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In 1948, the social democratic government of Sweden imposed new wealth transfer taxes including an estate tax. Events have been characterised as the definite breakdown of the co-operation between social democracy and organised business. This article attacks the topic from the perspective of the reproduction of the business elite through the inheritance and the gift. The tax reform triggered an epidemic of generosity. In 1947, gift tax revenue was 20 times higher than the annual averages before and after. We have studied the individual actors of the Swedish business elite as donors and concluded that 76 couples of the business elite transferred 25.2 msek to above all their children. The joint political campaign of organised business against the reform raised 24.8 msek. The result complicates and questions previous assumptions concerning the motives of the business elite for protesting against the tax reform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines policy responses to labor-saving technologies, focusing on employment and income inequality. Using the EUROGREEN model, we assess three scenarios: basic income, job guarantee, and working time reduction. The job guarantee scheme effectively reduces unemployment but raises the fiscal deficit, while working time reduction improves wage share, cuts deficits, and reduces inequality. Basic income has a moderate impact on unemployment but significantly reduces inequality but is accompanied by higher deficits. A wealth tax could help finance these policies and contribute to inequality reduction. This research provides novel insights to policymakers by demonstrating how a strategic mix of labour policies can improve socio-economic outcomes in the face of technological-induced job disruptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Implementing an equitable and efficient tax system requires that the government have access to certain information about taxpayers. If the demand for privacy implies limiting government's access to relevant information, it constrains the extent to which a tax system can achieve these goals. In this way, demand for limiting government access to information imposes social costs. This article discusses the aspects of privacy that matter, including leaks, and explores certain countries' public disclosure of taxpayer information. It then discusses what is known about, and the difficulties of ascertaining, how taxpayers value tax privacy, whether offering choices to taxpayers about information revelation can ease the tension between privacy and otherwise optimal tax policy, and uses the wealth tax as an example of the policy tradeoffs that arise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the large sums spent following the severe and large-scale lockdown in 2020, when most countries had to step up spending on health and social protection, introducing numerous incentive measures, while tax revenues declined sharply, which led to the increase of budget deficits and public debt, governments had to identify new sources of income and potential liquid assets flows in order to pay this debt. The idea of increasing the taxable base on the basis of wealth taxation is one of the most important debate topics on the European Union agenda but also on the Romanian Parliament and Government agenda, as well as within the theoretical approaches and debates of specialists in the field.

Copyright of Crónica Tributaria is the property of Instituto de Estudios Fiscales, Ministerio de Hacienda y Funcion Publica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article combines a fiscal sociology framing with value theory in the classical tradition to yield a composite lens through which to examine the relation between Global Value Chains, Global Wealth Chains and the tax state. It has specific regard to the ongoing crisis of tax states globally, as corporate profits go undertaxed. In summary, the argument is as follows. Although capital and the state are both primarily in the business of capturing value from Global Value Chains indirectly (i.e. otherwise than through ownership of means of material production), labour in Global Wealth Chains has a dual role of (i) suppressing the profitability associated with material production in favour of returns from intangibles and (ii) suppressing the corporate tax take. It therefore simultaneously constitutes capital's instrument of value capture, and its instrument of supremacy in its contestation with the state over the proportion in which value capture is shared between the two. Better-paid labour associated with value capture on the part of capital (i.e. better paid Global Wealth Chain labour) is predominantly located in wealthier states, giving those states an alternative source of revenue and consequently giving them a reason for maintaining a global order in which capital has supremacy over them in the contestation over value capture from Global Value Chains. Further, these dynamics are in a feedback loop which serves as a countervailing tendency staving off a structural crisis of capitalism, and that feedback loop is a core driver for today's crisis of tax states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multinational enterprises (MNEs) take advantage of local differences in their global location of assets and activities. Scholarship in economic geography and international political economy associates value-producing entities organized in Global Value Chains (GVCs), and wealth-protecting entities in Global Wealth Chains (GWCs). At the aggregate level, these are often associated with different geographical manifestations, with GVCs centered around "production hubs" and GWCs around "offshore jurisdictions." This indicates an asymmetrical geography between value and wealth with a low level of entanglement. This does not account, however, for the ways value and wealth are governed within MNEs. We investigate how the firm-territory nexus can be understood across scales and what this implies for the geographical overlap between GVCs and GWCs. While there is seemingly limited entanglement of GVC and GWC activities at the macro scale, at the meso scale there are overlaps and significant entanglement at the micro scale. This implies value and wealth are more geographically aligned than previously thought, and that initiatives aimed at regulating these chains needs to address practices within MNEs rather than targeting arbitrary geographies at the country level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increased emphasis on economic equality has led to an emerging popularity of a federal wealth tax. Prominent tax scholars and economists advocate imposing a 1% or 2% levy on households with assets exceeding a net worth of $50 million. A wealth tax attempts to tax capital owners on the market value of their assets and businesses in the absence of transactions determine such value. The proposal thus rests upon a dominant underlying assumption: that determining the market value of assets worth trillions of dollars is a surmountable and administrable task. Yet in reality, wealth taxes fail to satisfy the goals of tax policy, namely administrability, efficiency, and equity. While the incorporation of distributive considerations into tax law is commendable, the existing literature lacks a comprehensive theory on wealth creation and the valuation of assets. This Article introduces a new theory--the market as a discovery process--to fill this gap. The wealth creation process takes place against the backdrop of a knowledge problem, and the outcomes of capital investments and specific business ventures are often highly unpredictable. This theory shows that the market value of many assets and business ventures is discoverable through transactions. In the absence of such a realization event, both public and private entities encounter this knowledge problem: authorities lack information to ascertain the market value of assets and calculate the wealth tax base. As a result of this valuation issue, wealth taxes fail the administrability criterion. Additionally, the wealth tax base is vulnerable to litigation and arbitrariness, and taxing it won't generate the desired equitable outcome. Regarding economic efficiency, taxing assets according to their general market value discourages innovative entrepreneurship related to those assets. This, in turn, limits the potential for the creation of new wealth. While wealth taxes fail all three criteria for tax policy, a pragmatic alternative that enhances the equity of the tax system involves taxing unrealized gains at the time of death. Such a deemed-realization tax is administratively more feasible as it involves a one-time levy that can build on the valuations generated during transfers at death. This measure also enables the elimination of the capital-gains preference, thereby taxing labor and capital income under a unified rate schedule. These combined policies increase taxes on the wealthy while meeting the requirements of administrability and economic efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Abant Social Sciences / Abant Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi is the property of Journal of Abant Social Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper provides an overview of the relationship between tax policy and gender equality, covering labor, capital and wealth, as well as consumption taxes. It considers implicit and explicit gender biases and corrective taxation. On labor taxes, we discuss the well-established findings on female labor supply and present new empirical work on the impact of household taxation. We also analyze the impact of progressivity on pay gaps and labor supply. On capital and wealth taxation, we discuss the implications of lower effective capital income taxation on the personal income tax burden gap across genders. We show that countries with relatively low female shares of capital income and wealth also tend to tax property and inheritances particularly lightly. On consumption taxes, we cover taxes on feminine hygiene products and excise taxes, which we assess in relation to externalities and differences in consumption patterns across genders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Wealth taxes are a topic of intense debate, with most countries having either abolished them or considered, but not implemented such measures. The South African government is contemplating the introduction of a wealth tax, purportedly to enhance revenue collection. Aim: This article examines whether the proposed South African wealth tax functions as a government panopticon, offering an alternative explanation for its introduction. It also considers the government’s transparency regarding the potential wealth tax. Setting: This article examined the opinions of tax experts in South Africa. Method: An interpretive approach is adopted. The traits of the wealth tax and the themes of the panopticon are identified and used as the row and column headings in a correspondence table, which serves as the research instrument distributed to tax experts. The tax experts indicate any associations between the themes of the panopticon and the traits of the wealth tax. Forty aggregated responses are subjected to correspondence analysis. Results: The potential wealth tax functions as a panopticon. It identifies and reveals relevant tax information about high-wealth individuals, appearing to coerce their compliance. Conclusion: There is credence to the alternate rationale for introducing a wealth tax in South Africa. Contribution: This is one of the first articles to apply the panopticon, a novel theoretical framework, in a tax context in South Africa. The findings are relevant to the exploration of similar taxes in other jurisdictions and provide a means for the critical evaluation of the motives behind tax policy decisions made by governments.

Building on recent works calling for more tax research in the family business context, this study draws on the distinction between restricted and extended socioemotional wealth (SEW) to analyze how both SEW dimensions affect tax aggressiveness. Based on a sample of 201 private Belgian family firms, consistent findings from multiple regression analyses indicate that restricted SEW is positively related to tax aggressiveness, whereas extended SEW exerts a negative influence on tax aggressiveness. Our results also indicate that the family status of the CEO, CEO gender and CEO tenure moderate the relationship between both SEW dimensions and tax aggressiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Crónica Tributaria is the property of Instituto de Estudios Fiscales, Ministerio de Hacienda y Funcion Publica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

I derive a stationary distribution of lifetime wealth accumulation factor in a model featuring inheritance of productivity, wealth, and health condition, where lifetime wealth is the sum of financial wealth and human wealth. Assuming ex-ante heterogeneity in the death rate, I show that the distribution of the lifetime wealth accumulation factor is constituted by a weighted sum of shape-differing Pareto distributions. It is shown that raising the wealth tax reduces inequality of lifetime wealth not only within a death-rate type but also across all the death-rate types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this paper is to contrast with quantitative statistical analyses whether the determinants of Spaniards' preferences over favoring wealth taxation behave similarly across different policy alternatives. To do so, and based on the literature review, we exploit the special questionnaire included in the 2019 wave of the Spanish Institute for Fiscal Studies Fiscal Barometer and carry out three empirical exercises, each devoted to one of the three corresponding policy alternatives under scrutiny. We also perform a robustness check contrasting whether those determinants are the same for a single policy that would comprise these three policies at once. According to the results achieved, corroborated by those obtained from the robustness check, the determinants of Spaniards' toward favoring wealth taxation rely on self-interest arguments and values and behave almost entirely in a similar fashion across different policy alternatives. Several policy recommendations arise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we examine the importance of estate planning and inter-vivos transfers towards the end of life. To that end, we use administrative data on all deaths taking place in the Netherlands between 2006 and 2013. We link these to wealth and income tax records and the hospital discharge register. Employing these unique data, we distinguish between sudden and non-sudden deaths and study how they compare in terms of wealth at death. Our results show that non-sudden deaths are associated with significantly less financial wealth at the time of death. We interpret this difference as the result of inter-vivos transfers that result from estate planning towards the end of life. We find significant effects not only at the top of the wealth distribution but along the entire upper half of the distribution. Diseases with a relatively low survival rate that do not affect cognitive abilities appear as the most likely to trigger estate planning. These results have important implication for gift and inheritance tax schedules that allow for tax avoidance via exemptions and the progressivity of the tax rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Técnica Tributaria is the property of Asociacion Espanola de Asesores Fiscales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Since the end of the civil rights movement, the United States has not made meaningful progress toward closing the racial wealth gap. Without deliberate policy intervention, this gap will likely persist. Racial justice activists and policymakers, aiming in part to close this gap, have put forth various reparations programs. Others have proposed race-neutral wealth redistribution policies that also promise to address the gap, but as an indirect consequence of redistributing wealth in general. The potential impact of this second set of proposals on racial wealth inequality remains understudied. This article addresses this deficit through counterfactual historical simulation: By assessing the thirty-year impact of these race-neutral proposals, it finds significant reductions in the racial wealth gap over a generation. Yet these race-neutral programs have limitations vis-à-vis the broader goals of racial justice; this article concludes by emphasizing the unique capacities of reparations programs to address these limitations.

Türkiye, tüm dünyayı geniş ölçüde etkileyen II. Dünya Savaşı’na fiili olarak katılmasa da savaştan siyasi, sosyal ve ekonomik olarak etkilenmiştir. Savaş koşulları nedeniyle yeterli ihracat yapılmaması ve yurtiçi üretim değerlerindeki düşüş büyük şehirlerde iaşe sorununu doğurmuştur. Devletin mevcut zorlu şartların altından kalkabilmek için vergilere başvurmuştur. Savaş sürecinde halktan Millî Korunma Yasası, Toprak Mahsulleri Vergisi, Yol Vergisi, Varlık Vergisi gibi farklı isimlerde vergiler talep edilmiştir. Ancak bunların içinde en çok dikkat çeken Varlık Vergisi olmuştur. Savaş esnasında yüksek miktarda servet elde eden zengin kesimin mükellef olduğu Varlık Vergisi 16 ay gibi kısa bir süre uygulanmasına rağmen etkisini uzun yıllar devam ettirmiştir. Öyle ki vergi mükelleflerinin çoğunlukla gayrimüslimlerden oluşması dünya kamuoyunun dikkatini çekmiştir. Bu bağlamda İngiliz basınında oldukça etkili bir yere sahip olan The Times gazetesi de Varlık Vergisini köşesine taşımıştır. The Times’da verginin teoride makul olduğu kabul edilirken uygulamadaki aksaklıklara değinilmiştir. Türkiye’de yaşayan İngiliz vatandaşlarının vergi karşısındaki durumunun ne olacağı irdelenmiştir.

Copyright of Crónica Tributaria is the property of Instituto de Estudios Fiscales, Ministerio de Hacienda y Funcion Publica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Hal Weitzman's book "What's the Matter with Delaware?" explores how the state has favored the rich, powerful, and criminal through its policies that facilitate corporate secrecy, money laundering, and financial crime. Delaware's regulatory regime attracts businesses by reducing financial risks for owners, offering protection from liability for corporate debts, and levying no tax on corporate income from intangible assets. Weitzman presents two main arguments for Delaware's dominance in the business formation industry: an institutionalist argument about fiscal federalism and a cultural argument about the "Delaware Way." The book provides a comprehensive overview of the political economy of the US business formation industry, highlighting the role of Delaware in enabling tax evasion and financial crime. [Extracted from the article]

Since the end of the civil rights movement, the United States has not made meaningful progress toward closing the racial wealth gap. Without deliberate policy intervention, this gap will likely persist. Racial justice activists and policymakers, aiming in part to close this gap, have put forth various reparations programs. Others have proposed race-neutral wealth redistribution policies that also promise to address the gap, but as an indirect consequence of redistributing wealth in general. The potential impact of this second set of proposals on racial wealth inequality remains understudied. This article addresses this deficit through counterfactual historical simulation: By assessing the thirty-year impact of these race-neutral proposals, it finds significant reductions in the racial wealth gap over a generation. Yet these race-neutral programs have limitations vis-à-vis the broader goals of racial justice; this article concludes by emphasizing the unique capacities of reparations programs to address these limitations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent theoretical advances suggest that capital income risk, rather than earnings uncertainty, is the key determinant of fat-tailed behavior of stationary wealth distributions. I provide novel insights into this issue by studying an incomplete market model with general time and state separable preferences, where parental altruism and unobservable idiosyncratic shocks engender non-linear bequest rules. I analytically pin down conditions on the preference structure and other model's primitives under which optimal bequest behavior hinders intergenerational wealth transmission for any degree of capital income risk, causing the dynamics of wealth to converge to a unique (stationary) distribution with thin tails. These results imply, in particular, that (i) the stochastic properties of labour income risk (as shaped by, e.g. fiscal policies) may play a role in defining the structure of the upper tail of the limiting distribution of wealth, and that (ii) matching empirically documented fat tails with choice theoretic frameworks of wealth dynamics requires joint restrictions on preferences and calibrated earnings processes to be met. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The United States federal income tax contains a flaw: Because it reaches capital gains only after a "realization" event, it permits owners of highly appreciated assets to defer their tax liability by holding them and refusing to sell. Worse yet, easily available debt allows those owners to consume from their "unrealized" gains while continuing to defer tax. As Professor Edward McCaffery identified in 2012, consumption and deferral through secured borrowing, coupled with the stepped-up basis death benefit from section 1014 of the Internal Revenue Code, create an opportunity for individuals to avoid lifetime income tax and net estate tax. This strategy, known as "buy/borrow/die," contributes to consumption inequality and, by extension, America's growing wealth inequality. In the tax literature, buy/borrow/die has served as a helpful hook for supporters of wealth taxes, mark-to-market income taxes, and the repeal of section 1014's stepped-up basis provision. But these three solutions merit some pragmatic concern, on the grounds that they are (to varying degrees) possibly unconstitutional, likely to be repealed, or publicly unpopular. Recognizing those practical obstacles should steer policymakers toward an incremental second-best solution: treating borrowing against appreciated collateral as a realization event. Embracing a "realization at borrowing" policy would reduce the availability of buy/borrow/die as a tax reduction strategy while sidestepping the hurdles that other proposed solutions must clear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of History Studies (13094688) is the property of History Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article examines the democracy and family wealth regulation in Kenya and the regulation approach to inheritance tax. Topics discussed include history of estate tax in Kenya, wealth taxes, national taxation policy and challenges and prospects for increasing wealth tax, responsive regulation in taxation and government strategy for introducing taxes on wealth such as tax on High Net Worth Individuals.

After the Federal Constitutional Court declared the previous property tax system unconstitutional in 2018, eleven federal states chose the so-called federal model as the new procedure. It continues to be based on the valuation of properties using the modified Valuation Act. This assumes static value ratios, which may have become significantly outdated and no longer contribute to equal taxation. In addition, the character of the property tax as a special wealth tax is extremely antiquated and is no longer constitutional. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CO2 emissions are disproportionately caused by more affluent consumers. In the political debate, this fact has triggered the demand for income redistribution and wealth taxes not only to reduce inequality but also to reduce CO2 emissions. This paper calculates the possible size of a green dividend, i.e., a reduction in total national CO2 emissions, of redistribution in 26 countries and concludes that, for most EU countries, it is negative if the redistribution is efficient, in the sense that it keeps average incomes constant. If the redistribution introduces inefficiencies that lead to total income losses, the negative green dividend, otherwise associated with additional redistribution, may be avoided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article highlights the complexity of taxation surrounding cryptocurrency transactions due to the lack of uniform regulation, creating uncertainty for both taxpayers and tax authorities. After determining the tax obligations of individuals in taxation, a survey has been conducted to assess the level of knowledge and compliance with tax obligations related to cryptocurrencies. The survey, in which 103 people participated, reveals the confusion and errors that prevail in perceptions of the tax obligations for cryptocurrencies, particularly in transactions such as swapping and staking in personal income tax. This results in almost half of the respondents (49.5%) not declaring any of their operations with cryptocurrencies. The reasons for this include the fact that the majority of respondents (66%) find the regulation of cryptocurrencies in Spain confusing and difficult to understand. Additionally, 87.4% believe that tax agencies should provide more information and resources on the taxation of cryptocurrencies and digital assets, and that there should be clearer and more comprehensive regulation. However, it should be noted that 41.7% also consider that tax regulation discourages investment in cryptocurrencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Jurídica de Castilla y León is the property of Junta de Castilla y Leon, Direccion de Servicios Juridicos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In June 2023, the Supreme Court granted the petition for a writ of certiorari in Moore v. United States, ostensibly a challenge to an obscure provision of the 2017 tax legislation. Moore's real target is the constitutionality of federal wealth and accrual taxation, which policymakers have proposed to combat record inequality and raise revenue for social-welfare reform. At the center of the doctrinal dispute in Moore is a century-old case, Eisner v. Macomber, on which the Moore petitioners and other commentators have relied to argue that Congress has no power to tax wealth or unrealized gains--e.g., appreciation in unsold stocks. Most scholars agree that Macomber limited Congress's taxing power to realized income, and they argue that subsequent cases have abrogated Macomber. However, the Supreme Court has never overruled--in fact, went out of its way not to overrule--Macomber, and some contend that it remains good law. This Article reconceptualizes Macomber and analyzes its doctrinal implications for structural tax reform. In contrast to the prevailing scholarly views, it argues that Macomber is best read as a case turning on the absence of income rather than realization. Through careful analysis of the majority opinion and its doctrinal background, including constitutional challenges to the Civil War income tax, the Article articulates five interpretive models of Macomber. By examining little-read cases on the taxation of lease improvements and corporate reorganizations from the 1920s to the 1940s, the Article shows that Macomber's doctrinal progeny eliminated three of those models, left undisturbed another, and reaffirmed the income-centric model. Under the income-centric model, Macomber poses no serious barrier to federal wealth or accretion taxation. In fact, it suggests avenues to designing a constitutional wealth tax that might otherwise fail judicial scrutiny. This firmer ground for a broad conception of the federal taxing power allows Congress to enact structural tax reform to vindicate our democracy's commitment to egalitarianism and distributive justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present evidence on how individual risk preferences are related to entrepreneurial investment among the wealthy. To do so, we use novel survey data from the top of the wealth distribution, which have been fully integrated into the 2019 German Socio-economic Panel Study. The data include private wealth balance sheets, in particular the value of own private business assets, and a standard measure of risk tolerance. We find that wealthy individuals are more likely to be entrepreneurs and invest a larger share of their wealth in their own businesses when they are more willing to take risks. A comparison with less wealthy individuals reveals that these associations are stronger among the wealthy. Since the wealthy dominate aggregate risky investment, their extraordinarily high preference for risk and its link to entrepreneurial activity should be taken into account in theory development, empirical analysis, and the design of public policies influencing the riskiness of income and wealth such as progressive taxation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to address a specific problem statement, namely how the unilateral relief under the Estate Duty Act can be enhanced to alleviate the potential hardship of double estate taxation on cross-border estates. Double taxation is a common occurrence when a person owns properties in more than one country, which properties become part of their estate at the time of death and are liable for estate tax. The limited estate tax treaty network causes countries to reconsider their unilateral relief provisions under their domestic legislation. South Africa faces the same challenge under the Estate Duty Act. This article highlights the areas where clarity is needed in relation to the type of foreign death duty that may qualify for tax relief, such as the scope of qualifying foreign property, the exchange rate applicable and the date on which the conversion should be done, as well as the limitations and conditions of the unilateral relief available under the Estate Duty Act. Insights are provided that could be considered for possible amendments to the Estate Duty Act to provide greater clarity and certainty in calculating the estate duty liability payable in South Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to investigate the applicability of the One-Off Net Wealth Tax, which can be applied as an emergency tax to solve the fiscal problems caused by fiscal shocks and extraordinary situations (epidemics, earthquakes, etc.) faced by countries. Net wealth tax is included in the tax systems of a small number of countries due to reasons such as increased capital and taxpayer mobility, increased opportunities for tax avoidance and evasion, wealth valuation problems and the cost of implementation of the tax. However, today, third party reporting on wealth and capital income and new international standards on international exchange of information, especially under the leadership of the OECD, together with the methods introduced to wealth valuation with the developing technology and the decreasing costs of processing large databases, increase the applicability of this tax. The conclusion of our study is that the one-off net wealth tax should be evaluated together with other options as a financing option in extraordinary situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the concept of a national wealth tax in the United States and examines current proposals and policies in other countries. It discusses the challenges and critiques of implementing a federal wealth tax, including tax evasion and enforcement issues. The article suggests that administrative challenges can be overcome with appropriate legal and policy decisions. It concludes by advocating for the adoption of a federal wealth tax in the United States to address economic inequality and generate revenue for social spending programs. [Extracted from the article]

We examine the multifaceted influence of homeownership on charitable giving through several channels: tax deductibility, household wealth, and mobility. We find that homeowners donate substantially more than renters, and tax deductibility, wealth, and mobility are important predictors of the owner-renter gap in donations. We also show that the owner-renter difference in donations cannot be fully explained by these three channels. After controlling for an extensive list of household characteristics and the three channels, homeowners still donate approximately 20% more than renters. Our results are robust to a variety of modeling and identification strategies as well as different measures of donations. Our study further reveals that the likelihood of donating correlates inversely with mobility but is insensitive to tax deductibility and wealth. In contrast, tax deductibility and wealth are important predictors of the size of contributions. Furthermore, we show the owner-renter difference in donations varies substantially by generational cohorts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Kingdom of Aceh Darussalam (ruled 1514 to 1903) was a famous Islamic kingdom in the history of the archipelago. The peak of its glory was reached during the time of Sultan Iskandar Muda (reigned 1607-1636). The glory and fame of this kingdom was created because of Sultan Iskandar Muda's ability to regulate political-economic policies, especially the tax and customs sectors as the main pillars of the kingdom's wealth income. This article discusses the income of royal wealth from the tax and customs sector, which includes tax and excise objects, the management of their collection and the sultan's policies in reviving the tax sector. Sultan Iskandar Muda has built the port of Bandar Aceh into a large port and concentrated the trade in pepper and commodities which have a high selling value on the world market only in this city. The impact is that Bandar Aceh is visited by merchant ships from the archipelago and abroad. Traders, foreign and local, are charged taxes and excise, such as adat stamp or adat lapik cap (the sultan's permission to land), adat wase kuala (fees for guarding parking and guarding ships entering and leaving the port), stall tax on merchandise/trading place. Taxes are also collected from local traders who sell at the market. Apart from that, land tax is also levied (wase tanoh), farmers who receive irrigation are subject to the customary but umong tax, farmers who seek forest products are subject to wase gle tax), people who litigate in court are subject to the customary tuha tax, people who die but do not leaving his heirs his wealth to be put into the royal treasury, as well as foreign traders. Income from various types of taxes and excise is intended to build various facilities and infrastructure to strengthen and advance the kingdom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On February 16, 2024, a New York court found former President Trump and others civilly liable, under a specific New York law, for up to $450 million, including interest, for providing misleading financial statements to banks and others. I explain the legal basis of the suit, which is very different from common law fraud suits. It was brought by the New York State Attorney General, not the purported victims. There are sharply divergent views on whether the suit should have been brought. I also discuss five other issues of interest to forensic accountants pertinent to the trial: the use of "estimated current value" in personal financial statements; differing views of materiality; the protective value of disclaimers for financial statement issuers and accountants performing compilations; the impact of deferred tax liabilities to net worth; and whether personal financial statements have value. Data Availability: Data are available from public sources cited in the text. JEL Classifications: M41; M42; M49. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rising wealth inequality and squeezed public budgets has brought wealth tax back into policy discussions. A net wealth tax might help to boost state revenue and reduce wealth inequality. Yet little is known about citizens' attitudes towards the design of a net wealth tax (i.e. the tax unit, exemption and rate). Using a novel multifactorial survey experiment, we examine citizens' endorsement of fundamental principles of taxation. Building on policy feedback theory, we examine if preferences differ in three policy arenas (USA, Germany and UK) and whether individuals' reasoning is dependent on self-interest. While a clear majority in all three countries generally endorses a wealth tax, our findings show that citizens care more about the amount exempted than the tax unit or rate. We do not identify a preference for any specific tax unit. Furthermore, tax preferences seem to be strikingly similar among citizens of all three countries. Yet we show that individuals are mostly concerned about not being personally affected by such a tax, which is reflected in their preference for substantial exemptions. We discuss our findings with regard to our understanding of wealth inequality, tax equity and the potential implications for policymakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista del ICDT is the property of Instituto Colombiano de Derecho Tributario and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Espacio, Tiempo y Forma. Serie III, Historia Medieval is the property of Editorial UNED and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper challenges economic theory applied within empirical literature on housing allowances for rent. The arguments challenged are (i) subsidy is a price drop, which increases demand, (ii) allowance is income, where housing is a normal good, which raises demand, (iii) higher subsidy increases willingness to pay more for housing, and (iv) allowance incentivises optimal consumption to their highest achievable value. In practice, tenants remain unaware of price discounts for the distribution of rents, rendering revealed preference/demand theory inconsistent. Not incomes, allowances (in New Zealand) unfold as a(regressive) negative income and wealth tax unique to each recipients resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]