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• We identify the causal effect of peers' prosocial behaviors on one's donations. • Use roommates' random assignment and peers' volunteering history for identification. • Exposure to peers with pre-college prosocial behaviors boosts one's donations. • Peer effects vary by donation levels, interaction preferences, and self-confidence. • Results suggest social pressure as a potential mechanism of peer influence. Understanding the determinants of philanthropic behaviors, which bring benefits to society but come with private costs, is crucial. In this study, we investigate the causal impact of exposure to peers with prosocial behaviors on an individual's donations. In contrast to previous research, we address the issue of self-selection by exploiting the random assignment of college roommates and tackle the challenges of reflection bias by examining peers' volunteering history in high school in relation to an individual's donations in college. Our results indicate a statistically significant and positive impact of peers' prosocial behaviors on an individual's own donations. Moreover, we find that the magnitude of peer effects varies based on individuals' donation levels, interaction preferences, and self-confidence levels, suggesting social pressure as a potential mechanism of peer influence. This study contributes to the existing literature by shedding light on the role of social influence in shaping philanthropic behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theory predicts that in resource‐limited environments, coexisting species may overlap their niche dimensions but must differ in at least one to avoid competitive exclusion. Specifically, it has been suggested that the coexistence of competing species within a guild, could be sustained with mechanisms of resource partitioning, such as segregation along a trophic dimension. Among the most gregarious mammals are bats, which present diversification in their diet based on habitat choice and body size. Despite differences that could explain specialization in prey selection, there are insufficient studies that explore food overlap in mixed bat colonies and the factors that determine the selection of prey, both at intra‐ and inter‐specific levels. To fill this gap, we analyzed the isotope signal (δ13C and δ15N) in feces collected in a mixed colony of Tadarida brasiliensis and Myotis chiloensis. To understand how several factors could influence these isotopic signals, intrinsic explanatory variables were analyzed, including body mass, body length, age, and sex. Also, extrinsic variables were analyzed, including monthly temporality and moonlight intensity. Our findings support age‐dependent specialization in M. chiloensis, with a significant role of moonlight intensity and sex on δ15N. In T. brasiliensis, we identified a significant effect of size, sex, and ear length on δ15N. Our analysis indicates that both species of bats experience diverse degrees of overlap through austral summer months, affected by several factors that explain the variability in their fecal isotopic signals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study extended previous research on interpersonal dynamics between instructors and students by applying relational framing theory to participants' (N = 544) reports on instructor-student relationships, compared to friends, family members, roommates, and significant others. The instructor-student relationship was similar to other relationships in dominance, similar to the roommate in involvement, and least like any relationship in affiliation. The affiliation frame was most salient in each relationship. In support of the intensifier hypothesis, affiliation was correlated with involvement in all relationships except the instructor-student relationship. Involvement was equally related to affiliation and dominance for students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper has two objectives. One is to give a linear time algorithm that solves the stable roommates problem (i.e., obtains one stable matching) using the stable marriage problem. The idea is that a stable matching of a roommate instance I is a stable matching (that however must satisfy a certain condition) of some marriage instance I ′ . I ′ is obtained just by making two copies of I , one for the men's table and the other for the women's table. The second objective is to investigate the possibility of reducing the roommate problem to the marriage problem (with one-to-one correspondence between their stable matchings) in polynomial time. For a given I , we construct the rotation POSET P of I ′ and then we "halve" it to obtain P ′ , by which we can forget the above condition and can use all the closed subsets of P ′ for all the stable matchings of I. Unfortunately this approach works (runs in polynomial time) only for restricted instances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Menstrual cycle synchronization is a phenomenon in which menstrual onset shifts progressively closer with time. It is an adoptive conditional phenomenon seen in the females who associate closely and share a common environment. Aims: To ascertain whether menstrual cycle synchrony exists in the roommates living in a closed space in a medical hostel. Settings and Design: This is a prospective observational study comprising 62 female medical students of a mean age of 22 years living in twin sharing accommodation with a history of regular menses (26–32 days). Methods and Material: These participants were followed on a monthly basis for 13 months. Menstrual cycle history was obtained using standardized Google forms. Menstrual cycle initial and final onset differences, expected cycle cut-off values, and absolute differences were calculated. The menstrual cycle synchrony score was obtained by subtracting the expected difference from the onset difference. Wilson's absolute difference method was used for determining menstrual synchrony between pairs. Statistical Analysis Used: The descriptive analysis was done using mean and standard deviation. One sample t-test was used to assess the synchrony between roommates. P value ≤0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: The initial onset difference of the menstrual cycle was 7.58 ± 4.25 days, whereas the final onset difference was 6.06 ± 3.92 days. The calculated synchrony score was -9.28 ± 5.05, which was statistically significant. Menstrual cycle synchrony was observed in 17 pairs (54.8%) and asynchrony in eight pairs (25.8%). Conclusions: Long-term association between roommates has potential to cause menstrual cycle synchrony. It has significant implications in reproductive medicine for reproductive scheduling and family planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study stable matching problems where agents have multilayer preferences: There are ℓ layers each consisting of one preference order for each agent. Recently, Chen et al. [EC '18] studied such problems with strict preferences, establishing four multilayer adaptations of classical notions of stability. We follow up on their work by analyzing the computational complexity of stable matching problems with multilayer approval preferences, which leads to problems that are incomparable to the previously studied ones. We consider eleven stability notions derived from three well-established stability notions for stable matchings with ties and the four adaptations proposed by Chen et al. For each stability notion, we show that the problem of finding a stable matching is either polynomial-time solvable or NP-hard. Furthermore, we examine the influence of the number of layers and the desired "degree of stability" on the problems' complexity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People often self-identify as allies to the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) community. This research examined on what basis LGBT individuals perceive others to be allies and documents the consequences of perceived allyship. Studies 1a (n = 40) and 1b (n = 69) collected open-ended descriptions of allyship provided by LGBT participants. Coding of the responses suggested multiple components to being an ally: (a) being nonprejudiced toward the group, (b) taking action against discrimination and inequality, and (c) having humility about one's perspective in discussions about LGBT issues. In Studies 2a (n = 161) and 2b (n = 319, with nationally representative characteristics), an allyship scale was developed and validated for general and specific relational contexts, respectively. Study 2b also showed that LGBT individuals' perceptions of close others' allyship were positively associated with their own well-being and relationship quality with the close other. Study 3, an experiment, demonstrated that nonprejudice and action had an interactive effect on perceived allyship, such that action increased perceived allyship more when prejudice was low (vs. high). Study 4 was a weekly experience study of LGBT participants and an outgroup roommate. Perceiving one's roommate to be a good ally predicted higher self-esteem, greater subjective well-being, and better relationship quality with the roommate, both between and within participants. Furthermore, perceived allyship in 1 week was associated with increases in LGBT individuals' mental health and relationship quality with the roommate the following week. This research advances knowledge about what allyship means to LGBT individuals and identifies intra- and interpersonal benefits of allyship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rising rates of depression among adolescents raise many questions about the role of depressive symptoms in academic outcomes for college students and their roommates. In the current longitudinal study, we follow previously unacquainted roommate dyads over their first year in college (N = 245 dyads). We examine the role of depressive symptoms of incoming students and their roommates on their GPAs and class withdrawals (provided by university registrars) at the end of the Fall and Spring semesters. We test contagion between the roommates on both academic outcomes and depressive symptoms over time. Finally, we examine the moderating role of relationship closeness. Whereas students' own initial levels of depressive symptoms predicted their own lower GPA and more course withdrawals, they did not directly predict the academic outcomes of their roommates. For roommates who form close relationships, there was evidence of contagion of both GPAs and depressive symptoms at the end of Fall and Spring semesters. Finally, a longitudinal path model showed that as depressive symptoms spread from the student to their roommate, the roommate's GPA decreased. The current work sheds light on a common college experience with implications for the role of interventions to increase the academic and mental health of college students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stigma reduction research finds that brief interactions with a person with mental illness can reduce prejudiced attitudes. We examined whether this finding extends to real relationships over an extended period of time. First‐year college roommate dyads, one of whom reported a mental illness diagnosis participated in a longitudinal study (N = 166 dyads across three American universities). Based on contact theory, we tested whether mental illness prejudice declines when: (a) the student with mental illness disclosed that information to their roommate; (b) the roommate perceived the disclosure; and (c) the roommate relationship was close. Registered analyses showed that student disclosure predicted roommate perception (β =.52, p <.001), but roommate perception of the disclosure did not significantly predict reduced prejudice from the start to the end of the academic year (β = −.13, p =.172). Relationship closeness did not moderate how likely roommates were to perceive students' disclosures. Notably, overall levels of mental illness prejudice were very low in this American college sample, suggesting that the value of stigma interventions may depend on the context. Directions for future research and social policy implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stability in one's home is essential to safety, security, and human dignity. T/ie right to court process prior to eviction should be unassailable. Yet, for some of the most marginalized residential occupants, that right does not exist. Nearly every state has codified laws that prohibit landlords from taking the law into their own hands to evict a tenant without a court order. In most states, however, the prohibition of so-called "self-help evictions" hinges on whether an occupant is considered a "tenant" or a licensee. The law shelters residential occupants who establish a formal landlord-tenant relationship in the premises where they reside. It guarantees a right to court process and legal recourse if that right is violated. The same is not true for countless others who rely on temporary or other informal housing arrangements, like roommates, transitional housing, and other shared living situations. Empowered by racialized economic structures that privilege wealth and capital, the law has divested such lesser-status residential occupants of any right to due process. That means eviction for any reason-or no reason-without notice or a court order. When one's home is stripped away, the consequences are dire. Housing insecurity can trigger instability in every aspect of a person's life-employment, physical and emotional health, family and personal relationships, and financial security, among a cascade of others. And because people who rely on informal housing are disproportionately low-wealth people of color, the lack of protection following an extrajudicial ouster can be particularly bleak. For some, that displacement is a pipeline to homelessness. Being relegated to the streets means disparate exposure to illness, substance use, and indiscriminate policing. Homeless shelters-notoriously crowded and unsafe-are a far cry from a baseline of secure, dignified housing that should be a fundamentalguarantee to every human being in a civilized society. The exclusion of such broad swaths of residential occupants ignores the realities Of housing in the modern urban economy. The law can and should prevent the needless human suffering that necessarily flows from a self-help eviction. To date, however, jurisdictions across the country continue to permit landlords to weaponize extrajudicial evictions as a tool to oust non-tenant residential occupants from their homes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This article considers the ambivalence generated in familial cohabitation where adult offspring have never left or have returned to live with their parents. Background: Ambivalence is commonly used in psychology to describe contradictory emotions at the interpersonal level. Method: A thematically analyzed ethnographic study of eight cohabitating families living in North Wales, in the United Kingdom, explored both generations' perspectives on cohabitation. Results: Although our study found evidence of ambivalence at the interpersonal level, we suggest that this was drawn from a structural contradiction, namely, that although cohabitation was the result of structural issues, such as graduate underemployment and the affordable housing crisis, societal values labeled it the personal consequence of a failed adulthood. This caused these families feelings of shame and guilt that created a barrier blocking the interpersonal negotiations needed to develop more positive living arrangements and family roles. The generational contradictions in values of self, family, and society produced irreconcilable personal and political tensions. Conclusion: This study concludes that two changes are needed to better negotiate ambivalence in family cohabitation. First, the social narrative that responsibilizes young adults for their failure to attain financial and residential independence needs to be challenged. Second, to address current structural contradictions, the social contract on the provision for family social care needs political renegotiation. Implications: Building on the concept of sociological ambivalence, this article suggests that studies of ambivalence need to take a critical perspective that questions the structural forces that produce and constrain interpersonal familial relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article uses the alba collected by three travellers from the Habsburg Netherlands to Constantinople in the 1570s and 1580s to explore the purposes of collecting and what they reveal about being part of an integrated imperial mission that represented Habsburg territory abroad. The first album was gathered by the imperial ambassador's physician Arnold Manlius between May 1571 and November 1574. Manlius's humanist project is filled with over ninety signatures from his fellow housemates and local notables, accompanied by explanatory annotations in Latin. The article contrasts this large collection with the alba of Lambert Wijts of Mechlin and Johann Huenich of Antwerp, both of whom spent two months in Constantinople as members of tribute-carrying delegations. Wijts (who was in Constantinople between July and August 1572) and Huenich (January through March 1586) gathered eclectic collections of signatures alongside sets of costume album images. Taken together, the three alba reveal a range of collecting practices and purposes - intellectual, documentary, and personal - of men from the Southern Low Countries working in the service of Habsburg emperors in Ottoman Constantinople. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering both non-migrant and migrant couples, this paper studies the effect of cohabiting life partners' attitudes, resources, and social network compositions on their spouse's interethnic friendships and acquaintances. Thus, partners are conceptualized as important "third parties" for interethnic relationship formation. Analysing representative German household panel data, I find that partner characteristics play an important role for a person's interethnic relationships. In particular, a strong positive connection between cohabiting life partners' interethnic relationships indicates that couples' social networks merge over time. Partner's preferences for interethnic contacts mainly exert an indirect influence that is mediated by the partner's own interethnic relationships and – to some extent – by a person's preferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a new solution concept in the roommate problem, based on the "robustness" of deviations (i.e., blocking coalitions). We call a deviation from a matching robust up to depth k , if none of the deviators gets worse off than at the original matching after any sequence of at most k subsequent deviations. We say that a matching is stable against robust deviations (for short, SaRD) up to depth k , if no deviation from it is robust up to depth k. As a smaller k imposes a stronger requirement for a matching to be SaRD, we investigate the existence of a matching that is SaRD with a minimal depth k. We constructively demonstrate that a SaRD matching always exists for k = 3 and establish sufficient conditions for k = 1 and 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe characteristics associated with having coronavirus disease (COVID-19) among students residing on a university campus. Of 2,187 students, 528 (24.1%) received a COVID-19 diagnosis during fall semester 2020. Students sharing a bedroom or suite had approximately twice the odds of contracting COVID-19 as those living alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study tested theoretical models that explicate the influence of anger on disputants' communication tactics and relational outcomes across two cultures. Participants were undergraduate students in Hong Kong (N = 64) and the United States (N = 74) who formed intracultural negotiation dyads to resolve a dispute between roommates. Results indicate that anger had an indirect influence on both negotiators' own and their counterpart's desire to continue the relationship. Anger affected negotiators' relational goals (affiliation vs. power) that prompted the use of differing facework (face-saving vs. face-threatening) and dispute resolution (interests- vs. power- vs. rights-based) tactics, which were associated with both one's own and the counterpart's relational outcome. Although the models received support in both cultures, anger had a stronger influence on rights-based tactics for Americans, whereas it had a stronger indirect influence on power-based tactics for Hong Kong Chinese. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple room occupancy is common in Nursing Homes (NHs), and its role in transmission of antibiotic-resistant pathogens is unclear. We investigated prevalence of patient colonization and environmental contamination with vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in NH roommates, compared it with expected prevalence, and determined specific body and environmental sites that may act as sources of roommate colonization. Roommate contamination was associated with index patient's colonization (relative risk (RR): 2.57 (95% CI 1.04–6.37)) for MRSA, and index patient's immediate environment contamination for VRE (RR: 3.60 (95% CI 1.59–8.12)). When specific index patient sites associated with roommate colonization were investigated, the side table (Fisher's p = 0.029 and 0.047 for VRE and MRSA, respectively) and the nurse call button (p = 0.001 and 0.052) stood out, together with patient hands in the case of VRE (p = 0.026). Future studies should be carried out to establish whether these sites should be a specific target of infection prevention campaigns in NHs with multiple occupancy rooms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the Japanese television show franchise Terrace House, six people live in a large home together and cameras record their interactions, with the key addition of a group of comedians and television personalities who watch the show together and comment on it. In its ongoing discussions of which housemates and behaviors are the most 'manly', Terrace House offers a window into contemporary debates about masculinities in Japan. In examining in-show incidents and commentary related to the housemates' sexuality, aggression, passivity, maturity, and attitudes toward money and labor, we begin to see how certain norms surrounding masculinities in Japan are shifting (and how some remain static). Focusing on the 2017–2019 iteration of the show, 'Opening New Doors', this paper examines how the interactions of Terrace House's young housemates, the reactions of the show's (mostly older) commentators, the responses of fans, and the show's editing and structural choices reveal conflicting ideas about what it means to be 'manly' (as well as to be a responsible adult) in contemporary Japan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given a set A of n people, with each person having a preference list that ranks a subset of A as his/her acceptable partners in order of preference, we consider the Roommates Problem (rp) and the Marriage Problem (mp) of matching people with their partners. In rp there is no further restriction, while in mp only people of opposite genders can be acceptable partners. For a pair of matchings X and Y, let ϕ(X,Y) denote the number of people who prefer a person they get matched by X to a person they get matched by Y, and define an unpopularity factoru(M) of a matching M to be the maximum ratio ϕ (M ′ , M) / ϕ (M , M ′) among all other possible matchings M ′ . In this paper, we develop an algorithm to compute the unpopularity factor of a given matching in O (m n log 2 n) time for rp and in O (m n log n) time for mp, where m is the total length of people's preference lists. We also generalize the notion of unpopularity factor to a weighted setting where people are given different voting weights and show that our algorithm can be slightly modified to support that setting with the same running time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research shows the increasing tendency of partisan considerations to influence decisions outside the context of politics, including residential choice. Scholars attribute this tendency to affective distaste for members of the other party. However, little work has investigated the relative influence of political and nonpolitical factors in these situations—and it has not sufficiently ruled out alternative explanations for these phenomena. Do people mainly choose to socially avoid members of the other party for political reasons, or is partisanship simply perceived to be correlated with relevant nonpolitical considerations? In some settings, political affiliation may serve primarily as a cue for other factors. As a result, studies that manipulate partisanship but fail to include other individuating information may exaggerate partisanship's importance in these decisions. To address this shortcoming, I assess the impact of political and nonpolitical considerations on roommate selection via conjoint analysis. I find that partisanship strongly influences this social decision even in the presence of nonpolitical-but-politically-correlated individuating information. Partisan preferences are also moderated by roommates' perceived levels of political interest. Finally, other social traits do matter, but how they matter depends on partisanship. Specifically, partisans report increased willingness to live with counter-stereotypic out-partisans. This suggests that partisan social divides may be more easily bridged by individuals with cross-cutting identities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper extends the roommate problem to include externalities, allowing preferences for a partner to depend on the situation of others. Stability concepts for matchings and partitions of the set of agents are proposed and characterized, conditional on all agents having prudent expectations about other agents' reactions to deviations. We prove that any roommate problem with externalities has a stable partition and that a stable matching exists if there is a stable partition without odd rings. These results allow us to find restrictions on the space of preferences ensuring the existence of a stable matching. We also show that some classical properties are lost in the presence of externalities: the existence of paths to stability from any unstable matching, the coincidence of the core with the set of stable matchings, and the invariance of the set of agents who are alone in a stable matching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores There's never a good time to get kicked out of boarding school. It's an even worse time with a hurricane barreling toward the Texas Gulf, leaving you to soon be trapped behind boarded-up windows with your angry, disappointed adopted family. A family fixated on a hoop-dreams daughter and not a would-be writer/filmmaker struggling with identity, caught self-harming by their roommate.

Background: There is ongoing debate about whether friends' greater similarity in Body Mass Index (BMI) than non-friends is due to friend selection, shared environments, or peer influence. Methods: First-year college students (n = 104) from a southwestern U.S. university were randomly assigned roommates during the university's housing process, effectively removing friend selection effects. Participant BMI was measured up to four times (T1-T4) across 2015–2016. The influence of roommate baseline BMI (T1) on change in participant BMI over time (T2-T4) was analyzed using a linear mixed effects model adjusted for individual socio-demographics, linear time trends, baseline BMI, and physical clustering of students. A sensitivity analysis examining floormates was also conducted. Results: Consistent with roommate influence, participants randomized to roommates with a higher BMI gained more weight between times T2 and T4 (β = 0.06; 95% CI = 0.02, 0.10). No shared environment effects (shared campus or floor) were found. Conclusions: Randomly assigned roommates influenced each other's weight trajectories. This clarifies that BMI convergence can occur outside of friend selection or shared environments mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A heterogeneous student body is valued in part because diverse interactions among students help create educated and competent citizens and promote learning and development. Campus housing is a primary setting for diverse interactions as students navigate living with individuals who differ from themselves. This study investigated how the roommate assignment process influences interactional diversity and perceptions of the campus environment for first-year students living on campus, and if these relationships differ by race/ethnicity and national origin. On average, students whose roommates were assigned by the institution (as opposed to choosing their own roommates) did not interact with diverse others more often. At the same time, however, Asian, Black and multiracial students who were assigned roommates by the institution perceived a substantially less welcoming campus environment than their same-race peers who chose their roommates. This difference was not observed for White students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper employs the model to analyse visual narratives in children’s picturebooks proposed by Painter, Martin and Unsworth (2013) and Kress and van Leeuwen’s visual social semiotics (2006), in order to observe the main compositional and interpersonal meanings created in the picturebook Daddy’s Roommate. The aim of the study is to look at the position of the readers in the story and to observe the way the characters are represented and the relationships between them. The role of the mother will also be deconstructed, due to her importance in the story. I will analyse the main characteristics of the interpersonal and compositional metafunctions by exploring the way in which the visual and textual component create meaning. The methodology is mainly qualitative-descriptive. The analysis reveals that the abundance of middle-shots and close-ups suggest involvement between the characters represented in the book and the reader. Moreover, the predominance of offers points out that the reader is invited to observe the relationship and the actions that the child has with Daddy and his roommate and to see how positive it is. The compositional meanings show that both Daddy and his roommate appear in prominent positions to show that they are important in the child’s life. In most cases, the written theme coincides with the visual one as a way to reinforce the complementary meaning of both modes of communication in the story. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study provides empirical evidence related to two critical assumptions in the student engagement literature in higher education—namely, the malleability of study effort and the causality of the relationship between study effort and student outcomes. We merged student-level administrative data on dormitory assignments, study effort in a hybrid course, and course performance from a regional college in China. Our results indicate that study efforts are more similar for a pair of randomly assigned roommates than for a pair of randomly assigned non-roommates, indicating the malleability of study effort. In addition, we provide evidence on the causal relationship between study effort and academic performance by using roommates' study efforts as an instrumental variable when estimating the effect of a student's study effort on course performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with roommate problems (Gale and Shapley, Am Math Mon 69(1):9–15, 1962) that are solvable, i.e., have a non-empty core (set of stable matchings). We study rank-fairness within pairs of stable matchings and the size of the core by means of maximal and average rank gaps. We provide upper bounds in terms of maximal and average disagreements in the agents' rankings. Finally, we show that most of our bounds are tight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the subjective preferences of n roommates in an n-bedroom apartment, one can use Sperner's lemma to find a division of the rent such that each roommate prefers a distinct room. At the resulting rent division, no roommate has a strictly stronger preference for a different room. We give a new elementary proof that the subjective preferences of only n - 1 of the roommates actually suffice to achieve this envy-free rent division. Our proof, in particular, yields an algorithm to find such a division of rent. The techniques also give generalizations of Sperner's lemma including a new proof of a conjecture of Meunier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]