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As they represent an important form of agricultural operation, the sustainable development of family farms is not only an objective necessity for promoting comprehensive rural revitalization in China, but also an imperative strategy for accelerating the construction of agricultural power in China. Based on the survey data of 357 family grain farms in China, this paper uses a structural equation model to empirically analyze the relationship between market-oriented perceptions, organizational resilience, and the sustainable development of family grain farms. The results show that market-oriented perceptions have a significant positive impact on the sustainable development of family grain farms; additionally, organizational resilience plays a mediating role in the impact of market-orientation perceptions on the sustainable development of family grain farms. Based on this, the paper proposes a two-fold approach to the sustainable development of family farms: improving the level of market-orientation perceptions of family farmers and enhancing the organizational resilience of family grain farms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rural older adult Americans receive more intense treatment at end of life. Studies indicate that those who participate in goals of care conversations receive care more concordant with their values. Yet, rates of documented goals of care discussions are lower in rural and Black communities. Although multi-factorial, the role that rural family caregivers (FCGs) play in decision-making for ill loved ones is understudied. This study aimed to explore rural FCGs cultural values, beliefs, and attitudes about serious illness and treatment decision-making and to understand how these factors influence their decision-making around goals of care for their family members. This is an embedded qualitative study within a tele-palliative care consult randomized trial that the PEN-3 theoretical model guided. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with FCGs who had completed study participation. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. Twelve rural FCGs center their decisions around core values, and the decision-making experience was supported by faith. A model of how the key themes and subthemes interact around the central space of supporting the seriously ill loved to demonstrate the complexity of caregiving when race and rurality intersect is presented. This study is a foundational step in understanding how rural FCGs beliefs and values influence decision-making. We recommend incorporating those constructs into the development of culturally responsive decision-support interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The National School Feeding Program (PNAE) is the oldest and most extensive food and nutrition program in Brazil. Art. 14 of Law 11.947 stipulate that at least 30% of its operational resources need be used to purchase family farming products. However, there are important barriers that hinder the application of this law. The present article developed a conceptual model that described and analyzed the barriers to this requirement. A systematic literature review identified twelve barriers, divided into three constructs political administrative infrastructure and human capital, which enables PNAE management to develop mitigation strategies, including a larger number of farmers in the program, thereby increasing its efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Background Method Results Conclusion This study investigated how middle‐class rural parents engaged in status safeguarding in an economically struggling rural community and how the parenting views and practices of rural return migrants impacted the community.Rural communities seek college‐educated returners to offset outmigration. We know little about how returners impact the community, especially if they return to raise children.This study analyzed interview data from 15 white, college‐educated parents between the ages of 25 and 38 who returned to their rural hometown to raise their children.All returners emphasized their children's choice regarding their future educational and occupational paths, and they equally valued college and skilled trades. In other ways, rural return migrants drew on distinct cultural repertoires in their childrearing strategies. Parents who had not lived in cities before returning relied on a localized cultural repertoire to engage in status safeguarding through reputation management as they monitored cross‐class interactions and emphasized fitting in. In contrast, rural return migrants who had lived in cities drew on a cosmopolitan cultural repertoire that emphasized exposure to cultural amenities and engaged in cultural practices that they saw as distinguishing their children from the local community.Although the return of college‐educated residents is often celebrated, this study suggests that college‐educated migrants may ultimately maintain inequalities within the community through social class or cultural exclusion based on their cultural repertoires. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores language ideologies in urban and rural Nubian families in Egypt toward Arabic, English, and Nubian, analysing how these families’ different language ideologies could influence heritage language maintenance. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and observations with three urban and three rural families in Egypt, and qualitative content analysis was conducted to compare differences in parents’ ideologies between rural and urban Nubian families. The survey results show that parents from urban and rural families greatly emphasise Arabic learning. Parents in urban families are more willing to invest in their children's foreign language education. In contrast, parents in rural families consider Nubian to be of great significance for their children's education, which leads parents to prioritise having their children speak Nubian as the main language at home. They strongly recognise the value of the Nubian language in ethnic identity and cultural inheritance. The results suggest that parents’ language ideologies and heritage language maintenance in urban and rural Nubian families may be affected by macro factors (e.g. national language policy, socio-cultural environment) and micro factors (e.g. parents’ education level, family economic level). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Family income questions in general purpose surveys are usually collected with either a single-question summary design or a multiple-question disaggregation design. It is unclear how estimates from the two approaches agree with each other. The current paper takes advantage of a large-scale survey that has collected family income with both methods. With data from 14,222 urban and rural families in the 2018 wave of the nationally representative China Family Panel Studies, we compare the two estimates, and further evaluate factors that might contribute to the discrepancy. We find that the two estimates are loosely matched in only a third of all families, and most of the matched families have a simple income structure. Although the mean of the multiple-question estimate is larger than that of the single-question estimate, the pattern is not monotonic. At lower percentiles up till the median, the single-question estimate is larger, whereas the multiple-question estimate is larger at higher percentiles. Larger family sizes and more income sources contribute to higher likelihood of inconsistent estimates from the two designs. Families with wage income as the main income source have the highest likelihood of giving consistent estimates compared with all other families. In contrast, families with agricultural income or property income as the main source tend to have very high probability of larger single-question estimates. Omission of certain income components and rounding can explain over half of the inconsistencies with higher multiple-question estimates and a quarter of the inconsistencies with higher single-question estimates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Behavioral household finance shows that people are often more willing to spend when using less tangible forms of money like debit cards or digital payments than when spending in cash. We show that this "payment effect" cannot be generalized to mobile money. We surveyed families in rural Northwest Bangladesh, where mobile money is mainly received from relatives working in factories. The surveys were embedded within an experiment that allows us to control for the relationships between senders and receivers of mobile money. The finding suggests that the source of funds matters, and mobile money is earmarked for particular purposes and thus less fungible than cash. In contrast to the expectation of greater spending, the willingness to spend in the rural sample was lower by 24 to 31 percent. In urban areas, where the sample does not receive remittances on net, there are no payment effects associated with mobile money. • Digital forms of money can shift perceptions of money and how it is spent. • We estimate willingness to spend with mobile money versus cash in Bangladesh. • A dual-site experiment creates exogenous variation in use of mobile money. • Rural residents are less willing to spend with mobile money, consistent with earmarks. • We do not find similar payment effects for urban residents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Next-generation sequencing has revolutionized the speed of rare disease (RD) diagnoses. While clinical exome and genome sequencing represent an effective tool for many RD diagnoses, there is room to further improve the diagnostic odyssey of many RD patients. One recognizable intervention lies in increasing equitable access to genomic testing. Rural communities represent a significant portion of underserved and underrepresented individuals facing additional barriers to diagnosis and treatment. Primary care providers (PCPs) at local clinics, though sometimes suspicious of a potential benefit of genetic testing for their patients, have significant constraints in pursuing it themselves and rely on referrals to specialists. Yet, these referrals are typically followed by long waitlists and significant delays in clinical assessment, insurance clearance, testing, and initiation of diagnosis-informed care management. Not only is this process time intensive, but it also often requires multiple visits to urban medical centers for which distance may be a significant barrier to rural families. Therefore, providing early, "direct-to-provider" (DTP) local access to unrestrictive genomic testing is likely to help speed up diagnostic times and access to care for RD patients in rural communities. In a pilot study with a PCP clinic in rural Kansas, we observed a minimum 5.5 months shortening of time to diagnosis through the DTP exome sequencing program as compared to rural patients receiving genetic testing through the "traditional" PCP-referral-to-specialist scheme. We share our experience to encourage future partnerships beyond our center. Our efforts represent just one step in fostering greater diversity and equity in genomic studies. Individuals with rare genetic disorders face a long road to obtain a diagnosis and resulting medical care. Those who live in rural areas face even more challenges due to reduced access to testing and resources. Partnerships with rural PCPs can shorten time to diagnosis by delivering specialist-supported genomic testing and counseling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The given text consists of a conversation between two individuals, AL and AM, discussing the history and language of a specific group of people. AL expresses joy upon learning about their history, while AM agrees and emphasizes the significance of their language. They both acknowledge the loss of certain cultural elements but express gratitude for what remains. The conversation concludes with AM affirming the accuracy of the situation. [Extracted from the article]

While mountain family farmers rely on cultural, financial and material resources passed on from previous generations, new entrants typically lack such intergenerational amenities. Applying the concept of ‘generativity’ to agriculture prove valuable in examining start-up motives, obstacles, opportunities and impacts regarding generational renewal via newcomers without a family farming background. Following a multilevel approach, we interviewed new entrants, long-established family farmers and members of agricultural organisations in three Alpine regions of Austria and Italy. We illustrate that family farmers primarily care for their farm’s continued existence, while new entrants seek autonomy from the agricultural industry, thus transmitting the relevance of agriculture beyond their offspring. At first sight, land access is a major hurdle for new entrants, as agricultural land is reserved for family farmers. By taking over abandoned farms, new entrants escape constraints imposed by previous farming generations, thus facilitating the introduction of novel operating concepts and the regeneration of traditional practices. Consequently, newcomer farms are transforming from previously exclusive production sites into open spaces of exchange that include non-agricultural communities, reconnecting land, production and consumption. We conclude that a lack of family farming ties may foster extra-familial renewal and sustainability in mountain agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The question of gender equality is increasingly being raised today and is present at all levels of society. The topicality of the issue on farms is particularly evident, due to the particular inheritance processes on farms, the clear division of labour, and intergenerational cooperation that characterise the agricultural sector. In this research, a multi-criteria model (DEX-SOCIAL) was developed to understand the broader aspect of rural sociology and the issue of women's status on the farm. The paper discusses the status of women on a farm and assesses their social and economic situation. The methodology includes an online questionnaire in which women in the Eastern and Western Cohesion Regions participated, as well as other farm members and owners. Subsequently, the questions were transformed for the requirements of the assessment model, which assessed the life prospects of women on farms in both the Eastern and Western Cohesion Regions who were aged both over and under 40 years (criteria for "young successor"). The results of the study show that there is a clear difference in the qualitative assessment of women's socio-economic position in relation to the East–West cohesion region. The social position of women does not differ according to age structure. The conclusions of the study also present broader applications of the results in the field of rural development and rural sociology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article shares the results of a research project whose objective is the study of the domestic social reproduction of families in an ejido at the south of Nuevo León state, in the Ixtlera region of the Chihuahuan Desert. This ejido is representative of the small towns scattered throughout the five states of the semi-arid Mexican northeast region, identified by its marginalized poor settlements. Domestic social reproduction describes the needs satisfying process of social subjects, which settles a situation of social well-being. This study is based on a mixed methodology design, which helped to collect quantitative and qualitative data, through data-collection techniques such as semistructured interviews, direct observation and a household survey; Field work was be carried out between 2020 and 2022. The results of this study describe who carry out the domestic social reproduction activities related to health and education; domestic work and supply and construction and maintenance of housing. In the conclusions, we try to set these activities as part of a broader process of social reproduction of families, which articulates other practices, conditions and dynamics in the economic, political and cultural spheres; and delimited and defined by the conditions of the environmental structure typical of the arid and semi-arid zones of the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the influencing factors of sustainable development of family grain farms in China. According to related investigation, there is a real problem of lack of social responsibility of grain family farms in China, which restricts their sustainable development. Therefore, based on a sample of 301 family grain farms in China, this paper used multi-classification ordered logit model and mediation effect model to investigate the relationship between perceptions of social responsibility, resource integration ability, and sustainable development of family grain farms. Various studies show that stronger perceptions of social responsibility related to more sustainable development; greater resource integration ability related to more sustainable development; and resource integration ability mediated the relationships between perceptions of social responsibility and sustainable development. Conclusions suggest that improving perceptions of social responsibility, increasing support for improving resource integration ability and giving full play to the mediating role of resource integration ability is needed to bolster the sustainable development of family grain farms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

En la Sierra de Juárez, Oaxaca se han incrementado los daños de moscas de la fruta en guayaba, mango, naranja, mamey, que contribuyen a la economía y alimentación de las familias del medio rural. Diferentes tipos de trampa y atrayentes se instalaron en el Municipio de Tanetze de Zaragoza para la captura y alternativa para el monitoreo y manejo, durante mayo a septiembre del 2022. Se establecieron ocho tratamientos (dos trampas, tres atrayentes y agua como testigo) a tres diferentes altitudes (alto (alto: 1255-443 m.s.n.m., medio: 900-1180 m.s.n.m. y bajo: 747-969 m.s.n.m.). Se capturaron Anastrepha ludens, A. obliqua, A. striata y A. serpentina, las especies de mayor importancia representando 80% de las capturas. Anastrepha fraterculus, A. distincta, A. bahiensis, A. zuelaniae, A. robusta y A. curvicauda representaron el otro 20%. El atrayente alimenticio Cera Trap® registró el mayor número de moscas por trampa por día (MTD=0.42), seguido de Torula (MTD=0.12). En los estratos altitudinales alto y bajo, el uso de Cera Trap en "botellas pet" registró el mayor número de capturas (70.3 y 60.3). En la altitud media Multilure+Ceratrap fue el mejor tratamiento (115.6) Estos resultados sugieren que el uso de trampa artesanal Botella pet cebada con Cera Trap® es una opción para el monitoreo y control de moscas de la fruta. In Sierra Juárez, Oaxaca, fruit fly damage has increased in guava, mango, orange, and mamey, fruits that contribute to the economy and nutrition of families in the rural areas. From May to September 2022, different types of traps and attractants were installed in the municipality of Tanetze de Zaragoza to capture and to determine the best alternatives for monitoring and management. Eight treatments were established (two traps, three attractants, and water as the control) at three different altitudes (high: 1255-443 m, middle: 900-1180 m and low: 747-969 m). Anastrepha ludens, A. obliqua, A. striata and A. serpentina were the major species, accounting for 80% of the captures. Anastrepha fraterculus, A. distincta, A. bahiensis, A. zuelaniae, A. robusta and A. curvicauda made up the other 20%. The largest number of flies per trap per day (FTD=0.42) was achieved with the attractant Cera Trap, followed by Torula (MTD=0.12). In the high and low altitudinal strata, Cera Trap® in PET bottles obtained the largest number of fruit flies captured (70.3 and 60.3). At the middle altitude, Multilure + Cera Trap was the best treatment (115.6). These results suggest that the use of the homemade PET bottle trap baited with Cera Trap is a cheap option for monitoring and controlling fruit flies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low‐income, rural families face significant mental health risks. However, the understanding of resources associated with mental health risks is limited. The present study investigated the associations between perceived resources of low‐income, rural mothers, and longitudinal maternal and child outcomes. This study utilized longitudinal data from the Family Life Project (N = 1203), from US rural areas with high poverty rates. Mothers reported their resources at 6‐month postpartum, and their levels of depression, anxiety, and role overload were assessed at 2‐year postpartum. Mothers reported their children's behavioral problems at 3 years old. Using a person‐centered approach, we identified four maternal profiles: lower resources (7.1%); higher intra‐family support (11.1%); higher inter‐family support (20.8%); and higher resources (60.9%). In general, the higher resource profile was associated with lower mental health concerns of mothers and lower levels of behavior problems of children. Mothers in the higher intra‐family support profile had disproportionately higher role overload. Children of mothers in the higher inter‐family support profile showed disproportionately higher behavioral problems. Maternal partner status and education were significant predictors of resource profiles. Findings support the heterogeneity in perceived resources among low‐income, rural families and different risk levels. Identifying these subgroups has significant implications for policy and interventions aimed toward this vulnerable population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compassion, recognized as a pivotal value in major world religions, has been integrated into their teachings due to its positive outcomes. Despite the extensive literature on compassion, studies within the Indian context are notably scarce. Furthermore, the association between compassion and demographic variables remains largely unexplored. Thus, the current study aimed to investigate the relationship between compassion and gender, family structure, and ecology among college and university students in Manipur. A total of 420 participants (267 females & 153 males) from various institutions took part in the study, responding to a questionnaire featuring the compassion scale and demographic details. The findings revealed no significant differences in overall compassion across gender, family structure, and ecology. However, a noteworthy distinction emerged in the common humanity sub-scale, with females exhibiting higher common humanity. Additionally, significant differences were observed in common humanity between, family types, and ecological settings. Specifically, participants from nuclear families and urban areas displayed a heightened sense of common humanity compared to their counterparts from joint families and rural areas. These findings highlight key areas where there is potential to focus on compassion training and therapy interventions, customized to meet the specific needs of diverse demographic contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many of the species used in family farming systems (FFS) in Patagonia belong to the group known as neglected and underutilized species (NUS), which promote biocultural diversity and contribute to food sovereignty. Due to the scarce attention paid to NUS by agronomic sciences, little is known about their biotic pollination, although it is a well-studied aspect for commercially important plants. We evaluate the contribution of animal pollination to NUS managed by Patagonian FFS. We present a literature review of the NUS used and aspects related to their pollination and floral visitors, for which 725 papers were reviewed. FFS use 426 NUS (414 angiosperms, 10 gymnosperms and 2 ferns). Most NUS (86.7%) depend to some extent on animal pollination, either for the production of fruits or seeds that are harvested for consumption (direct dependence, 35%) or for obtaining seeds (indirect dependence, 65%), which in many cases are necessary for reseeding. Gathering and cultivation are the most common management practices for these species. Hymenoptera and Diptera are the animals that contribute most to NUS biotic pollination. Our results show that animal pollination is a key contribution of nature to sustain cultural aspects and food sovereignty of FFS in Patagonia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of county urbanization, research on the modes and mechanisms of rural families' education in county cities is of great significance for overall urban and rural development and optimization of county governance systems. Combining the two theoretical lines of production and consumption in the study of gentrification of education, this paper puts forward a research framework for the analysis of the phenomenon of rural families' education in county cities at the county level. This study adopts the method of semi-structured interviews and participatory observation, and analyzes the different modes and deep mechanisms of rural families education in the county city from the perspectives of different participants, such as the government, markets, schools, and families. The research reveals the following: 1) Owing to the differences in family capital accumulation and family development strategies, rural families have varied modes of education in the city, which can be divided into mobile, settlement, and isolation education in the county city. 2) Several considerations for future development contribute to the differentiated choice between housing and renting among urban residents. Concurrently, with the end of their children's education, the county seat, at the forefront of urbanization, lacks the core power to retain people, thus prompting a certain degree of population return and outflow. 3) Urban education is jointly promoted by the government, capital, schools, individuals, and other parties, among which the local government, as the authority subject, is the core promoter of urban education. Real estates, intermediary companies, and private schools have participated in and promoted the flow of educational capital. The basic logic behind promoting urban education is the reproduction of family-oriented education. 4) Paying attention to the development demands of urban groups is the basic essence of returning to human-centered new urbanization and the essential requirement to alleviate the negative effects of education in county cities. Returning to the original definition and characteristics of educational gentrification, this study discusses the phenomenon of education entering a county city at the county level. First, it is difficult to reach a consensus on the definition of middle class. Second, by thinking about the phenomenon of education in the county city, we can see that rural family education in the county city is different from the educational gentrification discussed in the past, which is a discussion and extension of the existing concept of educational gentrification. Moreover, social characteristics such as mobility, rent-to-buy differentiation, and identity differences have obvious impacts on the process of urbanization in Taihe County. However, there has been insufficient discussion on the specific process of the spatial displacement of county families into urban families, high-income families into low-income families, and local residents into migrant residents. In the future, this phenomenon can be further explored based on multiple types of data, such as real estate agent, community household status, and interview text. This research focuses on county towns, from the theoretical perspective of educational gentry into the city, to explore the mode and effect mechanism of rural family education into the county city, as well as the differences between the traditional concept of educational gentry and the phenomenon of education into the county city in the context of county towns, further promoting the high-quality development of urbanization at the present stage as well as promoting social equity and justice to provide reference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We explore how parental health and stress shape the rearing of preteen children in the rural Ozark Mountains. Background: Identifying concerns that impact preteen parents' health and stress levels may facilitate understanding ways to promote resilience and happiness for families in underserved rural communities. Methods: Using an interpretive phenomenological approach grounded in Lazarus's stress and coping paradigm, the current qualitative study used semistructured interviews with 20 White parents in the rural area of the Ozark Mountains who had at least one child born between 2008–2011. Results: Study participants' stories revealed that stressors related to parenting preteen children were rooted in stress from mental health or indirectly tied to social roles, such as occupational stress or financial constraints. Conclusion: Interventions and tools need to be developed that are specific to the culture of rural areas and that focus on families as an essential part of developing resilience and happiness and mitigating the adverse effects of stress. Implications: Interventions focused on families need to include diverse social factors that impact family resilience and happiness and include education to increase health literacy, family supports related to improving connections between parents and their preteen children, family tax credits to reduce hardships for parents, a tool for screening parents for stress, and expansion of telehealth opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the distinct influences of rural background and rural residency training on rural practice choice among family physicians. Data Sources and Study Setting: We used a subset of The RTT Collaborative rural residency list and longitudinal data on family physicians from the American Board of Family Medicine National Graduate Survey (NGS; three cohorts, 2016–2018) and American Medical College Application Service (AMCAS). Study Design: We conducted a logistic regression, computing predictive marginals to assess associations of background and residency location with physician practice location 3 years post‐residency. Data Collection/Extraction Methods: We merged NGS data with residency type—rural or urban—and practice location with AMCAS data on rural background. Principal Findings: Family physicians from a rural background were more likely to choose rural practice (39.2%, 95% CI = 35.8, 42.5) than those from an urban background (13.8%, 95% CI = 12.5, 15.0); 50.9% (95% CI = 43.0, 58.8) of trainees in rural residencies chose rural practice, compared with 18.0% (95% CI = 16.8, 19.2) of urban trainees. Conclusions: Increasing rural programs for training residents from both rural and urban backgrounds, as well as recruiting more rural students to medical education, could increase the number of rural family physicians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the factors influencing the willingness of family farms to adopt green agricultural technology, we looked at survey results from six prefecture-level cities in Jiangsu Province. Cluster stratification and the Logit model were used to empirically analyze the level of desire and influencing factors related to the adoption of agricultural technology by family farmers. The study found that family farmers tend to choose improved seed technology, water-saving irrigation technology, high-efficiency pesticide spray technology, and soil testing formula fertilization technology. This decision is closely related to crop growth, capital endowment, and other factors affecting the selection of technology by farmers. It is also related to variables such as market economic returns and surrounding social networks. Based on this, suggestions are made to improve the land transfer system, implement the occupational farmers' cultivation plan, create a good market environment, and optimize the social network resources available to farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Family farms play an important role in food security and nutrition in West Africa. Family farms are rapidly changing and face many constraints. Thus, characterizing them is necessary for policy purposes. This study aimed to characterise family farms in Niger, focusing on the current constraints to family farms and existing agroecological intensification (AEI) options. A survey was conducted using a questionnaire administered to 108 family farms across the selected six study locations. We used descriptive statistics to characterise the family farms and the factorial analysis of mixed data (FAMD) and the Hierarchical Clustering of Principal Components (HCPC) to identify the types of family farms. Results showed that family farms, on average, encompass three households, and the majority (87.2%) of the family farms surveyed were managed by married persons where 25.7% of whom are female. Agriculture remains the primary source of income for 98.2% of people in the study locations, and the main second source of family income (47.7%) is animal husbandry. Family farms are mainly characterised by the presence of the main field (MF) (98%) led by the heads of households and the presence of the women fields (WF) (78%) led by the women. Regarding farm size, the average MF and the WF farm sizes were 3.0 ha and 1.5 ha, respectively. The main identified constraints to family farms were soil fertility decline (84.33%), a recurrent early end of the rainy season (84.33%), farmers' low income (41.15%), and limited access to the market (24.70%). Twelve potential AEIs options across the study area were explored. In the MF, the major AEI options practised by farmers were: the application of organic manure as fertilizer (73.27%), cereallegume intercropping (68.83%), and Farmer Managed Natural Regeneration (35.85%). Whereas in the WF, the AEI practices were the application of organic manure (55.28%), and cereal-legume intercropping (28.98%). Co-building an integrative approach that combines multiple AEI options in the same field is necessary to tackle the main drivers of the farming systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the interactive effects of maternal and paternal warmth as well as behavioral control on adolescents' anxiety in Ghana and whether these linkages varied between adolescents in rural and urban contexts. Participants were 211 junior high school students (61% girls; 39% boys; Mage = 13.43; SDage = 2.03) who completed measures of parenting behaviors and experiences of anxiety. Results revealed significant two-way interaction effects such that higher levels of maternal warmth in conjunction with lower levels of paternal warmth were associated with higher levels of adolescents' anxiety. In addition, higher levels of paternal (but not maternal) warmth predicted lower anxiety in urban families, but not rural families. Moreover, higher maternal behavioral control combined with higher paternal behavioral control predicted lower anxiety, although this association was only observed for a small subset of the sample. Findings highlight the complementary roles of both mothers and fathers in influencing adolescents' anxiety and the importance of family context in shaping parenting influence. Interventions targeting positive parenting behaviors should focus on both mothers and fathers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Nonfamily farms are responsible for a disproportionate amount of US agriculture production. The importance of these operations to the volume of agriculture production in the United States has led researchers and policymakers to understand nonfamily farms as large commercial operations. This paper examines whether the distinction between family and nonfamily helps explain the financial outcomes of farm operations and households. Design/methodology/approach: We test for differences in financial outcomes of the household and operations of family and nonfamily farms using an Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition. We compare these results to a decomposition of other possible typologies. Findings: We present evidence that nonfamily farms are a heterogeneous group with a majority of small operations that are dominated by a small number of large operations. We discover that differences associated with the family-nonfamily distinction are largely explained by observable farm and operator characteristics that arise mechanically from the definition. However, we find suggestive evidence that family-nonfamily classification captures differences in economic behavior that lead to higher profitability measures to nonfamily farms. We find little evidence of any inherent structural differences between family and nonfamily farms that helps explain financial outcomes related to leverage or household finances. Practical implications: We conclude that including nonfamily farms in official statistics of farm households may provide a more comprehensive overview of the farm sector, as our results suggest that family and nonfamily farms do not have innate differences that help explain many of their financial outcomes. Originality/value: We incorporate previously unused data on nonfamily farm households and test the difference in mean financial outcomes between family and nonfamily farms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current research aims to investigate the development of the process of agricultural products by women and its role in the economy of rural families in Takhar villages. Although rural women in Afghanistan work with a traditional approach to promote agricultural education, they have been able to play a key role in promoting their agricultural products. The present study was carried out in Takhar province, Afghanistan, in 2023. The Cross-Sectional design method was used to collect the data. The research questionnaire includes five basic parts and two districts: (Kalafgan and Baharag). A multistage sampling technique was used to collect the data. In the present research, we selected 80 respondents randomly for the study. The findings of the present study show that agricultural products of rural women in Takhar province are considered one of the important achievements that provided not only the job of them but also their agricultural incomes a helpful and meaningful impact on the economy of their families, which means 47.5% of respondents agree that their agricultural products can play a good role in their family's economy, so 40% of them have a moderate view for this and the rest of them (12.5%) considered their agricultural products are not enough to grow of their family economy. Therefore, we can recognize that agricultural products can impact the economy of rural families in Takhar province. Also, the interview findings of the present research show that creating a foundation for the work of rural women in the field of agricultural products can help achieve the following goals: Women achieving independence in all matters, especially economic matters, getting Women rid of poverty unemployment and finding prosperity, empowerment and capacity building for rural women, freeing rural women from family violence due to economic problems, raising the economic level of rural families, proper use of rural women's labor force for the growth of the local economy and finally laying groundwork for the activation of women in all matters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research aims to analyze the EU funding for agriculture as well as the administrative obstacles of the national public bodies in using these funds for Croatian family farms/entrepreneurship and the role of policymakers in increasing the efficiency of absorbing funds from this source. Administrative barriers that appear at the national level were analyzed, with an emphasis on those that arise in procedures when applying for EU fund competitions, the financial approval process, and the criteria and conditions of the competitions themselves. The data used in the empirical analysis included 284 respondents who were surveyed through a questionnaire. The respondents were private consultants working on the preparation and implementation of projects funded from EU funds and were surveyed based on their many years of experience. Consultants from all regions in Croatia were covered to ensure more reliable results. The results show that delays in the preparation of national strategic documents significantly affect the reduction of efficiency in the use of EU funds. The most significant impact on the reduction of efficiency in the absorption of funds from EU sources is due to unreliable publication plans, prolonged project application assessments, frequent changes to competition documentation, and competition misalignment with the possibilities and needs of potential applicants. In contrast, less influence comes from unclearly defined competition conditions and the way (model) competitions are announced. The research aims to assist national authorities and provide guidelines to reduce administrative barriers, making it easier to finance projects for companies, public institutions, and other potential applicants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed to determine the level of economic and social quality of life among the respondents in the study-village after they benefited from social protection programs, and to identify the most important characteristics of social protection programs, and the relationship of the studied independent variables to the overall level of quality of life of the respondents after they benefited from social protection programs. The research was conducted on a sample of 120 respondents from heads of households of both genders in the village of Al-Messin, Al-Delngat District in Al-Beheira Governorate.. The data was collected using a questionnaire form, and after collecting the data, it was transcribed and statistically analyzed using numerical count tables, percentages, Pearson's simple correlation coefficient, and the Chi-square test. The most important results were as follows: 1. The vast majority of respondents’ knowledge of the social protection programs studied was high, and their level of benefit from the programs was average. 2. Half of the respondents )50%( came in the high level category with regard to their level of quality of life after benefiting from social protection programs in general. 3. There is a significant relationship between the following variables: age, cultural openness, educational status, work status, benefit from social protection programs, the number of years of receiving support from social protection programs, exposure to sources of obtaining information about social protection programs, and the overall level of quality of life. For the respondents after they benefited from social protection programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using empirical evidence and an exploration of literature on simple commodity and capitalist farm production, a theoretical argument is developed to show that, despite not employing labour, self‐employed family farmers (at least in New Zealand) are capitalist, not simple commodity, producers. This has major implications for not only class theorists from a Marxist perspective, with whom we are primarily concerned, but also poses questions for Weberian inspired stratification adherents preoccupied with occupation and lifestyle. Land ownership, together with the different way capital can be generated in broad‐acre livestock farming compared to other industrial settings, enables family farmers to generate profits and accumulate capital. This means that rather than being subsumed by capital, self‐employed owners of farm enterprises appropriate surplus value not by directly hiring labour to generate income from their large landholdings but indirectly by utilising the labour of other enterprises and by hiring bourgeois or petit‐bourgeois operators (purchasing equipment, technology and knowledge, and using the distribution, processing, marketing and other services supplied by other businesses). Buying and selling land also supports these capitalist enterprises. Although not expropriating surplus value directly to operate their enterprises, capitalised family producers have, as was pointed out in 1985 by David Goodman and Michael Redclift, achieved political legitimacy by distancing themselves at the ideological level from capitalism (despite embracing capitalism at the economic level). By disguising their class interests, such producers are adept at legitimating state policy in their interests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed at examining the transactional effects between parental styles and adolescent externalizing problems. The total sample included 868 students, 410 preadolescents (Mage = 10.63, SD = 0.63) attending the last two grades of elementary school and 458 early adolescents (Mage = 12.65, SD = 0.67) attending the first two grades of high school. Participating schools (N = 15) were purposefully selected to be diverse in terms of urban/rural residence of families they serve, as well as their socioeconomic status, and came from three different Districts of Cyprus. In terms of gender, 451 (52.0%) were girls and 410 (47.5%) were boys. The self‐report version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire was used for measuring externalizing problems and the Parental Authority Questionnaire was used for measuring parental style. A short‐term longitudinal design was used, with the data collected at two points in time having 5‐month intervals. By means of a cross‐lagged model, and in contrast to prior studies claiming that certain parental styles influence positively or negatively externalizing problems, the current study found that the opposite effect is true. That is, externalizing problems affected positively authoritarian parenting and negative authoritative style. Also, a multigroup analysis revealed that age/developmental phase moderated these relationships. Specifically, T1 authoritarian parenting seemed to be a risk factor for preadolescents, but not for adolescents. Practitioner Points: Even though both parenting and child effects were found, adolescent externalizing problems were the most important influencing variable.Authoritarian parenting was found to be a risk factor for preadolescents, but not for older adolescents.The externalizing behavior of the adolescent and his or her parents' rearing style reciprocally predicted each other over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted families across Canada; however, rural low-income mothers and their families have experienced significant challenges due to historical and current social, economic, cultural, and health inequities. These inequities complicated mothers' ability to navigate the pandemic. This paper is based on a study that used a grounded theory framework to explore the implications of the COVID-19 pandemic on rural, low-income mothers in Nova Scotia, Canada, while supporting their families' wellbeing during the pandemic. Through 29 interviews with rural low-income mothers, and three focus groups with community organizations serving these mothers, this study found that mothers and their families were deeply impacted by the first and second waves of the COVID-19 pandemic. Factors such as inadequate internet and internet access, limited and unaffordable transportation options, food insecurity, social isolation, and mental health challenges emerged from these interviews. Three focus groups with service providers to low-income rural mothers also informed the final results. The inequities faced by rural mothers created additional barriers to accessing services and resources to support their families' wellbeing during the pandemic. The results of the study connect to the importance of addressing inequities through a holistic social determinants of heath model. As a result, the findings of this study have implications on the actions of service providers, policymakers, and researchers, as little has been written about this demographic in relation to social determinants of health and in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses how families and communities in Shan State, Myanmar, have responded to rising youth drug use, and the impacts that these responses have on young people. It first examines the factors that have caused drug production and drug use amongst youth in Shan State to increase over the past three decades and places these phenomena in the context of wider political and economic transformations that have shaped Myanmar's borderlands since the late 1980s. Drug-related harms among Shan youth have overwhelmed family and community coping mechanisms in a context where state responses have been ineffective and inadequate. Consequently, families have resorted to increasingly desperate ways to try to protect young family members from drug use. This article focuses on two responses. First, the decision by rural families to send sons and daughters away to big cities or to neighbouring countries to avoid the local drug environment. Second, the decision to send children experiencing drug harms to treatment centres operated by ethnic armed organisations. Both responses, this article argues, expose young people to new forms of vulnerability. Finally, the article reflects on some of the challenges the drug problem poses for government and communities, and offers suggestions for alternative responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the experiences and survival strategies of small family businesses engaged in multifunctional agricultural activities in Hungary during the COVID crisis. The following topics were examined: human resources, supplier-customer relations, production and sales, distribution channels, inputs and outputs prices, strategies and business models, and subsidies in agricultural sectors combined with financial assistance. The study was conducted using a qualitative research methodology, with the help of structured in-depth interviews made with 22 small family businesses. The results show that multifunctional family businesses performed well. The health consequences and the measures taken by the government caused disruption but did not completely hinder the operation of businesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports a realistic analysis of a region using Grounded Theory (GT) to provide a sustainable model for family farming systems based on the intercropping system in rural communities of Iran. Furthermore, the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) was applied to assign weights to the criteria and sub-criteria of intercropping and monocropping systems. According to the model, the main phenomenon was "sustainability in the family farming system based on intercropping". In this model, the causal factors were found to include behavioral and attitudinal motivators. Micro- and macro-factors were identified as the interfering factors in family farming systems based on intercropping. Social factors, economic components, and environmental potentials were the contextual factors of this system. Finally, the consequences included the conceptual development and evolution of sustainability, socioeconomic transformation, and ecological-environmental transformation. The results of FAHP showed that the environmental criterion was ranked the first among all criteria underpinning the sustainability of the intercropping system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Family-scale rural digesters are widely implemented in Nepal for waste management, resource recovery, and environmental stewardship for distributed communities. However, there is little documentation on the microbial community structures in real-world family farm digesters. This work compared microbial community structures in four family digesters with a near-by municipal digester. Included in the family digesters was a high-altitude family digester located on Mt. Everest in Mosi, Nepal (2,634 m elevation). Differences in the community structures included the prevalence in family digesters of Bathyarchaeota MGC-6. MCG-6 is an archaeal population putatively involved in autotrophic acetate generation and conversion of cellulose to sugars. In addition, Rikenellaceae DMER64, a population thought to degrade sugars, was more prevalent in the family digesters. The ratio of Methanothrix to hydrogenotrophic methanogens was higher in the family digesters. In addition, the dominant species of syntrophic hydrogen-producing bacteria differed. Syntrophobacter and Syntrophomonas species, documented for their critical roles in waste activated sludge digesters, were not detected. In conclusion, observed differences in microbial community composition suggested a capacity to support different substrate conversion pathways and a major role of Archaea beyond methanogenesis among the studied digesters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports a realistic analysis of a region using Grounded Theory (GT) to provide a sustainable model for family farming systems based on the intercropping system in rural communities of Iran. Furthermore, the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) was applied to assign weights to the criteria and sub-criteria of intercropping and monocropping systems. According to the model, the main phenomenon was "sustainability in the family farming system based on intercropping". In this model, the causal factors were found to include behavioral and attitudinal motivators. Micro- and macro-factors were identified as the interfering factors in family farming systems based on intercropping. Social factors, economic components, and environmental potentials were the contextual factors of this system. Finally, the consequences included the conceptual development and evolution of sustainability, socioeconomic transformation, and ecological-environmental transformation. The results of FAHP showed that the environmental criterion was ranked the first among all criteria underpinning the sustainability of the intercropping system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine the determinants of off-farm work in Swiss agriculture between 2003 and 2013. By differentiating between the between-farm effects and the within-farm effects, our model provides new insights into the labour allocation process as compared with standard cross-sectional or panel data models. As regards the between-farm variations, our results show that younger farm families without children and farm households with higher non-agricultural education levels of both the farmer and the partner are more involved in working activities outside the farm. However, the within-farm time effects provided a more differentiated picture: impacts of changes in most variables over time tended to be smaller, and in case of two variables show opposite directions. In addition to a negative between-effect of farm income on the allocation of off-farm labour, our results on within-farm effects suggest that an increase in farm income per annual family work unit could be compatible with a higher share of off-farm work during the analysed period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp.] is one of the Paraguayan rural families' main crops, serving as an essential protein and carbohydrate source. Cowpea aphid borne mosaic virus (CABMV) and cowpea severe mosaic virus (CPSMV) were identified infecting cowpea plants. Disease control caused by both viruses is difficult because there is no information about local cowpea resistant cultivars and vector control is not practical. Methods: In the present work, sixteen cowpea genotypes/cultivars were mechanically inoculated with local isolates of CABMV and CPSMV to identify resistant genotypes/cultivars that can be used in breeding programs. Virus infections were determined by symptoms expression and confirmed by PTA-ELISA. Result: Genotypes Arroz rojo (V. angularis), TVu 379, TVu 382, TE94-256-2E and TE97-309G-9 were resistant to CABMV. Genotypes Arroz rojo (V. angularis), CNCX-698-128F, TVu 379, TVu 382, TVu-3961, TE97-309G-9 and TE97-309G-3 were resistant to CPSMV. Overall, this study showed that local cowpea cultivars do not offer any resistance to virus infection and the need for resistant germplasms for cowpea breeding programs in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agriculture is central in Brazil's political and socioeconomic history; agricultural exploitation is mainly conducted by families, creating a type of agriculture developed in small rural properties named family farming. In Brazil, family farming accounts for a very diverse group of businesses, of which 91% of all the establishments are family establishments that build different production strategies according to different degrees of potentiality and precariousness. This study evaluated the role of rural credit policies in developing family farming activities with agricultural income generation in northeastern Brazil on various family-based farms. For this, the authors conducted a case study in Pernambuco, analyzing the spatial relationship between the distribution of family farms and the access to credit resources from the National Program to Strengthen Family Farming from 2006 to 2017 and the change probabilities in types of farms considering the next 10 years, given the maintenance of conditionsreported in the analyzed period. Results indicatedthe weakening of productive potentiality of farming activities in family farms in Pernambuco, with a significant change in the distribution of family farm types, a reduction in the participation of Specialized Farms and an expressive growth of Farms with Rural Residents. The findings also indicated the relevance of access to rural credit in the supply of production needs of different family farm types and development of farming activities with income generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the global restructuring affecting agrarian landscapes, we build on the concept of autonomy proposed by van der Ploeg and colleagues (but extended and critically complemented) to analyse how family farmers can build this autonomy to face rural capitalist tendencies and maintain their activities and identity. We offer insights from a case study in the Ecuadorian Andes, the BioVida organization that is linked to agroecological and social and solidarity economy movements. Our findings show that family farming autonomy is not being achieved homogeneously for the whole household but must be analysed through an intersectional approach. Furthermore, there are simultaneous processes to achieve different degrees of autonomy and (inter‐)dependency, which are co‐constitutive along gender and age lines and are conditioned by structural constraints. Therefore, for our case study area, agribusiness and family farming processes and spaces seem to operate co‐constitutively rather than antagonistically in practical terms. Agroecology‐based achievements so far act as a localized buffer against adversity rather than an emancipative territorial project of autonomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to make a first approach to the territorial practices of the new family farming (FF) organizations and their link with public policies between 2015-2021, based on the case of "La Comunitaria", from Buenos Aires province to La Pampa, in argentine pampas region. Through a qualitative methodology that combines primary and secondary sources, and a perspective of critical geography, we demonstrate how La Comunitaria, from its integration in 2018 to MTE-Rural, with its own characteristics rearticulates and transforms its territorial practices, theater, trades, travel and infrastructure repair, and began to promote agricultural initiatives. It makes FF visible and seems to strengthen its ability to influence and dispute resources, regulations and public policies, which make up the pampas territory. We evidence the importance of space and scales as an expression and tool of power in this process, which involves contentious processes, but the daily practices starred. We conclude by reflecting on it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to investigate the effects of the COVID-19 crisis on small family farms in Visegrad countries and to provide evidence of how they have responded and coped with the crisis. We conducted our investigation using an exploratory qualitative research design based on 86 semistructured in-depth interviews with owners or responsible managers, and explored the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on different areas of their businesses, such as human resources, supplier- -customer relations, production, distribution channels or strategies, price of inputs and outputs and business models. Our findings showed that small family farms have been resilient in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic. Several negative impacts were identified, such as a decrease in sales due to the closure of accommodation and restaurant services, delays in the supply of inputs, and minor problems with the availability of workers, but those were perceived to be moderate. However, the COVID-19 pandemic created not only difficult challenges but also opportunities for small farms. Based on our findings, three main recommendations regarding the adaptability and resilience of family farms in Visegrad countries have been formulated: i) the importance of a diversification strategy, ii) selling through short supply chains, and iii) digitalisation of agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scientific literature on late life living arrangements has focused mostly on family co-resident status or geographic proximity to an adult child. Given the potential coordination within the family support network, living arrangements should be considered simultaneously as a purposeful configuration of coresidency and adult children's geographic distances from older parents. As such, we developed the "extended living arrangements" (ELAs) framework to capture such configurations; we also aim to examine ELA transitions and their determinants. Employing data from the 2011–2015 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study and Latent Transition Analysis, we identified seven ELAs based on distinct features of family geography in rural China. We find two traditional ELAs (i.e., traditional without spouse" and "traditional with spouse") featuring the coresidence of multiple generations and the presence of nearby children. Although these two ELAs have the lowest levels of family financial resources, they are the ELAs that older adults are most likely to transition into when caregiving needs arise. We discover substantial heterogeneity among the three "left-behind" ELAs (i.e., "empty-nest left-behind," "left-behind with grandchildren," and "left-behind with nearby children"). Older adults in the "empty-nest left-behind" ELA are the most vulnerable to meeting increased caregiving needs. Evidence from our study suggests that the ELA framework offers an increased capacity to capture the complexity of the family support opportunity structures in the changing context of contemporary rural Chinese families. We also discuss the significance of our ELA framework for other contexts and its implications in light of China's recent demographic trends and public policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last 50 years, the number of farms in the United States has declined by 33%, with family farms, which make up 96% of total farms, especially at risk. Despite dwindling numbers, the passion and heart of family farm members remain strong as they continue to farm. This study utilized stress and coping theory to explore family farm member experiences with stress and how they communicatively cope. Zoom interviews with 26 family farm members revealed two common stressors: (1) environmental and (2) financial. Participants also noted three coping strategies: (1) reframe to the family, (2) reframe to nature, and (3) reframe to the farmer identity. Results showed a complex network for managing stress that often characterizes objects as both stressor and coping technique. Theoretically, this article points to the importance of considering recurrent stressors, defined as stress generated from events outside of the individual's ability to control, and that repeatedly occur within one's environment. These data also highlight the need to integrate cognitive restructuring into stress and coping research, as participants reported reframing sources of stress as the sources for coping. Practically, we offer the following applied suggestions to address family farm member stress: (1) listen to and recognize farm stress and (2) teach coping skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three new potato varieties: CIP-PODEROSA CROCANTE, CIP-PODEROSA POLLERA and CIP-PODEROSA WATIA were generated through traditional breeding as healthy and sustainable potato varieties, as compared with popular Peruvian potato varieties INIA 303-CANCHAN and UNICA, to improve living standards of small and medium scale potato producers in Peru and other developing countries. CIP-PODEROSA CROCANTE has high horizontal resistance to late blight (LB), high tuber yield, excellent quality for frying in French fries, red skin, oval tuber shape, cream flesh and superficial eyes, with crispy texture, adapted from 0 to 3700 m above sea level (m.a.s.l.); CIP-PODEROSA POLLERA has high horizontal resistance to LB, yellow skin with blue around the superficial eyes, elongated oval tuber shape, yellow flesh, it is suited to accompany grilled chicken ("Pollo a la brasa") a typical dish in Peru, adapted from 2000 to 3700 m.a.s.l.; and CIP-PODEROSA WATIA, which in addition to resistance to LB and quality for frying, has excellent aptitude for baking, superficial eyes, light red skin, cream flesh, and is adapted from 0 to 3700 m.a.s.l. These varieties were released in 2022 and officially registered in the national registry of commercial varieties of Peru in 2023. They have low content of glycoalkaloids and acrylamides, require lower use of fungicides, and therefore present higher economic profitability. These varieties can also be used in other countries as parental material in genetic improvement programs or evaluated under regional environments to be registered as new varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated the bioactivity of rutin, a dietary flavonol naturally found in several plant species. Despite widespread knowledge of its numerous health benefits, such as anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective and cardiovascular effects, industrial use of rutin is still limited due to its low solubility in aqueous media, the characteristic bitter and astringent taste of phenolic compounds and its susceptibility to degradation during processing. To expand its applications and preserve its biological activity, novel encapsulation systems have been developed. This review presents updated research on the extraction sources and methodologies of rutin from fruit and vegetable products commonly found in a regular diet and grown using family farming approaches. Additionally, this review covers quantitative analysis techniques, encapsulation methods utilizing nanoparticles, colloidal and heterodisperse systems, as well as industrial applications of rutin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Due to its ethical approach and its protection of patients and their interests, quaternary prevention can increase the quality‑of‑service provision and decrease costs and the wastage of resources. The present study used interpretive structural modeling (ISM) to classify the effective factors and determine a quaternary prevention model for Iran’s Rural Family Physician Program. Methods: This study was a qualitative study with an ISM approach. Twenty‑five health system experts and faculty members participated in the study. The interrelationships between the factors were determined using ISM, and after classification, the driving and dependence power of the factors were specified using MICMAC analysis. Results: The 20 factors were classified into five levels. The results indicated that patient interest and vulnerable groups had the highest effectiveness, and officials’ and policymakers’ commitment to providing serious support for family physicians had the highest affectability. The factors were placed into the two groups of linkage and dependence based on the MICMAC analysis. Conclusions: The new technologies are costly and sometimes only suitable for a specific group of patients. Costs and the issues of induced demand and defensive medicine necessitate a different view of health service distribution. The preventive and strategic view and the comprehensiveness of family physician services make quaternary prevention possible by providing high‑risk and vulnerable groups with essential services based on patient needs and conditions with more benefit than harm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its treatment places a financial burden on healthcare systems and households worldwide, yet little is known of its financial impact, on those who reside in rural settings. We aimed to quantify the financial impacts and out‐of‐pocket expenditure experienced by adult rural patients with CKD in Australia. Methods: A web based structured survey was completed between November 2020 and January 2021. English speaking participants over 18 years of age, diagnosed with CKD stages 3–5, those receiving dialysis or with a kidney transplant, who lived in a rural location in Australia. Results: In total 77 (69% completion rate) participated. The mean out of pocket expenses were 5056 AUD annually (excluding private health insurance costs), 78% of households experienced financial hardship with 54% classified as experiencing financial catastrophe (out‐of‐pocket expenditure greater than 10% of household income). Mean distances to access health services for all rural and remote classifications was greater than 50 kilometres for specialist nephrology services and greater than 300 kilometres for transplanting centres. Relocation for a period greater than 3 months to access care was experienced by 24% of participants. Conclusion: Rural households experience considerable financial hardship due to out‐of‐pocket costs in accessing treatment for CKD and other health‐related care, raising concerns about equity in Australia, a high‐income country with universal healthcare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the importance of houses as sources for historical research, particularly in relation to material culture and family life. The author, Anne Schillig, focuses on the interrelationships between material culture and family in rural Switzerland from 1700 to 1900. She challenges the modernization narratives often associated with this period and examines the agency of houses in shaping human habitation. Schillig draws on extensive research on rural dwellings in Switzerland, including the work of the Swiss Bauernhausforschung and the Ballenberg open-air museum. The article emphasizes the need for interdisciplinary cooperation in studying complex research subjects and suggests that historians can benefit from incorporating insights from ethnographic and cultural anthropological research. The full text of the article is available online as an open access document. [Extracted from the article]

Although the benefits of home- and community-based services (HCBS) to support the needs of older adults are well-established, researchers have persistently reported service underutilization by dementia caregivers to assist them with their caregiving responsibilities. Using the Health Behavior Model and Conservation of Resources Theory, the aim of the current study was to understand what barriers prevent caregivers from using HCBS and the toll it takes on them. Utilizing a sample of 122 rural family caregivers (74% female, 87% white, Mage = 64.86 years) of persons living with dementia (PLwD), simultaneous ordinary least square regressions were employed to understand the association between barriers to service use and the current use of support services and personal services, and concurrently on caregiver role overload. Financial barriers, caregiver's reluctance to use services, and their capability of seeking services were associated with lower use of support services. After controlling for need and enabling factors, caregivers who used more support services, and those who reported system complexities to using support services experienced higher role overload. Financial barriers, system complexities, and caregivers' reluctance also affected the use of personal care services. Despite the use of personal services, caregivers of PLwD with greater needs and fewer enabling factors experienced higher role overload. Study findings suggest that reducing system complexities of HCBS and improving prevention and intervention efforts to facilitate caregivers' awareness of HCBS are needed to address lack of service use and reduce caregiver overload. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the recognition that climate change predominantly affects the most vulnerable groups, there has been a growing interest in reorientations that can influence family farming's resilience. However, there is still a lack of research relating this subject to sustainable rural development perspectives. We reviewed 23 studies published between 2000 and 2021. These studies were systematically selected according to the pre-established criteria. Even though there is evidence that using adaptation strategies can effectively strengthen climate resilience in rural communities, many limiting factors remain. The convergences for sustainable rural development may include actions with a long-term horizon. These actions include an improvement package for territorial configurations within a local, inclusive, equitable, and participatory perspective. Furthermore, we discuss possible arguments for the results and future directions to explore opportunities in family farming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]