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The increasing demand for functional nanodevices in sustainable energy applications necessitates the development of innovative approaches. In this study, we present the fabrication and characterization of three-dimensional (3D) structures coated with titanium dioxide (TiO 2) nanorods (NRs). These novel devices are created through the integration of four distinct techniques, multi-photon lithography, post-thermal treatment, pulsed laser deposition, and an aqueous chemical growth, enabling their unique properties and functionalities in photocatalysis. The photocatalytic performance of the 3D devices is evaluated through the degradation of organic pollutants, such as methylene blue and stearic acid, showcasing their efficiency in reducing pollutant concentrations. The devices demonstrate a remarkable decomposition coefficient (k = 0.059 min − 1 ), highlighting their enhanced photocatalytic efficiency. Additionally, we propose a rapid fabrication technique using 3D holographic printing to create large-area TiO 2 -coated micro-structured photocatalytic devices at the mesoscale regime. This approach increases the active surface area, further enhancing the devices' photocatalytic capabilities. By combining additive micro-manufacturing, TiO 2 NR coating, and holographic printing, our work introduces a promising avenue for the development of advanced nanodevices with superior photocatalytic performance in sustainable energy applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A cavity model of the effect of a solvent on thermodynamic parameters of dimerization of polar species in non-polar liquids has been developed and compared to experimental data. Bulk solution data have been collected for stearic acid in cyclohexane and in toluene to quantify the extent of self-association of the acid in terms of the dimer self-dissociation constant, Kd. Composition and temperature-dependent experimental data have been collected to determine Kd, the enthalpy of dissociation, and temperature-dependent infrared molar absorption coefficients. The interaction of stearic acid with small amounts of water present in non-aqueous solvents is also addressed and quantified with a hetero-dissociation (or dehydration) constant, Kh. Existing data for acetic acid are also considered. The model connects Kd and Kh to the vapor-phase association equilibria. Solute dipole–solvent quadrupole interactions are shown to have a major effect on Kd in quadrupolar liquids, such as toluene, benzene, and CS2. This work provides important background as a prelude to adsorption studies of these additives from non-aqueous solvents to solid surfaces with relevance to commercial fluids, such as oil-based corrosion inhibitors and friction modifiers. Moreover, the presented theory of the solvent effect on Kd is a first step to generalization of standard implicit solvent models in computational chemistry (such as the polarizable continuum model) to media of significant quadrupolar strength. This is expected to be particularly important for polar species dissolved in CO2 relevant for carbon capture and storage where appropriate models do not currently exist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microalgae are gaining attention as they are considered green fabrics able to synthesize many bioactive metabolites, with unique biological activities. However, their use at an industrial scale is still a challenge because of the high costs related to upstream and downstream processes. Here, a biorefinery approach was proposed, starting from the biomass of the green microalga Pseudococcomyxa simplex for the extraction of two classes of molecules with a potential use in the cosmetic industry. Carotenoids were extracted first by an ultrasound-assisted extraction, and then, from the residual biomass, lipids were obtained by a conventional extraction. The chemical characterization of the ethanol extract indicated lutein, a biosynthetic derivative of α-carotene, as the most abundant carotenoid. The extract was found to be fully biocompatible on a cell-based model, active as antioxidant and with an in vitro anti-aging property. In particular, the lutein-enriched fraction was able to activate Nrf2 pathway, which plays a key role also in aging process. Finally, lipids were isolated from the residual biomass and the isolated fatty acids fraction was composed by palmitic and stearic acids. These molecules, fully biocompatible, can find application as emulsifiers and softener agents in cosmetic formulations. Thus, an untapped microalgal species can represent a sustainable source for cosmeceutical formulations. Key points: • Pseudococcomyxa simplex has been explored in a cascade approach. • Lutein is the main extracted carotenoid and has antioxidant and anti-aging activity. • Fatty acids are mainly composed of palmitic and stearic acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mesoporous HZSM‐5 and SnCl2@HZSM‐5 mesoporous composite were prepared by two‐step crystallization and wet impregnation method, respectively. The catalytic esterification performances of SnCl2, HZSM‐5 and SnCl2@HZSM‐5 were compared. SnCl2@HZSM‐5 had the most amount of total and weak acidity, and the weakest acid strength. More total acid content was beneficial to increase pentaerythritol conversion, and the weak acid could improve the selectivity of PETS, and weak acid strength was beneficial to inhibit the formation of carbon deposits. Brönsted and Lewis acid sites were present simultaneously on the SnCl2@HZSM‐5 catalyst. Moreover, some extra Brönsted acid sites were created on the SnCl2@HZSM‐5 catalyst, because the interaction of SnCl2 with HZSM‐5 may result in the exchange of Sn2+ with protons. Both acid sites could catalyze the esterification reaction, and the Brönsted acid site was more beneficial to increasing PETS selectivity. Therefore, SnCl2@HZSM‐5 showed the highest pentaerythritol conversion, PETS selectivity and catalytic stability. The generation of coke and the leaching of Sn were the main cause of catalyst deactivation. Under the optimized process conditions: 105 °C, 4.7 molar ratio of stearic acid and pentaerythritol, 1.2 wt % catalyst amount and 2.5 wt % SnCl2 loading, after 3 h reaction time, the pentaerythritol conversion, PETS selectivity and yield was 99.3 %, 97.2 % and 96.5 %, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two-dimensional (2D) materials promise advances in electronic devices beyond Moore's scaling law through extended functionality, such as non-monotonic dependence of device parameters on input parameters. However, the robustness and performance of effects like negative differential resistance (NDR) and anti-ambipolar behavior have been limited in scale and robustness by relying on atomic defects and complex heterojunctions. In this paper, we introduce a novel device concept that utilizes the quantum capacitance of junctions between 2D materials and molecular layers. We realized a variable capacitance 2D molecular junction (vc2Dmj) diode through the scalable integration of graphene and single layers of stearic acid. The vc2Dmj exhibits NDR with a substantial peak-to-valley ratio even at room temperature and an active negative resistance region. The origin of this unique behavior was identified through thermoelectric measurements and ab initio calculations to be a hybridization effect between graphene and the molecular layer. The enhancement of device parameters through morphology optimization highlights the potential of our approach toward new functionalities that advance the landscape of future electronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long‐term elevation of saturated fatty acids in blood has a deleterious effect on pancreatic β‐cell function and survival, leading to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and apoptosis. This fundamentally contributes to type 2 diabetes development. Caffeic acid (CA) was found to protect various cell types against several proapoptotic stimuli, including fatty acids. However, its potential protective effect against fatty acid‐induced apoptosis was not ascertained in pancreatic β cells yet. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine this in the human pancreatic β‐cell lines NES2Y and 1.1B4. In both cell lines, CA did not modify the effect of saturated stearic acid (SA) on β‐cell growth and viability. At higher concentrations, CA significantly even intensified the adverse effect of SA. Consistent with this, CA did not exhibit any inhibitory effect on SA‐induced markers of ongoing apoptosis as well as ER stress. At higher concentrations, CA again slightly potentiated the effect of SA. CA applied alone was well tolerated up to 1 mM; however, at higher concentrations, it had detrimental effects in both cell lines. To conclude, we have shown that the treatment with caffeic acid has no inhibitory effect on SA‐induced ER stress and apoptosis in the human pancreatic β cells. Moreover, at higher concentrations, CA has proapoptotic potential. Practical applications: Caffeic acid exhibits a protective effect against saturated fatty acids in human hepatocytes. However, our data obtained with human β‐cell lines suggest that the potential usage of caffeic acid as a dietary component for the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, developed with the contribution of saturated fatty acid‐induced apoptosis of β cells, seems rather unlikely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthelmintic medicinal plants can cause deformities in the external structure of parasites exposed to them. Sesbania sesban var. bicolor is a traditionally used anthelmintic medicinal plants used by the Santhal tribe of Assam. This study evaluates the damages caused by the methanolic extract on the tegument of Raillietina echinobothrida and Syphacia obvelata and also assesses its antioxidant activity. In addition, GC-MS study to identify the phytochemicals in the studied plant was also carried out. Worms were exposed to 30 mg/ml of the extract and the paralysed worms were processed for scanning electron microscopy study. Images obtained revealed extensive damage on the mouth, suckers, and cuticle/tegument of the worms. The study revealed that the plant possesses a good antioxidant activity. GC-MS of the plant revealed the presence of about 21 prominent peaks of which Octadecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl) ethyl ester was the most abundant. The activity of the plant may be attributed to the presence of these compounds which may be responsible for its antioxidant and anthelmintic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epoxy resin is a widely used polymer material, while its low mechanical properties and thermal stability limit its use in extreme environments such as high temperature and high pressure. In order to improve the performance of EP, this study assessed the enhancement of mechanical properties and thermal stability of EP by stearic acid‐modified n‐CeO2 and its mechanism. Laser particle size analyzers, transmission electron microscopes, and other instruments were used to characterize n‐CeO2. Universal testing machines, thermogravimetric analyzers, and other instruments were used to test n‐CeO2/EP nanocomposites. The results show that fatty acids effectively coated the surface of n‐CeO2, reducing its central particle size from 0.248 μm to 0.193 μm and improving its dispersion and compatibility. The tensile, flexural, impact strength, maximum decomposition temperature, and glass transition temperature (Tg) increased by 382%, 554%, 698%, 5%, and 10%, respectively with 2 wt% filler content. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed that the addition of n‐CeO2 induced plastic deformation and crack formation in the EP matrix, which enhanced the toughness of the composite material. This study provided the effective methods and basis for the preparation of high‐performance n‐CeO2/EP nanocomposites. Highlights: Nano cerium dioxide was modified to improve its dispersion by using stearic acid.High‐performance nanocomposites were prepared by using modified nanoparticles.The stiffness and toughness of the epoxy resin were enhanced by adding n‐CeO2.Thermal stability and heat resistance of the epoxy resin were improved by doping n‐CeO2.SEM images of the impact section showed that n‐CeO2 can prevent crack propagation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymeric micelles are nanocarriers for drug, protein and gene delivery due to their unique core/shell structure, which encapsulates and protects therapeutic cargos with diverse physicochemical properties. However, information regarding the micellar nanoenvironment's fluidity can provide unique insight into their makeup. In this study, we used electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy to study free radical spin probe (5-doxylstearate methyl ester, 5-MDS, and 16-doxylstearic acid, 16-DS) behaviour in methoxy-poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(α-benzyl carboxylate-ε-caprolactone) (PEO-PBCL) and methoxy-poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(ε-caprolactone) (PEO-PCL) polymeric micelles. Spin probes provided information about the spectroscopic rotational correlation time (τ, s) and the spectroscopic partition parameter F. We hypothesized that spin probes would partition into the polymeric micelles, and these parameters would be calculated. The results showed that both 5-MDS and 16-DS spectra were modulated in the presence of polymeric micelles. Based on τ values, 5-MDS revealed that PEO-PCL (τ = 3.92 ± 0.26 × 10−8 s) was more fluid than PEO-PBCL (τ = 7.15 ± 0.63 × 10−8 s). The F parameter, however, could not be calculated due to the rotational hindrance of the probe within the micelles. With 16-DS, more probe rotation was observed, and although the F parameter could be calculated, it was not helpful to distinguish the micelles' fluidity. Also, doxorubicin-loading interfered with the spin probes, particularly for 16-DS. However, using simulations, we could distinguish the hydrophilic and hydrophobic components of the 16-DS probe. The findings suggest that EPR spectroscopy is a valuable method for determining core fluidity in polymeric micelles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plasmodium is an obligate intracellular parasite that requires intense lipid synthesis for membrane biogenesis and survival. One of the principal membrane components is oleic acid, which is needed to maintain the membrane's biophysical properties and fluidity. The malaria parasite can modify fatty acids, and stearoyl‐CoA Δ9‐desaturase (Scd) is an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of oleic acid by desaturation of stearic acid. Scd is dispensable in P. falciparum blood stages; however, its role in mosquito and liver stages remains unknown. We show that P. berghei Scd localizes to the ER in the blood and liver stages. Disruption of Scd in the rodent malaria parasite P. berghei did not affect parasite blood stage propagation, mosquito stage development, or early liver‐stage development. However, when Scd KO sporozoites were inoculated intravenously or by mosquito bite into mice, they failed to initiate blood‐stage infection. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed that organelle biogenesis was impaired and merozoite formation was abolished, which initiates blood‐stage infections. Genetic complementation of the KO parasites restored merozoite formation to a level similar to that of WT parasites. Mice immunized with Scd KO sporozoites confer long‐lasting sterile protection against infectious sporozoite challenge. Thus, the Scd KO parasite is an appealing candidate for inducing protective pre‐erythrocytic immunity and hence its utility as a GAP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sulfate surfactants in cosmetic products raise concerns due to their skin irritating impact and sustainability. Rhamnolipid, a green and safe biosurfactant, was studied from the perspective of rheology to help develop a formulation with natural and effective ingredients for cosmetics. The viscosity of rhamnolipids was investigated by changing pH, concentration and adding additives like inorganic salts (NaCl, MgCl2) and polymers (Carbopol® Ultrez 20, Carbopol® Aqua SF‐1, Carbopol® 940 and cationic guar gum), showing that the viscosity of rhamnolipid had a positive correlation with the increase of concentration, a negative correlation with the increase of pH, and that polymers instead of inorganic salts were suitable for thickening rhamnolipid. Further rheology tests indicated that Carbopol® Aqua SF‐1 imparted gel properties of rhamnolipid while cationic guar gum determined the liquid properties. In addition, the rhamnolipid‐containing moisturizing cream consisting of stearic acid/squalane ratios all showed shear‐thinning and gel behavior the same as the commercial ones. Visual appearance and particle size analysis indicated that all formulations exhibited high storage stabilities. The knowledge gained from this study may be useful for designing "sulfonate‐free" shampoo and cream with rheological properties that can be tailed for specific commercial cosmetic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric vehicles (EVs) have emerged as a technology that can replace internal combustion vehicles and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, it is necessary to develop novel low-viscosity lubricants that can serve as potential transmission fluids for electric vehicles. Thus, this work analyzes the influence of both SiO2 and SiO2-SA (coated with stearic acid) nanomaterials on the tribological behavior of a paraffinic base oil with an ISO VG viscosity grade of 32 and a 133 viscosity index. A traditional two-step process through ultrasonic agitation was utilized to formulate eight nanolubricants of paraffinic oil + SiO2 and paraffinic base oil + SiO2-SA with nanopowder mass concentrations ranging from 0.15 wt% to 0.60 wt%. Visual control was utilized to investigate the stability of the nanolubricants. An experimental study of different properties (viscosity, viscosity index, density, friction coefficient, and wear) was performed. Friction analyses were carried out in pure sliding contacts at 393.15 K, and a 3D optical profilometer was used to quantify the wear. The friction results showed that, for the SiO2-SA nanolubricants, the friction coefficients were much lower than those obtained with the neat paraffinic base oil. The optimal nanoparticle mass concentration was 0.60 wt% SiO2-SA, with which the friction coefficient decreased by around 43%. Regarding wear, the greatest decreases in width, depth, and area were also found with the addition of 0.60 wt% SiO2-SA; thus, reductions of 21, 22, and 54% were obtained, respectively, compared with the neat paraffinic base oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer is one of the major causes of death, and its negative impact continues to rise globally. Chemotherapy, which is the most common therapy, has several limitations due to its tremendous side effects. Therefore, developing an alternate therapeutic agent with high biocompatibility is indeed needed. The anti-oxidative effects and bioactivities of several different crude extracts of marine algae have been evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. In the present study, we synthesized the aqueous extract (HA) from the marine algae Amphiroa anceps, and then, a liposome was formulated for that extract (NHA). The extracts were characterized using different photophysical tools like dynamic light scattering, UV–visible spectroscopy, FTIR, scanning electron microscopy, and GC-MS analysis. The SEM image revealed a size range of 112–185 nm for NHA and the GC-MS results showed the presence of octadecanoic acid and n-Hexadecanoic acid in the majority. The anticancer activity was studied using A549 cells, and the NHA inhibited the cancer cells dose-dependently, with the highest killing of 92% at 100 μg/mL. The in vivo studies in the zebrafish model showed that neither the HA nor NHA of Amphiroa anceps showed any teratogenic effect. The outcome of our study showed that NHA can be a potential drug candidate for inhibiting cancer with good biocompatibility up to a dose of 100 μg/mL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermal energy storage is at the leading edge of various applications, including waste heat recovery, solar storage and zero-energy buildings. Phase change materials (PCMs) can be utilized to store heat through reversible solid–liquid phase transitions. PCMs provide high energy storage capacity at a constant temperature. The volume change during the phase transition, on the other hand, causes inconsistency in crystallization and leakage, increasing the system's complexity and shortening the lifetime of these materials. These shortcomings can be diminished by impregnation in a porous matrix or encapsulation with an inert shell, resulting in shape-stabilized PCMs that maintain their macroscopic shape during phase change. The synthesis and properties of Bi/ZnO nanocomposites were investigated in order to obtain shape-stabilized phase change materials. All samples consisted of metallic Bi and oxide, doped with 1–3% at. zinc. Heat storage capacities between 31 and 49 Jg−1 were obtained, depending on the mass fraction of the metal. All samples had good thermal reliability, retaining their heat storage properties after 50 consecutive heating–cooling cycles. An average oxide layer thickness of 75–100 nm is sufficient to prevent the molten metal leakage at temperatures above its melting point, resulting in shape-stabilized PCMs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a method to prepare hydrogel from Pickering emulsions stabilized with amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP). Pickering emulsion was prepared by utilizing stearic acid (Sa)-modified ACP as the emulsifier, blended oil as the dispersed phase, and aqueous sodium alginate (SA) as the continuous phase. ACP releases calcium ions to crosslink with sodium alginate when the pH decreases, forming a hydrogel. Structural characterization and surface wettability of the modified ACP were assessed through FT-IR, XRD, and contact angle measurements. Droplet sizes in the emulsion were analyzed using optical microscopy, and the release of curcumin from the hydrogel was monitored using ultraviolet spectroscopy. These results demonstrate Sa was grafted onto the surface of ACP. Stabilization of the Pickering emulsion was achieved using 4 wt% Sa-ACP. Moreover, the droplet size exhibited a reduction with heightened particle concentration, oil-water ratio, and pH. The release of curcumin was optimized at 5 wt% SA and 0.75 w/v% Sa-ACP with 53.5% release. The Ca-alginate matrices prevented the release of the curcumin at pH 1.2 and the curcumin was vastly released at pH 7.4, exhibiting pH-responsive release characteristics. These results confirmed the Sa-ACP-stabilized Pickering emulsion hydrogel could be used as an effective delivery system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The Italian pig sector is renowned for dry-cured ham production, which requires heavy pigs (raised for at least nine months and slaughtered at more than 160 kg). Nevertheless, efficiency and utilisation of every part of the pig, including the loin, should be maximised. To avoid boar taint, surgical castration is necessary, albeit raising welfare concerns. Immunocastration offers a promising alternative. This study investigated the effects of immunocastration compared to surgical castration on the chemical composition and fatty acid profile of loins and adipose tissue from Italian heavy pigs. The results revealed differences in the fatty acid profiles, suggesting that immunocastrated meat may offer higher levels of saturated fatty acids. These findings highlight the importance of exploring alternative castration methods in terms of pig welfare improvement while also considering meat quality. The Italian pig sector requires heavy pigs (raised for at least nine months and slaughtered at >160 kg). In order to avoid boar taint and lower the impact on welfare, immunocastration provides an alternative to surgical castration. This study investigated the effects of immunocastration compared to surgical castration on the chemical composition and fatty acid profile of loins (longissimus dorsi muscle) and adipose tissue in Italian heavy pigs raised for dry-cured ham. Twenty-four male pigs were subjected to surgical castration (n = 12) or immunocastration (n = 12). Carcass parameters were monitored at slaughter, and samples of longissimus dorsi muscle and subcutaneous fat were analysed. This study showed no significant differences in carcass characteristics and proximate composition of fresh meat. However, variations were observed in the fatty acid profiles of meat and adipose tissue between groups. Notably, saturated fatty acids, particularly stearic acid (18:0), were higher in the intramuscular fat (IMF) of the immunocastrated pigs compared to the surgically castrated pigs. Conversely, monounsaturated fatty acids, predominantly oleic acid (18:1n-9), were higher in the IMF from the surgically castrated pigs compared to the immunocastrated pigs. While immunocastration may offer benefits in terms of animal growth and carcass composition, it could lead to unfavourable lipid changes in fresh loin meat for Italian heavy pigs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Constructing a superhydrophobic coating on cement-based materials' surface can effectively inhibit the invasion of external water and corrosive ions. However, current strategies of fabricating superhydrophobic coatings often require complex processes and some harmful solvents. Herein, an eco-friendly method is proposed for constructing superhydrophobic coatings on mortar surfaces to inhibit water penetration and chloride ion corrosion. The superhydrophobic coating was fabricated using superhydrophobic zeolite powders modified with nontoxic stearic acid. The mortar with superhydrophobic coating (SHC-mortar) possesses a water contact angle of 156° and water slide angle of less than 10°. In addition, the self-cleaning, waterproof and anticorrosion properties of SHC-mortar were explored. The results show that the fabricated superhydrophobic coating endows the mortar with a self-cleaning property, significantly reduces the capillary water absorption of the mortar, and improves the anticorrosion property of the mortar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment aimed to investigate the effects of modified Buzhong Yiqi Decoction on the meat quality and immune function. Sixty male lambs of two-month-old small-tailed Han sheep were randomly divided into five groups, with three replicates in each group and four lambs in each replicate. The experimental group was fed with 1%, 2%, and 3% modified Buzhong Yiqi Decoction in the basal diet, the commercial control group was fed with 2% Siweidongli powder in the basal diet, and the blank control group was fed with the basal diet. The pre-test lasted for nine days and the formal test lasted for 107 days. The results showed that the total fatty acid content in 1% dose group was significantly higher than that in other groups (P<0.05). Compared with the blank control group, the concentrations of flavor amino acids and n-heptanal in 2% dose group increased significantly (P<0.05), while the concentrations of n-hexanal and n-nonanal decreased significantly (P<0.05). The concentrations of essential amino acids, total amino acids, and 1-octen-3-ol in 3% dose group increased significantly (P<0.05), while the concentrations of decanoic acid and stearic acid decreased significantly (P<0.05). At the ages of five and six months, the antibody levels against peste des petits ruminants in the serum of lambs in all dose groups significantly increased (P<0.05). The study suggests that modified Buzhong Yiqi Decoction may improve the flavor of mutton by affecting the metabolism of fatty acids and flavor amino acids in the bodies of small-tailed Han sheep, regulating the synthesis of mutton odor substances and volatile flavor substances, and simultaneously enhancing the immunity of mutton sheep to a certain extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a preparation method of superhydrophobic composites of oxidized multi-walled carbon nanotubes modified by stearic acid (SA) is proposed. Hydroxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (HMWCNTs) were obtained by oxidizing multi-walled carbon nanotubes with potassium dichromate to give them hydroxyl groups on the surface. Subsequently, the carboxyl group in the SA molecule was esterified with the hydroxyl group on the HMWCNTs. SA molecules were grafted onto the surface of multi-walled carbon nanotubes. SA modified oxidized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (SMWCNT) superhydrophobic composites were obtained. The results show that the water contact angle (WCA) of superhydrophobic composites can reach up to 174°. At the same time, the modified nanocomposites have good anti-icing and corrosion resistance. After low temperature delayed freezing test, the freezing extension time of the nanocomposite film is 30 times that of the smooth surface. Under strong acid and alkali conditions, the superhydrophobic nanocomposites still maintain good superhydrophobicity. The nanocomposites may have potential applications in the preparation of large-scale superhydrophobic coatings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many industries, calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) are popular fillers and pigments. However, its application in a nonpolar medium is limited due to its surface characteristics in pristine conditions. This study focuses on modifying CaCO3 and TiO2 nanoparticles using oleic and stearic acid. Several characterizations were performed to assess the changes in the treated material, including Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, as well as energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Additionally, the dispersion stability of both materials in different nonpolar solvents was visually inspected. The interaction of materials in surface modifications is a success where few additional peaks were presented in FTIR spectroscopy. The morphology and sedimentation outcomes revealed that the treated materials induced a better dispersion, smoother surface, and higher stability. The improvements in treated materials indicate a successful modification of the CaCO3 and TiO2 nanoparticles for nonpolar medium applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the pH-responsive API-CMCS-SA (ACS) polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) based on 1-(3-amino-propyl) imidazole (API), stearic acid (SA), and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) were fabricated for the effective transport of curcumin (CUR) in liver cancer. CUR-ACS-NPs with various degrees of substitution (DS) were employed to prepare through ultrasonic dispersion method. The effect of different DS on NPs formation was discussed. The obtained CUR-ACS-NPs (DSSA=12.4%) had high encapsulation rate (more than 85%) and uniform particle size (186.2 ± 1.42 nm). The CUR-ACS-NPs showed better stability than the other groups. Drug release from the CUR-ACS-NPs was pH-dependent, and more than 90% or 65% of CUR was released in 48 h in weakly acid medium (pH 5.0 or 6.0, respectively). Additionally, the CUR-ACS-NPs increased the intracellular accumulation of CUR and demonstrated high anticancer effect on HepG2 cells compared with the other groups. CUR-ACS-NPs prolonged the retention time of the drug, and the area under the curve (AUC) increased significantly in vivo. The in vivo antitumor study further revealed that the CUR-ACS-NPs exhibited the capability of inhibiting tumor growth and lower systemic toxicity. Meanwhile, CUR, CUR-CS-NPs, and CUR-ACS-NPs could be detected in the evaluated organs, including tumor, liver, spleen, lung, heart, and kidney in distribution studies. Among them, CUR-ACS-NPs reached the maximum concentration at the tumor site, indicating the tumor-targeting properties. In short, the results suggested that CUR-ACS-NPs could act a prospective drug transport system for effective delivery of CUR in cancer treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phase change materials (PCMs) are the materials that can absorb and release energy during their phase transition. The materials have become ubiquitous but still face challenges. The inevitable transition from solid phase to liquid phase in these materials during operation limits their utility in application areas that require leak-proof properties like orthopaedic mattresses or gel packs, or applications requiring self-load-bearing capabilities (such as ceiling tiles and building walls). Entrapment of PCM in porous matrices is one of the promising methods of capturing the PCM and limiting the flow of materials in the liquid phase. The present study discusses the preparation of exfoliated graphite from commercially available intercalated graphite. The process of exfoliating the intercalated graphite has been holistically characterized using x-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The graphite with a surface area of 47.37 cc/g with a purity of 99% was found to have a maximum absorption of 80% (w/w) stearic acid as PCM. In addition, this paper investigates two synthetic routes to prepare the shape-stabilized PCM. The blends are characterized and compared along six indicators: transition point, latent heat capacity, thermal conductivity, exudation behavior, FTIR, and SEM. Composite 1 refers to stearic acid absorbed in the exfoliated graphite. Composite 2 refers to the stearic acid absorbed in exfoliated graphite which is further treated with an elastomer SEBS. The leak test performed on both blends signifies that SEBS is an essential ingredient. The PCM composition optimized in this study can unlock various thermal applications with critical requirements where direct exposure of chemicals to the user is unacceptable. Further, the study itself is envisaged to serve as a framework to develop enhanced shape-stabilized PCMs with tuneable thermal conductivity and extended operation life in application areas where leakage in liquid phase is a concern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents research on the thermal decomposition of individual ingredients and compositions that are physical mixtures of emulsion poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), cadmium yellow, and stearic acid. The results of the tests were TG, DTA, and DTG graphs. From their course, the initial decomposition temperatures, maximum decomposition rate, and final temperatures were determined, and changes in the mass of samples and the values of thermal effects were calculated. The influence of pigment and stearic acid on the thermal decomposition of PVC was investigated. Cadmium yellow, modified in an alkaline medium and containing hydroxyl groups, was also used for the tests. It was found that the presence of both pigment and stearic acid had a retarding effect on the initiation of thermal decomposition of PVC. The addition of CdS modified in an alkaline environment had a more or less similar effect on the initial decomposition temperature of PVC. Depending on the composition of the polymer and the value of the final temperature, different values of thermal effects and the amount of products formed were indicated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the global ban on plastics intensifying, the substitution of plastic with paper has garnered increasing attention. However, the inadequate water and oil repellency of pulp molding hinders its practical applications. Currently, the common method to enhance the oil and water repellency of pulp molding is by adding fluorinated water and oil repellents. Nevertheless, fluorinated compounds are environmentally and physiologically harmful. Therefore, the development of fluorine-free, water and oil repellent alternatives is crucial. In this study, chitosan and stearic acid were utilized as the first and second layers of the oil and water repellent coatings, respectively. The coated samples exhibited favorable water repellency, with a water contact angle of 116.4°, and excellent oil repellency, achieving a 12/12 rating on the kit scale. Importantly, the samples did not exhibit any leakage after being soaked in hot water and hot oil at 95±5 °C for 30 min, demonstrating remarkable performance as a barrier against hot water and oil. Moreover, the coated samples displayed outstanding mechanical properties, thermal stability, biodegradability, and recyclability. The approach presented in this study is simple, cost-effective, environmentally friendly, and represents a promising technique for producing fluoride-free, oil- and water-resistant pulp molding products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease. Topical medicines are the preferred treatment for mild to moderate psoriasis, but the effect of excipients used in semi‐solid preparations on psoriasis‐like skin inflammation is not fully understood. In the present study, we investigated the effect of stearyl alcohol, a commonly used excipient, on imiquimod (IMQ)‐induced psoriasis‐like skin inflammation in mice. Psoriasis‐like skin inflammation was induced by topical IMQ treatment on the back of mice. Skin lesion severity was evaluated by using psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) scores. The skin sections were stained by haematoxylin–eosin and immunohistochemistry. Stearyl alcohol (20% in vaseline) treatment significantly reduced the IMQ‐induced increase of PASI scores and epidermal thickness in mice. IMQ treatment increased the number of Ki67‐ and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)‐positive cells in the skin, and the increases were inhibited by stearyl alcohol (20% in vaseline) treatment. Stearyl alcohol treatment (1%, 5%, 10% in vaseline) dose‐dependently ameliorated IMQ‐induced increase of PASI scores and epidermal thickness in mice. Hexadecanol (20% in vaseline), stearic acid (20% in vaseline) and vaseline treatment had no significant effect on IMQ‐induced psoriasis‐like skin inflammation in mice. In conclusion, stearyl alcohol has the effect of improving IMQ‐induced psoriasis‐like skin inflammation in mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The properties of Pickering emulsions is affected by many factors, one of the most typical of which is the ionic environment. Existing studies have mainly focused on the effect of ions in the continuous phase on oil-in-water Pickering emulsions, and usually only single species of ions are studied. The water-in-oil Pickering emulsions are commonly used to encapsulate a variety of water-soluble functional substances, which often contain various of ions. Therefore, it is necessary to study the effect of ions in the internal phase on the properties of inverse Pickering emulsions. The inverse Pickering emulsions with an average droplet size of 100 μm were prepared using hydrophobized calcium carbonate particles. Subsequently, Na+ and Ca2+ were introduced into the internal phase to investigate their effects on the emulsion. The results show that the presence of Na+ can aggravate droplet coalescence, and Ca2+ can cause severe damage to the emulsions and even lead to phase inversion. It was speculated that Na+ can weaken the surface charge of particles by compressing the electric double layer, resulting in lower electrostatic repulsion between particles, thus changing the dispersion state of the particles and ultimately affecting the properties of the emulsion. And Ca2+ can combine with and release stearate from the particle surface through chemical reactions, thus changing the wettability of the particles and resulting in breaking and phase inversion of the emulsions. The present work is informative for the setting of the phase composition and the prediction of stability during the application of inverse Pickering emulsions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphogypsum (PG) is a byproduct of the phosphate fertilizer industry that can be used in cement mortar. However, PG mortar is known to have high water absorption. This paper proposes a new method to address this issue by using superhydrophobic phosphogypsum (SPG). PG was modified using stearic acid and sodium metasilicate. The hydrophobic mortar (H-mortar) was obtained by replacing a portion of the cement with SPG powder. The optimum water contact angle of the H-mortar was measured at 108.3°. Results from the experiment show that the water absorption of H-mortar was 19% lower than that of the reference mortar (Ref-M). Furthermore, the mechanical strength of H-mortar increased compared to Ref-M, as observed through strength testing. The study also investigated the impact of SPG addition rate on mortar corrosion resistance, and found that the addition of SPG reduces water migration and enhances resistance to chloride ion corrosion. The proposed method has the potential to utilize PG waste while improving mortar strength and corrosion resistance, making it suitable for use in marine mortar structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photochromic azobenzenes undergo light-mediated trans-cis isomerization. The cis isomer reverts to the trans isomer thermally. To investigate the effect of different monomer sequences on the thermal stability of cis-azobenzene, a series of copolymers, namely, block, and random structures containing stearic acid and azobenzene moieties as their side chains have been synthesized through reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. In this study, we investigate the photoisomerization of the trans and cis forms of the polymers and also the thermal reversal of the cis-azobenzene photochromic systems. The isomerization data revealed significant differences in the isomerization timescales between the polymers and the corresponding monomer. It was observed that the local polarity around the azobenzene units within a polymer was significantly influenced by the chain segment depending on whether it was in the vicinity of the hydrophobic alkyl chains or other azobenzene units. This local environment of the azobenzene units regulates the stabilization of the transition states during the cis-trans thermal isomerization, consequently affecting the half-life of the cis isomer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Porous solid films that promote large apparent contact angles are interesting systems since their wetting properties are dependent on both the surface structure and water penetration into the film. In this study, a parahydrophobic coating is made by sequential dip coating of titanium dioxide nanoparticles and stearic acid on polished copper substrates. The apparent contact angles are determined using the tilted plate method, and it is found that the liquid–vapor interaction decreases and water droplets are more likely to move off the film when the number of coated layers increases. Interestingly, it is found that under some conditions, the front contact angle can be smaller than the back contact angle. Scanning electron microscopy observations demonstrate that the coating process led to the formation of hydrophilic TiO2 nanoparticle domains and hydrophobic stearic acid flakes that allows heterogeneous wetting. By monitoring the electrical current through the water droplet to the copper substrate, it is found that the water drops penetrate the coating layer to make direct contact with the copper surface with a time delay and magnitude that depends on the coating thickness. This additional penetration of water into the porous film enhances the adhesion of the droplet to the film and provides a clue to understand the contact angle hysteresis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Nanobubbles (NBs) are classified in two distinct categories: surface and bulk. Surface NBs are readily observed using atomic force microscopy (AFM), while the existence of bulk NBs has been a subject of debate, conflicting with the diffusion theory's predictions. Current methodologies for identifying bulk NBs yield inconclusive results. In this study, Langmuir Blodgett (LB) technique and AFM, are utilized to visualize NB imprints on anionic, cationic and zwitterionic lipid films deposited on glass-slide substrates. Our analysis of Langmuir monolayers compression isotherms reveals the impact of bulk NBs on lipid monolayer development. AFM scans of the deposited lipid films consistently show NB imprints. Notably, cationic and zwitterionic film depositions exhibit NB formations from the 1st layer, whereas in anionic films, these formations are observed only after the 3rd layer. These results suggest that the origin of these imprinted formations may be attributed to bulk NBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the experiment was to determine the effects of supplemental SFA sources, lysophospholipids (LPL), and their interaction on production and nutrient digestibility in lactating dairy cows. The experiment was conducted with 48 cows in a randomized complete block design. Cows were blocked (12 blocks total) by parity and days in milk and randomly assigned to 4 dietary treatments in each block (2 × 2 factorial arrangement), i.e., 2 sources of fat supplements, C16:0 (PA)- or C18:0 (SA)-enriched fat, and with or without LPL. The experiment was conducted for 6 wk to measure daily dry matter intake, milk yield, and weekly milk composition. During the last week of the experiment, spot fecal and urine samples were collected to determine total-tract nutrient digestibility. Milk samples in the last week were also collected to analyze the milk fatty acid (FA) profile. All data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS, where block was used as a random effect and FA, LPL, and the interaction of FA by LPL were used as fixed effects. Week and interactions of week by FA or LPL were included for production measures. Different sources of SFA did not affect dry matter intake and milk yield. However, the PA treatment increased (39.7 vs. 36.8 kg) energy-corrected milk compared with SA due to increased milk fat yield. No effect of LPL on production measures was observed. Total-tract digestibilities of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, and total FA were not different between the PA and SA groups, but PA increased (41.4% vs. 38.8%) neutral detergent fiber digestibility compared with SA. Supplementation of LPL increased (64.7% vs. 60.5%) total FA digestibility, especially 18-carbon FA (74.1% vs. 68.2%). An interaction of SFA by LPL was found for 16-carbon FA digestibility. The PA diet increased the concentration of 16-carbon FA in milk fat and SA increased the concentration of preformed FA (≥18 carbons). Supplementation of LPL decreased the concentration of trans -10 C18:1. No difference in N utilization and excretion among treatments was observed. In conclusion, the PA diet was more effective in improving milk fat yield of lactating cows compared with SA. Supplementation of LPL increased digestibility of total FA, especially 18-carbon FA but did not affect production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the traditional time-consuming synthesis route and diffusion-limited micropore system of SAPO-11 (i.e., SAPO-11W), a hydroxyl radical assisted method has been developed to prepare hierarchical SAPO-11 within 5 min (i.e., SAPO-11M). Compared to previous reports, the unique contribution is to induce hydroxyl radicals by exposing carbon materials to microwave irradiation in an oxygen-containing atmosphere. Carbon materials play a dual role as mesopore filler and hydroxyl radical initiator. When employed to prepare deoxygenation catalysts for stearic acids, a higher selectivity for C15–C18 and isomers is observed due to the mild acidity of SAPO-11M. The Lewis-rich acidity of SAPO-11M exhibits an electron deficiency to interact with the hydroxyl oxygen atoms and promotes the hydrodeoxygenation of stearic acids with excellent atom economy. These results are important for opening up a new prospect of synthesizing SAPO molecular sieves (e.g., SAPO-11 and SAPO-5) by an efficient and facile route. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pyrazole compounds have garnered attention due to their potential biological and medicinal qualities. Therefore, the purpose of the research being described is to utilize 3,5‐dimethyl‐1H‐pyrazole‐1‐carbothiohydrazide (1) as a starting material in a one‐pot synthesis to create novel pyrazole derivatives with potential biological applications. When either ethanol or acetic acid was added, components 1 and 1,3‐diphenylpropane‐1,3‐dione (2) reacted to produce derivative 3. Compound 1, when combined with ethanol, chemical 2, or acetyl acetone 5 and triethylamine, yielded chemicals 4 and 6 respectively. When ingredient 1 was mixed with ethyl cyanoacetate (7), stearic acid (10), or carboxylic acids 12 a–c, 9, 11, and 13 a–c were formed as a result. The equivalent 1,3,4‐thiadiazine derivatives, 15 and 17, were produced when 1 was mixed with either 14 or 16. The developed compounds′ cytotoxic properties were evaluated against lung and liver cancer. Our research identified a number of interesting bioactive chemicals, among which chemical 17 exhibited the greatest effectiveness against lung and liver cancer as well as the highest selectivity index measurements. It indicated a strong IC50 value of 5.35 and 8.74 μM, accordingly, when compared with 3.78 and 6.39 μM for the reference medication cisplatin. Additionally, its safety for use has been confirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, a quick surface modification method has been developed for the modification NiO‐Al2O3 nanocomposites using stearic acid (SA). The surface modification of NiO‐Al2O3 nanocomposites with stearic acid was confirmed by various analytical techniques (FT‐IR spectroscopy, thermal gravimetry (TG), carbon and hydrogen (CH) and XPS). There is no change in XRD patterns, and FE‐SEM and TEM images of NiO‐Al2O3 nanocomposites after modification with SA. FT‐IR analysis of SA modified NiO‐Al2O3 nanocomposites shows characteristic IR bands of carboxylate group. TG and CH analyses also confirm the presence of SA in the NiO‐Al2O3 nanocomposites. XPS analysis of SA modified NiO‐Al2O3 nanocomposites shows the presence of carbon atoms of stearic acid. The SA modified NiO‐Al2O3 nanocomposites show water contact angle greater than 90° which suggests their hydrophobic nature. The SA modified NiO‐Al2O3 nanocomposites were explored for self‐cleaning and also as adsorbent for the removal of crystal violet and rhodamine B dyes from aqueous solutions. The SA modified NiO‐Al2O3 nanocomposites remove the dyes within 30 minutes. The effect of various adsorption parameters (adsorbent dosage, contact time, pH, and temperature) was investigated to understand the optimum adsorption conditions. The SA modified NiO‐Al2O3 nanocomposites show better self‐cleaning property as compared to unmodified NiO‐Al2O3 nanocomposites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The more and more oily sewage from industry, shipping and domestic life greatly threaten our life and health. In this work, the porous Co–Ni(OH)2/Ni foam composites were prepared by a simple hydrothermal method and subsequent annealing at 200 °C. The high surface energy and novel structure of nanocone array endowed the composite with superhydrophilicity and superoleophobicity. After the surface modification of stearic acid (STA) with low surface energy, the Co–Ni(OH)2/Ni@STA composites were endowed with superlipophilicity and superhydrophobicity due to the low surface energy of STA and special surface nanostructure. Meantime, two extreme wetting states can be switched by alternating 200 °C calcination and STA surface modification. And the doping of Co element endows the composites with the excellent corrosion resistance. Based on the controllable switchable wetting performance of Co–Ni(OH)2/Ni composite, a three-way T-tube was designed for oil–water separation. Whether it is heavy oil or light oil, the device has high separation efficiency and excellent cyclic stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a detailed investigation of the structural and surface modifications of Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs). Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was utilized to analyze the distinct characteristic peaks of Fe3O4 NPs and their subsequent modifications with stearic acid (ST) layers. The FTIR analysis revealed characteristic peaks at 580 cm−1, and 441 cm−1, corresponding to the Fe‐O stretching vibrations of the bulk Fe3O4 NPs. The successful loading of stearic acid onto the Fe3O4 NPs was confirmed by the appearance of new peaks at 1413 cm−1 and 2908 cm−1, indicative of the asymmetric CH2 stretch and CH3 umbrella vibration modes of stearic acid. UV‐Vis spectroscopy further corroborated the efficient loading of tetracycline and ibuprofen onto Fe3O4/DST nanoparticles, as evidenced by changes in absorption spectra. N2 adsorption‐desorption isotherms illustrated the presence of micro and meso pores on the surface of Fe3O4 NPs, with alterations in pore volume and diameter post‐surface modification and drug loading. Evaluation of magnetic properties indicated a reduction in saturation magnetization after surface modification and drug loading, attributed to changes in homogeneity and surface moments. Differential Reflectance Spectroscopy (DRS) and Raman spectroscopy elucidated distinctive peaks and shifts in spectra, confirming the composition and structural changes in drug‐loaded nanofibers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of a study of the effect of sand treatment on its filtration and wetting properties by applying Langmuir multimolecular film coatings of fatty acids. It has been established that the coefficient of water filtration through sand treated with a 2% solution of stearic acid in chloroform is reduced by 82%. It is shown that a change in the filtration properties of sand is associated with an alteration in the wettability of sand from water-wet to oil-wet due to the formation of oriented Z-type Langmuir–Blodgett hydrophobic films on the surface of sand grains. The effective permeability of sand for water decreases after the formation of hydrophobic Langmuir–Blodgett Z-type films and waterflooding becomes more effective. Treatment of sand with palmitic and oleic acids, as well as simple mixing of sand with a 2% solution of stearic acid in chloroform, has little effect on the filtration properties of sand. COMSOL multiphysics simulation of filtration process and oil displacement in treated and untreated sand with fatty acid was used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We estimated δ13C of the C–H–O fluid produced by the decomposition of stearic acid at high-pressure and high-temperature conditions (10 and 17 GPa, 800–1600°C) from δ13C of the solid carbon products and the initial stearic acid. The δ13C of the stearic acid and the recovered graphite/diamond were −28.0‰ and −27.08 to −29.35‰, respectively. Then, the δ13C of the coexisting C–H–O fluid was estimated to be −26.3 to −29.2‰ based on the stoichiometry of the decomposition reaction C18H36O2 → 10C + 8CH4 + 2H2O. In the studied P-T-t conditions, carbon isotope fractionation through the stearic acid decomposition is as small as < 3‰. This means that the δ13C of the C–H–O fluid is almost identical to that of the initial stearic acid and can be a useful tracer of carbon source for diamond forming reaction such as in fluid/carbonate systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stearic and phenyl-phosphonic acids were applied to fine aluminum particles to understand their effect on the surface chemical composition and bulk properties of the surface-treated powders. During the solution phase deposition process, the surface composition changes chemically through a condensation reaction between the acid and particle surface hydroxyl groups, forming covalent chemical bonds. The retention of both types of acids was verified through characterization using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The presence of stearic acid on the particle surface was observed through signature absorbance peaks, including interfacial C-O bonding modes, carboxylate, and carbonyl moieties, all present on both the treated powder. Spectra using XPS showed an increase in -CH relative intensity signal on the particle surface when compared to the raw material when considering the the carbon 2p photoelectron peak. Similar findings confirmed the presence of the phenyl-phosphonic acid when comparing to the raw material. The IR spectrum confirmed the presence of P-O-Al, P-O, and phosponates as a result of the surface bonding between the reagent and particles. XPS always provided evidence through the presence of phosphorous 2p and 2s photoelecton peaks at 191.3 and 133.4 eV, respectively. The bulk properties of both surface treated powders improved, as shown through improved apparent/tap density and a decreased Hausner Ratio (Group C to Group A behavior). Rheological characterization provided additional evidence by showing a reduced specific energy, flow rate index, and cohesion. The particle packing was improved as evidenced through reduced compressibility as a function of applied normal stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genetically modified maize DP202216 was developed to confer tolerance to glufosinate‐ammonium‐containing herbicides and to provide an opportunity for yield enhancement under field conditions. These properties were achieved by introducing the mo‐pat and zmm28 expression cassettes. The molecular characterisation data and bioinformatic analyses do not identify issues requiring food/feed safety assessment. None of the identified differences in the agronomic/phenotypic and compositional characteristics tested between maize DP202216 and its comparator needs further assessment, except for the levels of stearic acid (C18:0), which do not raise nutritional and safety concerns. The GMO Panel does not identify safety concerns regarding the toxicity and allergenicity of the PAT and ZMM28 proteins as expressed in maize DP202216, and finds no evidence that the genetic modification would change the overall allergenicity of maize DP202216. In the context of this application, the consumption of food and feed from maize DP202216 does not represent a nutritional concern in humans and animals. The GMO Panel concludes that maize DP202216 is as safe as the comparator and non‐GM reference varieties tested, and no post‐market monitoring of food/feed is considered necessary. In the case of accidental release of viable maize DP202216 grains into the environment, this would not raise environmental safety concerns. The post‐market environmental monitoring plan and reporting intervals are in line with the intended uses of maize DP202216. The GMO Panel concludes that maize DP202216 is as safe as its comparator and the tested non‐GM reference varieties with respect to potential effects on human and animal health and the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a type of cancer that affects the colon or rectum and occurs in individuals over the age of 50, although it can affect people of all ages. Quercetin is a flavonoid, which is a type of plant pigment with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Some studies have explored the potential of quercetin as an adjuvant therapy to enhance the effectiveness of chemotherapy or radiation therapy. Methodology: In the proposed work, the nano-biomaterials of solid lipids such as stearic acid (SA) and tripalmitin (TpN) as well as the surfactants tween 80 and span 80 were used to prepare novel quercetin (QuR)-loaded-solid lipid nanoparticles (QuR-SLNs) for medical applications in colorectal cancer (CRC). The resulting bio-nano SLNs' mean entrapment efficiency (EE) and particle size (PS) were optimized by Box–Behnken design (BBD) approach based on the response-like surface methodology (RSM). The variables include lipid ratio (X1), surfactant ratio (X2), QuR-to-lipid ratio (X3), the sonication time (X4), and the homogenization time (X5). Requirements on the maximum EE (%) and minimum PS (nm) were optimized for the preparation of QuR-SLN. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were then used to analyze the optimized SLN and to find the crystalline state of QuR with lipid relationship. In addition, on the Caco-2 cells, at IC50 (49 µM/mL), in vitro cytotoxicity was attained. Results: The optimized QuR-SLN had practically spherical shapes, with % EE and a PS of 97.8 ± 1.16% and 132.16 ± 4.1 nm, respectively. In aqueous media, the degree of lipid crystallinity and the lipid modification was investigated, and the QuR incorporation and release patterns showed high correlations with both. The results showed that over 41.12 ± 1.6% of the bio-nano QuR-SLNs was released gradually over the course of 48 h, demonstrating effective QuR delayed release. Results on apoptotic observations indicate that apoptosis accounts for the majority of cell death, while necrosis, a type of cell death, constitutes a very minor portion. In conclusion, the prepared bio-nano QuR-SLNs might improve cytotoxicity and can act as an ideal carrier for the delivery of QuR and this preparation is used in the treatment of CRC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasing environmental requirements for improving products and materials using renewable and sustainable resources, cellulose has been seen as one of the most attractive and promising alternatives to traditional inorganic fillers. We developed a new modification method to improve the interface compatibility between natural rubber and sisal cellulose, to improve the mechanical and thermal conductivity properties of rubber composite. Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) was extracted from sisal cellulose and then the hydrophobic cellulose (SA‐MCC) was prepared by grafting stearic acid on the surface of MCC. MCC and SA‐MCC were added to the thermal conductivity composite material composed of natural rubber and boron nitride. The results showed that the thermal conductivity and tensile properties of the natural rubber composites increased by 17.3% and 20%, respectively, under the addition of 1.8 wt% SA‐MCC. Furthermore, the interfacial interaction between the components in the composite was studied by molecular dynamics simulation. The solubility parameters, free volume fraction, and molecular binding energy were calculated to verify the effectiveness of the modification. This work is expected to provide a theoretical basis for the design and preparation of high‐performance natural rubber composite materials. Highlights: Cellulose microcrystals were successfully extracted from sisal fiber and modified.Through the combination of boron nitride and the modified cellulose microcrystals, the thermal conductivity and tensile properties of thermal rubber were successfully improved synchronously.A reasonable molecular simulation model was established to analysis the strengthening mechanism from the microscopic point of view.The molecular simulation conclusions on interface enhancement are in good agreement with the experimental properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A completely biobased composite material was developed using a matrix of natural resin extracted from the Elaegia pastoensis Mora plant, commonly known as Mopa-Mopa or "Barniz de Pasto", reinforced with fibers extracted from plantain rachis agricultural residues. A solvent process, involving grinding, distillation, filtration, and drying stages, was implemented to extract the resin from the plant bud. To obtain the resin from the plant bud, the vegetable material was ground and then dissolved in a water-alcohol blend, followed by distillation, filtration, and grinding until the powdered resin was ready for use in the preparation of the biocomposite. Likewise, using mechanical techniques, the plantain rachis fibers were extracted and worked in their native condition and with a previous alkalinization surface treatment. Finally, the biocomposite material was developed with and without incorporating stearic acid, which was included to reduce the material's moisture absorption. Ultimately stearic acid was used as an additive to reduce biocomposite moisture absorption. The tensile mechanical results showed that the Mopa-Mopa resin reached a maximum strength of 20 MPa, which decreased with the incorporation of the additive to 12 MPa, indicating its plasticization effect. Likewise, slight decreases in moisture absorption were also evidenced with the incorporation of stearic acid. With the inclusion of rachis plantain fibers in their native state, a reduction in the tensile mechanical properties was found, proportional to the amount added. On the other hand, with the alkalinization treatment of the fibers, the behavior was the opposite, evidencing increases in tensile strength, indicating that the fiber modification improved the interfacial adhesion with the Mopa-Mopa matrix. On the other hand, the evaluation of the moisture absorption of the biocomposite material evidenced, as expected, that the absorption level was favored by the relative humidity used in the conditioning (47, 77, and 97%), which also had an impact on the decrease of the mechanical tensile properties, being this was slightly counteracted by the inclusion of stearic acid in the formulation of the material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starches plasticized with glycerol/citric acid/stearic acid and tributyl 2-acetylcitrate (ATBC), respectively, were processed with poly (butylene adipate-Co-terephthalate (PBAT) via extrusion and a film-blown process. All the composite films were determined for morphology, mechanical, thermal stability, crystalline, and optical properties. Results show that the most improved morphology was in the 30% glycerol plasticized PBAT/thermoplastic starch (TPS) composite films, characterized by the smallest and narrowest distribution of TPS particle sizes and a more uniform dispersion of TPS particles. However, the water absorption of PBAT/TPS composite films plasticized with glycerol surpassed that observed with ATBC as a plasticizer. Mechanical properties indicated insufficient plasticization of the starch crystal structure when using 10% ATBC, 20% ATBC, and 20% glycerol as plasticizers, leading to poor compatibility between PBAT and TPS. This resulted in stress concentration points under external forces, adversely affecting the mechanical properties of the composites. All PBAT/TPS composite films exhibited a negative impact on the initial thermal decomposition temperature compared to PBAT. Additionally, the haze value of PBAT/TPS composite films exceeded 96%, while pure PBAT had a haze value of 47.42%. Films plasticized with 10% ATBC, 20% ATBC, and 20% glycerol displayed lower transmittance values in the visible light region. The increased transmittance of films plasticized with 30% glycerol further demonstrated their superior plasticizing effect compared to other PBAT/TPS composite films. This study provides a simple and feasible method for preparing low-cost PBAT composites, and their extensions are expected to further replace general-purpose plastics in daily applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ellagic acid, known for its various biological activities, is widely used. Ellagic acid from pomegranate peels is safe for consumption, while that from gallnuts is only suitable for external use. However, there is currently no effective method to confirm the source of ellagic acid. Therefore, this study establishes an analysis method using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-HR-MS) to identify the components of crude ellagic acid extracts from pomegranate peels and gallnuts. The analysis revealed that there was a mix of components in the crude extracts, such as ellagic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid, stearic acid, and 9(10)-EpODE. Furthermore, it could be observed that ellagic acid extracted from gallnuts contained toxic substances such as anacardic acid and ginkgolic acid (15:1). These components could be used to effectively distinguish the origin of ellagic acid from pomegranate peels or gallnuts. Additionally, a rapid quantitative analysis method using UHPLC-ESI-MS with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode was developed for the quality control of ellagic acid products, by quantifying anacardic acid and ginkgolic acid (15:1). It was found that one of three ellagic acid health care products contained ginkgolic acid (C15:1) and anacardic acid at more than 1 ppm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In our present study, solid lipid nanoparticles were fabricated by modified double emulsification followed by ultracentrifugation method. The SLNs of the anti-HIV drugs lamivudine, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and efavirenz were synthesized using lipids Compritol 888 ATO, glyceryl monostearate, stearic acid and emulsifiers soy lecithin and Pluronic®F68. The synthesized SLNs were characterized for compatibility studies, mean particle size, PDI, zeta potential, surface morphology and entrapment studies. The higher amount of Compritol based SLNs formulation showed maximum entrapment efficiency with comparatively larger sized, homogenous particles. All the lipid based SLNs possessed no incompatibilities and showed high stability profiles. Based on the results of surface morphology, zeta potential and high entrapment efficiency values, the optimum lipid for SLNs formulation among the other lipids was determined to be Compritol 888 ATO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The key features of the interaction between peridotites of the continental lithospheric mantle and reduced hydrocarbon-rich fluids have been studied in experiments conducted at 5.5 GPa and 1200 °C. Under this interaction, the original harzburgite undergoes recrystallization while the composition of the fluid changes from CH4-H2O to H2O-rich with a small amount of CO2. The oxygen fugacity in the experiments varied from the iron-wustite (IW) to enstatite-magnesite-olivine-graphite/diamond (EMOG) buffers. Olivines recrystallized in the interaction between harzburgite and a fluid generated by the decomposition of stearic acid contain inclusions composed of graphite and methane with traces of ethane and hydrogen. The water content of such olivines slightly exceeds that of the original harzburgite. Redox metasomatism, which involves the oxidation of hydrocarbons in the fluid by reaction with magnesite-bearing peridotite, leads to the appearance of additional OH absorption bands in the infrared spectra of olivines. The water content of olivine in this case increases by approximately two times, reaching 160–180 wt. ppm. When hydrocarbons are oxidized by interaction with hematite-bearing peridotite, olivine captures Ca-Mg-Fe carbonates, which are products of carbonate melt quenching. This oxidative metasomatism is characterized by the appearance of specific OH absorption bands and a significant increase in the total water content in olivine of up to 500–600 wt. ppm. These findings contribute to the development of criteria for reconstructing metasomatic transformations in mantle rocks based on the infrared spectra and water content of olivines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]