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The most important physical structure that is assumed to illustrate the geometry of optical soliton replication in optical fiber theory is the nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE). Optical soliton generation in nonlinear optical fibers is a topic of great contemporary interest because of the numerous applications of ultrafast signal routing systems and short light pulses in communications. This analysis's main goal is to create a large number of soliton solutions for the dynamical model using a variety of contemporary analytical methods. This paper studies different soliton solutions to the perturbed NLSE with Kerr law nonlinearity using two sets of two distinct integration strategies: the mapping approach and the unified auxiliary equation method. The majority of solutions have been found as Jacobi elliptic functions with limiting ellipticity modulus values. Solitons like dark, bright, optical, lonely, and others are also retrieved. We were able to create various single‐type solutions with the help of these strategies. As a result, there is a variety of optical, bell‐shaped, single periodic, and multi‐periodic solutions. In order to validate the computations, the stability of the acquired findings must also be proven. The study provides a highly stunning and suitable strategy for combining numerous exciting wave demonstrations for more advanced models of the present era. Furthermore, we can assert that the outcomes reported here are unique and novel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of information technology, wireless communications have become prevalent in every other field we can imagine. Sensor nodes are the fundamental element of wireless communication networks. When they are deployed, they gather environmental data from the surrounding area and send it to the base station for further analysis. This paper focused on creating a routing technique that improved wireless communication energy conservation through the use of fuzzy logic and ant colony optimisation in order to extend battery life. Ant colony optimisation algorithm (HFACO) and hybrid fuzzy logic were used in the construction of the routing protocol. Numerous derived techniques have been adapted to dynamic problems in real variables, stochastic problems, multi-targets, and parallel implementations. Ant colony optimisation algorithms have been applied to a wide range of combinatorial optimisation problems, from quadratic assignment to protein folding or routing vehicles. Several techniques that are based on how ant colonies forage have been used recently to solve challenging discrete optimisation problems.By taking into account the node's energy and traffic load, fuzzy logic was utilised to determine the total node cost to the gateway. Ant colony optimisation (ACO) was used to find the shortest path between the source and destination sensor nodes, and the path's value was determined by measuring its shortest distance. When compared to the ACO's performance in the same conditions, the Matlab simulation's results showed superior energy conservation performance. This improved routing technique can be applied to Wi-Fi sensor networks in industrial environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Many different clinical specialists provide care to patients with Turner syndrome (TS), who have highly variable clinical manifestations. Therefore, a national TS registry is essential to inform a cohesive approach to healthcare and research. In 2015, the Turner Syndrome Society of the United States (TSSUS) created the Turner Syndrome Research Registry (TSRR) to engage directly with community participants who voluntarily provide longitudinal data about their experiences with TS. TSRR projects are collaborative partnerships between people with TS, TSSUS, and researchers. Results: To ensure that registry workflows conform to the data privacy choices of participants, TSSUS collaborated with UTHealth Houston in 2021 to create a new version of the TSRR that completely separates participant health data (stored at UTHealth) and personal identifiers (maintained at TSSUS). We developed an innovative Visual Basic (VB) script that, when embedded into Microsoft Outlook, redirects REDCap surveys through TSSUS to participants by matching registry IDs to participant email addresses. Additionally, the utilization of REDCap allows for portability of data as it is an open source platform. Conclusion: In this report, we will highlight three recent changes that more closely align the TSRR with this mission: a unique and equal collaborative partnership between UTHealth and TSSUS, an open-source platform, REDCap, that ensures data portability and compatibility across institutions, and an innovative survey routing system that retains participant confidentiality without sacrificing REDCap survey distribution capabilities to connect researchers with thousands of participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are part of the short‐term networks, including sensitivity, computation, and Wi‐Fi connectivity capability. Many routing, range management, and log transfer protocols are specifically designed for WSN. The previous method showed less efficiency in routing management. The proposed lifetime maximization energy‐aware routing protocol (LTMEARP) protocol is known for its high routing efficiency, giving a higher lifetime and throughput performance. The requirement for a routing system approach is advanced with Internet service provider's protocols by recalculating the routing table after the link stage's substitution worldwide, leading to responses and connection failures by sharing important data after traffic. LTMEARP routing protocol has assured high availability routing performances during traffic conditions. LTMEARP support sends homogeneous and expanded nodes. Analyze a new approach to routing‐based selection algorithms for homogeneous node WSNs. The number of connections is limited and must be adjusted using separate paths and header packets to meet the user's network access location. The results show that the LTMEARP has achieved quality without introducing excessive network access program overhead, which deals with the study of communication and the benefits and problems with the performance of each routing technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evacuation planning and emergency routing systems are crucial in saving lives during disasters. Traditional emergency routing systems, despite their best efforts, often struggle to accurately capture the dynamic nature of flood conditions, road closures, and other real-time changes inherent in urban disaster logistics. This paper introduces the ReinforceRouting model, a novel approach to optimizing evacuation routes using reinforcement learning (RL). The model incorporates a unique RL environment that considers multiple criteria, such as traffic conditions, hazardous situations, and the availability of safe routes. The RL agent in this model learns optimal actions through interaction with the environment, receiving feedback in the form of rewards or penalties. The ReinforceRouting model excels in executing prompt and accurate route planning on large road networks, outperforming traditional RL algorithms and shortest-path-based algorithms. A higher safety score and episode reward of the model are demonstrated when compared to these classical methods. This innovative approach to disaster evacuation planning offers a promising avenue for enhancing the efficiency, safety, and reliability of emergency responses in dynamic urban environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stream-terrace morphostratigraphy and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) geochronology indicate that storm-driven sedimentation has caused down-system decoupling of the uppermost reaches of McMillan Creek (southern California, USA) from the lower reaches of McMillan Creek since 1960 ± 190 yr B.P. This is significant because source-to-sink studies report high degrees of sediment transport connectivity over millennial time scales during periods of high fluvial discharge in sediment routing systems. The most recent relatively large-magnitude episode of sedimentation emplaced a sediment slug in the ephemeral channel of McMillan Creek. The sediment slug is correlated to the "California Storm of January 1862" via OSL dating. In this paper, a conceptual model of sediment slug dynamics in an ephemeral stream over 16 decades is developed based on fluvial sedimentation events that in most instances included reworking slug-derived sediment. Due to the episodic nature of streamflow in ephemeral streams and the dearth of sediment transport between streamflow events, sediment slug coherency is sustained over longer periods of time in ephemeral streams than in perennial streams having steady or variable flow regimes. The longevity of sediment-slug coherency in ephemeral streams leads to more prolonged down-system decoupling in sediment routing systems than down-system decoupling caused by ordinary fluvial sedimentation. In McMillan Creek, it is possible that up-system decoupling driven by sedimentation has been contemporaneous with down-system decoupling, but factors other than sedimentation may have a more significant role in up-system decoupling. Source-to-sink studies completed in areas having a Mediterranean climate cannot assume that sediment flux out of upland source areas includes the total amount of sediment available for transport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The information sharing on behalf of the delivery of the packet in the network router and the original information that is share to the correct person is enabled for the analysis and then the analysis is done. The traffic related problem based on the sharing the information is occur when two or more sis sent in the same routing path. So the packet or the information has been sent using the single router or an execution time delivery for the analysis. The method of novel QoS Routing, fault tolerance is used in this study for the analysis of the system to produce the formation and the analysis of the packet routing. Fault tolerance is used in the deliver the packets without fail and to deliver it in the fast manner. The QoS is used for managing the information or the packets which makes and send the data which is the high priority of the data and the analysis of the dependency is analysed. The finding of the CRAFT related protocol and the efficient routing has been found. Routing system the effective method for the analysis and the protocol transfer has been enabled using the CRAFT method. The suggested system explains the algorithms for enhancing fault detection, fault isolation, data redundancy, robustness against coalescing innovative QoS routing, and fault tolerance improving QoS parameters in the ad-hoc wireless network utilising CRAFT protocol. Compared to the early existing system, fault detection is now three times better. The execution time is 96% faster, and the decreased latency is less than 2 ms. The data redundancy rate is likely about 90% when restricted to the current services, which have improved in terms of resilience by 93%, jitter by 7%, and packet arrival time by over 50 ms per transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The proliferation of Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs), where nodes connect with one another to offer the required real-time entertainment services, is where academics are focusing more attention as a result of recent breakthroughs in wireless communication. Decentralised design and wireless connection of MANETs, however, make building safe routing a difficult problem. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and optical technologies have attracted a lot of attention as a way to address these security issues and improve network performance. This study uses a machine learning model to provide a unique security management and routing management method for MANETs. Here, trust-based multi-tier honey pot analysis with stacked reinforcement learning (MHSRL) is used to monitor the security of the network. The linear gradient Distance Vector dynamic Mamdani routing system (LGDVDMR) is used to regulate network routing. For different security-based datasets, experimental analysis is done in terms of throughput, end-end latency, packet delivery ratio, and trust analysis. Generated graph executes both the performance graph and the packet drop. The results of research studies indicate that our method locates the closest node that is the safest and finds problematic nodes with a tolerable load. Proposed technique attained throughput 96%, trust analysis 98%, end-end delay of 59%, packet delivery ratio of 79%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we employed the ∂ ¯ -dressing method to investigate the Kundu-nonlinear Schrödinger equation based on the local 2 × 2 matrix ∂ ¯ problem. The Lax spectrum problem is used to derive a singular spectral problem of time and space associated with a Kundu-NLS equation. The N-solitions of the Kundu-NLS equation were obtained based on the ∂ ¯ equation by choosing a special spectral transformation matrix, and a gradual analysis of the long-duration behavior of the equation was acquired. Subsequently, the one- and two-soliton solutions of Kundu-NLS equations were obtained explicitly. In optical fiber, due to the wide application of telecommunication and flow control routing systems, people are very interested in the propagation of femtosecond optical pulses, and a high-order, nonlinear Schrödinger equation is needed to build a model. In plasma physics, the soliton equation can predict the modulation instability of light waves in different media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To study the geographical distribution characteristics of maritime traffic risks, statistical representations of potential accident scenarios and macro collision risk models were established, and the waters with higher maritime traffic risks were generated. To better evaluate the risk of ship collision candidates during routing waterways, an improved adaptive bandwidth kernel density estimation (KDE) is proposed. This proposed algorithm is used for evaluating risk reduction of the ship routing system, which schedules and adjusts maritime traffic in congested harbor waterways. Larger bandwidth can make the hot spot region more obvious on a global scale. Moreover, the bandwidth is positively correlated with the dispersion of points. Concerning the data with sparse point distribution, a larger bandwidth should be used whereas, for data with dense points of interest, a smaller bandwidth should be considered. The results show that the KDE, with optimized bandwidth, can fit the ship encountering distribution and obtain the frequent spots for ship encountering. The comparison between KDE results before and after the ship routing system shows that the hot spots of ship collision candidates are reduced after the ship routing waterway is established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the Internet's and communication systems' rapid technological and service development, communication networks have been impacted by a rise in intricacy. Optical networks, which are vital components of both the core and access networks in communication networks, face major obstacles due to the complexity of the system and the requirement for manual effort. To overcome the current limitations and address the issues with future optical networks, it is essential to install greater intelligence capabilities to enable autonomous as well as flexible network operation. The present study delivers a novel approach for transmission analysis-routing-improved multiagent communication using optical access networks. An optical access network is used here, and routing is handled dynamically using multi-agent communication. A federated convolutional component neural network is then used to analyse the data flow. Throughput, latency from end to end, lifetime of the network, route loss, and energy consumption are all measured experimentally and analysed. When designing the routing protocol, we first model the network as a decentralised multi-agent system and factor in factors like residual energy and connection quality. As a result, the network is better able to adjust to changes and the lifespan of the network may be prolonged. The proposed solution increased network throughput by 97%, decreased end-to-end latency by 54%, prolonged the life of the network by 6%, reduced route loss by 59%, and reduced energy consumption by 55%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE) is one of the most important physical model in optical fiber theory for explaining changes in optical soliton growth. Due to the large range of opportunities for ultrafast signal routing systems and brief pulses of light in communications, optical soliton transmission in nonlinear fibers is currently a topic of significant interest for researchers. In this article, we study the dynamics of the generalised unstable NLSE which specified the time evolution of perturbations in barely steady or unstable media. A set of efficient analytical approaches are implemented to develop various interesting travelling wave structures such as bright, dark, singular, optical, bell shaped and periodic solitons solutions. Additionally, the stability of the obtained results is validated. Finally, the modulation instability of the governing model has also been investigated to present change effects that occurs as a result of the irregular refractive indices in an optical fiber, leading to distinct behaviour patterns. The methods as reported are applicable in clarity, effectiveness, and simplicity, establishing their applicability to various sets of dynamic and static nonlinear equations concerning evolutionary phenomena in computational physics, as well as other practical domains and numerous areas of research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

WSNs(Wireless Sensor Networks) has been developed with applications in many domains including agriculture, telecommunication, manufacturing industry, healthcare, and surveillance. More specifically, WSN plays a pivotal role in IoT (Internet of Things). The IoT sensors provide information about the physical phenomena in the deployed fields. As the sensors contain only limited resources, the factors like data processing, power consumption, transmission, and storage capabilities adversely affect the efficiency. Thus, the process of routing is necessary for network longevity. The data from IoT-based sensors is routed to the destination through a multi-hop routing system. The Energy aware Routing is motivated by the nature inspired Fuzzy Butterfly Optimization (E2RFBOA). Further a new data aggregation method is introduced in this article customized for IoT based WSN to acquaint higher crop yield in precision farming. Nevertheless, the scalability becomes a primary concern when deployed in larger and denser networks. This is due to the fact that all nodes in IoT and WSN are mostly alive depending on higher usage of bandwidth and power. The primal aim is to build a novel routing protocol developed for IoT-WSN. Apart from this, an Energy aware Clustered Routing that is motivated by Adaptive Elephant Herding Optimization (E2CR-AEHO) is proposed, which sensors collect data and find a group of Cluster Heads (CHs). In the AEHO Algorithm, the formed CH is rotated depending on power consumption. This also prevents frequent re-clustering; at the same time it can effectively adapt to the changes in network topology. According to the AEHOA, the node population comprises of nodes that can choose its CHs among the other nodes. This algorithm takes into account a number of criteria, including power consumption, residual power of Sensor Nodes (SN), network reliability, and data reliability. The suggested approach can efficiently represent the network environment, allowing the routing algorithm to avoid passing over marked zones. Network-specific performances measures including PDRs (Packet Delivery Ratios), NLs (Network Lifetimes), PLRs (Packet Loss Ratios), and AE2E (Average End To End) delay are used to evaluate simulation outcomes. This proposed framework aggregates IoT, which can gradually reduce the amount of data, hence extending network lifetime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The number of internet users and connected devices has dramatically expanded due to the recent technological boom and the benefits that the internet of things offers to ease our lives. Network scheduling, quality of service, resource allocation, and security issues are now being addressed via software‐defined networking (SDN). SDN has several benefits over traditional networks, including global centralized control, managing network traffic, and separating the forwarding and control plane. The work done in this paper aims to design and implement a traffic‐aware routing framework based on routing optimization presented as an integer linear programming (ILP) to improve heterogeneous traffic flows' quality of service (QoS) in a simulated SDN environment. With the knowledge that the routing problem is a nondeterministic polynomial‐time‐hard problem, the proposed scheme aims to decrease the computational routing time to make the ILP‐based routing system more suitable for real‐time processing. The simulation results illustrate that the proposed framework reduces the computational time by 23% and 49% for Abilene and Goodnet topology, respectively. Additionally, with 1000 flows in the network, the suggested scheme reduces the number of network flows that violate the QoS by 9% and 22% (with Abilene topology) and 16% and 51% (with Goodnet topology) as compared to the existing shortest path delay and sway methods, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Late Paleozoic strata in the southeastern Ordos Basin comprise targeted reservoirs for tight gas exploration. As a typical intracratonic basin, the Ordos Basin is characterized by low-accommodation space and a complex sediment infilling process, which attracts much attention. During the early Permian, the southeast area was fed by sediments from multiple sediment sources, which makes it difficult to identify the pinch-out of the sand bodies and reconstruct the sediment routing system. In this study, we reconstruct the paleo-topography of the late Paleozoic setting using high-resolution 2D and 3D seismic data. Thus, we identify two types of topography: the eastern block is presented as a semiclosed depression, and the western block is observed as a flat platform. Based on detrital zircon U–Pb data and heavy mineral assemblages, we reconstruct the provenance area and show that early Permian sediments originate from the northern margin of the Ordos Basin and from the northern Qinling orogenic belt in the south. By integrating the trace element contents, carbon and oxygen isotope data and sedimentary structure from core samples, we can observe the paleoenvironment and the corresponding facies associations in these blocks. The eastern block was infilled by a prograding delta; the western block was infilled by a tide-dominated delta or a wavy-dominated delta. By using stratigraphic forward modelling, we find that most sediments in the semiclosed setting are progradational and intensely interacted. In contrast, the sediments in the western block present an open setting, infilled and gently interacted. The fine-grained deposits were not easily preserved due to tidal or wave reworking processes in the shallow-water marine setting, and they were transported into deep-water areas. Furthermore, to explore the dominant factors in a pattern of fluvial–deltaic sand bodies formed in the low-accommodation basin, we rebuild the sediment routing system parameters and plot them on a bubble chart. According to the fitness between the depositional volume and the above parameters, we determine the key factors in the routing systems that formed. The results show that the sediment supply has a high relevance to the depositional volume in a semiclosed setting, such as the eastern block, while the terrain height may drive sedimentation in an open marine setting, such as the western block. We demonstrate that two different infill patterns and different sand-body stacking patterns with multiple sediment sources in a low-accommodation basin may serve as a model for similar settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the theory of optical fibres, the nonlinear Schrödinger equation is one of the most significant physical models for understanding the dynamics of optical soliton proliferation. Optical soliton propagation in nonlinear optical fibres is a topic of considerable contemporary interest due to the wide range of applications for ultrafast signal routing systems and short light pulses in communications. Our basic objective of this investigation is to use different modern analytical techniques to develop several soliton solutions for the resonance model. As an outcome, a variety of periodic solitons and singular bell shaped solitons solutions are obtained. Furthemore, the findings of stability as well as its modulation instabilities are effectively analyzed. The adapted schemes seem very impressive and competent avenue to obtained several advanced moving pulse shapes of different coincident pattern in the recent decade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Internet of things (IoT), data packets are accumulated and disseminated across IoT devices without human intervention, therefore the privacy and security of sensitive data during transmission are crucial. For this purpose, multiple routing techniques exist to ensure security and privacy in IoT Systems. One such technique is the routing protocol for low power and lossy networks (RPL) which is an IPv6 protocol commonly used for routing in IoT systems. Formal modeling of an IoT system can validate the reliability, accuracy, and consistency of the system. This paper presents the formal modeling of RPL protocol and the analysis of its security schemes using colored Petri nets that applies formal validation and verification for both the secure and non-secure modes of RPL protocol. The proposed approach can also be useful for formal modeling-based verification of the security of the other communication protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sediment mass‐balance analysis provides key constraints on stratigraphic architecture and its controls. We use the data‐rich Middle Jurassic Brent Delta sediment routing system in the proto‐Viking Graben, Northern North Sea, to estimate sediment budgets and mass‐balance between source areas and depositional sinks. Published studies are synthesised to provide an age‐constrained sequence stratigraphic framework, consisting of four previously defined genetic sequences (J22, J24, J26, J32). Genetic sequence J32 (3.9 Myr) records transverse progradation of basin‐margin deltas, sourced from the Shetland Platform to the west and Norwegian Landmass to the east. Genetic sequences J24 (1.1 Myr) and J26 (0.9 Myr) record the rapid progradation and subsequent aggradation of the Brent Delta along the basin axis, sourced from the uplifted Mid‐North Sea High to the south, and the western and eastern source regions. Genetic sequence J32 (2.2 Myr) records the retreat of the Brent Delta. Sediment budgets for the four genetic sequences are estimated using palaeogeographical reconstructions, isopach maps, and sedimentological analysis of core and well‐log data. The estimated net‐depositional sediment budget for the mapped Brent Delta system is 2.0–2.8 Mt/year. Temporal variations in net‐depositional sediment budget were driven by changes in tectonic boundary conditions, such as the onset of uplift before the deposition of genetic sequence J24. Over the same time period, the Shetland Platform, Norwegian Landmass and Mid‐North Sea High source regions are estimated to have supplied 2.3–5.6, 5.0–14.1, and 2.8–9.4 Mt/year of sediment, respectively, using the BQART sediment load model and independent geometrical reconstruction of eroded volumes, which are constrained by isostatic uplift estimates based on the geochemistry of syn‐depositional volcanic rocks. The net‐depositional sediment budget in the sink is an order‐of‐magnitude smaller than the total sediment budget supplied by the source regions (13.9–23 Mt/year). This discrepancy suggests that along‐shore transport by wave‐generated currents into the coeval Faroe‐Shetland Basin and/or down‐dip transport by gravity flows into the coeval western Møre Basin played a key role in redistributing sediments away from the Brent Delta system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The provenance of Early Cretaceous sandstones dredged on the northern margin of the Demerara Plateau, offshore French Guiana and Suriname, reveals the sediment routing system that prevailed through the Equatorial Atlantic rifting. Fission‐track analysis and U–Pb dating of 310 and 111 detrital zircons, respectively, have been performed. Microfacies analysis and inherited cooling ages suggest that the sandstones were deposited in shallow marine environments during the Early Cretaceous, before the Late Albian drowning of the marginal plateau. Most of the U–Pb zircon crystallisation ages are comprised of between 700 and 600 Ma and are attributed to the Pan‐African‐Brasiliano orogeny. Statistical and chronological evidence suggest that the zircon fission‐track cooling ages were inherited from source materials. Triassic peak ages (>50% of the population) are attributed to the early phase of Central Atlantic rifting. One sample records a cooling phase at ca. 170 Ma, presumably following volcanic hotspot activity and the opening of the Central Atlantic Ocean. Two other samples record the rapid exhumation of the French Guiana transform margin during the Equatorial Atlantic rifting (127 ± 11 and 106 ± 8 Ma). We propose a source‐to‐sink model in which the Pan‐African‐Brasiliano basement of the margin was eroded as a result of flexural uplift along the French Guiana margin, and the detrital material funnelled in the Cacipore graben sustained the Early Cretaceous syn‐rift sedimentation on the marginal plateau. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, research into Wireless Body-Area Sensor Networks (WBASN) or Wireless Body-Area Networks (WBAN) has gained much importance in medical applications, and now plays a significant role in patient monitoring. Among the various operations, routing is still recognized as a resource-intensive activity. As a result, designing an energy-efficient routing system for WBAN is critical. The existing routing algorithms focus more on energy efficiency than security. However, security attacks will lead to more energy consumption, which will reduce overall network performance. To handle the issues of reliability, energy efficiency, and security in WBAN, a new cluster-based secure routing protocol called the Secure Optimal Path-Routing (SOPR) protocol has been proposed in this paper. This proposed algorithm provides security by identifying and avoiding black-hole attacks on one side, and by sending data packets in encrypted form on the other side to strengthen communication security in WBANs. The main advantages of implementing the proposed protocol include improved overall network performance by increasing the packet-delivery ratio and reducing attack-detection overheads, detection time, energy consumption, and delay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Provenance studies demonstrate the important control of plate boundary mountain building on continental sediment routing systems. Less well understood is if subsidence and uplift in cratons also has the potential to affect the organization of sediment routing systems on continental scales. New detrital zircon provenance data from the Michigan Basin in the Midcontinent of North America preserve evidence of intrabasin provenance heterogeneity in Cambrian, Ordovician, and middle Devonian strata. These results suggest that cratonic basins serve as effective sediment barriers that prevent mixing within and across basins from 10 to 100 s of millions of years. Internal sediment mixing, sorting, and dispersal may be achieved by a combination of sedimentary processes and inherited low relief topography. These observations are consistent with provenance data sets from eastern Laurentian Midcontinent basins that show locally and regionally variable provenance signatures during the early Paleozoic. By the late Devonian, provenance signatures throughout the basins homogenized, consistent with the emergence of transcontinental sediment transport systems associated with Appalachian orogenesis at the plate margin. These results demonstrate the importance of cratonic basins on local and regional sediment routing systems suggesting that these features may impede the integration of continental-scale sediment routings systems, particularly during periods of plate margin quiescence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vehicular ad hoc (VANETs) are most important class of mobile ad hoc network because of their application. However there are problems with mobility management, network scalability and more seriously, real-time decision making. In this current paper propose a decentralized traffic routing system using software architecture for Road Network. This architecture based on fog computing and aims to improve overall performance in vehicular ad hoc network. The proposed technique is a new routing design for the urban system to achieve the low energy consumption and improve the efficiency in data delivery. The combination between the software -- defined network and fog computing platform in the proposed technique aids to achieve the high rate of data transmission. Moreover, this high rate of data transmission negatively affected the network capacity and power consumption. To prove the effectiveness of proposed technique compared with other existing technique such as FWCA and OCSR. The proposed technique performance is tested on four metrics namely Throughput, Packet Delivery Ratio, End-to-End Delay and Routing Overhead. The simulation results shows that a 40-45% improvement in Delay and Packet delivery ratio, then a 40-50% enhancement in network Throughput and Routing overhead, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Frequency selectivity of routing signals in quantum channels is of great significance for a quantum optical network. We have proposed a novel tunable bandpass router constructed by two waveguides linked mediately via a driven three-level emitter. The routing properties in the output port are investigated theoretically by using the real-space Hamiltonian. Numerical results show that the continuous central frequencies on demand of routing photons can be manipulated almost linearly by tuning the driving field, and high routing efficiencies of resonance transmission can be achieved via reflection feedback. The proposed routing system could be exploited potentially in designing other quantum optical devices and quantum information processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Studies network Macroscopic Fundamental Diagram of urban network with hierarchical streets. • Presence of hierarchy leads to non-unimodal patterns in MFD when hierarchical streets present and users route according to UE principles. • Findings obtained with simple analytical model and confirmed with simulations and empirical data. Unimodal, concave relationships between average network productivity and accumulation or density aggregated across spatially compact regions of urban networks—so called network Macroscopic Fundamental Diagrams (MFDs)—have recently been shown to exist on homogeneous street networks. When present, MFD relationships facilitate the modeling of traffic congestion at a regional level and have led to the development of various regional traffic control strategies. However, real street networks are not homogeneous—they generally have a hierarchical structure where some streets (e.g., arterials) promote higher mobility than others (e.g., local roads). This paper examines how the presence of hierarchical roadway structures may potentially cause non-unimodal patterns in a network's MFD. These are observed using three types of tools: analytical models of simple network structures, simulations of various idealized roadway networks, and empirical data. The impacts of street hierarchy depend on how vehicles use different roadway types to move within the network; i.e., their routing strategy. The findings suggest that the presence of roadway hierarchies may lead to MFDs that have non-unimodal or non-concave patterns on the free-flow branch when vehicles route themselves according to user equilibrium principles, which is closest to what would be observed in realistic situations. Such patterns are contrary to what is traditionally assumed in most MFD-based modeling frameworks. However, the unimodal and concave MFD should be expected under system optimal routing conditions that maximize network productivity for a given traffic state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sediment routing systems of cratonic domains have not been studied extensively because their relief and erosion rates are very low, although their vast dimensions allowed them to contribute to a significant proportion of the sediments exported to the global ocean. To gain further insights into the behavior of cratonic sediment routing systems at geological time scales, we investigated the Guiana Shield and its Atlantic rifted margin (i.e., the Guiana-Suriname and Foz do Amazonas Basins, northern South America) over the Meso-Cenozoic with an emphasis on paleoenvironment and accumulation histories of the offshore sediments. We show that the basins of the Guiana Shield rifted margin record (1) periods of very low siliciclastic supply concomitant with the development of carbonate platforms, alternating with (2) phases of higher siliciclastic supply associated with sand-dominated clastic deposits and turbidites. Low siliciclastic supplies reflect either very limited rift-related relief growth and erosion such as during the Central Atlantic rifting in the Late Jurassic or intense lateritic weathering of the cratonic source area during Paleogene-Miocene climate optima. Higher siliciclastic supplies correspond either to (1) periods of rapid rift-related relief growth and erosion such as during the Equatorial Atlantic rifting (Early Cretaceous), (2) periods of drainage reorganization over a steadily eroding cratonic domain (Late Cretaceous), or (3) periods of tapping of sediments stored in the Andean retro-foreland basins via the present-day Orinoco and Amazon Rivers (Plio-Pleistocene). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cenozoic strata on the Great Plains are the products of a long-lived, continental sediment routing system, and yet strikingly little is known about these ancient rivers. This article details the discovery of ~3100 fluvial ridges--erosionally inverted alluvial-fan, channel-fill, channel-belt, and valley-fill deposits--extending from the Rocky Mountain front to the eastern margin of the Great Plains. The direct detection of these channel bodies reveals new insights into late Eocene-Pliocene drainage evolution. Late Eocene-Oligocene streams were morphologically diverse. Alluvial fans adjacent to the Rocky Mountain front changed eastward to parallel or downstream-divergent, fixed, single-thread, straight to slightly sinuous (S = 1.0-1.5) streams <50 m in width. At ~100 km from the Rocky Mountain front, streams became sinuous and laterally mobile, forming amalgamated channel bodies as much as 3 km in width. Streamflow in all these systems was highly dispersed (southeast to northeast) and temporally variable. These characteristics reveal a nascent Great Plains alluvial apron hosting small, poorly integrated drainages undergoing abrupt changes. By the Miocene, more uniform streamflow generally trended east-northeast. Channel deposits are identifiable 500 km from the Rocky Mountain front. Middle Miocene valley fills gave way to fixed, multithread channels a few kilometers in width by the late Miocene. These patterns evince a mature alluvial apron hosting bigger rivers in well-integrated drainages. We interpret the systematic changes between fixed and mobile channel styles to record spatially and temporally variable aggradation rates. The widening of channels in the late Miocene likely reflects increased discharge relating to wetter climates upstream or the integration of once-isolated Rocky Mountain drainage basins into a continental-scale drainage system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The marine environment is experiencing significant impacts due to increased shipping traffic. The maritime industry must develop a low-carbon shipping strategy to comply with the increasingly strict emission regulations. This paper comprehensively reviews various decarbonization technologies, including navigation systems, hull design configuration, propulsion and power systems, and alternative fuels. By comparing a wide range of technologies in terms of their emission reduction potential and economic feasibility, this paper is intended to provide a full picture of alternative methods for future green shipping. Alternative fuels and hybrid power systems are found to have high potential for reducing carbon emissions and enhancing sustainability. The type of ship, its design configurations, and operation parameters affect the performance of optimal weather routing systems. With the current maritime policy and technological development, the transition from traditional marine fuel to liquefied natural gas can act as a temporary solution and provide significant decarbonization for maritime transportation. The emission reduction potential can be further enhanced with alternative fuels combined with hybrid power systems with high control flexibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Located off the Pacific coast of central Tohoku (NE Japan), the Ishinomaki slope channel (ISC) provides an excellent opportunity to study a structure‐controlled intraslope channel and downslope sedimentation along the active margin. The seismic reflection data across ISC show an extensive basal surface and overlying channel complexes between the basement structures of the Abukuma ridge to the south and Kitakami massif to the north, indicating that the formation of the intraslope basin, channelization of ISC and sedimentation of the downstream channel‐lobe transition zone (CLTZ) are very likely to be structure‐controlled. The oblique channel stacking pattern, faulting of the seafloor and subsurface Abukuma ridge in the upper and lower domains of ISC, collectively suggest that ISC has migrated northward and is currently under the influence of active compression. Differences in styles of accommodation space between the upper and lower domains of ISC suggest that differential subsidence occurred along the strike‐slip tectonic line. Based on the regional strike‐slip tectonic line, we propose that a Kitakami‐Abukuma ridge existed before the formation of ISC. The strike‐slip faulting divided the Kitakami‐Abukuma ridge into the Kitakami massif to the north and the Abukuma ridge to the south, and an intervening fault trough as the precursor of the intraslope basin and ISC. As the subduction of the Pacific Plate and associated compressional events continued, the Abukuma ridge was reactivated to narrow the intraslope basin into a confined channel. Located near the epicentre of the devastating 2011 Tohoku earthquake event, the ISC, downstream CLTZ and underlying intraslope basin provide information on active basement structure and the evolving sediment routing system on the tectonically active margin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study dwells upon the electric milk collection problem. The problem extends electric vehicle routing problem with time windows, considering multi-depot, multi-product, split deliveries, multi-compartment, fast chargers and fleet composition. The problem aims to create an effective routing decision-making system for electric trucks in transporting milk of different quality from producers (or milk collection points) in different locations to the factories. The objective of the electric milk collection problem is to minimize the sum of the total energy costs of electric trucks. We develop an adaptive general variable neighborhood search algorithm that involves several procedures having been tailored to handle specific features of the problem. We perform extensive computational experiments on real-life data to investigate the performance of the heuristics and offer particular insight. The results indicate that our algorithm successfully solves small- and large-scale instances in terms of solution quality and computational time. Our results also quantify the benefits of using fast charger types and fleet composition on the total energy costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) make it possible to perceive, collect, share, consolidate and revise information from multiple smart devices through the design of smart objects as agents within the Internet of Things (IoT) systems. Although multi-agent systems and related tools significantly change the paradigms used in systems optimization, the existing literature on MAS is not sufficient to explain modern distributed computing methods describing enhanced collaboration of IoT devices. This article presents comprehensive research that explains how smart objects such as sensors, smartphones, and data centers in IoT will affect the system's performance if they are integrated with MAS technology. In this context, general information about MAS and IoT technologies, the importance of interoperability in MAS, and how multi-agent technology can be used for various purposes, from capturing sensor data to decision making, specific to manufacturing systems, are explained. Afterward, technical, semantic, syntactic, and platform interoperability approaches that will enable communication and interaction of smart objects in IoT systems and how MAS can contribute to the establishment of these collaborations are expressed. Finally, it is presented how agent-based interoperability models affect the system's performance with a centralized and decentralized approach, specific to the manufacturing sector. The research has revealed that multi-agent systems can be integrated into each layer of the IoT, and in this way, it can increase the effectiveness of IoT in many areas from information security to efficient use of energy, from routing to increase system efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Patients with single‐sided deafness (SSD) may experience difficulties with speech perception in noise, sound localization, have tinnitus and experience a reduced quality of life (QoL). contralateral routing of sound hearing aids (CROS) or bone conduction devices (BCD) may partly improve subjective speech communication and QoL in SSD patients. A trial period with these devices can help in making a well‐informed choice of treatment. Our aim was to evaluate factors influencing the choice of treatment made after a BCD and CROS trial period in adult SSD patients. Methods: Patients were randomized in the: "first BCD, then CROS" or "first CROS, then BCD" trial period group. After the BCD on headband and CROS were tested for 6 weeks each, patients choose for BCD, CROS or no treatment. Primary outcome was the distribution of choice of treatment. Secondary outcomes included the association between the choice of treatment and patient characteristics, reasons for treatment acceptance or rejection, device usage during the trial periods, and disease‐specific QoL outcomes. Results: Of 91 patients randomized, 84 completed both trial periods and made their choice of treatment: 25 (30%) BCD, 34 (40%) CROS, and 25 (30%) no treatment. No characteristics were found to be related to choice of treatment. Top three reasons for acceptance or rejection were: device (dis)comfort, sound quality and (dis)advantage of subjective hearing. Average daily device use during the trial periods was higher for CROS than for BCD. Choice of treatment was significantly related with both duration of device usage and greater improvement of QoL after the corresponding trial period. Conclusion: The majority of SSD patients preferred BCD or CROS over no treatment. Evaluating device usage, discussing treatment (dis)advantages and disease‐specific QoL outcomes after trial periods are to be considered during patient counseling and could facilitate whether to choose one of these treatments. Level of evidence: 1B. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The duration and extent of sediment routing systems are intrinsically linked to crustal‐ to mantle‐scale processes. Therefore, distinct changes in the geodynamic regime may be captured in the detrital record. This study attempts to reconstruct the sediment routing system of the Canning Basin (Western Australia) during the Early Cretaceous to decipher its depositional response to Mesozoic‐Cenozoic supercontinent dispersal. Specifically, we reconstruct source‐to‐sink relationships for the Broome Sandstone (Dampier Peninsula) and proximal modern sediments through multi‐proxy analysis of detrital zircon (U–Pb, Lu–Hf and trace elements) and detrital rutile (U–Pb and trace elements). Multi‐proxy comparison of detrital signatures and potential sources reveals that the majority of the detrital zircon and rutile grains are ultimately sourced from crystalline basement in central Australia (Musgrave Province and Arunta region) and that proximal sediment supply (i.e., Kimberley region) is negligible. However, a significant proportion of detritus might be derived from intermediate sedimentary sources in central Australia (e.g., Amadeus Basin) rather than directly from erosion of crystalline basement. Broome Sandstone data are consistent with a large‐scale drainage system with headwaters in central Australia. Contextualization with other broadly coeval drainage systems suggests that central Australia acted as a major drainage divide during the Early Cretaceous. Importantly, reorganization after supercontinent dispersal is characterized by the continuation of a sediment pathway remnant of an earlier transcontinental routing system originating in Antarctica that provided a template for Early Cretaceous drainage. Review of older Canning Basin strata implies a prolonged denudation history of central Australian lithologies. These observations are consistent with the long‐lived intracontinental tectonic activity of central Australia governing punctuated sediment generation and dispersion more broadly across Australia and emphasize the impact of deep Earth processes on sediment routing systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present new sedimentological, petrographical, palaeontological and detrital zircon U–Pb data on late Oligocene–early Miocene sedimentary rocks of the thin‐skinned thrust belt of East Carpathians. These data were acquired to reconstruct the sedimentary routing system for two compositionally different turbidite fans made of the regionally extensive Kliwa and Fusaru formations. On the eastern margin of the Moldavides foreland basin, large low‐gradient river systems draining the East European Platform provided well‐sorted quartz‐rich sand forming deltas on wide shallow shelves and thick Kliwa submarine fans. Due to the westward subduction of a thinned continental plate, the western basin margin was characterized by short, steep‐gradient routing systems where sediment transport to deep water was mainly through hyperpycnal flows. The Getic and Bucovinian nappes of the East Carpathians and the exhumed Cretaceous–Early Palaeogene orogenic wedge fed Fusaru fans with poorly sorted lithic sand. The Fusaru fans trend northwards in the foredeep basin having an elongate depocentre, interfingering and then overlapping on the distal part of the Kliwa depositional system due to the eastward advance of the Carpathian fold‐and‐thrust belt. A smaller sediment input is supplied by southern continental areas (i.e. Moesian Platform, North Dobrogea and potentially the Balkans). In general, the sandstone interfingering between distinct basin floor fan systems is less well documented because the facies would be similar and there are not many systems that have a distinct sediment provenance like Kliwa and Fusaru systems. This case study improves the understanding of regional palaeogeography and sedimentary routing systems and provides observations relevant here or elsewhere on the interfingering turbidite fan systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over 10,000 published detrital zircon ages have been reprocessed (applying a +10% normal and reverse concordance range) and analysed to understand the evolution of the detrital zircon record of north‐west Africa during the Phanerozoic. Using dissimilarity and clustering analysis, shifts in detrital zircon populations allow interpretation of the evolution of source regions and source to sink systems throughout the Phanerozoic within the West Gondwana superfan. Previous thermochronology and field studies conducted across north‐west Africa indicate significant and sustained shifts in source regions in Meso‐Cenozoic times which are not recorded in the detrital zircon geochronology record. This discrepancy is most notable for Mesozoic to modern source to sink studies focused on the evolution of the Atlasic rift and opening of the Atlantic and Tethyan Oceans to the west and north respectively. Our results indicate a high degree of similarity between samples from Cambrian times onwards due to successive phases of sediment recycling. This highlights the need to integrate detrital zircon analysis with other techniques to provide confident reconstruction of sediment routing systems across Morocco. This systematic review also reveals the ubiquitous occurrence of Mesoproterozoic zircons within Moroccan sediment. No basement of this age is known from north‐west Africa—often described as the 'Mesoproterozoic Gap', which was thought to be a diagnostic feature of sediment derived from the West African Craton. However, zircons of this age form 7% of all analysed zircons and are present in sediments from at least 700 Ma. The presence of this population is interpreted as strongly diagnostic of provenance from either the Amazonian Craton or the Eastern Gondwana Orogen within Central Africa. Their presence in the Moroccan detrital record from the Neoproterozoic onwards raises questions about the position of the West African Craton in the Proterozoic, and for the spatial extent of Mesoproterozoic orogeny within north Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sediment routing systems are commonly investigated by applying the well-established U-Pb isotopic system to date the crystallization of detrital zircon grains in order to reveal the ultimate source of the dated component in a sediment. However, detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology provenance analysis cannot distinguish between sediment supplied from first-cycle erosion of crystalline basement and multicycle reworking of older basin components. Instead, analysis of Pb isotopes in detrital K-feldspar tends to track first-cycle sediment, as this mineral is more labile than zircon. Here we present new in situ Pb isotope ratios of detrital K-feldspar from the Mungaroo and Brigadier Formations (Northern Carnarvon Basin, North West Shelf, Australia) and K-feldspar crystals of potential (meta)igneous crystalline source rocks. These new K-feldspar Pb isotope ratios, in combination with detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology, allow for more holistic investigation of sediment provenance and refinement of sediment recycling histories. The Albany Fraser Orogen/Wilkes Land, the Musgrave Province, the Pilbara Craton, and other northern terranes (Lhasa Block, southwest Borneo) across a broad region of former northeast Gondwana are identified as the main source regions of the sampled intervals of the Mungaroo and Brigadier Formations. Additionally, differences between the relative volumetric significance of source regions interpreted from K-feldspar and zircon datasets reveal the extent of sediment reworking along a major sediment pathway. We propose a model of relatively more recycled material from the distal Albany Fraser Orogen/Wilkes Land, entraining additional recycled material from the central Australian Musgrave Province and finally mixing with directly sourced sediment from the proximal Pilbara Craton. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wireless sensor network (WSN) plays a crucial role in many industrial, commercial, and social applications. However, increasing the number of nodes in a WSN increases network complexity, making it harder to acquire all relevant data in a timely way. By assuming the end node as a base station, we devised an Artificial Ant Routing (AAR) method that overcomes such network difficulties and finds an ideal routing that gives an easy way to reach the destination node in our situation. The goal of our research is to establish WSN parameters that are based on the biologically inspired Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) method. The proposed AAR provides the alternating path in case of congestion and high traffic requirement. In the event of node failures in a wireless network, the same algorithm enhances the efficiency of the routing path and acts as a multipath data transmission approach. We simulated network factors including Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), Throughput, and Energy Consumption to achieve this. The major objective is to extend the network lifespan while data is being transferred by avoiding crowded areas and conserving energy by using a small number of nodes. The result shows that AAR is having improved performance parameters as compared to LEACH, LEACH-C, and FCM-DS-ACO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The printed optical particle spectrometer (POPS) is a lightweight, low-cost instrument for measurements of aerosol number concentrations and size distributions. This work reports on modifications of the Handix Scientific commercial version of the POPS to facilitate its use in multi-instrument aerosol sampling systems. The flow system is modified by replacing the internal pump with a needle valve and a vacuum pump. The instrument is integrated into closed-flow systems by routing the sheath flow from filtered inlet air. A high-precision multichannel analyzer (MCA) card is added to sample the analog pulse signal. The MCA card is polled at 10 Hz frequency using an external data acquisition system and improves upon the count-rate limitation associated with the POPS internal data acquisition system. The times required to change the concentration between 90 % and 10 % and vice versa for a step change in concentration were measured to be 0.17 and 0.41 s at a flow rate of 5 cm 3 s -1. This yields a sampling frequency of ∼ 1–2 Hz, below which the amplitude of measured fluctuations is captured with > 70 % efficiency. The modified POPS was integrated into the dual tandem differential mobility analyzer system to explore the coalescence of dimer particles. Results show that the pulse-height response increases upon dimer coalescence. The magnitude of the increase is broadly consistent with the change in light-scattering amplitude predicted by the T-matrix method. It is anticipated that this modified version of the POPS will extend the utilization of the technique for a range of field and laboratory applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depositional models for retroarc foreland basin systems commonly imply a direct link between thrust belt dynamics and sediment supply, despite documented complexity between orogen‐transverse and orogen‐parallel (axial) sediment routing systems. Previous detrital zircon provenance studies from the Straight Cliffs Formation in the Kaiparowits Plateau of southern Utah indicate primary axial source areas to the south (Mogollon Highlands), and southwest (Cordilleran magmatic arc), with relatively minor transverse input from the Sevier fold‐thrust belt to the west. Complementary data from 32 new samples are presented to investigate whether these trends persist in correlated strata from sections most proximal to the active fold‐thrust belt, as well as strata proximal to the Mogollon Highlands. This study aims to improve statistical robustness through higher‐n datasets (>300 analyses/sample) and addresses the possibility of recycling of zircon grains from strata in the exhumed Sevier fold‐thrust belt. Based on this provenance dataset, we infer that orogen‐transverse deposition was mainly limited to the most proximal sections (within ca. 75 km of the fold‐thrust belt), but included episodic distribution across the foredeep that was associated with distinct intervals of widespread amalgamated sand and gravel sheet deposits. In contrast, more distal parts of the foredeep record long‐distance fluvial transport (>400 km) of zircons from the active Cordilleran magmatic arc as well as Yavapai‐Mazatzal basement rocks in central Arizona (the Mogollon Highlands). Palaeogeographic reconstructions suggest the apex of a large basin‐axial fluvial system may have been located at the structural syntaxis between the Sevier fold‐thrust belt and western margin of the Mogollon Highlands. This interpretation is supported by detrital zircon data presented here, thus extending the possibility that the Palaeogene 'California River' may have existed by at least Late Cretaceous time. Ultimately, these data point to extrabasinal controls on sediment supply, which was largely decoupled from flexural accommodation controls in this archetype retroarc foreland basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The manufacturing industry is now moving forward rapidly towards reconfigurability and reliability to meet the hard-to-predict global business market, especially job-shop production. However, even if there is a properly planned schedule for production, and there is also a technique for scheduling in Reconfigurable Manufacturing System (RMS) but job-shop production will always come out with errors and disruption due to complex and uncertainty happening during the production process, hence fail to fulfil the due-date requirements. This study proposes a generic control strategy for piloting the implementation of a complex scheduling challenge in an RMS. This study is aimed to formulate an optimization-based algorithm with a simulation tool to reduce the throughput time of complex RMS, which can comply with complex product allocations and flexible routings of the system. The predictive-reactive strategy was investigated, in which Genetic Algorithm (GA) and dispatching rules were used for predictive scheduling and reactivity controls. The results showed that the proposed optimization-based algorithm had successfully reduced the throughput time of the system. In this case, the effectiveness and reliability of RMS are increased by combining the simulation with the optimization algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Study aims to show the impact of covid-19 on employees’ transportation in Morocco, particularly in industrial field, the daily routes between homes and workplace. Moroccan government is led to make strong decisions unexpectedly with immediate turnaround time depending on pandemic state in function of the propagation speed of the virus and its mutated versions and capacity of the health ministry to hold the active and serious cases. These decisions should be made taking into consideration the economic situation, defining restriction to manage the pandemic situation and at the same time avoid hindering of slowing the industrial activity. The frequency of changing the restrictions is not known, it is revealed at unexpected time which make the transportation planning a difficult task. Besides, these decisions have huge impact on transport management for both sides, companies, and service providers. Through this work we will quantify the impact of restrictions on transport budget (20% up to 96% of increase) and propose a decision-making tool to plan daily routes of vehicles using a sequential coupling of vehicle routing problem (VRP) and Bin packing problem in a real case study. This tool have allowed to limit the increase of budget by optimizing the routing process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]