Search

The aging of society is one of the most important trends shaping the social, economic and political life of the 21st century. However, with the increasing number of people of retirement age, the problem of ensuring adequate conditions for a longer life arises. The state influences these conditions through the pension security system, including taxation of pensions. The paper attempts to answer the question whether taxation of remunerations and public pension benefits may have a significant impact on making decisions about choosing a country of work in the common market. For this purpose, Member States have been ranked in terms of two dimensions—the conditions of taxation of wages and the conditions of taxation of retirement benefits. The countries were classified using a multi-criteria comparative analysis and the agglomeration method. The study shows that taxing salaries and pension benefits is of marginal importance from the point of view of an employee's decision-making. The main factors are the average expenditure on net salaries and the average expenditure on net pension benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of FinanzRundschau is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of FinanzRundschau is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper explores how environmental taxation affects wage inequality in the presence of subsidizing renewable energy. It is necessary to take both traditional dirty energy and renewable energy into account. Take the case where the renewable energy sector is more skill-intensive than the traditional energy sector as an example. If the final product sector is more skill-intensive than the whole energy sector, an increment of the output tax in the traditional energy sector will widen wage inequality unambiguously. However, if the final product sector is less skill-intensive than the whole energy sector, an increment of the output tax in the traditional energy sector may narrow down wage inequality when the substitution elasticity between energy and labor in the final product sector is sufficiently large. The interaction between environmental taxation and subsidization on renewable energy plays a key role in the mechanism. We also analyze the relationship between environmental taxation and welfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of FinanzRundschau is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of FinanzRundschau is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of FinanzRundschau is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

International treaties on the limitation of double taxation have set out rules which regulate in which country tax should be paid if taxpayers receive earnings from abroad. This article deals with the place of taxation for gross wages. These taxes are predominantly paid in the country, where the employer has got its registered office. Some rare exceptions exist, however, where the employee reports and pays tax in the country of their origin, i.e. where they have their domicile. This applies to the earnings from employment of Czech boatmen employed in the Kingdom of the Netherlands based on a treaty concluded with the former Czechoslovakia in 1974. The Financial Administration of the Czech Republic has placed many boatmen and their families in a highly unfavourable social situation as a result of demands for the repayment of income tax on earnings from employment, including sanctions, despite the option of a refund of any tax paid in the Netherlands. The objective of this article is to point to a possible conceptual solution for such exceptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We collect basic federal tax laws over a 64-year period in order to simulate the historical effective tax rates of median income wage-earning couples. We find that effective income tax rates have decreased over the sample period; however, when payroll taxes are included in our calculations, total tax burdens have increased significantly. Interestingly, this increase in middle-class wage taxation has occurred over an historical period in which total federal tax revenue relative to GDP has remained somewhat constant. This implies that the middle class has borne an increasing relative tax burden in recent years. We hope that our analyses inform both the taxpaying public and policy makers of the historical status of middle-class wage earners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of FinanzRundschau is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Muhasebe ve Vergi Uygulamalari Dergisi (MUVU) / Journal of Accounting & Taxation Studies (JATS) is the property of Ankara Serbest Muhasebeci Mali Musavirler Odasi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Supreme Court has for all intents and purposes put to rest the possibility that any item of compensation will be treated differently for purposes of income tax withholding and for purposes of FICA taxation. Nevertheless, the FICA tax exemption is still available to supplemental unemployment benefits that meet strict requirements set up by the IRS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Economics is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses Germany Bundesfinanzhof court case dealing with the inflow of wages when participating in a company fitness program The court held that the exemption limit of Section 8, Paragraph 2, Clause 9 or Clause 11 of the Income Tax Act is also applicable if the employer pays a lump sum tax on the company-induced benefits in kind to his employees in accordance with Section 37b of the Income Tax Act.

The article presents a court case which deals with expenses for an event manager are not to be taken into account, accordance with Section 37b of the Income Tax Act. Topics discussed include wage tax registrations as wages or as a donation; assessment of grants according to Section 37b; and costs of the employer that are suitable for the employee are to be included in the estimate basis to trigger a monetary benefit.

The article focuses on progressive efforts to make the wealthy pay a fairer share of the overall tax burden in the U.S. Topics discussed include the efforts of Representative Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez in addressing universal wage tax; enactment of Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 for governing taxation in the countey; and transform the income tax into a wage tax in drag.

Copyright of Hacettepe Law Review is the property of Hacettepe Law Review and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses tax obligations and legal consequences of cross-border home office agreements or double taxation agreements between Austria and Germany on home office activities of cross-border employees due to the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. Topics include impact of the treaty law on tax collection and the wage tax deduction procedure; assessment of tax burden on Austrian and German employees working cross-border; and tax treatment of domestic income from non-self-employed.

Copyright of FinanzRundschau is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of FinanzRundschau is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The impact of the tax system on women and men is not the same. Women earn less than men, have lower levels of savings, and derive more of their income from wages than wealth. This means that progressivity is particularly important for women, and the taxation (or non-taxation) of savings and capital is particularly relevant to men. To provide a basis for discussion of the way in which New Zealand government's Tax Working Group ('TWG') was invited to consider the issue of gender, and how the recommendations in its final report would impact women, this article provides an introduction to the differences between men's and women's experiences of the tax system. These include the relationship of the tax system with the transfer system, and the gendered difference in treatment for non-compliance in each system. This article examines the recommendations in the TWG's final report and explains how gender was reflected. It also critically examines the background paper, 'Taxation and Gender', that was provided to the TWG. The paper offered just one substantive point for discussion: 'Does the Group agree with the Secretariat's overall judgment that childcare costs should not be deductible?' The limitations of this focus are discussed. This article suggests that restricted view of gender and tax in the background paper reflects a broader lack of understanding of gender issues across the New Zealand public sector. It reflects on how this situation came about and considers how it might change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a case law related to offering car discounts beyond the dealer discount to employees of the contractual partner which were not considered as taxable wages by employees record in purview of section 19 of the Einkommensteuergesetz (EStG) income tax law in Germany. Topics include dispute over the treatment of discounts as taxable wages; need for debt collection to be carried out by affiliated companies; and grant of wages and other benefits for employees.

This paper contributes to recent literature examining the importance of the different channels through which taxable income responses occur. Using bunching techniques and exploiting a large kink point where marginal tax rates increase by as much as 38 percentage points, I first recover modest gross earnings responses of Austrian employees. Next, I demonstrate that when accounting for deduction behavior, the additional mass of wage earners at the kink increases by around 50%. I show direct evidence of wage earners targeting the kink with their deduction claiming. Finally, I contrast the responses of wage earners with those of self-employed taxpayers, and find that access to different tax adjustment channels corresponds with different adjustment behavior. In sum, my results suggest that distinguishing between earnings and deduction responses matters even for taxpayers with only limited possibilities to shelter taxable income. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines Ricardian equivalence when the wage rate is uncertain and people choose their labor supply. The results of the study show that distortionary labor-income taxation plays an important role in providing implicit income insurance, as the optimal marginal tax rate is always positive. However, when labor supply is elastic, the distortionary effect on labor supply tends to dominate the insurance effect in determining the marginal propensity to consume out of a tax cut. Thus, whenever a marginal tax rate is raised, the labor-supply distortion rises, and the agent substitutes away from both labor supply and consumption. The optimal value of the labor-income tax depends on the variance of income, risk parameters, and the disutility of labor.

Optimal-tax theory forecasts that small open economies should not tax capital income. Yet, countries do tax capital income. Why the inconsistency? This paper shows that use of the double-taxation convention, whereby governments credit taxes paid abroad against domestic taxes, helps explain this inconsistency. In particular, capital income will be taxed if a dominant capital exporter acts as a Stackelberg leader when setting its tax policy. Due to the convention, other countries will then tax capital imports, making it attractive for the dominant capital exporter to tax capital income. Without a dominant capital exporter, however, the model still forecasts no capital-income taxes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid growth in the importance of payroll taxes within the U.S. tax system provides the background for Ben Okner's timely paper. To lessen their regressive impact he outlines three different employee payroll tax reform scenarios, and for each he provides estimates of costs (with and without phaseouts) and estimates of distributional consequences. He concludes that under any of the three alternatives (self-financed reform, partial integration with the federal personal income tax or full integration) "there appears to be ample opportunity to provide tax relief for low-income workers and to reduce the regressivity of the payroll tax with relatively small changes in the existing tax structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on consultation agreement between Germany and Austria on October 27, 2020 regarding tax treatment of the wages of employees and public sector employees working from home as well as short-time work allowance and short-time work support. It mentions consultation agreement will avoid double taxation in the area of ​​taxes from income and signed by assets. It also mentions agreement approved by the competent authority of the contracting states.

The author reports on changes which have been made to the California state tax code and the impact which these changes have had on state tax payers. Various aspects of the California tax code are discussed, including the burden which state and federal taxes have on California residents and potential changes which may be made to the California tax system. Changes which have been made to state income taxes in order to cope with public expenditures are discussed. The way in which changes to the California tax system will impact tax payers is mentioned.

The article presents comments to Tobin and Ross' paper "Reply to Gordon Tullock" in the May 1972 issue of this journal. The author finds problems with the authors' idea to fund the government through taxing wages. Another problem is the assumption that workers are more interested in relative wages than absolute wages and the proposition that continuing inflation is needed in order to maintain full employment. A graph is provided that measures the rates of change of prices and unemployment in a hypothetical situation.

Copyright of FinanzRundschau is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article talks about the requirements for a benefit in kind subject to wage tax in the form of breakfast. It mentions that an employer provides his employees with blank baked goods such as rolls and raisin bread as well as hot drinks for immediate use; and mentions that the applicant is a stock corporation that provides information technology ( IT) services.

State-level income tax policy is a hotly debated topic in both academic and political spheres. Although economic theory and some empirical analyses suggest that larger income tax burdens affect migration decisions, there is also a good deal of empirical evidence showing that tax policy has little to no effect. This lack of consensus in the academic literature is echoed in the political world, where many states are debating whether to eliminate income taxes or reduce rates as a means of spurring economic growth. Connecticut's adoption of an income tax policy in 1991 provides a unique opportunity to analyse the impact of a sizable income tax policy change on migration. The results suggest that Connecticut's income tax deterred movement into the state but had no impact on exit from the state, resulting in a net loss in migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article outlines the views of Ukrainian and foreign scholars on the definition of the term "wages". The comparison of the structure of the chart of accounts in Ukraine and Germany is given, classes are shown on which the salary is taken into account. Comparisons of national and international accounting standards (standards) are considered. The peculiarities of the taxation of wages are studied, namely: a list of taxes and fees with their rates, which are collected from citizens of Ukraine and Germany in the calculation of wages, is given. A conclusion was made on the investigation of the system of accounting and taxation of wages in Ukraine and Germany, as well as recommendations for improving these systems in Ukraine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Denmark, as in many other countries, there are extensive efforts to revise texts that emanate from public authorities to make them easier to understand and more appropriate for an audience of lay citizens (a development akin to the campaign for plain English). Such efforts focus mainly on practice and not on evidence derived from research. Furthermore, insofar as the effects of revisions of texts from public authorities and private businesses have been tested by research, the revisions under examination have been conducted by researchers or at least for research purposes. This study takes a different approach by focusing on textual revisions made 'at-source' by employees at the Danish Tax Authority and independently of any research project. Taking as its point of departure the communicative goals laid down by the Authority, the main question addressed in this article is whether three 'at-source' textual versions vary in respect of their recipients' levels of comprehension and perceptions. Three different versions of a letter from the Danish Tax Authority (an unrevised version and two versions that had been revised in different ways) were distributed at random. Each respondent read one version and then answered a questionnaire about his/her level of comprehension and about his/her perceptions of the letter. A total of 714 questionnaires were collected. The analysis shows that the revised letter versions are, in fact, easier to understand, that the perceptions of these versions do vary, and that the variations are in accordance with the communicative goals of the Authority. However, the results also indicate that there is room for further improvement and they may suggest that the textual revision practices that are applied - or at least held up as ideal - by Danish authorities are not as effective as sometimes assumed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the laws governing the taxation of postpartum earnings of mothers in the U.S., and discusses costs associated with childcare and other work-related expenses; laws made by the Internal Revenue Code related to the same; and reformation of tax for protecting maternal career.

The article discusses intellectual property tax incentives known as patent boxes in relation to the author's views about the limits of international cooperation as of 2017, and it mentions how several countries provide tax credits and deductions for research and development (R&D) expenses and reduced wage taxes for R&D-related employees. European Union law is examined, along with the Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) Project, international taxation, and the European Court of Justice.

ABSTRACT In this paper, we estimate the size of the wage premium necessary to compensate for remoteness incurred by workers compared to the city size productivity effects. We construct five urban hierarchy tiers for cities in Chile based on their level of remoteness from the urban system. We then contrast the effect generated by these variables on worker wages. We report a positive gradient of wages the higher the size of the urban tier and a loss in wages that can reach 35 percent for more remote cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]