582) but not rMD (χ21,48 = 000, p = 0.686; κ = −0.010), a difference which was statistically significant (z = 3.14, p < 0.001, d = 0.66). Conclusion: Since agreement between parents and children about the severity of children's symptoms was particularly poor in families where parents were currently depressed, parental mental illness should be taken into account when assessing youth psychopathology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Low-income families are exposed to adverse childhood experiences and psychosocial risks that impact child development. At the KK Women's and Children's Hospital in Singapore, Kids Integrated Development Service (KIDS0-3) is a home visitation programme that aims to optimise the development of children from low-income families. Method: Data comprising family demographics, maternal psychosocial risks and outcomes of child development were collated through a chart review of 469 mother-child dyads enrolled from June 2014 to October 2022. Results: Based on the Family and Adult Support Tool, 312 families (67%) were identified as moderate or high-risk. Children from moderate and high-risk families had poorer Bayley cognitive (mean 95.88 [SD 8.25] versus [vs] 98.44 [SD 8.72], P=0.014) and language scores (mean 87.38 [SD 10.35] vs 90.43 [SD 9.61], P=0.016] at 24 months of age, compared to the low-risk group. Children of teenage mothers had lower Bayley cognitive scores (mean 95.16 [SD 8.42] vs 97.76 [SD 8.55], P=0.037), and children of mothers who experienced sexual abuse had lower Bayley cognitive scores (mean 93.1 [SD 5.68] vs 99.7 [SD 8.17], P=0.013) and language scores (mean 82.3 [SD 12.87] vs 91.3 [SD 10.86], P=0.021]. Antenatal enrolment yielded better child language (mean 90.1 [SD 9.37] vs 87.13 [SD 10.79], P=0.04) and motor outcomes (mean 99.62 [SD 9.45] vs 94.72 [SD 9.51], P=0 .001) than postnatal enrolment. Conclusion: Psychosocial risks impact the development of children from low-income families in Singapore. Findings underscore the importance of early, integrated intervention for vulnerable families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inter-district racial and socioeconomic segregation continue to affect students' educational opportunities. Housing mobility programs provide a way for low-income families to access lower-poverty and higher-performing schools in nearby districts. However, changing schools is also disruptive for students. Through interviews with 67 low-income Black youth who moved from Baltimore city into the suburbs with a mobility program, we examine how students' interactions with educators shaped their school transition. Educators who provided academic and interpersonal support helped mitigate disruption by promoting students' sense of school belonging. Yet, we find significant heterogeneity in the support students received as they entered new schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Early-onset behavior disorders (BDs) are common and costly. The evidence-base for Behavioral Parent Training (BPT), the standard of care for early intervention for BDs in young children, is well-established; yet, common comorbidities such as internalizing symptoms are common and their impact, not well understood. The goal of the current study was to examine the potential for technology to improve BPT effects on observed parenting and child behavior outcomes for families of children recruited for clinically significant problem behavior who also presented with relatively higher internalizing symptoms. Method: Families with low incomes (N = 101), who are overrepresented in statistics on early-onset BDs, were randomized to an evidence-based BPT program, Helping the Noncompliant Child (HNC), or Technology-Enhanced HNC (TE-HNC). Children were ages 3 to 8 years (55.4% were boys). Child race included White (64.0%), Black or African American (21.0%), more than one race (14.0%), and Hispanic/Latinx (13.9%). Results: Families in both groups evidenced improvement in internalizing symptoms at posttreatment; however, TE-HNC yielded the greatest improvement in positive parenting and child compliance at posttreatment and follow-up for children with the highest internalizing symptoms at baseline. Conclusions: TE-HNC resulted in improved parenting and child behavior outcomes for children with elevated levels of co-occurring internalizing symptoms at baseline relative to standard HNC. We posit that these added benefits may be a function of TE-HNC, creating the opportunity for therapists to personalize the treatment model boosting parent skill use with more complex presentations, although a formal test of mediation will be important in future work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A child's socioeconomic environment can shape central aspects of their life, including vulnerability to mental disorders. Negative environmental influences in youth may interfere with the extensive and dynamic brain development occurring at this time. Indeed, there are numerous yet diverging reports of associations between parental socioeconomic status (SES) and child cortical brain morphometry. Most of these studies have used single metric‐ or unimodal analyses of standard cortical morphometry that downplay the probable scenario where numerous biological pathways in sum account for SES‐related cortical differences in youth. Methods: To comprehensively capture such variability, using data from 9758 children aged 8.9–11.1 years from the ABCD Study®, we employed linked independent component analysis (LICA) and fused vertex‐wise cortical thickness, surface area, curvature and grey‐/white‐matter contrast (GWC). LICA revealed 70 uni‐ and multimodal components. We then assessed the linear relationships between parental education, parental income and each of the cortical components, controlling for age, sex, genetic ancestry, and family relatedness. We also assessed whether cortical structure moderated the negative relationships between parental SES and child general psychopathology. Results: Parental education and income were both associated with larger surface area and higher GWC globally, in addition to local increases in surface area and to a lesser extent bidirectional GWC and cortical thickness patterns. The negative relation between parental income and child psychopathology were attenuated in children with a multimodal pattern of larger frontal‐ and smaller occipital surface area, and lower medial occipital thickness and GWC. Conclusion: Structural brain MRI is sensitive to SES diversity in childhood, with GWC emerging as a particularly relevant marker together with surface area. In low‐income families, having a more developed cortex across MRI metrics, appears beneficial for mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: compare the levels of cultural capital inherited from the family among quota and non-quota students from Brazilian federal universities and analyze its influence on the occupation and remuneration of graduates. Theoretical framework: the sociological literature points out that students from low-income families (such as quota holders) lack cultural capital inherited from the family and this can negatively affect their opportunities in the job market. Methods: we applied an electronic questionnaire to 11,458 graduates from 248 undergraduate courses and 18 Brazilian federal universities. We created the levels of cultural capital of graduates based on a factor analysis, carried out through a combination of variables such as parents’ education and frequency of consumption of cultural goods by students before entering university. We compared the averages obtained for cultural capital between quota and non-quota students through Student’s t-test, and through multinomial logistic regression, we analyzed the influence of this cultural capital on the occupation and remuneration of graduates. Results: the results suggest that quota student graduates have lower levels of cultural capital before entering the federal university than non-quota student graduates. However, the results suggest little influence of this cultural capital for occupational and salary gains in the labor market. Conclusions: the results highlight the relevance of the quota policy of federal universities for the sociocultural and socioeconomic inclusion of quota students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers are increasingly using web-based technologies to deliver family-based, prevention programming. Few studies have examined the success of such approaches for families with low incomes. The purpose of this study was to describe the level of in-class and online engagement in a childhood obesity prevention program for parents with low incomes, to examine the demographic correlates of parent engagement, and to examine dosage effects on parental feeding outcomes as a function of online exposure. All participants attended in-class nutrition education classes (Eating Smart · Being Active) as part of the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP) in Colorado and Washington State (classes were offered in English and Spanish). Participants in this analysis were 168 parents from a larger cluster randomized controlled trial who had been randomly assigned to also receive a newly developed, mobile-based version of an efficacious, feeding-focused, childhood obesity prevention program. Results showed that despite high levels of in-person attendance (70%), participants only accessed 47% of the videos (online content). Older parents and parents of girls showed higher levels of in-person attendance; currently employed parents showed lower levels. Online engagement varied as a function of ethnicity and acculturation: non-Hispanic parents accessed the most videos, low-acculturated Hispanic parents accessed the second most, and highly acculturated Hispanic parents accessed the least. In contrast, low-acculturated Hispanic parents showed the highest in-person attendance. For all but one outcome, significant online program effects were found only for parents who accessed at least half of the videos. Implications for mobile-based, family-based prevention programs for parents with low incomes are considered. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03170700; Registration Date: March 08, 2017. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The book "Massive suburbanization: (Re)building the global periphery" edited by K. Murat Güney, Roger Keil, and Murat Üçoğlu explores the development of suburbs, or urban peripheries, through 16 case studies. The book examines large-scale housing projects and their associated industry, infrastructure, and commercial uses. It addresses the decline and renewal of suburbs, with a focus on social and physical aspects. The case studies cover cities such as Chicago, Toronto, Prague, Manila, and Istanbul, among others. The book also discusses the challenges faced by suburbs in former East Germany and the development of suburbs in China. While the book provides valuable insights, its theoretical and dense writing style may limit its accessibility to non-academic stakeholders. [Extracted from the article]

Student parents, who make up approximately four million US undergraduates, are highly motivated to succeed in school but often face barriers to educational success due to logistical and financial constraints as well as mental health stressors. This randomized control trial examined the effectiveness of an education program centered in an adult workforce agency that was specifically designed to meet the needs of student parents and their families. Family‐centered supportive services included coordinated parent–child schedules and childcare in addition to peer cohorts led by coaches, tuition‐free courses, and additional financial assistance. Two hundred seventy‐seven parents responded to online survey questions about their education and career, wellbeing, and parenting at baseline and approximately 1 year later (treatment n = 191, control n = 86). The racially and ethnically diverse pool of parents consisted mostly of low‐income mothers aged 29 years on average who had a high school diploma or completed a General Educational Development (GED) program. After 1 year, parents in the education program were more likely to obtain at least a certificate or associate degree compared to control parents. These findings suggest that a family‐focused approach is key to improving the educational success of student parents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maternal depressive symptoms are linked with child internalizing concerns, such as depressive symptoms. The impact that maternal depressive symptoms have on the onset and maintenance of child depressive symptoms might be especially salient in families of color who are low-income because of elevated rates of maternal depressive symptoms and environmental stressors in those populations. The relationship between maternal and child depressive symptoms might be partially explained by a child's capacity to flexibly respond to stressors in the environment, a construct known as adaptability. A simple mediation model was conducted with a sample of low-income, Black/African American and Latina mothers and their children (n = 128). Results suggested that child adaptability partially mediated the link between maternal and child depressive symptoms. We discussed how this study can inform research and practice that aim to assist low-income families of color with mental health needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]