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This article discusses the effectiveness of partially wrapping stainless-steel wire mesh (SSWM) on the compression behavior of concrete cylinders. The study aims to understand the behavior of partially SSWM-confined concrete and investigate the axial compressive strength and strain behavior of both the wrapped and unwrapped regions of the concrete cylinder. The study proposes an effective confinement coefficient for estimating the compressive strength of partially SSWM-confined concrete. Additionally, the article includes a list of references related to the compressive behavior of concrete confined by various materials and reinforcement methods. The calculations provided in the document show that SSWM can increase the compressive strength of concrete by 18.38%. [Extracted from the article]

The thermodynamic efficiency of a wire mesh fixed matrix regenerative heat exchanger mainly depends on the regenerator's heating performance and losses. This paper aims to increase the effectiveness and decrease the pressure loss of static regenerators with wire mesh screens as packing geometry. The entropy generated for several combinations of mesh screens is calculated by using the entropy generation minimization method (EGM), and this method helps in finding the right combination with the minimum entropy generation. The study aims to minimize entropy generation by dividing the conventional uniform mesh regenerator pack length into multiple zones by accommodating different combinations of wire mesh screens. For the sample flow condition, it is observed that 3.94 × 103 W/K entropy is generated by uniform mesh, and from 68 hybrid mesh combinations, 80–120–200 generated 2.11 × 103 W/K. By balancing pressure loss and thermal efficiency, the potential of EGM-based optimization is underscored during this study, which improves the regenerator's performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among many technical routes in solving the SCR (Selective Catalyst Reduction) deposition problem, a good mixer design can greatly improve the NO x conversion efficiency of the exhaust after-treatment system while avoiding urea deposition failures. This paper presents an anti-deposition mixer with novel conception which was optimized through CFD method, the more layers of wire mesh plates, the lower the evaporation efficiency is affected by the increase in injection volume. The new mixer with three layers of wire mesh plate shows better deposition resistance performance below 250℃through urea deposits boundary experiment, and it reduces the NO x emission value by 9.5% than conventional scheme under WHTC (Word Harmonized Transient Cycle) and WHSC (Word Harmonized Steady-state Cycle) test. By using the new mixer scheme in the after-treatment system, the problem of deposition under a variety of low emission temperature can be solved. • A new conception mixer make SCR system avoiding from urea deposition. • The new mixer scheme improve the engine emission limit of NO x by 9.5%. • The new mixer has excellent urea deposition resistance performance below 250 ℃. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerical and regression modelling of 21 undamaged, fire-damaged and repaired fire-damaged circular reinforced concrete (RC) columns was undertaken. The columns were exposed to temperatures of 300°C, 500°C and 900°C and tested for axial residual capacity. It was found that the concrete lost strength after exposure to a temperature of 300°C or above. Fire-damaged columns were then repaired using various composite confinement techniques. Strength was regained when carbon-fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) confinement was applied to the fire-damaged columns but it also increased the deformation and thus reduced the stiffness, which is undesirable. As an alternative, steel wire mesh, filled with cement–sand mortar and wrapped with CFRP was employed. A numerical model to predict the residual capacity of these columns was developed. The development of numerical techniques, including material properties, geometry, elements, loading, boundary conditions and contact algorithms for undamaged, fire-damaged and repaired fire-damaged columns is reviewed and summarised. Analytical equations were developed using linear, multiple and quadratic regression modelling. The results obtained using the proposed model and regression equations showed that these models offer a better alternative to experimental testing for the prediction of the post-fire performance of damaged and repaired RC columns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The industry is faced with the task of introducing novel products with significant added value due to the rising customer demand for ingredients derived from sustainable sources and organic processes. Lycopene, a red pigment with well-known antioxidant effects, is particularly abundant in watermelon. They are also a remarkable source of different nutrients, but because of a specific harvesting period, seasonal production in certain agro-climatic zones, watermelon fruit have a relatively short shelf life. Therefore, the fruits are processed into juice concentrates, which extends their shelf life, lowers the cost of transportation and storage, and makes the fruit available year-round, even when it is out of season. Evaporation is the typical process used for producing juice concentrates. The main drawbacks of various evaporators, however, include the increase in viscosity brought on by the concentration of the juice and the fouling of the heat transfer surface. In this study, concentration is achieved by stripping water from the juice by an unsaturated air stream, under a high centrifugal field in a rotating packed bed with wire mesh packing. The performance of the contactor is studied by varying the operating parameters (rotating speed, air flow rate, juice flow rate, and temperature). The highest concentration obtained in the study after two hours of operation is ~21.9 °Brix which is remarkable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: On a global scale, about 20% of bird species nest in tree cavities, and many of these species will utilise artificial nestboxes. Homeowners often add nestboxes to gardens to provide new opportunities for enjoyment and engagement with nature. Nestbox schemes can also be used for conservation, especially in environments that have few natural cavities, such as open landscapes and woodlands with relatively young and even-aged trees, including plantations. However, tree-nesting birds using simple wooden nestboxes can be at risk from predators. A range of different strategies to reduce predation risk has been developed. These typically involve: (1) modifying the nestbox itself by, for example, adding a metal plate around the entrance hole to stop predators enlarging the hole or changing construction materials; (2) modifying the immediate surroundings of the nestbox, for example, by using barriers to prevent predator access; or (3) modifying nestbox placement. A common assumption is that such interventions provide a net benefit. However, this is not necessarily true as predator-proofing avian nestboxes often has hidden costs, such as changing nest temperature or humidity or making it harder for adult birds to feed their chicks. This review considers intervention effectiveness and the potential for hidden costs to make recommendations for practice. Nestboxes are commonly used to increase the number and quality of nest sites available to birds that usually use tree cavities and are considered an important conservation intervention. Although usually safer than natural cavities, birds nesting in simple, unmodified wooden nestboxes remain at risk of depredation. Accordingly, numerous design and placement modifications have been developed to 'predator-proof' nestboxes. These include: (1) adding metal plates around entrance holes to prevent enlargement; (2) affixing wire mesh to side panels; (3) deepening boxes to increase distance to nest cup; (4) creating external entrance 'tunnels' or internal wooden ledges; (5) using more robust construction materials; (6) developing photosensitive shutters to exclude nocturnal predators; (7) using baffles to block climbing mammals; and (8) regular replacement and relocation. However, the benefits and costs of these modifications are not always well understood. In this global review, we collate information on predator-proofing avian nestboxes designed for tree cavity-nesting birds to assess the efficacy of techniques for different predators (mammalian, avian, and reptilian) in different contexts. We critique the potential for modifications to have unintended consequences—including increasing nest building effort, altering microclimate, reducing provisioning rate, and elevating ectoparasite and microbial loads—to identify hidden costs. We conclude by highlighting remaining gaps in knowledge and providing guidance on optimal modifications in different contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synergy inhibition of wire mesh and spray mist on syngas explosion was researched. The correspondence between the explosion parameters under success and failure conditions were analyzed, and its influence regular and inhibition mechanism were revealed. An evident difference appeared in the correspondence at different synergy results. Compared with the failure, the pressure of lower end only experienced an acceleration rise under the success condition although the propagation velocity of flame was slightly increased as it approached wire mesh. Corresponding pressure was also reduced. After passing through wire mesh, flame propagation was evidently accelerated due to the turbulence disturbance caused by wire mesh despite the strong endothermic effect of mist. The corresponding explosion reaction rate was also increased. Pressures of two ends did not appear obvious change under the success condition, but the pressure of upper end was evidently reduced compared with the failure. Due to the combined effect of wire mesh disturbance and mist heat absorption, the velocity history showed a change of increasing firstly and then decreasing as the spray time increased after passing through wire mesh. The synergy inhibition was attributed to the combined physical and chemical effects, and was related to the syngas concentration and spray amount. [Display omitted] • Synergy effect of resistance/inhibition on protection of gas explosion was studied. • Correspondence between explosion parameter during success and failure was clarified. • Effects of mist amount and syngas concentration on explosion parameter were grasped. • Critical value of synergy effect for complete inhibition of explosion was proposed. • Effective engineering guidance was proposed and its synergy mechanism was revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The optimization of reactant and product mass transfer within fuel cells stands as a critical determinant for achieving optimal fuel-cell performance. With a specific focus on stationary applications, this study delves into the comprehensive examination of fuel-cell mass transfer properties, employing a sophisticated blend of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and the innovative design of a double-layered wire mesh (DLWM) as a flow field and gas diffusion layer. The investigation notably contrasts a meticulously developed 3D fine mesh flow field with a numerical model of the integrated DLWM implemented on the cathode end of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). Evaluations reveal that the 3D fine mesh experiences a notable threefold increase in pressure drop compared to the DLWM flow field, indicative of the enhanced efficiency achieved by the DLWM configuration. Oxygen distribution analyses further underscore the promising performance of both the 3D fine mesh and the proposed DLWM, with the DLWM showcasing additional improvements in water removal capabilities within the cell. Impressively, the DLWM attains a remarkable maximum current density of 2137.17 mA/cm2 at 0.55 V, indicative of its superior performance over the 3D fine mesh, while also demonstrating the potential for cost-effectiveness and scalability in mass production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, an experimental methodology, consisting of low-velocity impact (LVI) and quasi-static compressive test, is conducted to investigate the performance and failure mechanism of GFRP T-joints, fabricated by vacuum-assisted resin infusion process (VARI), when subjected to out-of-plane LVI loading at the corner. Further, the effect of LVI loading on the reduction of strength is analyzed by the tensile test after LVI. In order to improve the strength of the GFRP T-joints, one layer of stainless-steel wire net (SSWN) is inserted into the corner of the T-joints structure. The experimental results indicate that the addition of SSWN decreases the damaged area of delamination in the web, meanwhile, connecting the nearby GFRP layers to avoid the structure failure suddenly, which improves its performance of tensile test after LVI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) technique was used to study the effect of the geometrical parameters on the intensification of hydrodynamic parameters and Carbon dioxide (C O 2) absorption efficiency by Mono-Ethanol-Amine (MEA) solution in a novel Arc-blade Rotating Packed Bed reactor (Arc-RPB). The VOF multiphase approach and RNG k - ε turbulent model were used to study the multiphase and turbulent behavior of the flow field in the computational domain, respectively. The effects of liquid flow rate, the bed wire mesh diameter, and number of the mesh layers were studied on the liquid holdup (α L) , gas-liquid interfacial area (A int) and liquid dispersion index (I d). Considering the Arc-RPB bed wire mesh diameter from 0.2 mm to 1.6 mm showed that α L , A int and I d decrease 20%, 29% and 11%, respectively. By examining the effect of the bed layers enhancement, the liquid holdup α L decreased by about 36% but, A int and I d reached a maximum value at 16 bed layers. Finally, with study the effect of the bed geometrical parameters on C O 2 absorption efficiency, results showed the efficiency reduces about 7.5% with increase in the bed mesh diameter and shows a maximum at 16 bed layers. [Display omitted] • Study of geometrical parameters effects on the hydrodynamic characteristics of a novel Arc-RPB by CFD simulation. • High effect of bed wire mesh and bed layer number in intensification of absorption efficiency of C O 2 by MEA solution. • Dependence of absorption efficiency to the liquid dispersion index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the use of natural fibers has increased in manya applications, particularly in automotive industry, owing to their lightweight, high specific strength, recyclability, and ecological properties. This study aims to investigate the influence of copper filler on fiber-coated hybrid composite through mechanical and machining (CNC milling) characterization. Initially, the copper filler was characterized using the energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), particle size analysis (scanning electron microscope), and component analysis (X-ray diffraction (XRD)). Four coated natural fiber/wire mesh hybrid composite designs were developed and identified as hemp/mesh/ramie composite [HMR (1-4)]. In this work, 16 experiments were designed by central composite design (CCD) using Design Expert 13, considering the spindle speed, feed rate, and composite type as input parameters. The results indicate that copper filler particle proportion influenced the tensile strength and impact resistance of the HMR hybrid composite (16% & 15.42%). A fiber coating with a higher infill percentage reduces water absorption. The responses were estimated based on the resultant force and surface roughness, which were influenced by the weight percentage of the filler. In all the spindle speeds, the resultant forces are increased with raise in feed rates (120–600 mm/min). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduced red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) are a major predator of freshwater turtle nests in Australia. We evaluated the effectiveness of electric fences, in combination with individual nest protection, for shielding western saw‐shelled turtle (Myuchelys bellii: Chelidae) nests from predation by foxes. We compared the numbers of raided and intact turtle nests found in paired fenced treatment and unfenced control areas of streambank. We also individually protected all intact nests found in both area types with wire mesh or a steel cage. The total numbers of nests found in treatment and control areas did not significantly differ from parity, but significantly more intact nests were found in treatment areas and significantly more raided nests in control areas. The fences were occasionally damaged by livestock, wildlife and flooding, rendering them inoperative for varying periods of time until repair. However, foxes raided nests inside the fences on only two occasions, despite these breaks in functionality. Our study demonstrates that electric fences can provide an effective method of protecting entire nesting areas from depredation by foxes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experimental results indicate that wire mesh casing treatment (WMCT) enhances the stability of low-speed compressors with little reduction in efficiency. The flow resistance on the surface of the grooves, which are formed by the wire mesh, provides a new variable for the design of WMCT. This paper investigates the stability improvement induced by three different meshes through experiments and steady numerical simulations. A stability prediction model incorporating the effect of WMCT is developed to assess the stability of the steady flow field, and the results show that the predicted stall points of the compressor are close to those of the experimental data. The stability analysis model has a well-defined theoretical foundation in which the meridional flow field of the compressor is considered as the basic flow and the blade is replaced with a body force. This formulation enables fast and accurate stability assessments of compressors incorporating WMCT during the design process. Finally, based on the influence of the different meshes on the steady flow field, the stability-enhancing mechanism of WMCT is analyzed in terms of flow field details and macroscopic physical quantities. WMCT improves the flow around the tip region, shifting the tip blade loading in the aft direction and reducing the tip leakage flow. Macroscopically, the installation of WMCT makes the flow structure in the tip region less sensitive to changes in the compressor operating conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parasitoids such as Ganaspis brasiliensis and Pachycrepoideus vindemiae are being researched for biological control of Drosophila suzukii, an important agricultural pest. Parasitoids can be monitored in the field by collecting infested fruit samples or using sentinel traps seeded with host larvae/pupae. Sentinel traps may be covered with a selective barrier to allow parasitoid movement, and prevent nontarget infestation and developing D. suzukii from exiting. In this study, two types of fabric mesh ('square' 1.1 × 1.1 mm2 and 'oval' 1.2 × 0.8 mm2) were assessed for restricting passage of D. suzukii, and enabling passage and parasitism by G. brasiliensis and P. vindemiae. Square wire meshes (1.04, 1.08, 1.11, 1.13, 1.18, and 1.53 mm2) were also tested as a durable alternative to the fabric mesh for G. brasiliensis sentinels. Both fabric meshes and the 1.08 and 1.13 mm2 square wire mesh prevented passage of D. suzukii. Passage was similar through fabric mesh for both parasitoids. For G. brasiliensis, parasitism was higher in open control sentinels than square mesh covered sentinels in one trial, but parasitism was similar at ∼40% in open and square mesh sentinels in another trial. The 1.04, 1.08 and 1.13 mm2 square wire mesh lowered G. brasiliensis parasitism. For P. vindemiae, parasitism was 2-fold higher in oval mesh than open sentinels which may be due to the mesh encouraging this wasp to forage longer. If a selective mesh must be used, the square fabric mesh prevented D. suzukii passage and resulted in the highest G. brasiliensis parasitism compared to wire meshes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anchored wire meshes are commonly adopted to stabilize potentially unstable soil slopes. This reinforcement technique, employed either as an active or a passive anchoring system, is commonly designed according to ultimate limit state approaches. In this paper, an interaction model, useful for the design of anchored wire meshes, is proposed. The model is based on the results of a series of 3D large displacement finite element numerical analyses, in which the wire mesh mechanical behaviour is modelled as either an elastic or an elastic–plastic membrane. The model is inspired to standard load–displacement curves for shallow foundations, and the wire mesh presence is taken into account by suitably modifying the bearing capacity formula. The proposed model predictions are compared with experimental punching test results. The use of the model, only requiring the definition of geometry and soil–wire mesh mechanical properties, allows the pre-design of the reinforcement system without performing ad hoc finite element numerical analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Welded resistance slotted screens, also known as slotted screens, are a special type of screen primarily used for the filtration and separation of liquids and dust. They are characterized by slots with parallel geometry and precisely defined sizes. The quality of the side surfaces and edges of welded wires determines the durability of the slotted screens made from them. This article presents the results of tests for four types of wires: two types of working profile wires made from austenitic-ferritic steel (duplex) and two types of supporting cross wires made from ferritic steel. The wire surfaces were characterized using a profilometer and atomic force microscopy. Basic roughness parameters Ra, Rz, and SAD (surface area difference) were determined. Surface observations of the working profiles were conducted using scanning electron microscopy. These studies allowed for the characterization of the working wire surfaces used in the production of slotted screens. At work, the results of surface roughness were analyzed based on three measurement methods for wires used in the production of welded slot screens. These results allowed for the identification of the most reliable method for characterizing the surface condition of such products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid bond layers (BLs) were designed, fabricated, and evaluated for cold spray metallization of CFRP. The bond layers consisted of metal mesh embedded in a polymer film adhesive co-cured to the CFRP. Efforts were devoted to identifying the critical opening ratio—i.e., the ratio of mesh opening size to powder diameter, for deposition of an adherent coating. Analysis of powder deposited at mesh openings show a transition from erosion (at a mesh opening ratio of 6.4) to mechanical interlocking and formation of a continuous coating with decreasing opening ratio. Selection of opening ratio yielded either (a) a grid of consolidated thin-walled deposits atop mesh wires separated by microchannel openings, or (b) densified coatings of cold-sprayed Ti. The effective opening ratio increased with increasing diameter ratio—i.e., the ratio of wire diameter to powder size, a consequence of eroded wire peripheries at shallow impact angles. These findings inform the design of future hybrid BLs, in concert with the selection of powder size, for cold spray metallization of CFRP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Malaria is a significant public health concern in Indonesia. Muara Enim Regency is one of the districts in South Sumatra with the most important number of indigenous malaria cases in the last three years (2018–2020). Therefore, this study aimed to identify determinants of indigenous malaria in the Muara Enim Regency. Methods: This study was designed as a case-control study. A stratified random sample in 2018, 2019, and 2020 was used at the Primary Health Centres (PHCs) areas of Tanjung Enim and Tanjung Agung. The sample included 49 cases and 49 controls. Indigenous malaria determinants were discovered using both bivariable and multivariable logistic regression models. Result: The multivariable logistic regression model results show that mosquito repellent reduces malaria risk by 71% (AOR = 0.29, 95% CI: 0.11–0.64). Besides, the presence of wire mesh on ventilation reduces the risk of malaria by 76% (AOR = 0.24, 95% CI: 0.10–0.57), and the distance from mosquito breeding sites near hundred meters and fewer increases the risk of malaria by 3.88 fold (AOR = 3.88; 95% CI: 1.67–8.97). Conclusions: Multivariable analysis revealed distance from mosquito breeding sites as a risk factor for malaria. Besides, the study shows that using insect repellent, wire netting in ventilation, eliminating mosquito breeding sites, mosquito repellent or protective clothing, and improving house conditions were protective factors for indigenous malaria. Therefore, preventive and promotional efforts are essential as the first step toward malaria elimination at the study site, including avoiding direct contact between residents and vectors near mosquito breeding sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) is used in various industries because of its high specific strength, but it is well known as a difficult material to cut. In this study, we developed a disc-shaped electrodeposited diamond wire mesh grinding wheel as a new method for cutoff and grooving with a large aspect ratio for CFRP. We confirmed that this tool could be used for machining at a feed rate of 1000 mm/min, equivalent to that of an abrasive waterjet. This tool discharges generated chips through the spaces in the wire mesh, preventing clogging and thereby enabling the suppression of machining temperature. No burrs or delamination were observed on the surface machined with the wire mesh grinding wheel, and the surface roughness was Ra = 2.76 µm. However, the groove width was larger than the wheel thickness due to the runout of the wheel. Additionally, the moderate elasticity and durability of the tool suggest that it might extend tool life by avoiding the crushing of abrasive grains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effervescent atomization is widely used in industrial, agricultural, and national defense fields because of its low energy consumption. Quality improvement to spray has been pursued for decades as an important goal without increasing energy consumption. To investigate the relationship between the internal flow and spray characteristic, a swirl effervescent atomizer coupled with a wire mesh was designed in this paper. The effect of wire mesh on spray characteristics and internal flow with different structural parameters was investigated. The experimental results showed that the spray quality (small droplet diameter and stable atomization) was improved by installing a wire mesh in the mixing chamber. The droplet diameter decreased first and then increased with the increase in the effective porosity of the wire mesh, and Sauter mean diameter decreased from 23.1 to 20 μm. Moreover, this study adopts the simulation to explore the influence of bubble size on the spray droplet in the mixing chamber. The simulation results showed that as the effective porosity of the wire mesh increases, the proportion of small-scale bubbles (the bubble diameter Db ≤ 1 mm) increased from 11.3% to 83.37%, resulting in reduced spray droplet diameter. Notably, the number of small-scale bubbles increases first and then decreases, and the mean pressure drops decline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The torsional strengthening of reinforced concrete hollow beams (RCHBs) with externally bonded stainless steel wire mesh (SSWM) was investigated. The experimental programme involved casting and testing eight RCHBs of length 1300 mm and 150 mm × 150 mm cross-section with a 50 mm × 50 mm square hollow section in the centre. The beams were reinforced with 4–10 mm dia. longitudinal bars and 8 mm dia. stirrups at 150 mm centre to centre. Two unstrengthened RCHBs were designated as control specimens and the other six beams were strengthened using three different SSWM wrapping configurations. The test results were analysed based on torque–twist behaviour and the influence of SSWM on cracking torque, ultimate torque and failure modes. A numerical model was developed to predict the behaviour of RCHBs using the finite-element (FE) software Abaqus. The predictions of peak torque and corresponding twist obtained from the FE modelling showed good agreement with the experimental results. Based on the outcomes of this study, SSWM can be considered a feasible material for the torsional strengthening of reinforced concrete elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, aluminium wire mesh (WM) samples with 3, 9, and 18 pores per inch (PPI) and porosities of 0.894, 0.812, and 0.917, respectively, were combined together to form graded structures including 3-9-18, 9-18-3, and 18-3-9 PPIs. A 5 mm thickness for each WM was considered for a length of 2 m and inserted into a single-pass solar air heater (SAH) in which the height of the SAH was 120 mm. For the numerical analysis, a 3D numerical model was considered in ANSYS fluent software, and the Rosseland radiation model renormalization group (RNG) k-ε enhanced wall function was incorporated to account for solar radiation. The local thermal equilibrium (LTE) model was considered to obtain the heat-transfer characteristics of the WM. The numerical results of the thermohydraulic performance parameter (THPP) of the 9-18-3 PPI WM were 13.04% and 11.92% higher than the 3-9-18 and 18-3-9 PPI samples, respectively. Later, 25% of the 9-18-3 graded wire mesh (GWM) was considered at four different locations, i.e., 0, 0.5, 1, and 1.5 m away from the inlet, and analysed to obtain the best location for efficient heat transfer. The computational results show that 1.5 m away from the inlet is the best location among the different locations considered. The experimental results of the GWM at 1.5 m away from the inlet demonstrated a 20.91% and 23.32% increase in thermal efficiency compared to the empty channel for the 0.027 kg/s and 0.058 kg/s mass flow rates, respectively. From numerical-cum-experimental analysis, it was found that inserting 25% length of GWM of the entire length of the test section at a distance of 1.5 m from the inlet in single pass SAH improves the overall performance of the empty channel of single-pass SAH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In conventional plasmonic media and plasmonic metamaterials, such as metallic wire meshes, a longitudinal mode of an electromagnetic wave manifests itself in frequency overlapping transverse modes, which impedes clear observation of longitudinal-mode-specific physical effects. Through interlacing two sets of wire meshes, an ideal band for the longitudinal mode is achieved ranging from zero frequency to plasma frequency, where transverse modes are completely forbidden. The unique spectral separation of modes facilitates the observation of pure longitudinal modes and related plasmonic effects in a bulk medium. We report the microwave experiment of anomalous optical transmission, induced solely by electromagnetic longitudinal mode resonance, below the plasma frequency in such a wire mesh medium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Structural strengthening is vital to improve the load-carrying capacity of partially or severely damaged Reinforced Concrete (RC) elements. Fiber Reinforced Polymers (FRPs) are widely used for strengthening purposes. In this study, use of Stainless-Steel Wire Mesh (SSWM) is explored, as FRPs are having limitations like high cost, less fire resistance, and brittle behavior. The experimental studies are conducted to evaluate the mechanical properties of the SSWM, to explore its feasibility as a strengthening material. Three different variants of SSWM i.e., 30x32, 40x32 and 50x34 are considered for the study. SSWM used in present study is a woven mesh made from stainless-steel wires manufactured in India. Important mechanical properties such as tensile strength and bond strength with concrete surface is experimentally evaluated in this study. Response of test specimens are evaluated with respect to ultimate load carrying capacity, corresponding deformations, rupture strain, and failure pattern. SSWM exhibits a tensile strength of 489.134-658.375 MPa which is comparable to tensile strength of various types of fibers used for strengthening. Based on experimental studies, it is found that SSWM 40x32 performs better in different aspects, so it can be a good alternative for strengthening of RC elements compared to other FRP materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gas bladder is essential to the submunition delivery system, performing high-temperature and high-pressure gas scouring and ablation. In this paper, a new gas generator device containing wire mesh is designed to prevent ablation and breakage of the gas bladder. To verify the cooling effect of the device, simulation software is used to simulate the gas flow process and the gas cooling effect of the gas generator. The comparison with the experimental results shows that the error of the calculation results is small and the simulation model is accurate and reliable. Based on the method mentioned earlier, simulations were conducted for different wire porosities and filling thicknesses. The results showed that the cooling effect of the gas generator increased and then decreased with the thickness of the wire mesh and the cooling performance of the wire mesh was the best when the filling thickness was 10 mm. When the filling thickness is 10 mm, the temperature drop and the pressure drop decrease with increasing wire porosity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The flame resistance characteristics of wire mesh and its influence factor on syngas explosion were researched by experiment. Relationships between flame propagation and pressure rise at the flame resistance system two ends were clarified under different flame resistance results. And the effect of syngas concentration on explosion parameters was obtained and flame resistance mechanism was also revealed. Results indicate that the existence of wire mesh could indirectly affect pressure rise by affecting the flame propagation, and flame propagation and pressure rise presented a clear corresponding relationship. The wire mesh could play a better inhibiting role and reduce the explosion intensity, affecting by syngas concentration. As the flame resistance failed (c =30%), △ P max was effectively decreased from 0.81 MPa to 0.52 MPa above wire mesh and from 0.58 MPa to 0.39 MPa below wire mesh. And the reduction extent was more significant under flame resistance success (80.25% and 68.97%). With reduction of syngas concentration and increase of mesh layer, explosion parameters were evidently decreased. Especially the temperature above wire mesh did not present an increase trend and reach the ignition point of syngas under flame resistance success. The inhibition mechanism was mainly attributed to the combination of endothermic and wall effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wire nets woven from high-strength steel wires have been used as applique armor against attack by short-range weapons. In this study, the mechanical behavior of chain-link wire nets under pressure from a warhead was investigated by quasistatic experiments and simulations. First, the new rig, the warhead device, and the wire nets were designed; pressure tests were conducted; and the deformation, fracture of the wire nets, and pressure force vs. displacement curves were obtained and analyzed. Then, the numerical approach and Finite element (FE) model were developed, considering the contacts between the steel wires in the inner connections, the contacts between the warhead and the mesh of the wire nets, and the fracture of the steel wire material. By comparison with the experimental data, the numerical approach and FE model are shown to be reliable in predicting the behavior of the wire nets under pressure from a warhead. Finally, the parameters of the wire net size and the mesh angles were further investigated by using the validated numerical approach and FE model, and suggestions for the initial design of the wire nets are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the mechanical properties of high-strength stainless steel wire mesh (HSSSWM) in Engineering Cementitious Composites (ECCs) and determine a reasonable lap length, a total of 39 specimens in 13 sets were designed and fabricated by considering the diameter of the steel strand, spacing of the transverse steel strand, and lap length. The lap-spliced performance of the specimens was tested through a pull-out test. The results revealed two failure modes in the lap connection of steel wire mesh in ECCs: pull-out failure and rupture failure. The spacing of the transverse steel strand had little effect on the ultimate pull-out force, but it restricted the slip of the longitudinal steel strand. A positive correlation was found between the spacing of the transverse steel strand and the slip amount of the longitudinal steel strand. With an increase in lap length, the slip amount and 'lap stiffness' to peak load increased, while the ultimate bond strength decreased. Based on the experimental analysis, a calculation formula for lap strength considering the correction coefficient β was established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nano and micro-pores of the electrospun webs present good moisture vapor transmission rate, while it maintains resistance to pressured air and resistance to liquid for some type of clothing. Laminating a nanofiber web to any textile structure could improve the desired resistance to air permeability with providing excellent breathability. In the present study, hydrophobic thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) and hydrophilic poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) nanofiber webs were produced onto three different chromium sieve wires and then laminated to an interlining fabric and compared in means of pore size, breathability, and air permeability. Mesh count of the wires affected the pore size and smallest pore size are belong to 90 mesh wire. The water vapor permeability of the samples varied between 80% and 90% as well as providing relatively low air permeability values. With increasing nanofiber amount, air permeability decreased dramatical [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low-energy rockfall catch fences are designed to protect infrastructure such as railways and roads wherein the kinetic energy of falling rocks is less than 100 kJ. The typical design consists of a double-twisted steel wire mesh supported by ground posts and strengthened by anchoring wire ropes. The fence stops falling rocks by dissipating the impact energy mainly through elastoplastic stretching of steel wires in the mesh. In this study, a three-dimensional finite element model for double-twisted wire mesh was developed in Abaqus/Explicit. The model has been verified using both quasi-static loading and impact tests. It was found that proper geometrical representation is essential for accurate simulation of wire deformation modes and the interaction between double-twisted wires. The model also enables the application of the real stress–strain relationship of a single steel wire in constitutive models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated methods for reducing highway-caused mortality of Mojave Desert Tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) using barriers at the Desert Tortoise Conservation Center, located near Las Vegas, Nevada. Experiments tested effectiveness of various barriers of different heights and made of different construction materials, sex-dependent behaviors including rate of escapes, appropriate height of a barrier, and adverse effects on other sympatric vertebrate species including potential entrapment. Informed by analyzing previous investigations, we tested captive adult desert tortoises (midline carapace length ≥ 180 mm) within enclosures made from 8 different common construction materials, quantified behavioral responses of individuals over several (4–14) days, and identified sex-dependent responses to these barriers. Both sexes pushed against see-through barriers more than solid barriers (58% males, 67% females) and males reversed direction of pacing more often than females (56%). Pen escapes related to pacing reversals and were generally by males. Direction reversals and escapes occurred mostly with wire mesh designs and low (20-cm) solid barriers. Frequency of body contact was not linearly correlated with larger mesh sizes. Solid barriers appear to offer the best deterrent but are more expensive. Animals that escaped in trials lasting several days were larger than average size and often escaped more than once. Tortoises escaped at weak points in barriers, such as gaps with the ground, pen corners, breaks in material, or by climbing over the barrier. In testing minimum effective barrier height for 3 types of barrier materials, none climbed over at 46 cm, 5 climbed over at 30 cm, and 19 others climbed over at lower heights. We observed native species interactions with our barrier enclosures (n = 70) and compared morphometric measurements of common desert reptiles vs. barrier dimensions. These data suggested that different barrier types preferentially affect specific sizes of animals although we observed no mortality. While solid barriers stop all reptiles, wire meshes entrap reptile species smaller than mesh size (such as Callisaurus draconoides and Uta stansburiana) and stop larger species (such as Dipsosaurus dorsalis and Coluber flagellum). Morphometric measures of juvenile tortoises indicated that they could pass through the 2 largest wire mesh sizes we tested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cable-membrane reflector is a highly nonlinear flexible structure, which can represent a specific surface shape under the proper combination of cable tension and membrane stress. AstroMesh reflector is a representative of cable membrane reflector, which has advantages of large aperture, easy folding, and light weight, and is increasingly utilized in space antenna reflectors. In this paper, a finite element model of the cable-membrane structure is established together with the corresponding incremental equilibrium equation which provides the sensitivity of the nodal position with respect to the geometric parameter of the cables and triangular membranes. A form-finding strategy is detailed, which aims at a configuration with the reflector nodes locating on a specified paraboloid while all cables and membranes are tensioned uniformly as possible. In addition, the surface precision of the reflector is reduced due to the inevitable errors in the manufacturing process. Therefore, the tension ties in the cable network is designed to be adjustable to solve this problem. Carefully changing the length of these cables can increase the reflector surface precision, which is referred as shape adjustment. An adjustment strategy with model updating is proposed. The model updating using the measured positions of the reflector nodes can dramatically reduce the discrepancy of the finite element model with respect to the actual reflector, thus remarkably improving the efficiency of shape adjustment. Numerical example and physical experiment demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. • A valuable research on flexible reflector antenna is studied considering wire mesh. • The sensitivity method greatly improves the efficiency of morphological analysis. • The shape adjustment process with real-time model updating is more instructive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modified Slope Mass Rating (M-SMR) was proposed as a geomechanically classification scheme for sedimentary Crocker Formation rock slope in the Kota Kinabalu area, but has never been applied in ultrabasic rock. Then, this study was conducted on ultrabasic rock cut slopes in Telupid, Sabah, Malaysia. This system was used to characterize and to propose preliminary rock cut slope design, slope stabilization, protection measures, and recommendation levels for slope re-investigation. The UCS test, Deere RQD method, a weighted average of discontinuity set spacing, weighted average and statistical mode, weighted average, and new approach of adjustment factor (NAAF) methods were used to evaluate the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), RQD, discontinuity spacing, discontinuity condition, water flow and discontinuity orientation parameters, respectively. The result of this study shows that the M-SMR classes for the slopes are class III (moderate), IV (poor,) and class V (very poor). Recommended and highly recommended for slope re-investigation by well-trained, experienced, or expert engineering geologist/geotechnical engineer are for classes III, IV, and V, respectively. The recommendation for slope stabilization and protection measures are local trimming, surface drainage, horizontal drain, weep hole, systematic bolting, dowels, concrete detention or buttress, shotcrete, wire mesh or rope nets, and rock trap ditch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last decades, metal foams have been bringing increasing attention because they represent a new category of materials with very intriguing physical and mechanical properties like, for example, high stiffness and low density. These materials have not been studied completely, and many research efforts have been carrying out to investigate new foaming techniques. The present work aimed at evaluating the efficiency of electromagnetic induction as a heating technique of foam precursors for the manufacture of closed-cell aluminum foam specimens by the indirect foaming process known as the powder compact melting technique; a conventional and a flexible mold strategy, the latter using a stainless-steel wire mesh, were employed for the manufacture of parallelepiped specimens. The results outlined the interesting perspectives of this manufacturing method. In detail, they highlighted a significant process repeatability and the beneficial effects of the induction heating method, allowing heating the precursor in very little time and in a safe way compared to conventional heating through a muffle furnace; moreover, they showed the influence of the mould choice both on the processing time, with the synergistic interaction between the flexible mold and the induction system in terms of heat generation, and on the surface geometry of the foamed components, which reflected in their different compression behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]