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Military unit cohesion has been associated with team performance, combat motivation, and positive mental health outcomes. Scholarship of military cohesion has been dominated by the Standard Model of Cohesion and the Task Cohesion Approach. Recent shifts in the character of conflict alongside a range of sociopolitical changes require these models to be reevaluated. This article aims to empirically compare these models using a deductive exploratory approach to assess their utility for present-day military formations. Seven construct variables were operationalized as deductive themes, coded against 26 focus groups with personnel from three military formations. Thematic analysis was supplemented by graph modeling, allowing to visualize interactions of constructs. Findings show that military formations develop cohesion in different ways. Teams low in occupational similarity emphasized leadership and shared experiences, while those with high levels emphasized professional competence. This novel approach provided a powerful tool to analyze, visualize, and model qualitative data about cohesion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Claims of becoming the first, the best, and the most digitized are standard rather than outstanding in most public-facing digitalization agendas and strategy documents of countries in the Global North. These grand narratives of digitalization need translation through concrete practices by sometimes unexpected actors—in this case, librarians. This article develops the notion of digital care work based on 18 book-chapter-length essays by active librarians based at Swedish public libraries. It illustrates that librarians are central to the process of translating digitalization into reality; they have become ambassadors of digitalization not only by fostering digital skills and competences in workshops and official training sessions but also, we argue, through a specific form of digital work, namely, digital care work. This kind of gendered work, which is typically carried out alongside the official tasks and assignments of librarians, is of low prestige and often involves affective aspects, such as emotions of shame and uncertainty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Research on the experiences of tenured faculty employed at teaching-intensive institutions is lacking. Objective: We gathered data regarding how tenured psychology faculty allocate time. We identify variables that predict time allocation and report associations between time allocation and job satisfaction. Method: We surveyed 386 tenured psychology professors at regional, public universities in the United States. We measured (1) the percentage of time respondents typically allocated and would prefer to allocate to four activities: teaching, research, service, and administration, and (2) job satisfaction and intentions to seek another position. Results: Time typically allocated to teaching, research, service, and administrative activities was unrelated to job satisfaction. Time allocated to research was associated with intentions to seek another position. Associate professors allocated more time to teaching than did full professors. The discrepancy between typical and preferred time allocation was associated with occupational dissatisfaction. Conclusion: In contrast to previous studies, we found that allocating a large percentage of work time to teaching activities did not predict lower job satisfaction. Teaching Implications: Tenured psychology faculty allocated time to teaching activities in ways consistent with their preferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The outcome of the 2020 U.S. election between Trump and Biden evoked strong emotions. In U.S. American (Study 1; N = 405) and German (Study 2; N = 123) samples, we investigated how observers’ group membership (i.e. political orientation) and the social rank attainment of both candidates (i.e. dominance vs. prestige) predicted emotional reactions. Trump was generally perceived as more dominant, and Biden as more prestigious. However, perceptions of social rank attainment differed depending on the observers’ political orientation, either matching or not matching with the leaders (i.e. Republicans and Democrats, respectively). The candidate who did not share the participants’ political orientation was perceived as less prestigious and more dominant and elicited stronger contrastive emotions (i.e. schadenfreude, malicious envy) and weaker assimilative emotions (i.e. happy-for-ness, sympathy, anger), and vice versa. Crucially, dominance and prestige perceptions explained variance in the emotional reactions of more conservative and more liberal participants. Prestige positively predicted assimilative emotions and dominance contrastive emotions. Our work advances theorising by providing evidence that dominance and prestige perceptions contribute to the elicitation of various emotions. Furthermore, it suggests that prestige and dominance are not fixed characteristics of liberal and conservative leaders but depend on the observers’ group membership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay analyses and historicises a contemporary dominant narrative among India's biomedical doctors, that the early post‐independence period (1940s–1970s) was characterised by immense public trust and confidence in the biomedical profession, with the patient‐doctor relationship experiencing a 'golden era'. By exploring people's experiences with and perceptions of doctors during these decades, I show that contrary to contemporary understanding, public dissatisfaction with doctors was substantial even in the early post‐independence period. I argue that the dominance of privileged‐caste and ‐class Indians in the medical profession nurtured a caste privilege‐based elitist outlook within the mainstream profession and its leadership and created an insurmountable socioeconomic distance between doctors and the large majority of the public. What doctors deemed as people's 'trust' in them and their profession was often simply a manifestation of people's general deference towards the elites of the society. This incorrect interpretation of patient‐doctor dynamics in the past has been a constant feature of mainstream narratives around the doctor‐society relationship in post‐independence India and has remained largely under‐explored and under‐historicised in the medical, scholarly and public discourses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why do some winning rebel groups build loyal postwar militaries, while others do not? Surprisingly, though victorious rebel political and military elites cooperate successfully to seize sovereign power, they often struggle to share it. In roughly one-third of rebel regimes, military elites attempt to depose their leaders through military coups. I contend that postwar coup risk is primarily shaped by the wartime roles of rebel leaders. Rebel leaders that occupy a frontline role—exposing themselves to the hazards of the conflict theater—establish regimes less likely to suffer postwar coups. Frontline leaders win greater prestige and stronger legitimacy among military audiences. Further, frontline leaders' greater proximity to their military commanders allows them to develop institutional structures that more effectively reduce military autonomy. However, remote leaders, who are absent from the conflict theater, exercise weaker postwar control over the armed forces, resulting in greater coup risk. I find support for this theory using original cross-national data on all rebel regimes and the wartime roles of victorious rebel leaders between 1945 and 2010. A controlled case comparison of civil–military relations in two rebel regimes—Guinea-Bissau and Uganda—further illustrates the mechanisms tying wartime roles to postwar coups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why do governments pursue flashy international development projects despite more basic material needs? I argue that economically questionable "prestige projects" can be politically useful for legitimacy-seeking governments of small states in the Global South. Prestige projects provide these governments with otherwise unavailable symbolic capital as well as a means for seeking international status. Using new data on China's global development finance since 1949, I document nearly 400 prestige projects and show they are concentrated in developing countries with small economies that increase their support for China's diplomatic interests. An illustrative case study of Costa Rica's national stadium shows how host countries use prestige projects to acquire national symbolic capital and pursue status. Evidence from a survey experiment in Papua New Guinea further demonstrates that prestige projects are uniquely associated with the national government and status-seeking motives. The findings contribute to research on the political economy of foreign aid, international development, status-seeking, and Chinese development finance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of advanced practice nursing has evolved globally over the past decades and has become an important component in the contemporary healthcare system. The term 'advanced practice nurse' is used to refer to nurses practising at a higher level than traditional nurses and is defined as a registered nurse who has acquired the expert knowledge base, complex decision‐making skills and clinical competencies for expanded practice. In 2003, Singapore embarked on the development of advanced practice nurses as an initiative to improve the nursing professional image, retain excellent clinical nurses and fill the gaps in the provision of healthcare services for the ageing population. This paper documents Singapore's journey of advanced practice nursing development and shares our unique learning experience in the aspects of education, certification, registration and scope of practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role that humans played in the extinction of Pleistocene proboscideans is highly controversial. Ethnohistoric records of elephant hunting, in concert with theoretical rationales, are often used as proxy evidence to support the view that ancient humans regularly and efficiently targeted large-sized proboscideans to the point of extinction. This paper examines the socioeconomic and technological contexts of elephant hunting in contemporary and ethnohistoric records to show how these circumstances influenced the scale of harvest, productivity, and valuation of elephants. Quantitative and qualitative evidence derived from some of these records are used to analyze the efficiency of elephant capture using traditional hunting technologies (spears, poisoned projectiles, traps, and drives). This analytical framework provides a systematic method for evaluating the productivity of proboscidean predation. Results show that prior to the widespread use of firearms in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the acquisition of elephants, irrespective of the traditional hunting technology used, was a dangerous, high-cost activity often associated with a high-risk of hunting failure. In the ethnographic record, elephant hunting is consistently associated with prestige-seeking among egalitarian hunter-gatherers. Although the analysis presented here is derived from hunting episodes that involved modern elephants, the physical characteristics and abilities that make these animals expensive and risky to hunt were likely manifested by most Pleistocene proboscideans. Using ethnographic data, a framework for recognizing how prestige hunting is manifested under different ecological and sociopolitical circumstances is provided and offers an alternative and compelling explanation for zooarchaeological patterning of costly prey in the past. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the relationship between cultural participation patterns and access to social resources, proxied by the position generator tool. In addition, it asks to what extent social networks are class-homogeneous (closed) depending on the configuration of cultural practices. The survey results show that participation in highbrow culture is a more relevant predictor of access to higher prestige contacts than participation in popular culture. Both styles are related with the general volume of contacts and the heterogeneity of social resources. Moreover, the analysis indicates that the structure of social capital (i.e., the proportion of contacts with upper-, middle-, and lower-class members) is connected with pursuing different cultural profiles. The effect of network homogeneity is stronger for highbrow style than for any other style. The results are interpreted in terms of social closure and the role that culture plays in monopolizing access to social resources and maintaining social boundaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The modernization of fortifications during the early modern period and their spatial development had a profound impact on the structure of the city and the everyday lives of its inhabitants. Using the example of the city of Wrocław/Breslau in Silesia (present-day Poland), we discuss the changes that occurred in the perception of fortifications between the Habsburg period, when the city authorities were responsible for their development, and the Prussian period, when the development of fortifications was a subject to central authority. Drawing on written, iconographic, and archaeological sources, we obtain a comprehensive picture of the process of city prestige-building through investments in fortifications. Additionally, we observe fortifications as a factor that negatively influences spatial development and diminishes the quality of life in the city. Preserved documents allow us to trace the losses incurred by residents and institutions due to the expansion of fortifications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on scientific careers finds a mover's advantage. International migration correlates with increased visibility and productivity. However, if scientists who move internationally, on average, enter into more prestigious employments than they came from, extant research may overestimate the direct performance gains associated with international moves. Building on insights from the sociology of science and studies of international researcher mobility, we examine how changes in employment prestige shape international movers' performance returns to mobility. We follow a cohort of 167,014 European scientists to identify individuals that move to the USA and pair these migrants to non-mobile scientists with identical home institutions, research fields, and genders, giving a final sample of 3978 researchers. Using a difference-in-differences design, we show a substantial increase in the publishing rates and scientific impact of transatlantic migrants, compared to non-mobile scientists. However, most of the movers' mobility-related boost in citation and journal impact is attributable to changes in employment prestige. In contrast, we find limited effects of employment prestige on changes in migrants' publication rates. Overall, our study suggests large variations in the outcomes of transatlantic migration and reaffirms the citation-related "visibility advantage" tied to prestigious institutional locations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite social changes and the opening up of all professions to men and women, society continues to adhere to many stereotypes, and many professions are still considered to be feminine or masculine. In addition to gendered representations of occupations, there are also social representations linked to the social prestige associated with a profession. These two elements shape the study and professional choices of individuals. Based on this observation, the aim of this article is twofold: I study individuals' perceptions of various professions and I analyse the influence of theses perceptions on their choice of orientation. I use a questionnaire administered to secondary school pupils and students. The results obtained show a differentiated influence of stereotypes on career plans. It also appears that individuals tend to underrate the professions they consider 'feminine'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canada boasts some of the most highly educated migrants in the world, but it is well recognised that these migrants face many labour market barriers to gainful employment despite their experience and qualification. Administrative data indicate that the proportion of gig workers is considerably higher among migrants, yet little is known about the various perceived and desired pathways of migrants who choose to pursue platform work. In this inductive, qualitative study, we interviewed 35 platform workers in Canada regarding why and how they turned to such forms of work and how it fits their overall plans for integrating into the Canadian labour market. Adopting a grounded theory approach, we found six pathways into platform work ranging from those who feel in control of the situation as a means to an end, to those who feel trapped in it, unable to find alternatives. We question how these pathways relate to macro factors (e.g. immigration status, professional status), meso factors (e.g. education and skills, networks) or micro factors (e.g. stage in life cycle, aspirations). In our analysis, we consider the critical insights offered by scholars on racial and platform capitalism in understanding the factors impacting migrants' pathways into platform work in Canada. Our findings suggest that these structural inequalities are further perpetuated within platform work, even though in theory Canada's immigration system is merit-based with emphasis on high human capital. Migrants' engagement in platform work is a piece of a larger puzzle of segmented labour markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers have proposed various explanations for the increase in singlehood in post-industrialized countries, but the questions of how singles interpret their singlehood and what social meanings they attribute to it have received less attention. Using data collected through in-depth interviews with singles from various backgrounds in Israel, this study examined whether singlehood was considered the result of individual choice or constraints. Findings revealed that most participants expressed a strong wish to marry and viewed their singlehood as the result of unfavourable life circumstances, a pattern we call 'normative singlehood'. Their narratives were aligned with the mainstream norm that does not consider singlehood to be a legitimate way of life. By contrast, a minority, all women from very traditional backgrounds, treated singlehood in terms of deliberate choice and considered it a desired alternative to a conjugal relationship, a pattern we referred to as 'challenging singlehood.' These women expressed strong educational and occupational goals at the price of distancing themselves from their communities of origin. Overall, the study points to the limitations of the discourse of choice at the intersection of individualism and familism and suggests that the hegemonic status of marriage persists despite normative change in favour of deinstitutionalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prestige theory of evolution states that our memory has an intrinsic bias to memorize information from someone of prestige. However, the evidence for information recall is mainly focused on content bias. Considering that the prestige bias can be advantageous in selecting information in contexts of uncertainty, this study assessed whether, in the scenario of the COVID-19 pandemic, the prestige bias would be favored over other models that do not possess the prestige spirit characteristics. The study was conducted through an online experiment, where participants were subjected to reading fictitious text, followed by a surprise recollection. Data were analyzed using a generalized linear mixed model, Poisson family, and logistic regression. The results showed that prestige is only prioritized in the recall due to the family model and does not present any difference from the other models tested. However, it influenced the recall of specific information, suggesting its role as a factor of cultural attraction. Furthermore, we observed that trust in science-oriented profiles can influence the recall of information during a health crisis. Finally, this study highlights the complexity of the functioning of the human mind and how several factors can act simultaneously in the recall of information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the effects of the interactions between type 2 diabetes risk-related genetic variations and occupational noise on prediabetes, and to provide the evidence for prevention of prediabetes in occupational populations. Methods A total of 991 workers in a tobacco plant were selected using a cluster sampling method. All subjects were classified into the control group (n = 407) and exposure group (n = 584) according to their noise exposure levels. The whole blood was collected for glycated hemoglobin (HbAlc) measurement and the iPLEX system was used for genotyping. The multivariable logistic regression model was used to explore the interactions of noise and type 2 diabetes risk-related genetic variations on prediabetes. Results A total of 143 cases of pre-diabetes were detected with a prevalence of 14.30%. With adjustment for age, gender, smoking, alcohol consumption and body mass index (BMI), the risk of prediabetes in noise-exposed workers was 1.535 times than that of non-noise-exposed workers. CDKAL1-rs2206734 TT and IGF2BP2-rs1470579 CC genotype carriers were the risk factors for prediabetes (all OR > 1, all P < 0.05), and there was an interaction between IGF2BP2-rs1470579 and occupational noise exposure based on multiplication models (P < 0.05). Conclusion The CDKAL1-rs2206734 TT and IGF2BP2-rs1470579 CC genotype are susceptible genes for prediabetes, and they interact with occupational noise based on a multiplicative model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By applying motivating language theory, the mediating role of leaders’ motivating language was tested on the link between transactional leadership style and employees’ work engagement. Additionally, using social identity theory, the moderating effect of employee perceived job prestige was tested on the relationship between leaders’ motivating language and employees’ work engagement. A total of 393 hotel employees from Bangladesh participated in the cross-sectional study, and data were analyzed using partial least squares. Transactional leaders only indirectly boost work engagement through motivating language, while employee perceived job prestige moderates the influence of motivating language on employee work engagement. The mediated moderation model contributes to the motivating language and social identity theories by establishing the mediating effects of motivating language and the moderating effects of perceived job prestige. Managers in the hospitality industry may well practice motivating language during communication with subordinates. Hoteliers should also develop a higher perceived job prestige for the development of the local hospitality industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We explored the effect of occupational stigma on work engagement, basing our research on conservation of resources theory. Frontline hotel employees (N = 286) in China completed an online survey. Analysis of the results showed that occupational stigma was negatively related to work engagement, and occupational identity and emotional exhaustion both played mediating roles in this relationship. These findings enrich the research on the antecedents of work engagement and provide practical implications for related management practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given its ongoing struggles at attaining demographic diversity and its key role in nations' economies, the engineering workforce receives considerable attention from researchers and policymakers. Yet, prior studies and STEM recruitment initiatives have often underemphasized the variety among available engineering jobs and careers. It therefore remains unclear which attributes of engineering work are most salient in shaping students' choices to persist in or depart from engineering pathways. This study introduces a novel conjoint survey experiment conducted with over 1000 senior year mechanical engineering students. This randomized experiment allows the authors to disentangle supply-side and demand-side factors to assess engineering job attributes' marginal influences on students' occupational preferences, as well as to examine these attributes' interaction effects with supply-side factors. Toward strengthening persistence in engineering pathways, findings suggest that broad STEM recruitment initiatives, though potentially advantageous in pre-college years, should give way to more targeted campaigns that increase university students' awareness about key dimensions of variety across engineering work roles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this review is to introduce some applications of artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms for the detection and quantification of coronary stenosis using computed tomography angiography (CTA). The realization of automatic/semi-automatic stenosis detection and quantification includes the following steps: vessel central axis extraction, vessel segmentation, stenosis detection, and quantification. Many new AI techniques, such as machine learning and deep learning, have been widely used in medical image segmentation and stenosis detection. This review also summarizes the recent progress regarding coronary stenosis detection and quantification, and discusses the development trends in this field. Through evaluation and comparison, researchers can better understand the research frontier in related fields, compare the advantages and disadvantages of various methods, and better optimize the new technologies. Machine learning and deep learning will promote the process of automatic detection and quantification of coronary artery stenosis. However, the machine learning and the deep learning methods need a large amount of data, so they also face some challenges because of the lack of professional image annotations (manually add labels by experts). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the distinct effects of linguistics distance and language literacy on the labor market integration of migrant men and women. Using data from the Programme for International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) 2018 in 16 countries of destination mainly from Europe and more than 110 languages of origin, we assess migrant labor force participation, employment, working hours, and occupational prestige. The study finds that linguistics distance of the first language studied has a significant negative association with labor force participation, employment, and working hours of migrant women, even after controlling for their abilities in their destination language, education, and cultural distance between the country of origin and destination. In contrast, linguistics distance is only negatively associated with migrant men's working hours. This suggests that linguistic distance serves as a proxy for cultural aspects, which are not captured by cultural distance and hence shape the labor market integration of migrant women due to cultural factors rather than human capital. We suggest that the gender aspect of the effect of language proximity is essential in understanding the intersectional position of migrant women in the labor force. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Basic Life Support (BLS) is a sequence of care provided to patients who are experiencing respiratory arrest, cardiac arrest, or airway obstruction. Its main purpose is to maintain the airway, breathing, and circulation through CPR. This review aimed to estimate the pooled prevalence of Health Professionals' knowledge and practice on basic life support in Ethiopia. Method: Eligible primary studies were accessed from international database (PubMed, Google Scholar, Hinari databases) and grey literatures found in online repositories. The required data were extracted from those studies and exported to Stata 17 for analysis. A weighted inverse-variance random-effects model and Der Simonian-Laird estimation method were used to compute the overall pooled prevalence of Health Professional's knowledge, practice of basic life support and its predictors. Variations across the included studies were checked using forest plot, funnel plot, I2 statistics, and Egger's test. Result: A total of 5,258 Health Professionals were included from 11 studies. The pooled prevalence of knowledge and practice outcomes on basic life support in Ethiopia were 47.6 (95% CI: 29.899, 65.300, I2: 99.21%) and 44.42 (95% CI: 16.42, 72.41, I2: 99.69) respectively. Educational status of the Professional's was significantly associated with knowledge outcome. Those who had degree and above were 1.9 times (AOR: 1.90 (1.24, 2.56)) more likely knowledgeable on basic life support than under degree. Conclusion: The overall pooled estimates of Health Professionals knowledge and practice on basic life support was considerably low. The educational status of the Health Professionals was significantly associated with knowledge outcome. The Health Professionals and responsible stakeholders should focus on the basic life support at Health Institutions. The professionals should advance their knowledge and skill on basic life support for the patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Pig and dog were highly valued animals in pre‐contact Polynesia. In this paper, I focus on pig and dog use in the resource rich, and hierarchically complex, pre‐contact Society Island chiefdoms. Utilizing ethnohistoric data and human‐centred use‐webs data, I provide a preliminary study of the diverse ways that pigs and dogs were used in pre‐contact Mā‘ohi life across 13 use categories. Ethnohistoric analyses indicate that pigs, and to some extent dogs, were intimately associated with elite ceremonial use, yet pigs were commonly associated with war and fertility rituals, while dogs were commonly associated with peacekeeping events. Preliminary comparison of pig and dog frequencies at eight excavated archaeological sites suggests pig bones far outnumber dog bones. There is also differential recovery of pig and dog bone in terms of site function and site status, with high status temples dating to the Centralization Phase having the highest incidence of both species. It is highly likely that the advent of the ‘Oro war cult led to intensified pig husbandry, given this animal's robust associations with ritual use, moral notions of chiefly power and cosmology. Why dog husbandry was less intensified in the Society Islands, and why this animal was perhaps accessed largely through long‐distance trade relationships, is an ongoing question. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Integrations: The Struggle for Racial Equality and Civic Renewal in Public Education" is a book that explores racial disparities in public education, specifically in relation to the Brown v. Board of Education case. The authors argue that school integration alone is insufficient for achieving educational equity and propose a justice framework that focuses on providing a minimum level of educational resources. They critique John Rawls's theory of fair equality of opportunity and suggest a broader understanding of educational goals in a liberal democratic society. The book also examines the interconnected systems of social injustice that contribute to educational inequality and offers policy recommendations to address these issues. The article emphasizes the role of education in promoting justice in a liberal democratic society, drawing on the ideas of philosopher John Rawls. The authors advocate for education as a fundamental goal of the political system and propose interventions to address educational injustices and ensure equal opportunities for all students. They also support a pluralistic approach to education that recognizes and respects diverse cultural and ethnic groups. Overall, the article underscores the importance of education in achieving social justice and calls for a reevaluation of educational aims and policies. [Extracted from the article]

ObjectiveOlder individuals face a higher likelihood of developing dementia. The rate of cognitive decline resulting from dementia is not equivalent for all, as some patients with dementia are able to function independently longer than others, despite having similar disease burden. The cognitive reserve (CR) theory provides one explanation for the differing rate of decline. CR suggests that there are factors—most notably, educational attainment and occupational attainment—that can protect against the cognitive decline. Although the beneficial effects of these notable CR factors are clear, not all are easily modifiable. Participation in leisure activities may represent a more easily modifiable factor. Some research hints at beneficial effects of leisure activities, although specific leisure activities have not been well examined. The present study examined the relations between handicraft art leisure activities (HALAs) and multiple cognitive domains. MethodArchival WAIS-IV and demographic data for 50 California retirement community residents were examined. ResultsHALA participation accounted for statistically significant variance in working memory performance (R2 =.40, β =.24%) over and above the established CR factors of age, depression, educational attainment, and occupational attainment. In addition, HALA participation was related to a better ability to perform abstract visual information tasks (Block Design subtest, r =.28, p =.05) and non-verbal reasoning tasks (Visual Puzzles subtest, r =.38, p =.008). ConclusionsHALA participation among older adults could contribute to the retention of cognitive function, supporting the role of HALA participation as a CR factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Picture books are often part of children's socialisation processes, contributing to the children forming images of the world, including ideas about (categories of) people, such as nurses. The study aims to explore how nurses/nursing are portrayed in children's picture books in a Swedish context. Through a systematic search, 44 books were included for analysis using thematic analysis and a theoretical lens inspired by Goffman. The results were presented in three themes: 'The costume characterised and designated nurses', 'Nurses and nursing were defined through specific activities and accessories', and 'Nurses' role as caregivers and decency practitioners'. The results showed that nurses were depicted/described in varied contexts, performing their roles mainly front stage in 'hands‐on work' in close contact with patients and relatives. Nurses were attributed different accessories and personality characteristics. Nurses/nursing were generally set within a healthcare context, oftentimes within an overarching medical logic. Historical depictions of nurses' uniforms still appeared as a signifier for nurses/nursing. The presentation of nurses/nursing might have potential implications on children's understanding of and for reputations of nurses/nursing in the long term as primary socialisation and related understandings of the (sub)world(s) are deeply rooted in humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay presents a rhetorical analysis of how the concept of stigma has functioned in American psychiatric discourse by tracing the concept across nearly two centuries of publications issued by the American Psychiatric Association (APA). Specifically, I analyze how the concept of stigma circulates in discourses that seek to (re)establish psychiatry as a moral and scientific enterprise by managing discontinuities that potentially threaten this desired professional status. These discourses perpetually reconstitute psychiatry's institutional identity through processes of emplacement, or recurrent spatiotemporal figurations that generate a sense of the present as placed in time. My analysis identifies three spatiotemporal figurations, or chronotopes, that persistently cluster around the concept of stigma as it circulates in psychiatric discourse: emergence, approach, and elevation. These chronotopes establish and maintain psychiatry's professional identity by recursively (re)orienting the present against stigma, and toward an imminent future characterized by the fulfillment of psychiatry's scientific and humanitarian mission. Even though American psychiatric discourse persistently identifies stigma as the profession's greatest nemesis, the concept itself plays a crucial role in the perpetual project of constituting psychiatry as a scientific, humane enterprise aligned with the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research article answers calls for a greater understanding of science journalism in the Global South. Taking the case of environmental journalism in Pakistan, we present a thematic analysis of data from interviews with nine environmental reporters working for a range of news titles, representing the major media organisations in the country. We find that a range of factors on individual, routine, organisational, and extra-media level influence media reporting of the environment in Pakistan and shape the professional identities of environmental journalists. The environmental beat is regarded as lacking in prestige compared to politics or the economy, and resource constraints prevent on-the-ground reporting. Access to sources and data also hamper environmental reporting. A "balance as bias" approach, whereby contesting views concerning climate change are presented without reference to the weight of evidence, persists. The commercial imperatives of proprietors, and the demands of advertisers, means that environmental coverage is often excluded or relegated to the margins. There is a difference in the ways in which English-language and Urdu-language titles approach scientific topics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Athletic motivation is actively studied in the sports psychology. The study of the juniors' motivation is crucial for exploring the reasons to quit the sport, the fac-tors that reduce an athlete's productivity, the principles of building support pro-grams for young athletes. The purpose of the study was to study the basic needs satisfaction and the hierarchy of young athlete conscious motives. The study involved juniors, in the amount of 133 people aged 13-16 years (M=15.1; SD=1.6; 59.4% men). The following methods were used: the essay "Why I came into sports", "Method of paired comparisons" by V.V. Skvortsov (modified by I.A. Akindinova), as well as statistical methods (descriptive statistics, W - Kendall, Chi-squared test, Kruskal-Wallis H - test). Personal, professional and status conscious motives were found out to form a complex motivation for sports activities. Conscious motives for sports activities differ among juniors in various sports. The least satisfied needs are those for acceptance needs and self-expression. The type of sport does not determine the satisfaction of the junior needs. The prospect of the study is to create a model of motivation for a young athlete. The results can be used in the activities of sports institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

University rankings have gained prominence in tandem with the global race towards excellence and as part of the growing expectation of rational, scientific evaluation of performance across a range of institutional sectors and human activity. While their omnipresence is acknowledged, empirically we know less about whether and how rankings matter in higher education outcomes. Do university rankings, predicated on universalistic standards and shared metrics of quality, function meritocratically to level the impact of long-established reputations? We address this question by analysing the extent to which changes in the position of UK universities in ranking tables, beyond existing reputations, impact on their strategic goal of international student recruitment. We draw upon an ad hoc dataset merging aggregate (university) level indicators of ranking performance and reputation with indicators of other institutional characteristics and international student numbers. Our findings show that recruitment of international students is primarily determined by university reputation, socially mediated and sedimented over the long term, rather than universities' yearly updated ranking positions. We conclude that while there is insufficient evidence that improving rankings changes universities' international recruitment outcomes, they are nevertheless consequential for universities and students as strategic actors investing in rankings as purpose and identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This book provides a detailed ethnographic account of the crisis faced by workers in the tea plantation sector in Kerala, India, starting from the early 1990s. The author, who was born into a Tamil Dalit plantation worker community, offers a unique perspective on the crisis. The book explores the experiences of alienation and caste re-emergence among the workers, as well as the breakdown of social relations and solidarity. It also examines the impact of the crisis on retirees and the plantation youth, highlighting the intense forms of alienation they face. The book sheds light on the exploitation and control of workers by new-generation companies and the prevalence of migrant labor from other Indian states. Overall, the book provides a powerful ethnographic analysis of the effects of capitalist crisis and caste society on the lives of plantation workers. [Extracted from the article]

This study sought to explore life "off the pitch" at one English Championship Youth Academy. Using concepts from Elias' figurational sociology to explore data from 12 semi-structured interviews, traditional notions of hyper-masculinity that are well-known on the pitch tracked into off-field behaviours. Friendships, banter, mandatory education were all themes of prevalence identified through thematic analysis. Key findings highlight that players did not associate with occupational inevitability; the notion that success at academy level translates to a successful career, however, a highly stringent athletic identity resulted in education being viewed with disdain and friendships of convenience being prevalent to protect themselves from the ruthlessness of the industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preschool teachers are uniquely positioned to impact children's physical activity levels, yet the relationship between teachers' and children's physical activity levels has not been widely investigated. The purpose of this study was to explore preschool teachers' physical activity levels, practices, and perceptions and how this relates to children's physical activity at preschool centers. This convergent mixed methods study included eight teachers and 20 children from four preschool classrooms. Accelerometers were used to measure their physical activity. Pearson correlations were used to explore the relationship between teachers' and children's physical activity levels. Direct observation was used to contextualize children's physical activity while at preschool. Teachers completed a semi-structured interview to explore their physical activity perceptions and practices. On average, teachers and children were physically active for 50.2 ± 9.3% and 29.5 ± 7.0% of their time at preschool, respectively. A significant positive correlation (p = 0.02; r = 0.98) was found between teachers' and children's percent of time at preschool per day in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. Children mostly engaged in low-intensity activities (stationary play; light walking) during free play both indoors and outdoors and were mostly sedentary during teacher-initiated group times. All teachers stated they had a positive influence on children's physical activity. Teachers commonly reported pain or health conditions as a barrier to their physical activity. There was a positive relationship between teachers' and children's physical activity. More research is needed to confirm this relationship and to explore the impacts of high amounts of occupational physical activity on teachers' health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organizations that fund research are keen to ensure that their grant selection processes are fair and equitable for all applicants. In 2020, the Arnold and Mabel Beckman Foundation introduced blinding to the first stage of the process used to review applications for Beckman Young Investigator (BYI) awards: applicants were instructed to blind the technical proposal in their initial Letter of Intent by omitting their name, gender, gender-identifying pronouns, and institutional information. Here we examine the impact of this change by comparing the data on gender and institutional prestige of the applicants in the first four years of the new policy (BYI award years 2021-2024) with data on the last four years of the old policy (2017-2020). We find that under the new policy, the distribution of applicants invited to submit a full application shifted from those affiliated with institutions regarded as more prestigious to those outside of this group, and that this trend continued through to the final program awards. We did not find evidence of a shift in the distribution of applicants with respect to gender. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fundamental frequency (f o) is the most perceptually salient vocal acoustic parameter, yet little is known about how its perceptual influence varies across societies. We examined how f o affects key social perceptions and how socioecological variables modulate these effects in 2,647 adult listeners sampled from 44 locations across 22 nations. Low male f o increased men's perceptions of formidability and prestige, especially in societies with higher homicide rates and greater relational mobility in which male intrasexual competition may be more intense and rapid identification of high-status competitors may be exigent. High female f o increased women's perceptions of flirtatiousness where relational mobility was lower and threats to mating relationships may be greater. These results indicate that the influence of f o on social perceptions depends on socioecological variables, including those related to competition for status and mates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theories have proposed diverse reasons for why individual differences such as personality traits lead to social status attainment in face-to-face groups. We integrated these different theoretical standpoints into a model with four paths from individual differences to status: a dominance, a competence, a virtue, and a micropolitics path. To investigate these paths, we meta-analyzed over 100 years of research on bivariate associations of personality traits, cognitive abilities, and physical size with the attainment of status-related outcomes in face-to-face groups (1,064 effects from 276 samples including 56,153 participants). The status-related outcome variables were admiring respect, social influence, popularity (i.e., being liked by others), leadership emergence, and a mixture of outcome variables. The meta-analytic correlations we found were largely in line with the micropolitics path, tentatively in line with the competence and virtue paths, and only partly in line with the dominance path. These findings suggest that status attainment depends not only on the competence and virtue of an individual but also on how individuals can enhance their apparent competence or virtue by behaving assertively, by being extraverted, or through self-monitoring. We also investigated how the relations between individual differences and status-related outcomes were moderated by kind of status-related outcome, nature of the group task, culture (collectivism/individualism), and length of acquaintance. The moderation analysis yielded mixed and inconclusive results. The review ends with directions for research, such as the need to separately assess and study the different status-related outcomes. Public Significance Statement: This meta-analysis investigated who attains social status in face-to-face groups. Social status was frequently attained not only by competent and virtuous individuals but also by individuals who enhanced their appearance of competence or virtue by behaving in assertive, extraverted, and socially appropriate ways. These findings underline the need to not take competence or virtue of those high in social status for granted and to implement evidence-based selection procedures when it comes to deciding whom to put into superordinate social positions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the economic strategy of the Biden administration in the Indo-Pacific region, known as Bidenomics. It argues that the administration's approach has been comprehensive and beneficial, redirecting US investment from China towards Asian economies. The core elements of Bidenomics include mini-deals, industrial strategy, co-opting of US private sector actors, supply chain cooperation, and dialogue through the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework. The article highlights positive aspects of the strategy, such as fostering B2B relations and redirecting supply chains, but also acknowledges limitations and restrictions. The perspectives of Asian countries on Bidenomics vary, with some criticism but widespread support for US economic involvement in the region. Taiwanese, Indonesian, Malaysian, and Vietnamese analysts generally view the strategy positively, while Chinese commentary is critical. Overall, the article suggests that Bidenomics has strengthened the US strategic presence in the Indo-Pacific and has the potential to deepen economic engagement with Asian countries. [Extracted from the article]

Recent works suggest that the increasing income inequalities decreased the middle class size and threatened life satisfaction (LS). However, no such studies link LS with middle-income class problems. The present study aims to fill this gap and characterize LS across the middle-income class in Poland. The main novelties are the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) to measure LS of the middle-income class in Poland and the methodological approach based on classification-regression trees (CART) to identify the determinants of LS. The analysis is conducted on the new database obtained from the survey of members of the middle-income class in Poland divided into three subgroups: the lower-middle-income class, the mid-income middle class, and the higher-middle-income class. For comparison, the low-income and high-income classes were also considered. Based on the SWLS results, relatively low diversity in middle-income class LS was identified. However, the inter-class comparison revealed that LS increased with belonging to a higher income class. The CART results support the primary importance of economic conditions such as, for instance, wealth and the level of savings in determining the middle-income class LS and show that their effect depends on their characteristics like professional status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cognitive training (CT) for illness-linked neuropsychological deficits has been attempted in psychiatric disorders and, more recently, in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). However, studies are few and far between, with a limited understanding of factors contributing to efficacy. This article aims to provide a comprehensive critical review of studies employing CT in OCD. Methods: This systematic review follows the Preferred Reporting of Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses Protocols. Empirical studies that used any form of CT/remediation in individuals with OCD were included. Results: Eight articles met the criteria for inclusion, of which five were randomized controlled trials, two were case series, and one was an open-label trial. The studies have predominantly demonstrated improved trained cognitive functions, with only two showing generalization to untrained domains like clinical symptoms and socio-occupational functioning. Conclusion: There are few controlled trials of CT in OCD, which limits conclusions of efficacy. Given the sparse research in the area, the review summarizes the current status of research and examines important methodological considerations that may inform future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 1980 and 2016, the percentage of states that partnered in a multinational military exercise (MME) increased twenty-fold. What explains this proliferation? Existing studies focus on the role of major powers and polarity but fail to explain exercises without great powers or the continuous growth of MME participation. I conceptualize patterns of exercises among all members of the international system as networks. Inferential network analysis shows that higher-order effects like popularity, transitivity, and memory increase the probability that states cooperate militarily. Countries with many connections have institutional knowledge and prestige to attract partners. Multinational coalitions form where mutual friends increase trust and create positive feedback. Past cooperation lowers the costs of future partnerships. Empirical analysis shows that the evolving network structure of MMEs is an emergent property driven by these interdependent processes, and that traditional explanations for security cooperation like great powers and alliances decrease in influence over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the phenomenon of the commercialization of the American Dream through the example of consumerism around the realm of the suburban home, a key element of this concept in the United States, as well as the role of reality television in creating and encouraging inflated standards of consumption. It uses the example of the American television show Extreme Makeover: Home Edition. The article outlines the history and role of the American Dream, particularly the origins of the term itself, coined by Truslow Adams. The behaviour that Thorsten Veblen calls conspicuous consumption, which is characterized by a tendency to display material status in order to gain social respectability and prestige, is identified. The suburban house as a key element of the American Dream is analysed through the example of the makeovers presented in the programme. Their significant scale and unrealistic nature are often at odds with the real financial capabilities of the participants and are the cause of bankruptcies and financial problems. As the programme belongs to a genre that is supposed to reflect reality, in the light of the cultivation theory, created by George Gerbner, it influences viewers whose world-view is shaped by it and whose role models are imitated. Thus, the presented standards of a comfortable home in line with the American Dream can influence viewers' consumption behaviour by showing them that the acquisition of possessions is a solution to problems, a reward for an honest life and that there are no financial consequences associated with them. The lavishness of the houses and their luxury reinforce this impression. Finally, the article seeks to answer the question to what extent and why the need of Americans to live up to the vision of living the illusive American Dream – thus creating an image of success and social status – is exaggerated and its standards are taken to an 'extreme'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using measures rooted in welfare economics, this article quantifies the economic consequences arising from occupational segregation by gender and migration status in twelve European countries. We also identify the most inclusive European labor markets by building counterfactual distributions. In particular, we remove cross-country differences in immigrants' origin, years of residence, and education, thus determining the contribution that these variables make to the geographical disparities. Our results reveal that the economic consequences of segregation are negative for most foreign workers, especially for immigrant women in Italy, Spain, Germany, and Slovenia. Portugal emerges as a reference point because immigrant workers have a better position compared to other countries, which does not seem to arise from their basic individual characteristics. Our analysis highlights the importance of policy actions aimed at improving the occupational sorting of immigrant workers, such as investing in skills development, avoiding occupational downgrading, and incorporating a gender perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A survey sent to fellows of the Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists (ANZCA) aimed to document issues affecting gender equity in the anaesthesia workplace. A response rate of 38% was achieved, with women representing a greater proportion of respondents (64.2%). On average women worked fewer hours than men and spent a larger percentage of time in public practice; however, satisfaction rates were similar between genders. There was a gender pay gap which could not be explained by the number of hours worked or years since achieving fellowship. The rates of bullying and harassment were high among all genders and have not changed in 20 years since the first gender equity survey by Strange Khursandi in 1998. Women perceived that they were more likely to be discriminated against particularly in the presence of other sources of discrimination, and highlighted the importance of the need for diversity and inclusion in anaesthetic workplaces. Furthermore, women reported higher rates of caregiving and unpaid domestic responsibilities, confirming that anaesthetists are not immune to the factors affecting broader society despite our professional status. The overall effect was summarised by half of female respondents reporting that they felt their gender was a barrier to a career in anaesthesia. While unable to be included in statistics due to low numbers, non-binary gendered anaesthetists responded and must be included in all future work. The inequities documented here are evidence that ANZCA's gender equity subcommittee must continue promoting and implementing policies in workplaces across Australia and New Zealand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article builds on the prevalent discussions of Western and Asian prestigious states to provide a distinct account of power and prestige in black diplomacy through the lens of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade (T-AST), colonization, and neocolonialism. The principal argument is twofold namely; that T-AST and colonization have contributed significantly to prestige deficit of African states and contemporary forms of racism and discrimination targeted at blacks in the diaspora. Second, the paper argues that the pursuit of prestige recovery by African states, notably through attainment of political independence, has been undermined by neocolonialism. The analysis helps to fill a major gap in the literature with respect to the limited attention paid to African states and black communities in the rejuvenated discussion of prestige in International Relations. The policy recommendation is that power and prestige need to be redefined along the lines of genuine respect and cooperation between African societies and foreign powers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The UK Research Excellence Framework (REF) is a system that distributes public funding for university research. It has recently announced a new framework for REF 2028, which separates "outputs" from individuals and calculates a quota of full-time staff for each subject unit. A book by Juan Pablo Pardo-Guerra examines the local effects of the REF process and its consequences for disciplinary formation in the social sciences, showing a convergence of disciplines and a reduction in innovation as the international standing of the disciplines increases. The article discusses the impact of the REF on the organization and culture of research within UK universities, highlighting a centralization of research strategies and a focus on "global challenges." It also explores the distinction between different modes of knowledge production and raises concerns about the impact of the REF on equality and diversity in staffing. The author suggests a radical reform of the REF to achieve a fairer distribution of funding and more time for research and scholarship. [Extracted from the article]

Professionals in gender atypical occupations can face challenges throughout their careers. This qualitative study applies narrative theory to investigate how men in caring professions made sense of their career progression and professional identity in occupations composed primarily of women. Data were collected through 30 semi-structured interviews with men currently working in a caring profession. Findings showed men in caring professions constructed their career narratives around 3 major thematic elements: early socialization experiences, gender misplacement, and affirmation of professional identity. These narrative elements provided insight into participants' choices to remain in the field, perceptions of the work they do, and ability to overcome occupational challenges. Additionally, this study exemplifies the value of coherent and meaningful narratives and advances the discussion in narrative identity literature by combining the concept of professional identity and narrative identity theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper makes a major intervention in the historiography of elites through analysis of the experience of women occupational elites born in post-war Britain. The paper draws on a new set of oral history interviews recently conducted with women born in the post-war decades with an entry in Who's Who which is the leading biographical dictionary of 'noteworthy and influential' people in the UK. The women we interviewed were all highly occupationally successful and those analysed here also attended one of twelve elite girls' schools. This article argues that our interviewees can be separated into two distinct post-war cohorts: one born between early 1940s and mid-1950s and the other born late 1950s to late 1960s. The shape and structure of the cohort's trajectories were different, their relationship to their careers were different, and, even though both groups faced sexual discrimination and unequal divisions of labour, the nature of these gendered inequalities changed too. By foregrounding elite women within this shifting historical context, this article illuminates broader trends in both classed and gendered experience and how this related to the changing nature of the economy in recent history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]