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• Multiple shoots were successfully regenerated from shoot tip explants of Tecoma stans L., under the influence of meta-topolin (mT). • in vitro raised leaf tissues revealed higher phytochemical diversity and significant increase in antidiabetic alkaloid. • No genetic variation was observed among micropropagated plants with the explant donor plant (mother plant) via RAPD marker assessment. Tecoma stans (Bignoneaceae) is a valuable medicinal shrub having commercial and industrial importance for its bioactive phyto-constituents. In the current study, multiple shoots were successfully regenerated from shoot tip explants of Tecoma stans L., under the influence of meta -topolin (m T). On evaluation of the morphogenic effect of its various doses either singly or in combination with different auxins, MS medium fortified with 7.50 μM m T and 0.50 μM NAA yielded maximum shoots (11.8 ± 0.37) per explant with an average length (5. 08 ± 0.28 cm), after 8 weeks. For studying the effect of subculturing passages, the cultures were grown on to optimized medium and an enhanced shoot multiplication upto 35 shoots per explant were observed at 8th subculture passage. For ex vitro rooting, healthy microshoots were excised and pulse treated for 3 h with higher doses (100 - 500 μM) of auxins IAA, IBA or NAA separately before their transplantation to Soilrite. Of the tested treatments, best rooting was obtained in 300 μM IBA treated microshoots, after 4 wk of plantation in Soilrite. Further, on studying the effects of secondary metabolite production, in vitro raised leaf tissues revealed higher phytochemical diversity and significant increase in antidiabetic alkaloid (Tecomine) from 0.36% control plant to 1.68% in in vitro raised plants. Inspite of different phytochemical profiles, no genetic variation was observed among micropropagated plants with the explant donor plant (mother plant) via RAPD marker assessment. The established micropropagation system appears to be practicable for large scale production of T. stans progenies with higher number of biochemical compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes benefits of the application of zinc oxide submicron particles (ZnO SMPs), zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) and ZnO NPs combined with silver NPs (ZnO + Ag NPs) in chrysanthemum micropropagation. Single node explants of Chrysanthemum × morifolium (Ramat.) Hemsl. 'UTP Burgundy Gold (UBG)' and 'UTP Pinky Gold (UPG)' were inoculated on the Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium and treated with 100 mg · L−1, 200 mg · L−1, or 400 mg · L−1 ZnO SMPs, ZnO NPs (1.5% H2O), ZnO NPs (6% H2O), ZnO + 0.1% Ag NPs (1.5% H2O), ZnO + 0.1% Ag NPs (6% H2O), ZnO + 1% Ag NPs (1.5% H2O) and ZnO + 1% Ag NPs (6% H2O). Generally, the tested materials stimulated the growth and development of plantlets. In 'UBG', the most prominent treatments affecting increases in the number of leaves, micropropagation coefficient, shoot length and shoot FW/DW weight included 400 mg · L−1 ZnO SMPs and 100 mg · L−1 ZnO NPs (6% H2O). In 'UPG', the treatments with 200 mg · L−1 ZnO + 0.1% Ag NPs (6% H2O) and 200 mg · L−1 ZnO + 1% Ag NPs (6% H2O) were the most successful. The latter treatment stimulated an intensive development of root systems in the two studied cultivars. High values of leaf area, perimeter and width were reported in both cultivars for 400 mg · L−1 ZnO + 1% Ag NPs (6% H2O). As compared to the control, the treated plants were characterised by a similar or, most often, lower content of chlorophylls and carotenoids. The randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and start codon targeted polymorphism (SCoT) marker system analyses of the 400 mg · L−1 ZnO SMPs/ZnO NPs/ZnO + Ag NPs-treated chrysanthemums confirmed their genetic fidelity with the control plants. The obtained results can be implemented in the commercial large-scale production of chrysanthemums. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study investigates the genetic characteristics of Capillaria isolates from the infected fish, Bagrus bajad, and their relation to human Capillaria philippinensis using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD-PCR) analysis. Fifteen fish Capillaria were isolated and compared to identified human C. philippinensis using six primers: M-are, M-1, G-7, G-11, G-15, and G-18. Results: All six primers successfully amplified DNA, highlighting their efficacy in distinguishing between human and fish Capillaria isolates. The analysis revealed distinctive banding patterns between fish and human isolates, with variations in size and number of DNA fragments. Additionally, genetic similarity analysis showed intriguing patterns of relatedness, with certain pairs exhibiting high similarity percentages. Comparative assessment of RAPD polymorphism demonstrated consistent findings of 100% polymorphism across all primers. The Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean Algorithm (UPGMA) evaluated the closest relationship between human and fish isolates. These results underscore the utility of RAPD analysis in delineating the genetic diversity among Capillaria isolates from different hosts. Conclusion: Overall, this study contributes to our understanding of the genetic variability and relatedness among Capillaria isolates, shedding light on their evolutionary dynamics and zoonotic potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In molecular systematics, the delimitation of yeast species is based on the notion that the barcode differences are smaller within species than between them. The most widely used barcodes are segments of the chromosomal repeats coding for ribosomal RNAs that are homogenised in yeasts. The analysis of these segments of the type strains of ten species recently merged in Metschnikowia pulcherrima and 37 new isolates demonstrated that this is not the case in this species. The intragenomic diversity significantly exceeded the threshold gaps used to differentiate related yeast species. Large segments of the D1/D2 domains were not diverse within the genomes and could therefore be used to determine the taxonomic affiliation of the isolates. The genome structures of the isolates were compared by RAPD and the RFLP of the mitochondrial DNA. Both patterns were highly heterogeneous. The sequence analysis of the PUL4 gene (a member of the PUL gene cluster involved in pulcherrimin production) revealed very high intragenomic differences, suggesting that the genomes may be chimerised. Three phenotypic traits related to the antimicrobial antagonism characteristic of the species were also highly diverse and prone to reversible segregation resembling epigenetic processes (silencing and reactivation of regulators) rather than mutations and back-mutations. These features make M. pulcherrima unique among yeasts and indicate that it evolves in a non-standard way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work assessed the prevalence and risk‐related phenotypes of Bacillus cereus in milk products. Bacillus was the most dominant genus of 113 collected strains from 41 milk samples, and B. cereus (19.27%) was the most abundant species showing a high genetic diversity with seven random amplified polymorphic DNA patterns. Most B. cereus isolates were strong biofilm formers with good motility, extracellular polymeric substance‐producing ability, high proteolytic and lipolytic activities. Antibiotic resistance analysis suggested the majority B. cereus strains were resistant to oxacillin (90.48%), tetracycline (95.24%), and penicillin G sodium (47.62%). Results revealed the genotypic diversity of B. cereus, and their potential risk in dairy industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The basal stem rot disease incidence ranged from 0 to 5% in Karnataka India during the year 2019–20. Twenty pathogenic isolates of Ganoderma sp varied with cultural characteristics and virulence on coconut seedlings of the variety Tipatur Tall. The identity of each isolate was confirmed through morphological characters and through ITS sequencing. Two isolates viz., G4 and G5 were identified as Ganoderma applanatum and remaining all isolates were identified as G. lucidum. The genetic diversity analysis of Ganoderma isolates was done using ten Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and fifteen Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) primers. Among the ten RAPD primers, only eight primers recorded polymorphism (33.30–66.70%). The primer SBS-Q3 exhibited the highest polymorphism of 66.70%. In case of ISSR primers, all primers recorded polymorphism (33.30–60.00%). The primer UBC866 was the most polymorphic primer with 60.0% polymorphism. RAPD and ISSR markers were compared for their efficacy in assessing the genetic diversity by taking the band frequency, Shannon's index, polymorphic information content, resolving power, and mean resolving power into consideration, and it was concluded that ISSR was marker of choice over RAPD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bird of paradise plants belong to families Strelitziaceae and Heliconiaceae, two close-related families in the Zingiberales order. This study aimed to study the genetic diversity and relationship of species among and within Strelitziaceae and Heliconiaceae using molecular RAPD markers and compare them to morphological characters. Samples used comprised two species from Strelitziaceae and eight species from Heliconiaceae. Twenty OPA primers showed that 17 out of 20 OPA primers were successfully amplified. Primer OPA-10 was the most informative and recommended, followed by OPA-5, OPA-7, OPA-9, OPA-11, OPA-17, OPA-18, OPA-19, and OPA-20. Heliconiaceae and Strelitziaceae were high genetic diversity (P=100%, I=0.388±0.016, He=0.237±0.013) with low similarities (0.09-0.39). Heliconiaceae was more genetically diverse than Strelitziaceae. Heliconiaceae produced P=98.88%, I=0.409±0.017, and He=0.254±0.014. Strelitziaceae produced P=60.53%, I=0.366±0.049, and He=0.251±0.033. The tree topology based on the RAPD marker differs slightly from morphology. However, the morphological characteristics are important to support and complement it. Strelitziaceae was strongly separated from Heliconiaceae, which supports the monophyly of both families. Heliconiaceae was separated into two subclusters and paraphyletic. Subcluster 1 comprises subgenera Heliconia and Stenochlamys. Subcluster 2 comprises subgenera Griggsia and Stenochlamys. In conclusion, the molecular RAPD marker proved the powerful of classification at the family level but moderate at subgenus, section, and species levels. Nonetheless, it is considered a simple and valuable method to provide a primary reference for taxonomic delimitation, conservation and breeding efforts of the bird of paradise plants in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Moth bean is a very nutritive and hardy crop, especially for resource poor-arid agriculture. The limited use of cultivars in moth bean breeding resulted into narrow genetic base. This study aimed to diversify the conical genetic base and developimproved cultivars, through molecular (RAPD) and morpho-agronomic characterization of commercially elite moth bean cultivars. Methods: Elite moth bean cultivars (15) were evaluated for 11 morpho-agronomic traits. Eleven RAPD markers were used to amplify genomic DNA and perform molecular characterization. Clustering approach was used for grouping of the cultivars. Result: RAPD markers revealed high polymorphism in 15 elite moth bean cultivars. The polymorphism information content (PIC) values varied within the range of 0.45 to 0.88, with an average of 0.77. The number of alleles at different loci ranged from 4 to 16, with an average of 10 alleles per locus. When employing UPGMA-based cluster analysis, utilizing 11 morpho-agronomic traits, the cultivars were grouped into four clusters. However, when RAPD markers were used, the cultivars were grouped into five clusters. The Jaccard's similarity coefficient and Manhattan dissimilarity coefficient fell within the ranges of 0.18 to 0.70 and 0.02 to 0.42, respectively. These values signify the degree of genetic variability within the cultivars. Furthermore, a Mantel test was conducted to examine the correlation between agronomic traits and the RAPD-based matrix. The results showed a negative correlation, but it was not statistically significant.The high PIC values and the successful amplification of multiple loci demonstrate the efficacy of RAPD markers in assessing genetic diversity in moth beans. The study revealed enormous genetic variation among cultivars and crosses can be attempted between cultivars of different groups to create better recombinants in moth bean breeding programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To examine the occurrence of virulence factors in Enterococcus faecium strains isolated from urinary tract infections (UTIs) and perform genotyping of the isolated strains using RAPD-PCR. Method: A total of seventy-five (75) E. faecium strains isolated from UTIs underwent molecular and biochemical testing for verification. Sensitivity testing and identification of virulence factors were conducted using antimicrobial tests. Results: Enterococcus faecium was detected in 53.57 % (75 out of 140) of urine samples in individuals suspected of having urinary tract infections. Additionally, all isolated strains demonstrated the ability to produce biofilm, with biofilm reactions observed in every E. faecium isolate. The strains exhibited either a strong (80 %), moderate (13.33 %) or weak (6.67 %) biofilm reaction. The highest antibiotic resistance in E. fascium isolates was related to penicillin and cotrimoxazole (83.33 and 80 %, respectively) while the lowest resistance was related to nitrofurantoin (26.67 %). The ebp C and ebp B were reported at 93.33 and 92 %, respectively, for E. faecium. The prevalence of ccf, cpd, cob and ebpA in E. fascium isolates was reported at 6.66, 13.33, 6.66, and 86.66 %, respectively. The RAPD-PCR analysis revealed the presence of 20 distinct molecular clusters, determined based on a similarity threshold of over 80 %. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the spread of multidrug-resistant E. faecium strains isolated from urinary tract infections (UTI). Being a quick and cost-effective method, RAPD typing has been used to show clonal relatedness and to trace possible sources of organisms for epidemiological purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fei banana (Musa troglodytarum L.) is the only species found in the Maluku and Papua islands of East Indonesia. Distribution in Maluku is throughout Ambon, Haruku, Saparua, Nusalaut, and Seram islands. This banana is unique because it has an erect bunch, is classified as a cooking banana, and serves as a medicine. Genetic variation determination is the chief parameter for the conservation of genetic resources of Fei banana and its utilization in hybridization programs. However, there exists limited available genetic data on Fei banana in Maluku. Therefore, the study is crucial for gathering such information to help its improvement in the future. This research purposed to analyze the genetic variation of Fei bananas using RAPD markers. The RAPD profiles for eight different populations, generated with 12 random primers, revealed various levels of polymorphism. The results showed these primers generated 128 DNA fragments, where 16 were polymorphic, averaging 90-900 pb. The overall range of similarity among eight banana populations was narrow, ranging from 8.385 to 9.692, indicating a low genetic variation among Fei banana populations under study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sweet flag (Acorus calamus L.) is an endangered, perennial wild herb known for its high medicinal properties. An efficient in vitro regeneration protocol for sweet flag was developed and the genetic fidelity was assessed across in vitro regenerants. Murashige & Skoog media fortified with different plant growth regulators (PGRs) in various concentrations and combinations were used to culture rhizome buds. For surface sterilization of explants, treatment of fungicide (0.2% Bavistin) for duration of 30 min followed by treatment with 70% ethanol for 30 s and mercuric chloride (0.1%) for 15 min was found most effective. MS solid media (0.8% agar) was found more promising than MS semisolid media (0.6% agar) in relation to explants establishment. The maximum number of shoots per explant was observed in solid MS medium supplemented with 15 µM thidiazuron (TDZ) with an average of 7.67 shoots per explants and average explant response of 60%. Shoot length response was maximum in MS containing 10 µM 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) in combination with 5 µM 1-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) with an average length of 6.88 cm and percentage explant response of 80%. For root induction, MS medium containing 10 µM indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) gave the maximum number of roots (6.50) and root length (3.50 cm). Plants acclimatized well with 57.14% survivability rate. Forty random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers were used to evaluate genetic fidelity among in vitro regenerated plants, one from each treatment and compared with mother plant. Out of them, 20 RAPD primers produced a total of 70 fragments ranging from 350-2500 bp. The amplified bands of all in vitro plant samples and mother plant were observed to be monomorphic. The results showed that the in vitro regenerated plants were genetically stable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nosocomial infections in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) tend to cluster and multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens are rising in developing countries. We did a retrospective cohort study of neonates admitted to a NICU in Brazil with late-onset neonatal sepsis (LOS) confirmed by blood culture from October 2012 to December 2016 and from July 2018 to December 2021. We defined a cluster of infection when at least two cases of LOS occurred within two different time intervals: 15 and 30 days with the same pathogen in different patients. A random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) was performed from samples from one of these clusters. A logistic regression model was applied having death as the outcome and the infection with an MDR pathogen as the exposure of interest. There were 987 blood cultures from 754 neonates, 621 (63%) were gram-positive cocci, 264 (30%) were gram-negative rods and 72 (7%) fungi. A third of Enterobacterales were resistant to cefepime and a third of non-fermenting glucose rods were resistant to carbapenems. There were 100 or 104 clusters of infection in the 15- or 30-day interval, respectively. A RAPD analysis from an outbreak of MDR Acinetobacter baumannii showed that all five samples belonged to a single clone. An infection with an MDR pathogen was associated with death (OR 1.82, 95% CI 1.03–3.21). In conclusion, clusters of infections in a Brazilian NICU are a frequent phenomenon as seen elsewhere. They suggest cross-transmission of pathogens with increasing antimicrobial resistance and should prompt intensified surveillance and infection control measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Streptococcus agalactiae has different virulence factors, from which the capsule has the most significant role in the pathogenesis of this organism. We aimed to investigate the distribution of more prevalent capsular genes among different Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) types of S. agalactiae isolated from pregnant women. A total of 106 isolates were collected from 420 vaginal and rectal swabs obtained from pregnant women. The specimens were transferred using Todd Hewitt Broth and were cultured on a blood agar containing antibiotics. The S. agalactiae isolates were identified by the standard microbiological and biochemical tests. The genomic DNAs of S. agalactiae isolates were extracted using an extraction kit. Then, the PCR method was used to detection of the capsular genes. Moreover, The RAPD PCR was used to genotyping of the isolates. The colonization rate of the pregnant women was 25.23%, and there was a statistically significant correlation between the weeks of gestation and the probability of colonization (p-value < 0.05). Also, 31 (29.24%) and 18 (16.98%) pregnant women had a history of abortion and membrane rupture, respectively. In addition, 20 (18.86%), 32 (30.18%), 4 (3.77%), and 6 (5.66%) isolates carried genes encoding capsular types Ia, Ib, III, and V, respectively. None isolates had the type II capsular gene, and other 44 isolates were non-typeable. Nine clones (clusters) of S. agalactiae were observed in the present study with 70% similarity, and 53 different types were identified among the isolates. Except for capsular types III and V that belonged to clones 3, 5, 7, and 9, other capsular types were detected in different RAPD types. We found that the capsular types Ib and Ia were predominant among pregnant women in this area, indicating their significance for vaccine designation. Also, our isolates showed a lower genotypic diversity in RAPD typing. This may be due to the same sources of most isolates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Carnation, a major cut flower product cultivated economically in Iran, faces economic challenges due to the devastating Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi (Fod). To address this issue, twenty-five Trichoderma harzianum and T. viride isolates were collected from the rhizosphere soil of three Iranian provinces: Tehran, Markazi, and Fars. RAPD-PCR was applied to analyze the genetic relatedness of the isolates. Results: The RAPD profiles showed genetic diversity among the isolates, with two major clusters. The antagonistic potential of the twenty isolates was evaluated against the carnation wilt caused by Fod. The results showed that Th1, Th7, and Th2 isolates of T. harzianum significantly inhibited Fod mycelial growth (58, 56.5, and 48.6%, respectively). Among T. viride isolates, Tv5, Tv4, and Tv7 exhibited the highest antifungal ability to inhibit mycelial growth. All investigated isolates of Trichoderma secreted volatile compounds that hindered Fod mycelial growth, with isolates of T. harzianum ranging from 9.3 to 67.5% inhibition and those of T. viride from 25.2 to 50.2%. Additionally, the experiment on competitive saprophytic ability indicated that maximum colonization occurred with Th1, Th7, and Th2 isolates at 78.2, 70.8, and 69.8%, respectively. Lastly, the greenhouse experiment showed a complete pathogen eradication or significant inhibition in the infected carnation after T. harzianum and T. viride. Conversely, control treatment with the Fod pathogen died after 90 days. Conclusions: The investigation suggested that Trichoderma spp. could be a potential biocontrol agent to mitigate Fusarium wilt in carnation and improve production quality, replacing chemical pesticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of the developmental stage of zygotic embryos and the composition and pH of the Gamborg induction medium B5 on the initiation and development of somatic embryos was investigated. The optimal medium was B5 medium with a pH value of 5.0 and without plant growth regulator, at which the highest frequency of somatic embryogenesis (56.67%) and the highest average number of somatic embryos per explant (3.35) were achieved. Somatic embryos appeared directly on the hypocotyls of the explants, without the callus stage. On zygotic embryos in the early cotyledonary phase, three times higher regeneration was achieved compared to larger embryos in the cotyledonary phase. The induction of somatic embryogenesis did not occur during the growth of explants on the medium containing 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, nor on zygotic embryos in the late cotyledonary phase. Random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis showed the genetic stability of somatic embryo-derived plants, which makes this newly established protocol suitable for the regeneration and propagation of desirable broccoli genotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The current study aims to investigate genotypic and phenotypic aspects of methicillinresistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE) strains involved in the biofilm formation and the attendance of the icaADB gene and genotypic characterization of this gene by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) PCR. Methods: 60 Staphylococcus epidermidis strains were isolated from clinical specimens, suspected of having the bacteria, from the laboratories of Isfahan. Biofilm formation was measured by the microtiter plate method. The attendance of biofilm formation genes was studied using PCR and all isolates producing biofilm (strong and moderate) were genetically classified by RAPD-PCR. Results: 37 isolates (61.7%) were MRSE and all positive biofilm strains. The prevalence of biofilm-related genes in the isolates was SesC (100%), SesI (45.9%), icaA (29.7%), icaB (37.8%), icaC (81.08%), icaD (70.2%), arcA (81.08%), and opp3AB (70%). PCR analysis showed that among 30 isolates of strong and medium biofilm production, 70% (21/30) positive for the icaADB gene. The Dendrograms obtained from RAPD-PCR results showed that all nine main clusters were at an 80% similarity level, and there were four isolates of a single type. Conclusion: These findings confirmed the high genotypic diversity of biofilm-producing MRSE strains and the relative diffusion of specific clones among clinical samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rust fungi are devastating plant pathogens, and several Puccinia species have exerting substantial financial impacts on global barley cultivation. Fungicides are used on a large scale as an effective method for combating phytopathogenic fungi. The negative environmental impacts of fungicides are steadily escalating on a daily basis. Consequently, researchers are currently exploring alternative approaches to mitigate the use of fungicides, such as the utilization of plant extracts. This method has proven effective due to its incorporation of natural antifungal substances. Among the nine natural elicitors that were tested, the application of plant extracts on barley seedlings resulted in an increase in the incubation and latent periods of Puccinia hordei. These periods are integral components of partial and induced resistance, effectively mitigating the incidence of barley leaf rust disease by over 70% on mature plants. Similarly, the biochemical analyses demonstrated a notable augmentation in all the tested treatments' overall phenolics and oxidative enzyme activities (peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase). Random amplified polymorphic DNA (SCoT) test serves as a viable approach for assessing the impact of plant extracts and microorganisms on barley plants. The results obtained from this study indicate that the detection of DNA polymorphism through SCoT analysis holds a significant potential powerful tool to evaluate genetic changes compared with untreated plants although some of them tested displayed high similarities at the morphological reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In vitro propagation approach has been adopted for micropropagation and conservation of Solanum nigrum (black nightshade) to guarantee its sustainable phytoindustry and research availability. Within 1 month, in vitro shoot differentiated was accomplished by culturing shoot tip, nodal segment, and leaf on MS medium enriched with various BA (Benzyl Adenine) concentrations. A significant difference was observed with shoot tips compared with nodal explants and leaf at the shoot induction percentage and mean number of shoot per explant. The highest percentage of shoot induction (100%) and average number of micro shoot per shoo tip (9.200 shoot) were recorded on MS medium fortified with 1 mg/l BA. The findings showed that a satisfactory rooting percentage (100%) was recorded when I mg/l IBA (Indole Butyric Acid) added to half MS medium with an average number of roots (2.600) root/shoot, a mean root length is 8.600cm. rooted plantlets could be successfully acclimatized in the shade house with 100% survival rate. The genetic stability of the micropropagated plants investigated by the RAPD markers indicated monomorphic and true to type when compare with the original plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is very important in terms of horticulture and food around the world. The present research aimed to identify the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers associated with morphological traits in pomegranate genotypes. Significant differences were observed among the studied genotypes based on the recorded traits. The 18 RAPD primers produced a total of 154 polymorphic fragments among genotypes. Using multiple regression analysis between each of the morphological traits and 154 RAPD polymorphic bands, RAPD markers associated with each of the morphological traits were identified. In total, 11 markers showed significant correlations with fruit weight, 9 markers with 100‐aril weight, 11 markers with anthocyanin, and 8 markers with total soluble solids. Some markers were associated with more than one morphological trait, showing that the association of a marker with more than one trait can be caused by the pleiotropic effects of quantitative trait loci related to each other in different traits. For instance, the BA6‐1 marker showed positive correlations with fruit weight, fruit crown width, and leaf length. Also, OPG13‐3 and BA6‐10 markers showed positive correlations with total soluble solids and anthocyanin content. The informative markers identified related to morphological characteristics in pomegranate can be a suitable guide to identify the genotypes with valuable fruit traits. Also, these markers can be used in selecting suitable parents for population generation for mapping purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The investigation was carried out to evaluate the influence of the dicamba (3,6-Dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid) (DIC) and casein hydrolysate (CH) on the callus growth, shoot multiplication, and some biochemical constituents of date palm cv. Barhee cultured in vitro. Both DIC and CH were required for callus growth and shoots regeneration. The medium supplemented with 4.0 mg l−1 DIC in combination with 1.0 g l−1 CH gave the highest callus weight (287 mg), while the maximum response rate and the number of shoots per jar (86.67% and 15.07 shoots/jar) were found in MS media equipped with 4 mg l−1 DIC and 0.5 mg l−1 CH combination. The total amount of phenolic compounds was significantly reduced to 0.82 and 0.79 mg GAE g–1 in shoots cultured in the medium equipped with 4.0 mg l−1 DIC with 0.5 and 1.0 g l−1 CH, which is reflected in the rate of browning. The results showed that the highest shoots content of endogenous IAA (3.71 and 3.50 μg g−1), were obtained in response to 4 mg l−1 DIC + 1.0 g l−1 CH and 4.0 mg l−1 DIC + 0.5 g l−1 CH, respectively. The macronutrient K, P, Ca, and free amino acids content significantly increased in the in vitro shoots regenerated on the media supplemented with 4.0 mg l−1 DIC + 1.0 g l−1 CH. The genetic stability of this study was confirmed by the DNA-based fingerprinting method RAPD. The RAPD binding patterns indicated no variation among tissue culture-derived plants. The in vitro propagation protocol described herein can be introduced to the production of genetically stable date palm plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Food safety is an important subject that the global cheese industry increases awareness of. This urges these economic sectors to elevate the level of research to minimize cheese contamination with pathogenic bacteria, such as Salmonella. Aim: Based on these merits, this study was conducted to genotype Salmonella spp. isolated from cheese samples of local stores in Al-Diwaniyah City, Iraq. Methods: The study used 41 samples of local fresh unsalted white cheese in a selective-growth-based isolation of Salmonella. These isolates were confirmed utilizing a slide-agglutination (SA) test and VITEK® 2 system (V2S). Then, the isolates were subjected to conventional PCR and sequencing techniques that both targeted the 16S rRNA gene. For subtyping, the Salmonella isolates were subjected to a random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR method. Results: The results of both SA and V2S revealed the presence of 14 (34.2%) isolates of Salmonella spp. in the cheese samples. The PCR confirmed 6 (42.9%) of these isolates, which further were defined with close nucleotide similarity (98.03%) and (97.88%) to different world isolates, such as Salmonella enterica subsp. Arizonae and Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi, respectively. The RAPD-PCR findings showed different fragments for all the tested isolates. Conclusion: The present study indicates that the samples of the local fresh unsalted white cheese contain different Salmonella genotypes, which could be originated from different contamination sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The medicinally effective plant Achillea fragrantissima exhibits a magnitude of pharmacological activities. In this study, the effects of different ZnONP concentrations on antioxidant enzymes, bioactive secondary metabolites, redox potential, and molecular changes in A. fragrantissima callus cultures were investigated. First, the concentrations of the growth regulators 2,4-D and BA were optimized using Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium. The MS medium was then administered with 2,4-D and BA at its optimal dosage (1.0 mg.L−1); afterward, different ZnONP supplements (0.0, 5.0, 10.0, 15.0, and 20.0 mg.L−1) were added. ZnONPs resulted in many physiological and molecular responses. ZnONPs significantly increased POD, APX, and SOD activities. While 10.0 mg.L−1 ZnONPs significantly increased POD and APX activities, 15.0 mg.L−1 ZnONPs significantly increased SOD. However, CAT activity gradually decreased with ZnONPs. Metabolically, ZnONPs increased phenolics, flavonoids, alkaloids, and saponin levels. Phenolic levels peaked at 20.0 mg.L−1, flavonoids at 15.0 mg.L−1, and alkaloids and saponins at 10.0 mg.L−1. Terpenoids were more prevalent at lower levels of ZnONPs. With 15.0 and 10.0 mg.L−1 giving the maximum activity, ZnONPs enhanced the DPPH activity and TAC of the callus culture extracts, respectively. RAPD and ISSR fingerprinting were applied using 12 random and ISSR primers to evaluate the genetic stability of ZnONP-induced callus cultures. Six RAPD primers showed 83% polymorphism while the seven ISSR primers achieved 30% polymorphism. Consequently, DNA mutations may have been induced by ZnONPs and caused DNA fragments to either appear or disappear in RAPD and ISSR callus profiles. The dendrogram based on RAPD and ISSR combined data showed that by increasing ZnONP concentration the genetic differentiation among callus cultures was elevated. In conclusion, higher accumulation of secondary metabolites and redox activity were increased in A. fragrantissima callus cultures using low ZnONPs (10.0 mg.L−1) concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to conduct genetic diversity of four native chicken genotypes (Naked neck, frizzled, naked neck-frizzled and normally feathered). Diversity was assessed based on morphological measurements and molecular markers. A total of 500 chickens were used in this study. Productive traits of four genotypes were measured. RAPD technique was used to access the genetic diversity using five RAPD molecular markers. Main results referred to that naked neck and naked neck-frizzled genotypes had higher significantly body weight and body weight gain than normal feathering (nana-ff) ones. Naked neckFrizzled (Nana-Ff) genotype had better carcass characteristics than other genotypes. Nana-Ff and Nana-ff genotypes were significantly higher than other genotypes in egg weight. The percentage of polymorphic bands ranged between 13.33 % and 40 % with a mean of 25.83 %. Genetic diversity ranged between 0.06 and 0.18 with a mean of 0.12. Constantly, the minimum values were scored to the genotype nana-Ff while the maximum values were scored to the genotype Nana-ff. Conclusion indicated that Na- allele is effective in improving meat and egg production traits than frizzle and normal feathering chicken. The Principal Component analysis in this study reflected that a similar results to that of the morphological values to four genetic groups. We provide fundamental evidence to genetic improvement programs by crossing or selection methods based on each productive performance and genetic analysis by modern techniques and software. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Matoa (Pometia pinnata), comprising three cultivars, i.e., green matoa (Emme Anokhong), yellow matoa (Emme Khabelaw), and red matoa (Emme Bhanggahe), belongs to the family Sapindaceae. The three cultivars have similar morphological characteristics. However, the analysis of DNA banding patterns can provide information on the genetic diversity of matoa. The presented research sought to examine the genetic diversity of matoa based on the DNA banding pattern of green, yellow, and red matoa using the RAPD technique. DNA isolated from green, yellow, and red matoa leaves' amplification used the RAPD method with primers OPA 19, OPB 15, OPD 08, OPD 11, and OPD 13. The results showed that green and yellow matoa had a closer genetic similarity, with a coefficient of 0.698. The most distant genetic similarity came from yellow and red matoa, with a coefficient of 0.566. The number and pattern of DNA bands produced from each primer occurred at different loci among the one and other cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The investigation of genetic differentiation of subspecies and breeds is nowadays fundamental for understanding their adaptation to specific environments and for facilitating selection processes for production purposes. These aspects allow us both to safeguard their biodiversity and to protect the products with a high nutritional value that derive from them and to which consumers today pay particular importance. In this study, a genomic approach by RAPD-PCR and DNA-barcoding was used to identify possible genetic markers to discriminate Italian Mediterranean Buffalo (IMB) and Romanian Buffalo (RB). The two molecular tools have been widely used in this study not only to clarify genetic differences between breeds but also to avoid food frauds, given the great importance of Italian buffalo mozzarella recognized all over the world and protected by Denomination of Protected Origin (DPO). The research did not reveal any difference between the two breeds, despite belonging to two geographically different areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: New strategies in the cereal‐based industry has brought about the elaboration of new sourdoughs with better microbial stability and safety as well as nutritional value such as those based on wholegrain flours. This has led to an increasing interest in the selection of adapted yeasts for using them as new starters. Therefore, this study aimed to isolate, identify, and characterise diverse yeast strains from wholegrain spontaneous sourdoughs. RESULTS: Three wholegrain sourdoughs (wheat, rye, and oat) were fermented and monitored for 96 h. Minimum pH values ranged from 3.1 to 3.5 while maximum yeast counts were reached at 72 h. A total of 76 yeast isolates were identified by polymerase chain reaction random amplification of polymorphic DNA (PCR‐RAPD) and catalogued in six different species by sequencing the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. The major species were Candida glabrata, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Kazachstania unispora, and Wickerhamomyces anomalus. The studied kinetic parameters of the growth curves (λ, G, ODmax, and μmax) and the fermentation capacity allowed to ascertain that 12 and 5 strains, respectively, were better than baker's yeast control. The fibre assimilation ability (cellulose, xylose, and β‐glucan) was observed in the 27% of the strains and only four strains showed phytase activity. CONCLUSIONS: The yeast population in the three wholegrain sourdoughs were variable along the fermentation time. Genetic identification showed that strains and species presented a different trend for each sourdough although common species were determined (e.g., W. anomalus). Candida glabrata (4T1) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (3A6) showed, respectively, better kinetics and impedance results than the positive control, while W. anomalus (C4) was notorious in fibre assimilation and phytase degradation. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oranges hold significant economic importance, being cultivated extensively worldwide and having a large global market. Indonesia, ranked eighth globally as a producer of oranges, is one of the countries with high genetic diversity of oranges. This diversity is distributed across various regions of Indonesia, including South Sulawesi. Despite the advancements in DNA-based molecular marker techniques for assessing genetic diversity, information on orange diversity in South Sulawesi is currently unavailable and under-researched. In this study, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were utilized to analyze the genetic diversity of oranges in five production centers in South Sulawesi. Leaf samples of 13 orange varieties were collected from the five production centers: Pangkep, Sidrap, Bantaeng, North Luwu, and Selayar in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Genomic DNA extraction from the orange leaves followed the protocol of the DNA Mini Kit Geneaid. DNA amplification was carried out using the RAPD method with 14 primers: OPE-04, OPH-04, OPH-15, OPN-14, OPN-16, OPR-08, OPR-20, OPW-06, OPW-09, OPX-07, OPX-11, OPX-17, UBC-18, and UBC-51. The RAPD primers yielded 109 amplified fragments ranging in size from 200 to 2000 base pairs (bp), and all RAPD primers showed 100% polymorphism. The genetic diversity value (He) of oranges in South Sulawesi was moderate (0.236). Cluster analysis based on a similarity coefficient of 77% divided the 175 orange genotypes into five groups. The most closely related genotypes were SB6 and SB7, exhibiting 100% similarity, followed by genotypes JS8 and JS9 and JS13 and JS17, with genetic similarities exceeding 99% for each pair. Genotypes P9 and SI5 displayed the highest genetic distance, with a similarity coefficient of 57%. The dendrogram diagram can serve as a basis for selecting desired plant traits in the improvement of plant characteristics through both conventional breeding and genetic engineering activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Almond (Prunus dulcis [Mill.] D.A. Webb syn. P. amygdalus Batsch) is one of the most important nut crops, and its kernel is the edible part that has a high nutritional value and is used in the confectionery and cosmetics industries. The present research aimed to identify random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) molecular markers associated with important fruit traits in late‐blooming almond genotypes through multiple regression analysis (MRA). The studied genotypes showed significant differences from each other in terms of the measured fruit‐related traits. The ISSR primers used produced a total of 125 bands in the studied germplasm, of which 112 showed polymorphic bands. The RAPD primers produced a total of 190 DNA fragments, of which 172 fragments showed polymorphism among genotypes. Some polymorphic fragments of ISSR and RAPD showed significant correlations with the fruit traits measured. Some of these informative markers were associated with more than one trait, which could be caused by the pleiotropic effects of quantitative trait loci related to each other in different traits. For instance, some of the markers showed significant correlations with both nut weight and kernel weight, which indicates a positive correlation between these two traits. Informative markers identified in this study can be used to select suitable parents for population generation for mapping. It is also useful for selecting superior genotypes, especially when information about their genetic basis, such as a linkage map, is not available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non- aureus staphylococci and the closely related mammaliicoccal species (NASM) are the most common causes of bovine subclinical mastitis on modern dairy farms and are highly prevalent in bulk-tank milk. The purpose of this study was to determine the distribution of NASM in both composite cow milk (CCM) and bulk-tank milk (BTM) samples collected in tandem in commercial Flemish dairy herds and to estimate the origin of the different (subgroups of) NASM species present in BTM by applying strain typing (random amplification of polymorphic DNA or random amplified DNA [RAPD]). A single cross-sectional sampling was performed over 5 herds that volunteered to participate in the study. Composite cow milk samples (n = 356) were collected from all lactating cows (except those with clinical mastitis) during a milking in tandem with 6 BTM samples per herd sequentially collected immediately post that milking (n = 30). In total, 421 and 80 NASM isolates were recovered and identified by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry from the CCM and BTM samples, respectively and a total of 21 and 12 different NASM species were identified from CCM and BTM samples, respectively. Staphylococcus cohnii was the most prevalent NASM species found in BTM followed by Staphylococcus haemolyticus , Staphylococcus epidermidis , Mammaliicoccus lentus , and Staphylococcus equorum , whereas from CCM samples the most common species were S. hemolyticus , S. cohnii , S. equorum , S. epidermidis , and Staphylococcus chromogenes. The prevalent NASM species in both CCM and BTM samples was distinct for each herd, corroborating other studies observing a herd-specific NASM microbiota. Random amplified DNA analysis was performed on 9 NASM species (S. chromogenes , S. epidermidis , S. haemolyticus , S. equorum , Mammaliicoccus sciuri , Staphylococcus xylosus , S. cohnii , Staphylococcus debuckii , and M. lentus) because these species were isolated from both sample types in a herd. The same RAPD types were found in both sample types for all NASM species selected for strain typing in varying degrees. When assessing the distribution of NASM species, differences within NASM species should be examined meaning a closer look should be taken at the strain level rather than at the species level only. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Giant goldenrod (Solidago gigantea Aiton) is one of the most invasive plant species occurring in Europe. Since little is known about the molecular mechanisms contributing to its invasiveness, we examined the natural dynamics of the content of rhizome compounds, which can be crucial for plant resistance and adaptation to environmental stress. We focused on rhizomes because they are the main vector of giant goldenrod dispersion in invaded lands. Water-soluble sugars, proline, and abscisic acid (ABA) were quantified in rhizomes, as well as ABA in the rhizosphere from three different but geographically close natural locations in Poland (50°04′11.3″ N, 19°50′40.2″ E) under extreme light, thermal, and soil conditions, in early spring, late summer, and late autumn. The genetic diversity of plants between locations was checked using the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Sugar and proline content was assayed spectrophotometrically, and abscisic acid (ABA) with the ELISA immunomethod. It can be assumed that the accumulation of sugars in giant goldenrod rhizomes facilitated the process of plant adaptation to adverse environmental conditions (high temperature and/or water scarcity) caused by extreme weather in summer and autumn. The same was true for high levels of proline and ABA in summer. On the other hand, the lowering of proline and ABA in autumn did not confirm the previous assumptions about their synthesis in rhizomes during the acquisition of frost resistance by giant goldenrod. However, in the location with intensive sunlight and most extreme soil conditions, a constant amount of ABA in rhizomes was noticed as well as its exudation into the rhizosphere. This research indicates that soluble sugars, proline, and ABA alterations in rhizomes can participate in the mechanism of acclimation of S. gigantea to specific soil and meteorological conditions in the country of invasion irrespective of plant genetic variation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The human papillomavirus (HPV) is a significant public health concern due to its association with the development of cervical cancer. Although inflammation caused by Candida spp. has been shown to facilitate oncogenesis, the interactions between HPV and Candida spp. remain unclear. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and genotype distribution of HR-HPV infection HR-HPV-positiveCandida albicans in HR-HPV-positive individuals in Diyarbakır province in Turkey. Cervical samples were taken from 350 participants aged 20–69 years who applied to Diyarbakır Gazi Yaşargil Training and Research Hospital, Gynecology and Obstetrics Clinic. For detection of HPV presence and HR-HPV genotyping, PCR/direct cycle sequencing was used. E6/E7 mRNA expression of HPV-16, -18, -31, -33, and -45 was determined by type-specific real-time NASBA assay (NucliSENS EasyQ(®)HPV v1.1). The presence of Candida albicans in cervical specimens of HR-HPV-positive women was investigated by RAPD-PCR and culture methods. Results. Of the 350 women who participated in the study, 24% were HPV positive and 10.5% were found to be HR-HPV positive. HR-HPV positivity was most frequently detected in the age range of 40–49 years. Among HR-HPV-positive women, C. albicans was found in 59.4%. Conclusion. The most frequent HR-HPV genotype was HPV16, followed by HPV31. Of women who tested positive for HR-HPV, C. albicans was discovered in 59.4%. C. albicans infection may occur when the immune system is weakened or the balance of the vaginal flora is disturbed, increasing tissue damage in the vaginal area and the risk of carcinogenesis of HR-HPV. Therefore, knowing the presence of Candida infection in HR-HPV-positive women is essential to plan the treatment and prevent the risk of secondary disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hedychium coronarium J. Koenig is a rhizomatous herb (Zingiberaceae family) and is well known for its uses in traditional systems of medicine for the treatment of various diseases. The plant has been over-exploited and enlisted as a threatened species in India. Thus, there is an urgent attention required for its conservation. Here, a callus-mediated in vitro plant regeneration protocol was developed using leaf sheath of H. coronarium. The optimal medium for callus induction (85.0%) and subsequent proliferation was found to be MS basal medium augmented with 3.0 mg L−1 N6-benzyladenine (BA), 0.5 mg L−1 α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), and 3.0% sucrose, and gelled with 0.5% agar. Optimum callus-mediated shoot organogenesis (78.3%; ca. 11.4 shoots/0.5 g of callus) was obtained on MS medium supplemented with 3.0 mg L−1 BA after 6 wk of culture. All the in vitro regenerated shoots were rooted (8.5 roots/shoot) successfully on plant growth regulator–free MS medium. About 90% plantlets were acclimatized on the planting tray filled with garden soil and sand (1:1). Transfer of these plants to larger pots containing garden soil and subsequent field transfer under full sun resulted in cent-percent survival. Monomorphic banding profile obtained using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) markers ascertained the clonal fidelity of the in vitro regenerated plants. Similarly, the biochemical fidelity of the in vitro regenerated plants vis-à-vis mother plant was ascertained by comparing the composition of essential oil through gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis. Furthermore, the antioxidant activities estimated by DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging assay and anticancer activities evaluated against two cell lines, i.e., MCF 7 and MDA-MB 231, also confirmed comparable effectiveness of in vitro regenerated plants to that of the mother plant. Thus, the study has the potential to provide a platform to achieve sustainability by using the in vitro regenerated H. coronarium in place of naturally available population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Barberries are versatile shrubs with diverse applications, including ornamental, medicinal, and edible purposes. In this study, we employed molecular markers to assess the genetic diversity and genetic base of superior barberry genotypes selected from an F1 population obtained through Shahrood University Barberry Breeding Program (SUBBP), alongside their parents. We utilized nine ISSR markers and 10 RAPD markers to analyze the population's genetic diversity. From these markers, we obtained 98 polymorphic bands using ISSR markers and 112 polymorphic bands using RAPD markers. The average PIC value was 0.16 for ISSR markers and RAPD markers, while the average genetic resolution power was 3.93 for ISSR markers and 2.11 for RAPD markers. Furthermore, we calculated the genetic dissimilarity coefficient (GDC) based on ISSR and RAPD markers, which ranged from 0.23 to 0.86 (average 0.62) and 0.21 to 0.85 (average 0.60), respectively. The ISSR data analysis classified the genotypes into three main clusters, with genotypes 0515, R5N1, 'Bth', 'Seedless (BD)', and R2N1 being genetically distant from the others. Similarly, the analysis of 10 RAPD primers resulted in the classification of genotypes into three main groups. Notably, genotype 0609 exhibited greater genetic distance from other genotypes in this subgroup. The Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) using both ISSR and RAPD marker data further supported the grouping of genotypes into three distinct clusters. These results provide valuable insights into the genetic composition of the F1 population and contribute to the advancement of barberry breeding strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Fusarium wilt is one of the widely distributed biotic stress of chickpea limiting its productivity worldwide. The major problem limiting the resistance breeding is screening of germplasm and breeding lines for disease resistance. To address such problems, identification of molecular marker closely linked to resistance locus is an effective strategy. Methods: The RAPD marker A07C417 closely linked H2 locus of Fusarium wilt resistance locus has been converted into SCAR and the loss of initial polymorphism was recaptured by alignment of consensus sequences from SCAR amplified locus for the identification of common motifs. Further, the linkage association of this marker with Fusarium wilt resistance locus has been reaffirmed using Fusarium wilt response of RILs phenotyped for wilt reaction using wilt sick pots and also wilt sick plots. Result: Identification of single nucleotide polymorphism at the consensus SCAR locus between susceptible and resistant cultivar, enabled development of CAPS marker through suitable restriction enzyme Aci I making it an effective codominant marker system for resistance deployment via marker assisted selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thirty Egyptian date palm cultivars were collected from different locations in three governorates: Assiut, New Valley, and Aswan. Physical characteristics of the Fruit were studied, such as fruit dimensions, fruit weight, seed weight, and flesh weight. Moreover, genetic diversity among cultivars was studied using RAPD-PCR molecular marker. Physical characteristics results of the fruit showed significant differences among the tested cultivars. Samani and Magdool showed the highest values for both fruit dimensions and weight characteristics. All 5 tested RAPD primers were able to differentiate among the tested date palm cultivars and showed high polymorphism percentage ranging from 75-100%. Thirteen different specific positive and negative markers associated with some cultivars were obtained. The genetic similarity among cultivars ranged from 40% to 100% and the highest genetic similarity value was observed between Nawashf Red and Nawashf White. The results showed that the cultivars with the same name from different geographical locations are genetically different and showed significant differences in fruit physical characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Detecting the source of a potential outbreak of multidrug resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter baumannii is necessary to be investigated. This study aimed to detect the possibility of A. baumannii outbreak in a hospital setting using a combination of random amplified polymorphism DNA-polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR), antibiograms, and the presence of oxacillinase genes. Materials and Methods: The antibiogram of 31 clinical isolates and six environmental isolates of A. baumannii were determined by Vitek® 2 Compact. Oxacillinase genes (OXA-23, -24, -51, and -58) were detected by PCR, and RAPD-PCR was conducted using DAF-4 and ERIC-2 primers. The Similarity Index and dendrogram were generated using GelJ v2.3 software. Results: The antibiograms showed that all MDR A. baumannii isolates has very limited susceptibility to cephalosporins, but mostly susceptible to tigecycline. All isolates were positive for bla gene, thirty-two of 37 total isolates (86.5%) were positive for blaOXA-23-like gene, and none were positive for blaOXA-24-like and blaOXA-58-like genes. RAPD-PCR showed that the DAF-4 primer on average had more band visualization and lower Similarity Index's variation compared to the ERIC-2. The discriminatory power of DAF-4 was 0.906. There was a significant correlation between the DAF-4 dendrogram pattern with the antibiogram (r=0.494, p<0.001) and the presence of blaOXA-23-like gene (r=0.634, p<0.001) from all ICU A isolates. Six out of fourteen ICU A isolates belonged to the same cluster with >95% Similarity Index, while one clinical isolate having an identical dendrogram and antibiogram pattern with an environmental isolate within this cluster. Conclusion: There is a high probability of MDR A. baumannii outbreak within ICU A detected by multiple analysis of RAPD-PCR, antibiogram and the blaOXA-23-like gene profiles. This combinatorial approach is conceivable to mitigate possible outbreak situations of A. baumannii in the local hospital without sophisticated microbiology laboratory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted in the Department of Biotechnology, College of Horticulture and Forestry, Neri, Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh, India during 2018-2020 for 18 months to develop an efficient, rapid and reproducible protocol for in vitro establishment along with analysing antioxidant activity. In the present study, surface sterilization protocol was standardized using Sodium hypochlorite and mercuric chloride as sterilant. Maximum direct shoot induction frequency from nodal explant was achieved on Murashige and Skoog medium enriched with BAP (5.0 mg l-1), TDZ (3.0 mg l-1) and NAA (1.0 mg l-1) for 18 days. Microshoots inoculated on MS media supplemented with 4.0 mg l-1 BAP, 2.0 mg l-1 TDZ, 1.0 mg l-1 NAA and 0.5 mg l-1 GA3) showed maximum frequency of shoot multiplication with average shoot length (4.36±0.08 cm) and average shoot number (14.00±0.57). A 75.00±1.15% rooting with significantly high mean root number (8.00±0.57) and root length was achieved in full strength MS medium, supplemented with same concentration i.e. 4.0 mg l-1 BAP, 2.0 mg l-1 TDZ, 1.0 mg l-1 NAA and 0.5 mg l-1 GA3) combination. Maximum plantlets survive after 1 year of acclimatization. RAPD and ISSR markers were used to confirmed genetic stability of in vitro raised plants by showing 100% monomorphism. High multiplication rate associated with genetic stability ensure the efficacy of the present in vitro clonal propagation protocol of this important medicinal plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study combines three of the most common bird species in both Iraq and the rest of the globe. This type of study demonstrates the degree of genetic convergence between these species. Blood samples from chicken, Guinea fowl, and quail were used in this study. The Four hundred and fifty birds are divided into 150 birds per species. Blood from a bird was sampled. The DNA samples' purities varied from 1.8 to 1.9. the (22) Gen Script USA primers are used. Overall, all of the primers produced (340) bands, 95 of which were polymorphic, with the maximum number of bands belonging to the OPA-20 and the lowest number of bands to the OPA-13. OPA-12 had the highest percentage (50.0), though. Primer OPA-20 has the widest molecular weight range (100- 1500 bp). Guinea fowl have a greatest number of bands overall (131), while quail reported the highest polymorphic bands overall (12) and polymorphism percentage (11.8). The maximum genetic similarity is found between chicken and quail (0.608), it is obvious that the genetic differences between the three groups are greatest between the Guinea fowl, quail and smallest between the quail and the chicken [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional nata de coco fermentation often results in inconsistent nata thickness. From the producer's perspective, thin nata sheets are detrimental because most fermentation media will be wasted. The main cause of this condition may be that the microbial population in the starter culture is different in each batch. It is necessary to observe the cultured microbial community on various qualities of available thick and thin nata to design a better nata de coco starter culture. This study showed thick nata had more Komagataeibacter intermedius bacteria (pellicle forming) than thin nata. In traditional nata fermentation, K. intermedius always coexists with other microbes from the bacteria and yeast groups. Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis indicated that the genetic diversity of bacteria was higher than that of the yeast group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

36682633 13 Chen Z., Fang X., Yuan X., Zhang Y., Li H., Zhou Y., Cui X. Overexpression of Transcription Factor GmTGA15 Enhances Drought Tolerance in Transgenic Soybean Hairy Roots and Arabidopsis Plants. The authors further verified these results using I Arabidopsis i plants, providing strong experimental evidence to support the further functional analysis of soybean TGA transcription factors under drought stress and the molecular breeding of drought-resistant crop plants. The rich genetic diversities revealed in wild soybeans of different sites provided important evidence to support the conservation of the wild soybean resources in Heilongjiang Province, suggesting the potentially significant utilization of the wild soybean resources in genetic improvement and breakthrough for soybean breeding. Our goals of organizing this Special Issue were to widely explore the advances in not only the traditional research areas, such as plant physiology, development, ecology, and bioinformatics, but also cutting-edge, modern techniques, such as the molecular, genetic, and genomic investigations of crop plants or other model plant systems, crop-sustaining rhizospheric microbes, and agricultural products, including medicinal plants in a greenhouse or field. [Extracted from the article]

Rubber tree is economically important rubber producing plant of Thailand. At present, a rubber tree plantation is susceptible to white root disease. Therefore, the use of rootstock from early introduce clone that proved to be resistant to white root disease could help sustain growing of rubber tree. Thus, the objectives of this research were to study the effects of plant growth regulators and different explants on somatic embryo (SE) induction of this rubber clone and assessment genetic stability. The results revealed that mix flower explant cultured on MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/L 6-benzyladenine (BA) and 1.5 mg/L 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) provided callus subsequent somatic embryo (SE) formation at the highest frequency of 39.84 % and number of cotyledonary embryos (CEs) at 3.25 embryos/callus after 3 passages of subculture in the same culture medium (4 weeks/passage). SEs germinated into embryonic axis at 50 % and further development into shoot at 25 % after transfer to 0.25 mg/L GA3 containing MS medium with the best concentrations of BA and 2,4-D for 4 weeks. The assessment gene stability by RAPD and SSR markers showed no variation between mother plant and in vitro plantlets. In this work, a novel explant source - the floral section of the rubber tree - was used for the first time in order to design an effective technique for in vitro somatic embryogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research was conducted at Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam, India during September, 2021-May, 2022 to study the variation of Alternaria brassiciola infecting cabbage. Fifteen isolates of Alternaria brassicicola which infected cabbage were collected from six different districts in Assam and their variability was investigated. Within the in vitro setting, it was observed that all isolates exhibited significant variation in terms of conidial length, breadth, and septal count. The isolates displayed a range of average conidial length and breadth spanning from 20.45μm to 29.74μm and 6.56μm to 9.89μm, respectively. Additionally, the isolates exhibited a variation in transverse septa with counts ranging from 4 to 6 and longitudinal septa, ranging from 0.13 to 0.41. Regarding the colony colour, four distinct variations, ranging from dark grey-green to dark brown-green and from mild olive green to greyish olive green were observed. These colonies featured edges in shades of white, greyish, brownish, or green edges and their shapes varied between round and irregular, accompanied by either a fluffy or compressed growth pattern. The diameter of the radial growth, observed on the fifteenth day after inoculation, varied from 57.3 mm to 84.2 mm. In RAPD analysis it was evident that the Jorhat isolates (AbJor_2) and the Barpeta isolate, (AbBa_1) exhibited the highest genetic similarity, as indicated by the lowest genetic distance with the coefficient of similarity 0.484. Conversely, the Jorhat isolates (AbJor_3) and Barpeta isolate (AbBa_1) shared the least genetic similarity, with the coefficient of similarity 0.021. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several molecular markers have been used for various purposes since the beginning of contemporary molecular technology: genetic resource characterization, core genetic resource collection, mapping, marker-assisted selection and marker-assisted backcrossing etc. The variety of all plant species, their genetic make-up and the environments in which they dwell are considered to be components of biological diversity. Plant classification and identification can be done most quickly and simply using morphological examination. It has been established that molecular markers are effective instruments for evaluating genetic diversity in groups and individuals as well as germplasm resources. To preserve biodiversity more than just genetic testing and DNA polymorphism detection are needed. It examines significant issues regarding managing plant germplasm both ex-situ and in-situ in order to support decision-making. Significant progress has been made in recent years in mapping, tagging and isolating many important genes for agriculture using molecular markers like (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms, Random Amplified Polymorphic DNAs, Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms, Simple Sequence Repeats and Single Nucleotide Polymorphism). Each marking technique has unique benefits, drawbacks and applications. If one was aware of the presence of relevant traits, genes and alleles one might make judgments on the extension of accessions and the preservation of seed stocks to meet an anticipated rise in demand for materials. By including genotypes with well-known and useful genes and alleles in the core collections and then breeders can use them. Utilizing crop plant genetic resources will be simpler as a result increasing their potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ziziphi spinosae semen (ZSS), dry mature seeds of Ziziphus jujuba Mill. var. spinosa (Bunge) Hu ex H.F. Chow., are widely used in the treatment of insomnia, fright palpitations, and profuse dreaming in medical treatments. The counterfeit species of ZSS, Ziziphi mauritianae semen (ZMS), and Hovenia dulcis Thunb (HDT) are seeds from Ziziphus incurva Roxb. and Hovenia acerba Lindl., respectively. However, the pharmacopeia is not recorded for ZMS and HDT. In this article, we reviewed the identification methods of ZSS, ZMS, and HDT. Materials and Methods: The random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique was used to identify the ZSS and its copies. Plant genome DNA was extracted from Z. jujuba Mill., Z. incurva Roxb., and H. acerba Lindl. Random primers were designed to amplify the genome. The amplified products were detected by agarose gel electrophoresis. Results: By analyzing the polymorphism of the amplified product DNA fragment, the DNA fingerprint maps of Z. jujuba Mill., Z. incurva Roxb., and H. acerba Lindl. were successfully constructed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), especially Methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA), has been disseminated across communities and hospitals, associated with severe infections and organ failure. In order to understand the clinical epidemiological characteristics of S. aureus stains in the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University in 2018, the prevalence and the drug resistance of S. aureus stains were investigated, for improving the clinical effective prevention and control of S. aureus infection. Methods: A total of 105 S. aureus isolates were separated from wound infection of inpatients in the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University in 2018, and the department distributions and drug resistance of the isolates were analyzed. The genotyping homology analysis was conducted through the random amplified polymorphic DNA typing (RAPD-PCR) coupled with NTSYS cluster analysis. Results: Among the 105 strains of S. aureus, 31 isolates were MRSA. The prevalence of MRSA among inpatients in the Departments of Burn, Trauma, Orthopedics, Nephrology and Neurosurgery were 35.48%, 19.35%, 9.68%, 6.45%, and 29.03%, respectively. Among the 105 strains, 35.24% strains were the hospital-acquired infections (HAI) and 64.76% strains were community-acquired infections (CAI). DNA genotyping of the 105 S. aureus strains showed seventeen different groups, most of which were type I, type VII, type IX, and type VII, the others were scattered. Conclusion: This study highlights the prevalence of S. aureus strains in the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University in 2018. The emergence and mutation of the strains should be closely monitored for the prevention and control of the S. aureus infection and transmission in the nosocomial settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2.3.2 PCR conditions first round: 95°C for 2 min followed by 30 cycles of (95°C for 30 s, 65°C for 30 s and 72°C for 45 s) followed by a final extension step of 5 min at 72°C 2.3.3 PCR conditions second round: 95°C for 2 min followed by 30 cycles of (95°C for 30 s, 58°C for 30 s and 72°C for 45 s) followed by a final extension step of 5 min at 72°C Essential Procedural Information B Controls: b For a reliable test result to be obtained, the following (external) controls should be included for each series of nucleic acid extraction and amplification of the target organism and target nucleic acid, respectively Negative isolation control (NIC) to monitor contamination during nucleic acid extraction: nucleic acid extraction and subsequent amplification preferably of a sample of uninfected matrix or if not available clean extraction buffer. 2.2.2 PCR conditions: 95°C for 10 min, followed by 40 cycles of (95°C for 15 s and 60°C for 1 min) Essential Procedural Information 3.1 Controls For a reliable test result to be obtained, the following (external) controls should be included for each series of nucleic acid extraction and amplification of the target organism and target nucleic acid, respectively Negative isolation control (NIC) to monitor contamination during nucleic acid extraction: nucleic acid extraction and subsequent amplification preferably of a sample of uninfected matrix or if not available clean extraction buffer. 36 Pooler MR, Ritchie DF & Hartung JS (1996) Genetic relationships among strains of Xanthomonas fragariae based on random amplified polymorphic DNA PCR, repetitive extragenic palindromic PCR and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus PCR data and generation of multiplexed PCR primers useful for the identification of this phytopathogen. [Extracted from the article]