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Branding has been conceptualized, contextualized, and operationalized in various ways. However, little research has been conducted exploring coaches and their personal branding. Although researchers have investigated the content that collegiate male coaches post on social media, there is a dearth of research investigating female collegiate coaches and the strategies they utilize when constructing their brand online. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the branding strategies used by female collegiate coaches when constructing and presenting their online brand. The authors collected data via a qualitative methodology, utilizing semistructured interviews with female head and assistant coaches in college athletics. Results indicate that the coaches were strategic in their approach to social media, while also encountering obstacles when deciding how to communicate aspects of their brand. Theoretical implications stem from findings that are consistent with decision-making processes outlined by behavioral decision theory, and practical implications are centered on strategic branding suggestions for coaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research question: We seek to understand how Black women coaches negotiate and resist problematic, confined social structures caused by Association football's embedded masculinised and racist culture. Through an intersectional lens, we ask what can we learn from Black women coaches' lived experiences and acts of resistance, what motivates acts, and what personal effects do coaches experience following individual resistance acts? Methodology: Nine coaches were interviewed. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. Findings: Black women coaches negotiate dominant football culture by engaging in (1) transformative resistance to challenge institutional practices and afford opportunities, and (2) conformist resistance to amplify issues, resist microaggressions, and downplay their ethnic identity. Coaches' acts of resistance were motivated by a need for safety, to promote women's and ethnic minorities' interests, to challenge white privilege, and to (re)educate. These acts led to increased or diminished empowerment depending on their reception. Coaches reported positive organisational changes but also relationship conflict (e.g. were perceived as difficult). Practical implications: Compelling personal stories provide football associations with actionable areas to ensure football is more equitable and inclusive. Research contribution: We provide the first working model of coaches' individual acts of resistance through sharing new insights into how gender and race intersect to restrain Black women coaches' football participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Applying an ecological dynamics perspective with the Skilled Intentionality Framework, this study examined whether an integrated coach learning and development framework could be successfully implemented in Australian female tennis coaching. Methods: Participants were all females: qualified coaches (N = 4), coach developers (N = 2) and athletes, aged 15–18 years (N = 7). Participants completed an online survey, examining socio-demographics, playing/coaching history and learning outcomes. An ethnographic and action research approach utilising the Learning in Development Research Framework (LDRF) was undertaken over 20 weeks of coach learning and development. Coaches followed two female coach developers (one as the primary investigator) for a minimum of two hours per week (in situ learning), while the coaches worked directly with athletes. To identify influential factors, multiple data collection strategies were employed, including surveys, semi-structured interviews, observations, critical reflections and focus groups. Results: Perceived program benefits (e.g., coach self-confidence and reassurance) and on-court/off-court support were verified within qualitative interview-derived data. Conclusion: Findings identify the positive influence of an integrated coach learning and development framework on continued Australian female coaching career progression, highlighting coach development implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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It has frequently been observed that the disproportionate number of male coaches within women's soccer is problematic, not least, because it limits the opportunities for the progression of female coaches. Despite this, the transition from "male former player to male coach of female players" is one that remains common, is likely to continue, yet is not widely discussed in the sport/coach transition literature. This is an oversight given the numerous problematic outcomes that are routinely connected to the presence of male coaches in women's sport. In this confessional, analytical autoethnography, we build upon our existing work regarding coaching women's soccer that has been informed by Michel Foucault's conceptual framework. Precisely, we use a collection of creative narrative reflections to discuss the first author's transition from that of a British semiprofessional soccer player context, to an Assistant Coach of a female soccer team in a North American varsity program. In so doing, we trace and map some of the (problematic) learned gendered assumptions which initially shaped and guided the first author's coaching assumptions, relationships, approaches, and practices within this context, before unpacking some of the challenges he navigated along the way (with varying degrees of success). We end by summarizing our paper and a call to male coaches working with female athletes to reflect on how "thinking with Foucault" might help them to coach in more ethical and gender-responsive ways by both problematizing imported gendered assumptions and developing active allyship practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ido Movement for Culture. Journal of Martial Arts Anthropology is the property of Idokan Poland Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: This study aims to investigate how the role of female leadership works in sports coaching. Drawing key insights from the ability–motivation–opportunity (AMO) framework of human resource management, the authors explore the underlying mechanisms of female leadership and the role female coaches play in enabling athletes to develop their self-initiative through AMO enhancement. Design/methodology/approach: The sample in this study is made up of 11female coaches from eight teams in China selected using purposive sampling. Data was collected and analyzed on various aspects of female leadership. Findings: Analysis of interviews and secondary data show that the mechanisms and enablers related to AMO enhancing practices stimulated by female coaching leadership can increase team performance. Research limitations/implications: This study opens new avenues for sports science research and strengthens the theoretical and practical understanding of the intentions and mechanisms female coaches implement as leaders in sports coaching. Originality/value: First, this study contributes to the AMO framework by helping form new theoretical insights based on the understanding of female sports coaching mechanisms. Second, this study provides novel insights into female leadership literature by investigating the mechanisms of female leadership in the context of sports exercise. Third, this study also contributes to the body of research on sports coaching in Asia, especially that of Chinese women in such leadership roles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract\nLay SummaryHistorically within UK professional football environments, women’s coaching representation has been low, irrespective of gender participation. The involvement of women coaches in the context of men’s football has been contested due to dominant hegemonic masculinity. For the limited number of women coaches in the men’s game, there is a need for deeper contextual understanding of how organizational dynamics and minority status intersect to shape well-being. Auto-driven photo-elicitation was employed to explore a woman coach’s well-being experiences longitudinally over a season whilst working in a men’s professional football club. Bioecological theory was utilized as a theoretical lens to enrich participant interpretations and sensemaking, and longitudinal interpretative phenomenological analysis (LIPA) was implemented to analyze interview data at four time points. Four experiential themes were created “I can’t hide that I am a woman, so it is gonna be different for me,” “I don’t really know which direction to go in,” “I’m trying to get the balance between professional and personal life,” and “If I’m not coaching, what am I?.” Our findings illuminated that the woman coach excessively worked to progress their career in the men’s side of the game, which had deleterious consequences for well-being (e.g., neglecting wider aspects of life). Being an authentic self and seeking a third space away from work and home-life commitments were perceived as therapeutic for well-being. Well-being sensemaking was enriched by utilizing an auto-driven photo-elicitation approach. Our work acts as a springboard for future work to creatively explore well-being within varying sports coaching contexts.Over four timepoints throughout a football season and using participant supplied images, we explored how a woman coaching in a men’s professional football club experienced well-being. A variety of social and contextual factors (e.g., place of work, relationships with others and time of season) were identified to shape well-being experiences. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICEIdentifying third spaces (e.g., a space away from work-life demands) that help to dissociate from the coaching role can be beneficial for well-being management (e.g., promote psychological rest and self-care).The woman coach perceived a requisite to work harder than male coaching counterparts which can lead to deleterious consequences for well-being (e.g., workaholism tendencies and lack of self-care).Organizations have a responsibility to support women coaches and should aim to mutually reflect with them on the socio-contextual systems (e.g., workplace demands and culture) that can shape their well-being whilst working in men’s professional football club contexts.Identifying third spaces (e.g., a space away from work-life demands) that help to dissociate from the coaching role can be beneficial for well-being management (e.g., promote psychological rest and self-care).The woman coach perceived a requisite to work harder than male coaching counterparts which can lead to deleterious consequences for well-being (e.g., workaholism tendencies and lack of self-care).Organizations have a responsibility to support women coaches and should aim to mutually reflect with them on the socio-contextual systems (e.g., workplace demands and culture) that can shape their well-being whilst working in men’s professional football club contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to understand the career experiences of the NCAA women coaches integrating the Kaleidoscope careers model with Family Identity theory. Design/methodology/approach: We employ qualitative methodology with the use of semi-structured interviews with 18 NCAA women coaches. Using interpretive lens, we offer nuanced descriptions of women career experiences from care and career orientation perspectives. Findings: Our findings shed light on experience, perceptions and strategies employed by female NCAA coaches while trying to fulfill work and life responsibilities. Care- or Career- orientation impacts the way women coaches deal with different aspects of maintaining careers in sports coaching. Originality/value: We refine the KCM framework by showing that authenticity, balance and challenge can manifest in different ways, which is particularly important as organizations often struggle with retention of women coaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Women have made strides in male-dominated sports but still face obstacles from gender biases and lack of diversity. Particularly in strength sports, the underrepresentation of women and lack of research on their lived experiences as athletes and coaches is notable. This study investigated the experiences of 21 women athletes and four coaches aged 18–44 in the strength sports of Olympic weightlifting, powerlifting, CrossFit, and strongman. Results showed that women athletes struggled with body image, societal expectations, gender bias and diversity, and male interactions, even as they challenged gender norms and established their presence in these male-dominated sports. Athletes' experiences aligned with past research, but also included powerful expression of what it means to be a strong woman despite societal pressure. Women coaches also report career progression and equal employment challenges and stressed the importance of women's representation and inclusion at all levels of these sports. Findings also indicated that while women's performance demonstrates shifting norms for strength in these sports, more work is needed to overcome continued gender bias and to achieve equal employment opportunities for coaches. National sport governing bodies should review policy to support inclusion at all levels, and provide resources, mentorship, and training opportunities to improve accessibility to women coaches and athletes at all levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is known that among the requirements expected from the coach, pedagogical knowledge has an increasing role. Many studies examine this issue (Balogh & Trzaskoma-Bicsérdy, 2020; Déri, 2015; Révész et al., 2007; Volkamer, 1993) however the analysis of the pedagogical role of coaches in relation to women's football is considered a rarity even today. The present study focuses on this area, presenting the research conducted at all-state-recognized-women's soccer academies (n = 6). The authors conducted a questionnaire survey (n = 517), and interviews (n = 5) were recorded. Based on the opinion of the investigated groups (sports professionals, players, parents), the most expected coaching roles, tasks and qualities can be identified. The research confirms that thorough pedagogical knowledge is essential for successful coaching. The coach's educational work has a significant impact on the player's personality and career, the success of which can be based on the use and expansion of the pedagogical toolkit. Based on the results, it is justified to focus further on the pedagogical competencies of the coaches, contributing to the development of women's football training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Based on the theories of interactional touch and interpersonal relationships, touch can be an important part of the coaching profession. Objective: The research aimed to identify and describe what touch means in the coach-athlete relationship from the coach’s perspective. There is widespread ignorance of the law and a lax approach to intimate contact with athletes in the sport environment. The main research question was formulated as follows: What does touch mean in the coach-athlete relationship from the coach’s perspective? Methods: This is qualitative research conducted in the form of a multiple case study, whose unit is the case – the coach and their perception of touch in the coaching profession. Five coaches were selected and interviewed in depth in semi-structured interviews. Three men and two women coached floorball, weightlifting, handball, ice hockey and basketball. Three were head coaches, two were conditioning coaches, and their average age was 39. The coaches work in the Czech sports environment and four of them have an average of 8.5 years of experience with national teams. The coaches’ statements were analysed using data coding, clustering and pattern capture methods. Results: Two main categories were identified: risk-safety, and intimacy. Both main categories are characterised by the dimension of measure. Risk-safety includes the subcategories: coach self-reflection, form of touch, pressure of touch and location of the touch on the body. Intimacy contains the subcategory of the level of the coach-athlete relationship. A “touch-based coach-athlete relationship model” was created to express the hierarchy and relationships between the main categories and subcategories. Conclusions: The results demonstrated that touch and self-reflection in the coaching profession are important mediators of the coach-athlete relationship. Specific forms of these mediators can be observed in the risk-safety dimension, and the intimacy dimension in the coach-athlete relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The correction notice addresses discrepancies in the standardized values reported in Table 5 of the article "Coaching Efficacy and Interests Among Japanese Collegiate Students." The authors have requested an update to reflect the values recommended by the analytical software used. The revised version of Table 5 provides more accurate information on the path model coefficients related to coaching efficacy and interests among male and female students. [Extracted from the article]

Media reports of female American football coaches frequently laud them as being the "first," a demonstrable indication of the lack of awareness of the long history of women in this role. This paper utilises feminist media theory to examine the language of newspaper coverage of female American football coaches from 1908 to 1960. The article identifies 26 female coaches; newspapers stated that eight of these women were the first-ever, and one was the state's first. In all cases, the newspapers were inaccurate. The analysis demonstrates that newspaper reports sometimes emphasised women's domestic roles and their desirable femininity and heterosexuality. While some journalists were horrified, most were not; many women found widespread support for their role, especially when schools employed them due to the absence of men during wartime. The lack of outrage about women's involvement in a sport (and role) strongly aligned with masculinity is significant and demonstrates that women have found acceptance in the sport for far longer than academics have previously explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The marginalization and exclusion of women in boxing has emerged as a severe global problem, threatening women's democratic right to equal participation in sport. The following article is based on a qualitative study of women's lived experiences as participants in boxing, either as coaches or as athletes. My theoretical point of departure is derived from an understanding of gender as a cultural code. The data material consists of interviews with Norwegian female boxing coaches and female boxers. The analysis in this study suggests that women, both inside and outside of the ring, are facing several obstacles to overcome and barriers to break. For instance, both female coaches and boxers struggle to be taken seriously in their sporting practices. For women coaches, a central challenge is being accepted and respected as "real" and capable coaches with valuable knowledge and experience in a male dominated sport. Women boxers on the other hand, are often subjected to unequal power relations with older male coaches. As expressed by the interviewed boxers, some men take advantage of these gendered power relations in terms of practices of exclusion, discrimination, and in some cases, sexual abuse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, findings from an investigation into the gender imbalance in swim coaching in Australia, particularly at the higher levels of accreditation, are reported. Stories of the experience of two elite female swim coaches were analysed with reference to the concept of hegemonic masculinity. Analysis found that some male coaches and attendants to the swimming culture use literal and ideological force, including differentiation, direct control, and trivialisation to enact hegemony and to (re)create a gendered order. The findings suggest that without intervention and (re)education, this ideology will remain uncontested, will continue to inform the practice of coaches in the field, and will remain deeply entrenched in the system of values of the sport's organising body and the federal funding organisation for sports in Australia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on the findings from a larger institutional ethnographic study exploring gender, work, and professionalization in sport coaching in the Canadian university sport system, this paper brings to light the contested nature of the sport coaching professional project in Canada. We specifically focus on the efforts of the Coaching Association of Canada to advance its Chartered Professional Coach designation as the preeminent coaching credential and mechanism by which to progress its vision of the sport coaching professional project. However, key findings demonstrate that the Coaching Association of Canada and Chartered Professional Coach are met by university sport practitioners with an ambivalence that complicates, if not works against, the Coaching Association of Canada's efforts to professionalize sport coaching. This paper concludes by focusing on how the intraprofessional tensions within the sport coaching professional project, specifically the ambivalence around the Chartered Professional Coach, add to the challenges faced by women sport coaches in Canadian university sport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A plethora of work has identified forms and sources of gender inequality in sport coaching. Quantitative studies with psychological framings dominate the literature. However, a smaller and more recent body of qualitative work has identified structural gender hierarchies as the root of inequalities, specifically the prevalence of hegemonic masculinity. Fewer studies have contextualised understandings of women's experiences of this, particularly at grassroots levels and there is little acknowledgement of a notable shift in the visibility of women's power and presence in society including sport. Thus, in this study [Gill, R. (2007). Gender and the media. Polity Press] postfeminist sensibility was used to examine seven female coaches' experiences of various grassroots sports settings, specifically what might be novel in women's contemporary coaching experiences, but also to acknowledge any persistent structural inequalities. Findings suggest that while female coaches are continually facing challenges borne out of dominant forms of masculinity which remain deeply rooted in sport cultures, they are actively contesting and navigating these by drawing upon performed masculinities. Consequently, new femininities have emerged, but these are fragile, often misinterpreted and can lead to women struggling to progress their coaching careers. Future work in this field should look to develop the use of postfeminist lenses in similar ways, to further identify new(er) femininities which have the potential to grow and develop women's representation in coaching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a case study of an elite female coach and her career termination from a 20+ year career following a critical life incident. A novel autobiographical approach was adopted whereby the participant undertook expressive writing to describe her experiences before, during, and following coaching an athlete at the 2012 Summer Olympic Games. Thematic analysis indicated seven phases related to the participant's experiences of the critical incident: Build up to the event, the event, the aftermath, recovery and reflection on the event, sampling of new avenues, enlightenment, and career rebirth. The findings reinforce the high demands placed upon elite coaches, the subsequent threats to physical and mental well-being, and the importance of having robust psychological skills and suitable social support to cope with these demands. Implications for preparing and supporting coaches for successful career transition are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sport coaching faces gender inequality and tackling it may not be simple. There are far too few women coaches in the coach workforce around the world. The aim of this paper is not an exhaustive literature review of this topic but an essay with a scope to describe the problem of underrepresentation of women in coaching, outline reasons for its presence and put forward recommendations for tackling it. With stronger commitment, greater focus, purposeful coordination and partnership, as well as sound leadership the required step change could be made to change the status quo that has persisted for women in coaching since the beginning of the Olympic ideals. Such a significant change is in line with recent calls that have been made for greater focus on diversity, inclusivity, and equity in coaching by key sport stakeholders around the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rate of collegiate female coaches is at an all-time low; but there has been limited research on what might help female coaches succeed. The millennial generation, who grew up with increased athletic opportunities provided by Title IX, is entering the profession, and they may have different views of coaching and athletics than previous generations. The purpose of this study was to investigate what factors influenced millennial generation, female assistant coaches' aspirations to become head coaches and what strategies they believed would help them successfully navigate their careers. The authors interviewed 10 millennial generation. Division I female assistant coaches and found leadership as athletes, appropriate education, and coaching networks, particularly with female coaches, were common strategies for feeling confident in their careers. These findings may help athletic departments create tools, such as women's only coaching clinics, to help encourage women to become and remain coaches and provide them with the required support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While earlier research on coaches' careers and the development of coaching expertise appears 'gender blind', the focus of this article on the underrepresentation of women in elite-level coaching is how various forms of capital interact in recruitment to coaching. Using Bourdieu's analytic concepts, the study explores Norwegian female and male elite-coaches' pathways to coaching positions with respect to qualifications and recruitment procedures. Qualifications are understood as being both individual athletic performance level (physical and symbolic capital) and coaching education (cultural capital). Qualitative interviews were completed with 24 female and 12 male elite-level coaches. The findings revealed that relatively more women than men had previously been elite-level athletes. The majority of the participants had coaching education from the sports organisations, while a few had coaching education from their university studies. Relative to gender, two men had no coaching education and several women had completed a programme developed by the sport organisations – with the aim of increasing women's participation in elite-level coaching. Recruitment of coaches seemed to happen through informal channels, which indicates the benefits of social capital acquired through acquaintances and social networks. This indicates symbolic capital in terms of individual athletic achievement. The use of Bourdieu's analytic concept of capital and the 'labyrinth' metaphor facilitated identification and understanding of the longer pathways and challenges women must negotiate on their way to elite-level coaching positions when compared to men. The article closes with the implications of the findings, with particular attention to coaching education and the recruitment/employment procedures of coaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to examine the representation of Black and Asian women coaches on women's and men's intercollegiate athletic teams. Through the theoretical lens of gendered racial stereotypes associating Black individuals with masculinity and Asian individuals with femininity, the authors hypothesized that, among women coaches, Black women coaches would be better represented on men's teams and Asian women coaches better represented on women's teams. The authors collected archival data from the National Collegiate Athletics Association's (NCAA) Demographics Database, including data on the racial and gender demographics of all coaches across each season available (2007/2008 through 2016/2017). The final dataset included aggregated data from 11 seasons and all sports across three divisions (n = 2540 teams, 625,119 coaches). The results of two-way analyses of covariance showed that Black women coaches (n = 17,983) were better represented within men's teams and were more likely to be employed as head coaches than as assistant coaches on these teams. The results did not provide evidence of the Asian-femininity linkage for the 1778 Asian women coaches we identified. Among White coaches, women (n = 134,696) were more likely to serve on women's teams than on men's. The findings reveal that gender and race intersect to shape opportunities for women coaches, suggesting that efforts are required to minimize the potential influence of gendered racial stereotypes in intercollegiate athletics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The case explores the remarkable rise of Coach Teri McKeever to the top of a sport traditionally dominated by male coaches. Her success is driven by an unorthodox leadership and motivational style that emphasizes a growth mindset of self-improvement. She is an influential innovator, mentor, and trailblazer who challenged long entrenched methods of training and overcame criticisms and setbacks to change the face of swim training today. This case examines McKeever's leadership philosophy and controversial motivational strategies that she uses to develop and sustain high-level performers. McKeever's leadership and motivational strategies can be applied to organizations today and managers can use similar tools to develop high-performing employees in their organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sport scholars have connected heteronormativity and heterosexism to the creation of privilege for the dominant group. They also contend that the coverage and framing of female athletes and coaches promote heteronormativity across print, broadcast, and new media. To date, research examining heteronormativity and heterosexism on university-sponsored athletics Web sites is scarce. Using framing theory, online biographies of NCAA intercollegiate head coaches of 12 conferences (N = 1,902) were examined for textual representations of heteronormativity and heterosexism. Biographies were coded based on the presence or absence of personal text--and the presence or absence of family narratives. The data demonstrate a near absence of gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgendered coaches, suggesting that digital content of intercollegiate athletic department Web sites reproduces dominant gender ideologies and is plagued by homophobia in overt and subtle ways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study centers upon accounts of master women coaches in the UK, connecting the participants' experiences of the structural practices within the coaching profession to their feelings of being undervalued and marginalized. By going beyond previous positivist and interpretive approaches to the issue of women coaches' underrepresentation, I locate the participants' narratives and their oppression within the wider sociocultural context of sport. The strength of patriarchy within sport and coaching is revealed in the private lives of the coaches. Consequently, the findings provoke methodological and theoretical implications for an alternative approach to understanding women's long standing minority status within sports leadership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers have argued that coaches are performers in their own right and that their psychological needs should be considered (Giges, Petitpas, & Vernacchia, 2004; Gould, Greenleaf, Guinan, & Chung, 2002). The purpose of this research was to examine high performance women coaches' perceptions of their sport organizations' social context, with specific attention to psychological need support. Self-Determination Theory (Deci & Ryan, 1985; Ryan & Deci, 2002) was employed to frame the examination of the coaches' experiences. Eight high performance women coaches from two sport organizations participated in semistructured interviews. All reported autonomy and competence development opportunities. Organizational relatedness was critical to the experience of a supportive environment. The findings provide insight into the "world of coaching" from the coaches' perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to examine factors that influence how Black female athletic administrators negotiate their personal identity. Negotiation of identities is not only about what people say and do, but where and when they do it, as well as with whom they do it. Thus, it is important to identify social, personal, and organizational factors that influence identity negotiation outcomes. In doing so, this article integrates Thomas and Ely's (1996) diversity perspectives with behavioral confirmation theory and Swann's (1987) theory of self-verification to gain an understanding of the mechanisms and processes that influence Black female athletic administrators' and coaches' identity negotiation outcomes. Six propositions are advanced concerning how personal factors, social status, organizational status, and three diversity perspectives (integration and learning, discrimination and fairness, and access and legitimacy), can support Black females in verifying their self views or conforming their identity to others' expectations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This qualitative study uses expectancy-value and life course theories (Giele & Elder, 1998) to examine both the proximal and distal impact of early family socialization on enduring female participation in sport. Seventeen National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I female head coaches from the U.S. participated in interviews regarding parental influence on their sport involvement. Participants revealed three general mechanisms of sport socialization: a) role modeling, b) providing experience, and c) interpreting experience. Parental influence impacted their enduring involvement in sport by normalizing the sport experience, particularly in terms of gender, and by allowing them a voice in their own participation decisions. Insights regarding the roles of both parents and the interactive and contextual nature of socialization for increasing female participation are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]