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Objectives: Medical schools have sought to incorporate concepts of race and racism in their curricula to facilitate students' abilities to grapple with healthcare disparities in the United States; however, these efforts frequently fail to address implicit bias or equip students with cultural humility, reflective capacity, and interpersonal skills required to navigate racialized systems in healthcare. The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate an antiracism narrative medicine (NM) program designed by and for preclinical medical students. Method: Preclinical medical students at a single center were eligible to participate from June-July 2021. Program evaluation included a postprogram qualitative interview and electronic survey. The semistructured interview included questions about program experience, lessons learned, and perspectives on antiracism curricula in medical education. Interviews were qualitatively analyzed using open and axial coding. Survey data were analyzed with descriptive statistics. Results: A total of 30 students registered. All (100%) respondents reported "somewhat true" or "very true" in the postprogram survey when asked about their ability to reflect on their own racial identity, racial identity of others, and influence of their racial identity on their future role as a healthcare worker through the program. Qualitative analysis revealed 3 themes: (1) curricular engagement; (2) racism and antiracism in medicine; and (3) group experience. Subthemes included: meaningful theoretical content; multimodal works and unique perspectives; race, identity, and intersectionality; deeper diversity, equity, and inclusion engagement; reconstructive visions; future oriented work; close reading and writing build confidence in discomfort; community and support system; and authentic space among peer learners. Conclusion: This virtual, peer-facilitated antiracism NM program provided an engaging and challenging experience for participants. Postprogram interviews revealed the program deepened students' understanding of racism, promoted self-reflection and community building, and propagated reconstructive visions for continuing antiracism work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on reflecting on past biases and injustices perpetuated by the Journal, particularly during the 1960s and 1970s, amidst societal demands for egalitarian reform, including in the medical field. It discusses the journal's role in opening its pages to advocates of medical civil rights activism, highlighting the ongoing struggle against racial segregation in U.S. hospitals and the complexities of reform within the medical profession.

What does racial justice--and racial injustice--look like with respect to artificial intelligence in medicine ("medical AI")? This Article offers that racial injustice might look like a country in which law and ethics have decided that it is unnecessary to inform people of color that their health is being managed by a technology that likely encodes the centuries of inequitable medical care that people of color have received. Racial justice might look like an informed consent process that is reformed in light of this reality. This Article makes this argument in four Parts. Part I canvases the deep and wide literature that documents that people of color suffer higher rates of illness than their white counterparts while also suffering poorer health outcomes than their white counterparts when treated for these illnesses. Part II then provides an introduction to AI and explains the uses that scholars and developers predict medical AI technologies will have in healthcare, focusing specifically on the management of pregnancy. Part III subsequently serves as a primer on algorithmic bias--that is, systematic errors in the operation of an algorithm that result in a group being unfairly advantaged or disadvantaged. This Part argues that we should expect algorithmic bias that results in people of color receiving inferior pregnancy-related healthcare, and healthcare generally, because medical AI technologies will be developed, trained, and deployed in a country with striking and unforgivable racial disparities in health. Part IV forms the heart of the Article, making the claim that obstetricians, and healthcare providers generally, should disclose during the informed consent process their reliance on, or consultation with, medical AI technologies that likely encode inequities. To be precise, providers should have to tell their patients that an algorithm has informed the recommendation that the provider is making; moreover, providers should inform their patients how racial disparities in health may have impacted the algorithm's accuracy. It supports this argument by recounting the antiracist, anti-white supremacist--indeed radical--origins of informed consent in the Nuremberg Trials' rebuke of Nazi "medicine." This Part argues that the introduction into the clinical encounter of medical AI--and the likelihood that these technologies will perpetuate racially inequitable healthcare while masking the same--is an invitation to reform the informed consent process to make it more consistent with the commitments that spurred its origination. This Part proposes that, given the antiracist roots of the doctrine of informed consent, it would be incredibly ironic to allow the informed consent process to permit a patient--and, particularly, a patient of color--to remain ignorant of the fact that their medical care is being managed by a device or system that likely encodes racism. This Part argues that informing patients about the likelihood of race-based algorithmic bias--and the reasons that we might expect race-based algorithmic bias--may, in fact, be a prerequisite for actually transforming the inequitable social conditions that produce racial disparities in health and healthcare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the social and racial reforms within American medicine during the 1960s and 1970s. Topics include the persistence of racial segregation in U.S. hospitals into the 1960s; the efforts of physician-activists and federal policies; and the impact of President Lyndon Johnson's Great Society programs.

"Black Health: The Social, Political, and Cultural Determinants of Black People's Health" by Keisha Ray is a book that explores the impact of racism on the health of Black individuals. The author argues that Black people's poor health is not due to biological deficiencies but rather stems from their experience of racism at various levels. The book examines specific racial disparities in health, such as birthing mortality, clinical pain management, cardiovascular diseases, and sleep, and demonstrates how racism limits Black people's access to social determinants of health. Ray uses narratives and accessible language to highlight the human impact of racial disparities and emphasizes the need for everyone to address racism in healthcare and society. [Extracted from the article]

Introduction: Systemic racism impacts personal and community health; however, education regarding its role in perpetuating healthcare inequity remains limited in medical curricula. This study implemented and evaluated the impact of a student-led anti-racism programme on medical students' perceptions of racial bias in medicine, awareness of, and confidence to advocate against racism in medicine. Method: A total of 543 early stage medical students were invited to participate in the programme. Participants were assigned readings and videos exploring racial injustice in medicine and attended a virtual small-group discussion facilitated by faculty and students. Online surveys were used to collect pre- and post-programme data using Likert scales for response items. Open-ended questions were independently reviewed by three authors using reflexive thematic analysis. Results: Sixty-three early-stage medical students enrolled in the programme, of which 42 completed the pre-programme survey. There was a 76% (n = 32) response rate for the postprogramme survey. The majority of students (60%, n = 25) had no previous education about racism in medicine. From pre- to post-programme, there was a significant change in students' perceived definition of race from genetic, biological, geographical, and cultural factors to socio-political factors (P < 0.0001). Significant increases in almost all factors assessing student awareness of racism and confidence to advocate against racism were observed. Studentidentified barriers to discussing racism included lack of education and lived experience, fear of starting conflict and offending others. All survey respondents would recommend this programme to peers and 69% (n = 32) engaged in further topical self-directed education. Conclusion: This simple and reproducible programme improved awareness and confidence to advocate against racism in medicine and resulted in a change in opinion regarding racebased medical practice. These findings are in line with best practice towards addressing racial bias in medicine, decolonizing medical curricula and strengthening anti-racism teaching of future physicians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The knowledge and experience of diverse psychiatrists is crucial to improving care for racialized patients and working toward broader change in health-care institutions and systems.[106],[163],[183] In the meantime, health-care institutions and professional organizations must stop current "colourblind" approaches that are common and continue to perpetuate discrimination against people of colour.[184] One important step would be for each academic department of psychiatry in Canada to identify an equity, diversity and inclusion (EDI) leader. In Canada, where Indigenous Peoples[116] and many other groups are under-represented in the health professions, funding and hiring strategies that lead to recruitment of minority medical students and residents can contribute to a long range shift within psychiatry toward greater diversity and inclusiveness in the mental health workforce and equitable representation of racialized groups.[181],[182] More than mere numerical representation, racialized psychiatrists and trainees need the mental health system to change to become actively anti-racist and welcoming of diversity. Bridging cultural psychiatry and global mental health: a resident-led initiative. Bridging cultural psychiatry and global mental health: a resident-led initiative. [Extracted from the article]

In I Science in the City i , [4] helps science teachers move beyond the theoretical intersection of language, culture, and science by situating the experiences of Black and Brown students in the science classroom. The failure should not fall on the students but on the way science teacher education programs teach educators to engage students. Brown exclaims, "if science educators want students to learn, the students must be actively involved in situations that force them to talk, write, and draw until they develop a full understanding of the concept" (p. 107). In chapter 3, Brown requires science teachers to "rethink how science is associated with vernacular and canonical language" (p. 49) in order to see the richness in students' knowledge by learning from D'Andre's story. [Extracted from the article]

This article discusses the importance of addressing bias and discrimination in the pursuit of health equity. It highlights the history of discrimination in medicine and the ongoing disparities faced by patients of color. The Biden-Harris administration prioritized health equity in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, establishing a task force to ensure equitable access to therapeutics and vaccines. The article emphasizes the need for accurate and comprehensive data collection to understand and address health inequities. Through partnerships and data equity, the administration was able to reduce racial/ethnic gaps in COVID-19 vaccination rates. The article concludes by emphasizing the importance of confronting implicit bias and prioritizing marginalized communities in efforts to achieve health justice. [Extracted from the article]

Results presented here should come as no surprise, however, considering the most recent report from the NHS Race and Health Observatory that highlighted widespread racial/ethnic inequalities in the provision of general healthcare services in the UK [[3]]. Critics may argue that the healthcare systems of the USA and the UK are fundamentally different, and that the reasons for the observed disparities in obstetric anaesthesia services could be non-overlapping. Keywords: anaesthesia care; maternity; obstetric anaesthesia; racial disparities; systemic racism EN anaesthesia care maternity obstetric anaesthesia racial disparities systemic racism 799 802 4 06/06/23 20230701 NES 230701 The vast majority of reports on racial and ethnic disparities in the provision of obstetric anaesthesia and analgesia services are from the USA, where the health insurance landscape is complex and the healthcare system is highly heterogenous. The 2021 NHS Workforce Race Equality Standard reported that approximately 22.4% of NHS staff were from ethnic minority backgrounds. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Clinical algorithms that incorporate race as a modifying factor to guide clinical decision-making have recently been criticized for propagating racial bias in medicine. Equations used to calculate lung or kidney function are examples of clinical algorithms that have different diagnostic parameters depending on an individual's race. While these clinical measures have multiple implications for clinical care, patients' awareness of and their perspectives on the application of such algorithms are unknown. Objective: To examine patients' perspectives on race and the use of race-based algorithms in clinical decision-making. Design: Qualitative study using semi-structured interviews. Participants: Twenty-three adult patients recruited at a safety-net hospital in Boston, MA. Approach: Interviews were analyzed using thematic content analysis and modified grounded theory. Key Results: Among the 23 study participants, 11 were women and 15 self-identified as Black or African American. Three categories of themes emerged: The first theme described definitions and the individual meanings participants ascribed to the term race. The second theme described perspectives on the role and consideration of race in clinical decision-making. Most study participants were unaware that race has been used as a modifying factor in clinical equations and rejected the incorporation of race in these equations. The third theme related to exposure to and experience of racism in healthcare settings. Experiences described by non-White participants ranged from microaggressions to overt acts of racism, including perceived racist encounters with healthcare providers. In addition, patients alluded to a deep mistrust in the healthcare system as a major barrier to equitable care. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that most patients are unaware of how race has been used to make risk assessments and guide clinical care. Further research on patients' perspectives is needed to inform the development of anti-racist policies and regulatory agendas as we move forward to combat systemic racism in medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Addressing racism in emergency medicine education is vital for providing optimal training and assessment of physicians in the specialty, developing physicians with the skills necessary to advocate for their patients, and recruiting and retaining a diverse group of physicians. To form a prioritized research agenda, the Society of Academic Emergency Medicine (SAEM) conducted a consensus conference at the annual meeting in May 2022 on addressing racism in emergency medicine, which included a subgroup on education. Methods: The education workgroup worked on summarizing the current literature on addressing racism in emergency medicine education, identifying critical knowledge gaps, and creating a consensus‐driven research agenda for addressing racism in emergency medicine education. We used a nominal group technique and modified Delphi to develop priority questions for research. We then distributed a pre‐conference survey to conference registrants to rate priority areas for research. During the consensus conference, group leaders provided an overview and background describing the rationale for the preliminary research question list. Attendees were then involved in discussions to help modify and develop research questions. Results: Nineteen questions were initially selected by the education workgroup as potential areas for research. The education workgroup's next round of consensus building resulted in a consensus of ten questions to be included in the pre‐conference survey. No questions in the pre‐conference survey reached consensus. After robust discussion and voting by workgroup members and attendees at the consensus conference, six questions were determined to be priority research areas. Conclusions: We believe recognizing and addressing racism in emergency medicine education is imperative. Critical gaps in curriculum design, assessment, bias training, allyship, and the learning environment negatively impact training programs. These gaps must be prioritized for research as they can have adverse effects on recruitment, the ability to promote a safe learning environment, patient care, and patient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Inadequate support for underrepresented-in-medicine physicians, lack of physician knowledge about structural drivers of health, and biased patient care and research widen US health disparities. Despite stating the importance of health equity and diversity, national physician education organizations have not yet prioritized these goals. Aim: To develop a comprehensive set of Health Justice Standards within our residency program to address structural drivers of inequity. Setting: The J. Willis Hurst Internal Medicine Residency Program of Emory University is an academic internal medicine residency program located in Atlanta, Georgia. Participants: This initiative was led by the resident-founded Churchwell Diversity and Inclusion Collective, modified by Emory IM leadership, and presented to Emory IM residents. Program Description: We used an iterative process to develop and implement these Standards and shared our progress with our coresidents to evaluate impact. Program Evaluation: In the year since their development, we have made demonstrable progress in each domain. Presentation of our work significantly correlated with increased resident interest in advocacy (p<0.001). Discussion: A visionary, actionable health justice framework can be used to generate changes in residency programs' policies and should be developed on a national level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on reflecting on the significant events, particularly the global pandemic and racial violence, that influenced the proposal of a special issue in Reproductive Health Matters (RHM). It mentions the intersection of COVID-19 and racial violence sparked outrage and mobilized global coalitions advocating for racial justice, with examples such as the Stop AAPI Hate movement addressing increased violence against Asians.

Objective: Against the backdrop of considerable lack of research, this study provides the first exploration of medical students' perspectives on racism in medicine and healthcare in Germany. The aim is to identify problems and learning needs for medical education. We address the following research questions: – How do medical students perceive racism in medicine and healthcare in Germany? – How do they address, understand, and discuss different aspects of racism in this context? – What are their expectations regarding the role of medical education? Methods: Semi-structured online focus group discussions were conducted with 32 medical students from 13 different medical schools in Germany. The discussions were transcribed and analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Results: Based on the analysis of the focus groups, four main hypotheses could be formulated: 1. Medical students perceive racism in medicine and healthcare in Germany as a ubiquitous phenomenon. 2. They have problems to identify racist behaviour and structures due to conceptual knowledge gaps. 3. They are insecure how to deal with racism on a situational level. 4. They hold medical education accountable to tackle racism in medicine and healthcare on various levels. Conclusion: Our study raises specific learning needs for addressing racism in medicine and healthcare in Germany. Research from the US-context might inspire innovative approaches for German medical education but needs to take national specificities into account. Further research is needed to prepare the implementation of antiracist training in German medical education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A follow-up telephone call was made to the patient by the anaesthetist on postoperative day 1 or beyond (following patient discharge). The study also provides a model for estimating blood loss prior to surgery, which can be used to inform decisions about patient optimisation and anaesthetic preparation prior to surgery. B Approvals b HT

Introduction: The use of race in estimation of glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) started a critical national conversation on numerous areas of medicine touched by racism; with a call for removal of race from calculation of eGFR. We scrutinized use of "Black race" coefficient in Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) eGFR calculation and consequence of its use on our local community in SW Michigan. Methods: A cross-sectional analysis of de-identified electronic health record data from routine outpatient primary care visits, from January 1, 2019, to December 31, 2019, included variables such as age, race, gender, serum creatinine levels, and calculated eGFRs (if any), using χ2 tests for association and Wald-approximation 95% confidence interval. During the data collection period in 2019, both hospital systems and the outpatient clinic site were all using MDRD. Results: eGFR and associated CKD stage were calculated for 131,863 patients. χ2 tests found significant differences in rates of CKD stages 3, 4, and 5 between "Black" and "not Black." And, the 95% confidence interval for the proportion of Black patients who would advance to the next stage of CKD upon ignoring "Black race" (using Wald-approximated confidence interval for binomial proportion) is between 41.1% and 43.0%. Discussion: The eGFR calculations which place Black patients in lower CKD stages initially may deprive them of important treatment and referral early in their disease course. Removal of the Black race coefficient allows for referral to a nephrologist, Medicare coverage, and the potential need for transplant and/or dialysis. Conclusion: Our analysis demonstrates the impact removal of "black race" coefficient from MDRD eGFR calculation could have on our community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mental health professionals routinely advise the public to call 911 in case of an acute mental health crisis to access emergent care and ensure safety. Although there is no national database collection process, available data shows that individuals experiencing an acute mental health crisis and Black youth are both at a significantly elevated risk of being harmed or killed by law enforcement during any encounter. This brief analytic essay explores whether advising the public to call 911 is truly the best practice recommendation for Black youth in a mental health crisis. An alternative to the traditional law enforcement response is a mobile unarmed crisis response program. The authors describe successful existing programs and advocate for more widespread adoption of such teams, which likely would provide safer, cost-effective, evidence-based alternatives during acute mental health crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Healthcare provider implicit bias influences the learning environment and patient care. Bias awareness is one of the key elements to be included in implicit bias education. Research on education enhancing bias awareness is limited. Bias awareness can motivate behavior change. The objective was to evaluate whether exposure to a brief online course, Implicit Bias in the Clinical and Learning Environment, increased bias awareness. The course included the history of racism in medicine, social determinants of health, implicit bias in healthcare, and strategies to reduce the impact of implicit bias in clinical care and teaching. A sample of U.S. academic family, internal, and emergency medicine providers were recruited into the study from August to December 2019. Measures of provider implicit and explicit bias, personal and practice characteristics, and pre–post-bias awareness measures were collected. Of 111 participants, 78 (70%) were female, 81 (73%) were White, and 63 (57%) were MDs. Providers held moderate implicit pro-White bias on the Race IAT (Cohen's d = 0.68) and strong implicit stereotypes associating males rather than females with 'career' on the Gender-Career IAT (Cohen's d = 1.15). Overall, providers held no explicit race bias (Cohen's d = 0.05). Providers reported moderate explicit male-career (Cohen's d = 0.68) and strong female-family stereotype (Cohen's d = 0.83). A statistically significant increase in bias awareness was found after exposure to the course (p = 0.03). Provider implicit and explicit biases and personal and practice characteristics were not associated with an increase in bias awareness. Implicit bias education is effective to increase providers' bias awareness regardless of strength of their implicit and explicit biases and personal and practice characteristics. Increasing bias awareness is one step of many toward creating a positive learning environment and a system of more equitable healthcare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Diabetes: A History of Race and Disease" is a book that explores the intertwined histories of race and diabetes. The author examines how the diagnosis of diabetes has changed over time and how race has been used to define and understand the disease. The book discusses the historical associations of diabetes with different racial and ethnic groups, including Jews, African Americans, Native Americans, and Latin- and Asian-Americans. It also highlights the role of systemic racism in contributing to differential rates of disease. The book provides valuable insights into the racialized labels used to define diabetes and challenges the notion that genetics alone can explain the disparities in disease rates. [Extracted from the article]

I All Health Politics is Local i proclaims its argument right from the bold cover, but Merlin Chowkwanyun's judicious and timely framing makes this historical scholarship well worth a deep read by folks far beyond the health policy field. Merlin Chowkwanyun, All Health Politics is Local: Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2022, 352 pp. All health politics I is i local, but it coexists with 'larger parallel currents (of) recurrent economic turbulence, parasitic national energy infrastructure, and unforeseen new stakeholders in the health arena' (p. 234). [Extracted from the article]

This document explores the use of race in medicine and medical education, highlighting the historical context of race in the United States. It argues that race is a social construct rather than a biological one, and that attempts to embed racial superiority in scientific knowledge have perpetuated racist hierarchies. The document also discusses how medical education often teaches differences between racial groups and uses race as a risk factor, without addressing the underlying racism. The authors specifically examine the calculation of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and its potential impact on healthcare equity and systemic racism. [Extracted from the article]

Because America has a foundation of anti‐Black racism, being born Black in this nation yields an identity that breeds the consequences of a chronic condition. This article highlights several ways in which medicine and clinical ethics, despite the former's emphasis on doing no harm and the latter's emphasis on nonmaleficence, fail to address or acknowledge some of the key ways in which physicians can—and do—harm patients of color. To understand harm in a way that can provide real substance for ethical standards in the practice of medicine, physicians need to think about how treatment decisions are constrained by a patient's race. The color of one's skin can and does negatively affect the quality of a person's diagnosis, promoted care plan, and prognosis. Yet racism in medicine and bioethics persist—because a racist system serves the interests of the dominant caste, White people. As correctives to this system, the authors propose several antiracist commitments physicians or ethicists can make. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the importance of centering health equity in future health system and primary care reforms. Strengthening primary care will be needed to correct the longstanding history of mistreatment of First Nations/Indigenous and racialized people, exclusion of health care workers of color, and health care access and outcome inequities further magnified by the COVID-19 pandemic. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) released a report on Implementing High-Quality Primary Care: Rebuilding the Foundation of Health Care, that provided a framework for defining high-quality primary care and proposed 5 recommendations for implementing that definition. Using the report's framework, we identified health equity challenges and opportunities with examples from primary care systems in the United States and Canada. We are poised to reinvigorate primary care because the recent pandemic and the attention to continued racialized police violence sparked renewed conversations and collaborations around equity, diversity, inclusion, and health equity that have been long overdue. The time to transition those conversations to actionable items to improve the health of patients, families, and communities is now.Appeared as Annals "Online First" article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors discuss the updated guidance of the "Journal of the American Medical Association" (JAMA) and JAMA Network journals on the reporting of race and ethnicity-related information in medical and science publications. Topics explored include the significance of proper use of terms when addressing race and ethnicity, the acknowledgment of controversies involving racism in medicine and disparities in health care, and the availability of the guidance on the JAMA website.

Bias based on skin color, religion, immigrant status, gender, and ethnicity are deeply rooted in American culture and have existed within the infrastructure of American medicine from the beginning. Now, medical educators are struggling to find curriculum and experiences that effectively address explicit and implicit bias among our increasingly diverse group of students, house staff, and practitioners. The leadership, experience, and lessons learned needed to scrub present medical school curricula of racial bias, to develop an antiracist curriculum, and to test its effectiveness already lies with the American Medical Association (AMA), the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC), and the National Medical Association (NMA). We call on these organizations to jointly convene a consortium of medical educators, social scientists, curricular specialists, and others to chart a way forward to assist medical schools and professional organizations in developing evaluable curricular materials and experiences to eliminate bias in health care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This section discusses the commitment made by the editors and staff of the "Journal of the American Medical Association" (JAMA) and the JAMA Network Journals to the improvement of diversity, inclusion, and equity in medical journal publishing. Topics explored include the promotion of public health and truth in science and medicine by JAMA, the controversy involving the 2021 podcast about structural racism in medicine published by the JAMA Network, and the revised editorial priorities of JAMA.

In the article, the author discusses how to address racism and undo oppression in bioengineering through self-inquiry. Also cited are the prevalence of racism and inequality in the American health care sector, the need for bioengineers to accept their responsibility for their role in racism to effectively address it, and how African American skepticism can be use to understand biomedical design challenges.

Forty years after the landmark Supreme Court decision in U.C. Regents v. Bakke, medical schools remain predominantly white institutions. In Bakke, Justice Powell infamously rejected the concept of societal discrimination, which was offered as a justification for the U.C. Davis medical school's race-conscious admissions program, as "an amorphous concept of injury that may be ageless in its reach into the past." In affirming the application of strict scrutiny analysis to policies involving benign racial classifications, the Court ushered in a strict scrutiny regime under which public universities must develop and defend their consideration of race in higher education admissions. With the Bakke decision, the Court effectively endorsed a false equivalency between laws intended to subordinate Black people and laws intended to remedy the effects of anti-Black discrimination. Consequently, since 1978 courts and universities have diverted their attention from mitigating the impact of past and present racial discrimination to safeguarding the diversity rationale, which has proven vulnerable to ongoing litigation and faces the possibility of being eliminated entirely with the revamp of the federal courts into a solidly conservative judiciary under President Trump. As the reality of the end of affirmative action looms, empirically derived justifications for raceconscious remedies pose a direct challenge to the arguments advanced by its most staunch opponents. The persistence of racial disparities in various areas of wellbeing such as education, criminal justice, and health militates against notions of racism as amorphous or an evil of the past. Racial health disparities in particular have recently become the subject of widespread media attention, due in part to the health challenges faced by tennis star Serena Williams during her pregnancy, and related reports highlighting the crisis of maternal mortality which disparately impacts Black women. This crisis in Black maternal health illustrates only part of a broader health crisis facing BlackAmericans, and compels a closer look at the history of racismwithin our medical institutions and the medical profession. In this Comment, I argue that the persistence of racial health disparities today is not only a relic of a long history of anti-Black racismin healthcare, but a consequence of theCourt's colorblind approach to affirmative action jurisprudence since Bakke and the restrictions in access to predominantlywhite institutions that have resulted. In recounting the history of racismin medical experimentation and healthcare policy since the antebellum period, this analysis seeks to locate racism in a particular form and illustrate how notions of racism as amorphous--and therefore outside the scope of a constitutional remedy--elide the state's role in perpetuating racial disparities that persist to this day. In reevaluating the justifications for race-conscious medical school admissions that were ultimately rejected in Bakke, this Comment explores the empirical research related to physician racial bias and Black patients' mistrust of the medical institution, and the efficacy of raceconcordant healthcare as an intervention. Collectively, the data proffered suggests that there is an interactional racial dynamic that significantly affects medical service delivery, which should inform race-conscious admissions practices in medical schools. Finally, the legal analysis brings both of these strands together by reexamining the Court's seminal affirmative action cases from the past four decades in light of the history and the empirical evidence documented here. The end result makes a compelling case for affirmative action that harkens back to its original intent--to ameliorate the effects of racial discrimination--precisely at a moment where it is on its last legs. It clarifies why affirmative action was always necessary, and why affirmative action must stay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To investigate the presence of different forms of experiences of discrimination in the medical workplace.Methods: A total of 526 questionnaires were sent out, including a demographic survey form and the Everyday Discrimination Scale.Results: Experiences of being "treated with less courtesy than other people are" and feeling as "others acted if they're better than [me]" were reported as having occurred with almost daily frequency by 4.1 % of respondents. Those whose main language was not English and classified as "non-whites" had significantly more experiences ("ever") of discrimination in the medical workplace. The most commonly reported reasons for discrimination were ancestry (31.3%), "race" (28.1%), and gender (21.1%).Conclusions: The results of this survey indicate that a proportion of doctors experience discrimination in the workplace in Australia. This phenomenon was more commonly reported by doctors of minority status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the life and work of physician Samuel A. Cartwright in relation to racial aspects of medical research on African American slaves in the U.S. Topics include the role of racism in the discipline known as racial medicine, the relevance of Cartwright's career for considerations of regional history, and an article on Cartwrigth by librarian Mary Louise Marshall in the periodical "New Orleans Medical and Surgical Journal." The mythical slave disease drapetomania is mentioned.

Racial and ethnic disparities in cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes are widely reported, but research has largely focused on differences in quality of inpatient and urgent care to explain these disparate outcomes. The objective of this review is to synthesize recent evidence on racial and ethnic disparities in management of CVD in the ambulatory setting. Database searches yielded 550 articles of which 25 studies met the inclusion criteria. Reviewed studies were categorized into non-interventional studies examining the association between race and receipt of ambulatory CVD services with observational designs, and interventional studies evaluating specific clinical courses of action intended to ameliorate disparities. Based on the Donabedian framework, this review demonstrates that significant racial/ethnic disparities persist in process and outcome measures of quality of ambulatory CVD care. Multimodal interventions were most effective in reducing disparities in CVD outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As such, we aim to describe the structure and function of an integrated health equity curriculum at the pediatric critical care medicine (PCCM) fellowship program at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) and present our curriculum as a model for other training programs. B Introduction: b Bias and racism in medicine perpetuate health disparities. Integrating DEI-focused education, research, and community engagement sustainably modeled by HEC can contribute to the elimination of disparities and bias in the care of critically ill children. [Extracted from the article]

The article describes the author's experience of working as a psychotherapist and the issue of racism in the medical practice.

Background: In the United States, the burden of human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated cancers varies by racial/ethnic group. HPV vaccination may provide opportunities for primary prevention of these cancers. Herein, the authors projected changes in HPV-associated cancer burden among racial/ethnic groups under various coverage assumptions with the available first-generation and second-generation HPV vaccines to evaluate changes in racial/ethnic disparities.Methods: Cancer-specific mathematical models simulated the burden of 6 HPV-associated cancers. Model parameters, informed using national registries and epidemiological studies, reflected sex-specific, age-specific, and racial/ethnic-specific heterogeneities in HPV type distribution, cancer incidence, stage of disease at detection, and mortality. Model outcomes included the cumulative lifetime risks of developing and dying of 6 HPV-associated cancers. The level of racial/ethnic disparities was evaluated under each alternative HPV vaccine scenario using several metrics of social group disparity.Results: HPV vaccination is expected to reduce the risks of developing and dying of HPV-associated cancers in all racial/ethnic groups as well as reduce the absolute degree of disparities. However, alternative metrics suggested that relative disparities would persist and in some scenarios worsen. For example, when assuming high uptake with the second-generation HPV vaccine, the lifetime risk of dying of an HPV-associated cancer for males decreased by approximately 60%, yet the relative disparity increased from 3.0 to 3.9.Conclusions: HPV vaccines are expected to reduce the overall burden of HPV-associated cancers for all racial/ethnic groups and to reduce the absolute disparity gap. However, even with the second-generation vaccine, relative disparities will likely still exist and may widen if the underlying causes of these disparities remain unaddressed. Cancer 2016;122:2057-66. © 2016 American Cancer Society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The association between physicians’ and patients’ racial attitudes and poorer patient–physician communication in racially discordant medical interactions is well-documented. However, it is unclear how physicians’ and patients’ racial attitudes independently and jointly affect their behaviors during these interactions. In a secondary analysis of video-recorded medical interactions between non-Black physicians and Black patients, we examined how physicians’ explicit and implicit racial bias and patients’ perceived past discrimination influenced their own as well as one another’s affect and level of engagement. Affect and engagement were assessed with a “thin slice” method. For physicians, the major findings were significant three-way interactions: physicians’ affect and engagement were influenced by their implicit and explicit racial bias (i.e., aversive racism), but only when they interacted with patients who reported any incidence of prior discrimination. In contrast, patients’ affect was influenced only by perceived discrimination. Theoretical and clinical implications of current findings are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the issue of racial disparities in blood pressure (BP) control in black men in the U.S. Topics discussed include the Healthy Heart Community Prevention Project that uses barbershops and beauty salons as hypertension awareness sites, the Cluster-Randomized Trial of Blood-Pressure Reduction in Black Barbershops in Los Angeles, California, known as the LABP study, and underutilization of indapamide in usual clinical practice.