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We describe the case of a woman in her 60s admitted to the intensive care unit after a first generalised tonic-clonic seizure in the context of alcohol withdrawal. She was placed under invasive mechanical ventilation due to persistence of coma despite antiepileptic treatment. Despite continuous sedation with propofol, the frequency and intensity of seizure increased. Seizures were very similar to epileptic tonic-clonic seizures and were recorded with video and electroencephalogram (EEG). A diagnosis of tetanus was considered after a scalp wound was discovered. The patient’s husband revealed that a trismus had appeared a few days before hospital admission after a head trauma. EEG showed a pattern of diffuse spikes, which disappeared after a cisatracurium bolus. The diagnosis of tetanus was later confirmed by cultures from wound samples. Therefore, severe tetanus can mimic both the clinical and EEG features of status epilepticus and could be added to the differential diagnosis of epilepsy.

The branched-chain amino acids: leucine, isoleucine and valine occupy a special place among the essential amino acids because of their importance not only in the structure of proteins but also in general and cerebral metabolism. Among the first amino acids absorbed after food intake, they play a major role in the regulation of protein synthesis and insulin secretion. They are involved in the modulation of brain uptake of monoamine precursors with which they may compete for occupancy of a common transporter. In the brain, branched-chain amino acids are involved not only in protein synthesis but also in the metabolic cycles of GABA and Glutamate, and in energy metabolism. In particular, they can affect GABAergic neurons and the excitation/inhibition balance. Branched-chain amino acids are known for the 24-hour rhythmicity of their plasma concentrations, which is remarkably conserved in rodent models. This rhythmicity is partly circadian, independent of sleep and food. Moreover, their concentration increases when sleep is disturbed and in obesity and diabetes. The mechanisms regulating these rhythms and their physiological impact remain poorly understood. In this context, the Drosophila model has not yet been widely used, but it is highly relevant and the first results indicate that it can generate new concepts. The elucidation of the metabolism and fluxes of branched-chain amino acids is beginning to shed light on the mysterious connections between clock, sleep, and metabolism, opening the possibility of new therapies., Les acides aminés branchés : leucine, isoleucine et valine occupent une place particulière parmi les acides aminés essentiels de par leur importance non seulement dans la structure des protéines mais aussi dans le métabolisme général et cérébral. Ils sont parmi les premiers acides aminés absorbés après la prise alimentaire et jouent un rôle majeur dans la régulation de la synthèse protéique et de la sécrétion d’insuline. Ils participent à la modulation de l’import cérébral des précurseurs de monoamines avec lesquels ils peuvent entrer en compétition pour l’occupation d’un transporteur commun. Dans le cerveau, les acides aminés branchés interviennent également dans les cycles métaboliques du GABA et du Glutamate, et dans le métabolisme énergétique. Ils peuvent notamment affecter les neurones GABAergiques et la balance excitation/inhibition. Les acides aminés branchés sont connus pour la rythmicité sur 24h de leurs concentrations plasmatiques qui est remarquablement conservée chez les modèles rongeurs. Cette rythmicité est en partie circadienne, indépendante du sommeil et de l’alimentation. Par ailleurs leur concentration augmente lorsque le sommeil est perturbé ainsi que dans l’obésité et le diabète. Les mécanismes régulant ces rythmes et leur impact physiologique restent mal compris. Dans ce contexte, le modèle drosophile a encore été peu utilisé, mais il a toute sa pertinence et les premiers résultats indiquent qu’il peut générer de nouveaux concepts. L’élucidation du métabolisme et des flux des acides aminés branchés commence à éclairer les connections mystérieuses qui existent entre horloge, sommeil, et métabolisme, ouvrant la possibilité de nouvelles thérapies.

Nephrology; CKD-EPI equation Nefrologia; Equació CKD-EPI Nefrología; Ecuación CKD-EPI

The term extracellular vesicles (EVs) has been recommended to describe various membrane-bound vesicles secreted by most living cells and found in various biological fluids. They gained growing interest as mediators of cell-cell communication and for their roles in different patho-physiological processes. In addition, they were recently considered as disease biomarkers and new drug delivery systems. However, it is still difficult to link a biological function to a specific EV population among the heterogenous EV mixture secreted in the extracellular space due to limitations of optimal isolation methods. EV classification according to their size as small (\textless200 nm) and large (\textgreater200 nm) vesicles is also completed by the identification of selected proteins, nucleic acids and lipids. In this review, we summarized briefly knowledge about the composition and role of EV lipids that received less attention compared to their protein and nucleic acid content. Lipids are not only essential structural components of EVs, but can give important information on their biogenesis. Especially, we discussed our recent data showing the utility of bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate (BMP), a specific endolysosomal lipid marker, that could sign the endosomal origin of small EVs, classically named as exosomes.

This study aimed to compare the gut-brain axis responses to acute electroacupuncture (EA) at different acupoint combinations in the minipig model. Four adult Yucatan minipigs were subjected twice to four acute EA treatments (25-minute acute sessions) including sham (false acupoints) and control (no EA), during anesthesia and according to a Latin-square design paradigm. Acupoint combinations (4 loci each) are head-abdomen (#70 Dafengmen, #35 Sanwan), back (bilateral #27 Pishu, #28 Weishu), leg (bilateral #79 Hangou, #63 Housanli), and sham (2 bilateral points that are not acupoints). Electrocardiograms were performed to explore heart rate variability (HRV). Infrared thermography was used to measure skin temperature at the stimulation points. Saliva (cortisol) and blood samples (leptin, total/active ghrelin, insulin, and glucose) were collected for further analyses before and after acute EA. All animals were also subjected to BOLD fMRI to investigate the brain responses to EA. Acute EA significantly modulated several physiological and metabolic parameters compared to basal, sham, and/or control conditions, with contrasting effects in terms of BOLD responses in brain regions involved in the hedonic and cognitive control of food intake. The head-abdomen combination appeared to be the most promising combination in terms of brain modulation of the corticostriatal circuit, with upregulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, dorsal striatum, and anterior cingulate cortex. It also induced significantly lower plasma ghrelin levels compared to sham, suggesting anorectic effects, as well as no temperature drop at the stimulation site. This study opens the way to a further preclinical trial aimed at investigating chronic EA in obese minipigs.

Funder: Deutsches Institut für Ernährungsforschung Potsdam-Rehbrücke (DIfE) (3440), PURPOSE: In several studies, exploratory dietary patterns (DP), derived by principal component analysis, were inversely or positively associated with incident type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, findings remained study-specific, inconsistent and rarely replicated. This study aimed to investigate the associations between DPs and T2D in multiple cohorts across the world. METHODS: This federated meta-analysis of individual participant data was based on 25 prospective cohort studies from 5 continents including a total of 390,664 participants with a follow-up for T2D (3.8-25.0 years). After data harmonization across cohorts we evaluated 15 previously identified T2D-related DPs for association with incident T2D estimating pooled incidence rate ratios (IRR) and confidence intervals (CI) by Piecewise Poisson regression and random-effects meta-analysis. RESULTS: 29,386 participants developed T2D during follow-up. Five DPs, characterized by higher intake of red meat, processed meat, French fries and refined grains, were associated with higher incidence of T2D. The strongest association was observed for a DP comprising these food groups besides others (IRRpooled per 1 SD = 1.104, 95% CI 1.059-1.151). Although heterogeneity was present (I2 = 85%), IRR exceeded 1 in 18 of the 20 meta-analyzed studies. Original DPs associated with lower T2D risk were not confirmed. Instead, a healthy DP (HDP1) was associated with higher T2D risk (IRRpooled per 1 SD = 1.057, 95% CI 1.027-1.088). CONCLUSION: Our findings from various cohorts revealed positive associations for several DPs, characterized by higher intake of red meat, processed meat, French fries and refined grains, adding to the evidence-base that links DPs to higher T2D risk. However, no inverse DP-T2D associations were confirmed.

International audience

Omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), particularly docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are required for the structure and function of the retina. They could also help to prevent or delay the development of retinopathies. Given the accumulating evidence showing the role of gut microbiota in regulating retinal physiology and host lipid metabolism, we evaluated the potential of long-term dietary supplementation with the Gram-positive bacterium Lacticaseibacillus helveticus strain VEL12193 to modulate the retinal n-3 PUFA content. A set of complementary approaches was used to study the impact of such a supplementation on the gut microbiota and host lipid/fatty acid (FA) metabolism. L. helveticus-supplementation was associated with a decrease in retinal saturated FAs (SFAs) and monounsaturated FAs (MUFAs) as well as an increase in retinal n-3 and omega-6 (n-6) PUFAs. Interestingly, supplementation with L. helveticus enriched the retina in C22:5n-3 (docosapentaenoic acid, DPA), C22:6n-3 (DHA), C18:2n-6 (linoleic acid, LA) and C20:3n-6 (dihomo gamma-linolenic acid, DGLA). Long-term consumption of L. helveticus also modulated gut microbiota composition and some changes in OTUs abundance correlated with the retinal FA content. This study provides a proof of concept that targeting the gut microbiota could be an effective strategy to modulate the retinal FA content, including that of protective n-3 PUFAs, thus opening paths for the design of novel preventive and/or therapeutical strategies for retinopathies.

Background In the NOVA classification system, descriptive criteria are used to assign foods to one of four groups based on processing-related criteria. Although NOVA is widely used, its robustness and functionality remain largely unexplored. We determined whether this system leads to consistent food assignments by users. Methods French food and nutrition specialists completed an online survey in which they assigned foods to NOVA groups. The survey comprised two lists: one with 120 marketed food products with ingredient information and one with 111 generic food items without ingredient information. We quantified assignment consistency among evaluators using Fleiss’ κ (range: 0–1, where 1 = 100% agreement). Hierarchical clustering on principal components identified clusters of foods with similar distributions of NOVA assignments. Results Fleiss’ κ was 0.32 and 0.34 for the marketed foods (n = 159 evaluators) and generic foods (n = 177 evaluators), respectively. There were three clusters within the marketed foods: one contained 90 foods largely assigned to NOVA4 (91% of assignments), while the two others displayed greater assignment heterogeneity. There were four clusters within the generic foods: three clusters contained foods mostly assigned to a single NOVA group (69–79% of assignments), and the fourth cluster comprised 28 foods whose assignments were more evenly distributed across the four NOVA groups. Conclusions Although assignments were more consistent for some foods than others, overall consistency among evaluators was low, even when ingredient information was available. These results suggest current NOVA criteria do not allow for robust and functional food assignments.

International audience; Palm oil (crude or refined) and lard are rich in SFA, while olive oil is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids. SFA are considered harmful to health, while polyunsaturated fatty acids are beneficial to health. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of diets rich in crude PO, refined PO, OO, or lard on the mitochondrial membrane, the activity of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes, and mitochondrial biogenesis. This was an experimental study in male Wistar rats fed a diet containing 30% of each oil. Rats had free access to food and water. After being fed for 12 weeks, animals were sacrificed and liver mitochondria were collected. This collection was used to determine membrane potential and ROS production, membrane phospholipid and fatty acid composition, citrate synthase activity and respiratory chain complex, cardiolipin synthase protein expression, and expression of selected genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis. We found that diets rich in olive oil, palm oil, or lard altered mitochondrial biogenesis by significantly decreasing Pgc1α gene expression and altered the fatty acid composition of rat liver mitochondrial membrane PL.

International audience; The impact of dairy product consumption for long-term health remains unclear, in particular regarding their involvement in cancer etiology for frequent locations like breast or prostate. Besides, little is known about potentially different effects of dairy product subtypes. Our objective was therefore to evaluate the associations between dairy product consumption (total and subtypes) and cancer risk. A total of 101 279 participants from the French NutriNet-Santé cohort study were included (78.7% women; mean [SD] age = 42.2 [14.5] years). Dairy product consumption was assessed using validated web-based 24-hour dietary records. Multiadjusted Cox models were computed. After a median [interquartile range] follow-up time of 5.9 [2.7-8.3] years, we documented 2503 incident cancer cases (783 breast, 323 prostate and 182 colorectal cancers). Total dairy product consumption was not significantly associated with cancer. However, the consumption of “fromage blanc” (a French type of quark/cottage cheese) was associated with an increased risk of cancer overall (HR for 1 serving increment [95% CI] = 1.11 [1.01-1.21]; P-trend = .03) and of colorectal cancer (HR = 1.39 [1.09-1.77]; P-trend < .01). Besides, sugary dairy dessert consumption was directly associated with colorectal cancer risk (HR for 1 serving increment = 1.58 [1.01-2.46]; P-trend = .046]. No association was observed between the consumption of dairy products or sugary dairy desserts and the risk of prostate and breast cancers. In our study, the consumption of dairy products was not associated with the risk of overall, colorectal, breast or prostate cancers. The consumption of “fromage blanc” and sugary dairy desserts were associated to an increased risk of colorectal cancer, but this warrants further investigations.

International audience; Emotional eating is commonly defined as the tendency to (over)eat in response to emotion. Insofar as it involves the (over) consumption of high-calorie palatable foods, emotional eating is a maladaptive behavior that can lead to eating disorders, and ultimately to metabolic disorders and obesity. Emotional eating is associated with eating disorder subtypes and with abnormalities in emotion processing at a behavioral level. However, not enough is known about the neural pathways involved in both emotion processing and food intake. In this review, we provide an overview of recent neuroimaging studies, highlighting the brain correlates between emotions and eating behavior that may be involved in emotional eating. Interaction between neural and neuro-endocrine pathways (HPA axis) may be involved. In addition to behavioral interventions, there is a need for a holistic approach encompassing both neural and physiological levels to prevent emotional eating. Based on recent imaging, this review indicates that more attention should be paid to prefrontal areas, the insular and orbitofrontal cortices, and reward pathways, in addition to regions that play a major role in both the cognitive control of emotions and eating behavior. Identifying these brain regions could allow for neuromodulation interventions, including neurofeedback training, which deserves further investigation.

Background Inflammatory visceral pain is endogenously controlled by enkephalins locally released by mucosal CD4+ T lymphocytes in mice. The present study aimed at identifying opioid receptor(s) expressed on nociceptive sensory nerves involved in this peripheral opioid-mediated analgesia. Methods The peripheral analgesia associated with the accumulation of CD4+ T lymphocytes within the inflamed colonic mucosa was assessed in conditional knockout mice specifically deleted for either of the two opioid receptors for enkephalins (i.e., µ (MOR) and δ (DOR) receptors) in Nav1.8-expressing sensory neurons in the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis model. Results Endogenous analgesia is lost in conditional knockout mice for DOR, but not MOR at the later phase of the DSS-induced colitis. The absence of either of the opioid receptors on sensory nerves had no impact on both the colitis severity and the rate of T lymphocytes infiltrating the inflamed colonic mucosa. Conclusion The key role of DOR on primary afferents in relieving intestinal inflammatory pain opens new therapeutic opportunities for peripherally restricted DOR analgesics to avoid most of the side effects associated with MOR-targeting drugs used in intestinal disorders.

International audience; The present study provides the fatty acid, tocopherol, phytosterol, and polyphenol profiles of some Mediterranean oils extracted from pumpkin, melon, and black cumin seed oils and those of dietary argan seed oil. Gas chromatography analysis revealed that oleic and linoleic acids were the most abundant fatty acids. Argan and melon seed oils exhibited the highest levels of oleic acid (47.32±0.02%) and linoleic acid (58.35±0.26%), respectively. In terms of tocopherols, melon seed oil showed the highest amount (652.1±3.26 mg/kg) with a predominance of γ-tocopherol (633.1±18.81 mg/kg). The phytosterol content varied between 2237.00±37.55 µg/g for argan oil to 6995.55±224.01 µg/g for melon seed oil. High Performance Liquid Chromatography analysis also revealed the presence of several polyphenols: vanillin (0.59 mg equivalents Quercetin/100 g) for melon seed oil, and p-hydroxycinnamic acid (0.04 mg equivalents Quercetin/100 g), coumarine (0.05 mg equivalents Quercetin/100 g), and thymoquinone (1.2 mg equivalents Quercetin/100 g) for black cumin seed oil. The "Kit Radicaux Libres" (KRL) assay used to evaluate the scavenging properties of the oils showed that black cumin seed oil was the most efficient. On the light of the richness of all Mediterranean oil samples in bioactive compounds, the seed oils studied can be considered as important sources of nutrients endowed with cytoprotective properties which benefits in preventing age-related diseases which are characterized by an enhanced oxidative stress.

Odors and aromas perceived in food and in the environment result from the processing of complex chemical mixtures of volatile compounds that should be efficiently processed by the olfactory system. It is known for decades that this processing generates perceptual interactions, such as masking, synergy, or perceptual blending, which contribute to elaborating a synthetic brain representation of the chemical information. Nevertheless, the perceptual processes underlying these interactions are still poorly known. In this project, we set out a multidisciplinary approach to identify the characteristics of odorants and olfactory receptors (ORs) that could support perceptual interactions. We hypothesized that odorants involved in interactions at the peripheral level should share common structural characteristics to allow the activation of a common set of ORs. First, using an RNA-seq approach in mice, we identified the ORs responding to either single odorants or mixtures exhibiting specific perceptual interactions. Then, we confirmed that the target ORs responded to odorants in an in vitro cellular system and that the expected perceptual interactions occurred between the odorants at the olfactory periphery, through EOG recordings on mice’s olfactory mucosa, but also through sensory evaluation in humans. Additionally, a computational study revealed common molecular features between the odorants involved in interactions. When combined, all the results highlight that perceptual interactions such as masking could rise from competition between odorants at the OR level, but that other interactions such as perceptual blending most likely originate from more central integrative brain processing.

Living in variable and unpredictable environments, organisms face recurrent stressful situations. The endocrine stress response, which includes the secretion of glucocorticoids, helps organisms to cope with these perturbations. Although short-term elevations of glucocorticoid levels are often associated with immediate beneficial consequences for individuals, long-term glucocorticoid elevation can compromise key physiological functions such as immunity. While laboratory works highlighted the immunosuppressive effect of long-term elevated glucocorticoids, it remains largely unknown, especially in wild animals, whether this relationship is modulated by individual and environmental characteristics. In this study, we explored the co-variation between baseline cortisol levels, assessed non-invasively using faecal cortisol metabolites (FCMs), and 12 constitutive indices of innate, inflammatory, and adaptive immune functions, in wild roe deer living in three populations with contrasting environmental conditions. Using longitudinal data on 564 individuals, we further investigated whether age and spatio-temporal variations in the quantity and quality of food resources affect the relationship between FCMs and immunity. Negative covariation with glucocorticoids was evident only for innate and inflammatory markers of immunity, while adaptive immunity appeared to be positively or not linked to glucocorticoids. In addition, the negative covariations were generally exacerbated, or revealed, in individuals facing harsh environmental constraints and in old individuals. Therefore, our results highlight the importance of measuring multiple immune markers of immunity in individuals from contrasted environments to unravel the complex relationships between glucocorticoids and immunity in wild animals. Our results also help explain conflicting results found in the literature and could improve our understanding of the long-term consequences of elevated glucocorticoid levels on disease spread and population dynamics.

Le projet de recherche PROLIFIC (PROduits Laitiers et Ingrédients Fermentés Innovants pour des populations Cibles) va évaluer les bénéfices santé des produits laitiers fermentés à destination des jeunes enfants et des seniors.Le projet est porté par un consortium associant des industriels regroupés au sein de Bba Milk Valley et des équipes de recherche bretonnes et ligériennes.Son coût total est de 14 millions d'euros sur cinq ans, co-financé par les instituts de recherche, les industriels de Bba-Milk Valley et les Régions Bretagne et Pays de la Loire. PROLIFIC se décline en cinq thèses de doctorat, trois post-doctorats et 90 mois de CDD de niveau technicien à ingénieur. Yves Le Loir, directeur de l’UMR STLO, est chargé de coordonner le projet. Son lancement a eu lieu à la rentrée 2020.

While breastfeeding is the recommended feeding mode in infancy, rates are low in some Western societies, and infants are widely fed formula. France, in particular, shows high rates of infant formula use, including formulas with protein hydrolysates. The degree of protein hydrolysis has previously been associated with neurodevelopmental outcomes. The present study examines the associations between the protein’s hydrolysis degree in infant formula and child neurodevelopment up to 3.5 years of age in the French nationwide ELFE study. Parents reported on brand and name of the formula used at 2 months and protein hydrolysis degree was derived from the ingredient list. Analyses were based on 6979 infants (92.2%, 6.8% and 1% consuming non-hydrolysed, partially and extensively hydrolysed formulas, respectively). Neurodevelopment was assessed at age 1 and 3.5 years with the Child Development Inventory (CDI), at age 2 years with the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories and at age 3.5 years with the Picture Similarities sub-scale (British Ability Scales). Associations between protein hydrolysis degree and child neurodevelopment were assessed using linear and logistic regression for overall scores and poor CDI sub-domain scores (th centile), respectively. Among formula-fed infants, protein hydrolysis degree in infant formula was not associated with overall neurodevelopmental scores up to 3.5 years. Some associations were found with the motor skills CDI sub-domain but they were not consistent at 1 and 3.5 years as well as across sensitivity analyses. The use of hydrolysed formula appears safe in terms of overall neurodevelopment, and research should further investigate specific neurodevelopmental domains.

Temporal sensory evaluation is increasingly used with consumers. However, very few studies have investigated the repeatability and resolution of the methods used. Thus, this study aimed to fill in the gap by comparing the conclusions drawn from data collected using three temporal sensory methods performed with consumers on time model solutions delivered using a gustometer. One hundred and fifty consumers were recruited. After familiarization and a recognition task, they were divided into 3 panels, each using a different method to describe their temporal perception: Temporal Dominance of Sensations (TDS), Temporal Check-All-That-Apply (TCATA), and Attack-Evolution-Finish (AEF). Fourteen solutions of varying complexity were evaluated, including four evaluated twice. These solutions delivered by the gustometer varied in composition (including 3 to 5 sapid or aromatic compounds: acid, salty, sweet, lemon, and basil), in intensity levels (weak, medium, and strong), and in delivering order.The temporal resolution and the repeatability of the 3 sensory evaluation methods decreased with the complexity of the stimuli. While the sensory perception concurred with the composition of the solutions for simple stimuli, some unexpected results were observed when interactions between compounds occurred. Surprisingly, at the panel level, the conclusions were very similar to TDS and TCATA although they were supposed to measure different concepts (dominance vs. applicability). As expected, TDS and TCATA were superior to AEF in their capacity to highlight temporal changes during the tasting, but as a static method, AEF performed better to detect the presence of the compounds in more complex solutions. These results show that taking into account the temporal dimension in sensory perception is very challenging.

Perception thresholds are commonly used in food science to discriminate between those compounds that are more or less odour-active. It is not rare to use values from other studies and apply them to our data, however, we observed that the procedure to evaluate and calculate perception thresholds is not standardised. The aim of this study was to explore the influence of calculation methods on threshold values. To do so, we used a 3-AFC sensory procedure to determine the orthonasal and retronasal detection values of 26 compounds, amongst them some compounds that usually contribute to the aroma of strawberry and caramel (e.g. vanillin, Furaneol and damascenone). The thresholds were calculated by either Best Estimate Threshold (BET) method or by logistic regression. Moreover, an algorithm for the removal of false positives was applied to adjust the assessors' raw responses (raw and adjusted data). The results showed significant effects (p

Odors convey important information to select a sex partner, to find a food source, or to detect a danger. Among those some volatile molecules have been shown to cause a reversible anesthesia. However, their mode of action appears still largely mysterious. Here we describe a novel property of Olfactory Receptor 47b (OR47b), on olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) expressing male-specific transcription factor FruM. We found some interesting properties of a fatty acid that can be present on food sources and oviposition sites for Drosophilid species. We show that OR47b neurons projecting to VA1v glomerulus are sensitive to this odor, and that this influences Drosophila behavior causing a strong aversion and even a reversible anesthesia. Strikingly, males are more sensitive than females to this acid. This effect is also adult specific, since larvae are highly attracted, and never anesthetized by this odor in contrary to carboxylic acid (CO2) or nitric oxide (NO). Furthermore, we observed that the anesthetic sex- specific effect is not displayed in a closely related species, Drosophila suzukii. Finally, we used this fatty acid on cherry crops and obtained a robust protection against D. suzukii. These findings reveal a spectacular evolutionary and stage-dependent sensitivity to some odors through a specific sensory pathway, which can be used to protect fruits in a safe manner for the ecosystem and the biodiversity.

El objetivo de este trabajo ha sido demostrar que, a la hora de calcular umbrales de percepción, el método de cálculo elegido y las respuestas que son falso positivo (es decir, aquéllas en las que la respuesta positiva no corresponde a la detección real del aroma sino al azar al elegir la respuesta), tienen un efecto significativo sobre el valor de umbral calculado.

For older adults (> 65 years old), undernutrition is a severe health problem that can impact the quality of life, induce or aggravate the development of diseases, and reduce life expectancy. Undernutrition can be defined as an inadequate intake of dietary energy and proteins combined with a low muscle mass. Diet-induced muscle mass and strength loss in older adults may be due to insufficient protein intake. Therefore, older adults need to increase the amount of high-quality ingested proteins, particularly foods rich in leucine, to promote muscle health. However, it is still unclear if changes in protein digestibility and absorption kinetics in old age may affect the anabolic effect of high-protein foods. The objective of this study was to investigate the in vitro digestion of two aged-tailored dairy products. A dairy dessert containing 10 % proteins and a spreadable cream cheese containing 24 % proteins were formulated with a ratio of whey proteins to caseins of 80 to 20 % (as opposed to milk, i.e., with a ratio of whey proteins to caseins of 20 to 80 %). This enrichment in whey proteins was used to increase the intake of branched amino acids, like leucine, to stimulate muscle protein synthesis in older adults. The rheological properties of these products were measured and related to their sensory properties (i.e., oral comfort) assessed by a panel of over 65 years-old subjects. Finally, the food matrix breakdown in the stomach and protein digestion have been studied with an in vitro digestion model adapted to the physiology of older adults. This new model results from an international consensus reached within the framework of the European project EAT4AGE in collaboration with the international research network INFOGEST. This study should improve our knowledge of the digestion of age-tailored dairy products in the aging gastrointestinal tract and help formulate innovative nutrient-dense food products that improve the bioavailability of proteins.

International audience

Purpose: In light of the latest epidemiological and nutritional knowledge and scientific evidence supporting responsive feeding, the French feeding guidelines for 0-3 years were recently updated and nationally disseminated through a brochure and media campaign by Santé publique France. Moreover, smartphone apps become increasingly popular and is likely relevant to provide timely information across development to inform parents about child feeding practices but their effect is seldom evaluated. This randomized controlled trial (RCT) aims to investigate whether the provision of guidelines through an app and a brochure (vs. brochure alone, usual service) results in healthier parental feeding practices, infant's eating behaviours and body mass index (BMI). Methods: This double-blinded monocentric 2-arm trial is conducted among first-time parents living in the area of Dijon (France) and recruited in a maternity ward. A smartphone app was developed by INRAE for the outcome evaluation and for the timely distribution of the new guidelines content: from child age 3 to 36 months, 106 age-adapted messages with dietary recommendations, educational advice, recipes and tips provided in the form of short texts and videos (intervention group only), and 36 generic messages (both groups). The primary outcome is the BMI z-score at 36 months of age. Secondary outcome measures include online parents' reports and behavioural assessments (experimental meals) of parental feeding practices and infant eating behaviours from inclusion to 36 months of age. Analyses of covariance on these outcomes will assess the effect of the intervention. Mediation and moderation analyses will explore, respectively, the mechanisms of action of the intervention and the potential moderating effect of socioeconomic, parental (attitudes and beliefs about child feeding) and infants' (general temperament) factors. Sample size was determined to be n=118 in each arm, plus 20% to compensate for potential attrition.Results/findings: The first participants were enrolled in March 2022 and the recruitment is ongoing (n=110 were included on February 2023). Conclusions: This is the first French RCT to assess a digital intervention targeted to first-time parents to improve feeding practices and child growth. The app may represent a potential stand-alone communication tool to complement those already disseminated to the general population.

Sans risque, bonne pour la santé, pleine de saveurs, écologique... La fermentation, technique bien connue de nos ancêtres puis reléguée à certaines cultures avant de revenir en force depuis une vingtaine d'années, ne cesse de révéler ses bienfaits. Retour sur un engouement bien dans l'air du temps.

International audience

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) encompassing nanovesicles derived from the endosome system and generated by plasmatic membrane shedding are of increasing interest in view of their ability to sustain cell-to-cell communication and the possibility that they could be used as surrogate biomarkers of healthy and unhealthy trajectories. Nutritional strategies have been developed to preserve health, and the impact of these strategies on circulating EVs is arousing growing interest. Data available from published studies are now sufficient for a first integration to better understand the role of EVs in the relationship between diet and health. Thus, this review focuses on human intervention studies investigating the impact of diet or its components on circulating EVs. Because of analytical bias, only large EVs have been assessed so far. The analysis highlights that poor-quality diets with elevated fat and sugar content increase levels of circulating large EVs, and these can be partly counteracted by healthy food or some food micronutrients and bioactive compounds. However, knowledge of the content and the biological functions of these diet-induced EVs is still missing. It is important to address these aspects in new research in order to state if EVs are mediators of the effects of diet on health.

International audience

Resume Dans le prolongement des debats qui ont abouti a la promulgation de la Loi Lurel en 2013, notre etude evalue la qualite nutritionnelle des produits apprehendee a travers leur teneur en sucre, pour une large partie de l’offre alimentaire disponible dans les Antilles, et compare cette offre avec celle correspondante dans l’Hexagone. L’analyse se focalise sur trois secteurs de produits - les boissons sucrees, les produits laitiers frais, les biscuits et gâteaux - qui sont les plus gros contributeurs aux apports en sucres des populations en Martinique et Guadeloupe. D’une facon generale, pour les 3 secteurs etudies, l’offre de produits disponible aux Antilles ne se demarque pas de facon tres importante de celle observee sur le marche hexagonal. En moyenne les teneurs en sucres sont comparables, tant pour le secteur des boissons sucrees (5 % d’ecart en moyenne) que pour celui des biscuits et gâteaux. Le secteur des produits laitiers frais se demarque plus fortement avec une teneur moyenne en sucres superieure de 15 % a celle de l’hexagone. Il faut neanmoins noter que, pour quelques familles de produits qui peuvent etre largement consommees, les ecarts de teneur en sucres sont susceptibles d’avoir des impacts sur les apports en sucres des consommateurs. Boissons aux fruits gazeuses et plates, limonades, cremes dessert, fromages frais et yaourts sucres, qui representent des familles de produits avec de grands nombres de references disponibles (suggerant de hauts niveaux de consommation), presentent ainsi des teneurs en sucres plus elevees aux Antilles qu’en France hexagonale. Si ces differences apparaissent clairement et ne doivent pas etre sous-estimees, les resultats conduisent a nuancer l’idee que la qualite de l’offre disponible aux Antilles serait le determinant majeur des apports en sucre plus eleves que dans l’hexagone. En tout etat de cause, l’effet lie aux quantites consommees est au moins aussi important que celui lie aux differences de teneur en sucres observees.

The H2020 European research project INTAQT aims at developing innovative tools to assess and authenticate beef, chicken, milk and dairy products quality. This project studies more specifically the link between husbandry systems and intrinsic quality criteria. A group of stakeholders is involved to consider their expectations, suggestions and concerns. They represent the whole supply chain, from farmers, to dairy plants, retailers up to citizens and consumers organizations. Their consultations were meant to address recommendations to add to the experimental dispositive 1/ husbandry systems and practices of interest to them, 2/ quality criteria, and analysis according to the expressed needs. Furthermore, one of the challenges in the project is to build a synthetic multicriteria scoring tool including the quality criteria studied and consider stakeholders’ expectations and fears. In France, 17 qualitative interviews were led with stakeholders on their views on dairy product quality, its link to husbandry and their reaction about the project. The organoleptic, safety, technological and nutritional criteria, referred as intrinsic dairy product quality were cited spontaneously. As well as the extrinsic factors of naturalness, environment, animal welfare, social aspect and rearing conditions. The need for transparency and visibility related to husbandry and dairy process are considered by all the stakeholders as a central stake. Environment, animal welfare, products naturalness and the recipes simplification are regarded as growing challenges. On the opposite, dairy products substitution by vegetal products or synthetic products represents a real threat to some of them. The stakeholders’ expectations on the INTAQT project echo the opinions expressed on the dairy products quality evolution perspectives. Lastly, the multicriteria scoring tool divides the stakeholders. For some of them, this tool could be an opportunity to counterbalance the Nutriscore. Some others fear to bring more complex information to understand to the consumer, getting lost. In any case, stakeholders advised to define precisely the target of such a tool, and the messages to deliver. Those consultations allowed to consider the professional and societal expectations as core questions of this European research program. They will enable to bring some implementations to the experimental dispositive, considering its feasibility. Thus, it will bring objectified scientific elements to answer to those expectations., Le projet de recherche européen INTAQT vise à développer des outils innovants pour l’évaluation et l’authentification de la qualité des viandes de boeuf et de poulet, du lait et des produits laitiers. Il cherche à objectiver le lien entre les modes d’élevage et les critères de qualité intrinsèques de ces produits. Au coeur de la démarche, l’implication de groupes d’acteurs organisés par type de produit : producteurs, transformateurs, distributeurs, associations consuméristes et citoyennes, permet de prendre en compte leurs attentes et craintes. Au début du projet, l’objectif de ces consultations est de formuler des recommandations pour intégrer au dispositif expérimental 1/ des systèmes et pratiques d’élevages d’intérêt pour les acteurs, 2/ des critères de qualité et analyses selon les besoins exprimés. Par ailleurs, l’objectif du projet est de construire un outil de score multicritère, synthétisant l’ensemble des critères de qualité étudiés, et d’en recueillir les attentes et craintes des groupes d’acteurs. Pour y parvenir, des entretiens individuels ont été conduits. En France, 17 acteurs de la filière bovine laitière ont fait l’objet d’entretiens qualitatifs sur leur vision de la qualité, les liens avec l’élevage et leurs réactions sur les différents points du projet. Les critères organoleptique, sanitaire, technologique et nutritionnel constituant la qualité intrinsèque des produits laitiers ont été cités spontanément par tous les types d’acteurs. Il en est de même pour les critères extrinsèques de « naturalité », environnement, bien-être animal, social, et des conditions d’élevage. Le besoin de transparence et de visibilité des modes d’élevage et de la transformation ressort comme un enjeu central, partagé par tous les acteurs. L’environnement, le bien-être animal, la « naturalité des produits » et de la simplification des recettes (limitation des additifs…), sont perçues comme des enjeux croissants. Tandis que la substitution des produits laitiers par les produits végétaux ou de synthèse, représente aux yeux de certains une menace future. Les attentes des acteurs sur le projet INTAQT font écho aux opinions exprimées sur les perspectives d’évolution de la qualité des produits laitiers. Enfin, l’outil de score multicritère divise les acteurs. Certains d’entre eux y voient une opportunité de « contrecarrer » le Nutriscore. D’autres redoutent d’apporter une information supplémentaire complexe à comprendre pour le consommateur. Dans tous les cas, il s’agit de bien définir la cible, et les messages à faire passer. Ces consultations ont permis de mettre au coeur de ce projet de recherche européen les attentes des professionnels et sociétales. Les recommandations permettront de moduler les dispositifs expérimentaux et d’apporter des éléments scientifiques objectivés pour y répondre.

International audience; The perinatal exposome can modify offspring metabolism and health later in life. Within this concept, maternal exercise during gestation has been reported modifying offspring glucose sensing and homeostasis, while the impact of such exercise during lactation is little-known. We thus aimed at evaluating short-and long-term effects of it on offspring pancreatic function, assuming a link with changes in breast milk composition. Fifteen-week-old primiparous female Wistar rats exercised during lactation at a constant submaximal intensity (TR) or remained sedentary (CT). Male offspring were studied at weaning and at 7 months of age for growth, pancreas weight, glycemia and insulin responses. Milk protein content was determined by the bicinchoninic acid assay (BCA colorimetric method), and lipid content and fatty acid composition by gas chromatography. Mature milk from TR rats contained significantly less saturated (-7%) and more monounsaturated (+18%) and polyunsaturated (PUFA +12%) fatty acids compared to CT rats, with no difference in total lipid and protein concentrations. In offspring from TR vs CT mothers, fasting glycemia was lower, pancreas weight was higher with a lower insulin content (-37%) at weaning. Such outcomes were correlated with milk PUFA levels and indices of desaturase or elongase activities. These effects were no longer present at 7 months, whereas a more efficient muscle insulin sensitivity was observed. Maternal training during lactation led to a specific milk phenotype that was associated with a short-term impact on glucose homeostasis and pancreatic function of the male offspring.

Skeletal muscle mitochondrial function is the biggest component of whole-body energy output. Mitochondrial energy production during exercise is impaired in vitamin D-deficient subjects. In cultured myotubes, loss of vitamin D receptor (VDR) function decreases mitochondrial respiration rate and ATP production from oxidative phosphorylation. We aimed to examine the effects of vitamin D deficiency and supplementation on whole-body energy expenditure and muscle mitochondrial function in old rats, old mice, and human subjects. To gain further insight into the mechanisms involved, we used C2C12 and human muscle cells and transgenic mice with muscle-specific VDR tamoxifen-inducible deficiency. We observed that in vivo and in vitro vitamin D fluctuations changed mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative activity in skeletal muscle. Vitamin D supplementation initiated in older people improved muscle mass and strength. We hypothesize that vitamin D supplementation is likely to help prevent not only sarcopenia but also sarcopenic obesity in vitamin D-deficient subjects.

International audience; We aimed to test the hypothesis that adherence to a healthful plant-based diet (hPDI) is associated with a subsequent decrease in the incidence of asthma symptoms, with an opposite association with adherence to an unhealthful plant-based diet (uPDI). In addition, we evaluated a potential mediating role of body mass index (BMI) and the modifying effect of smoking. Among 5700 elderly women from the French Asthma-E3N study with dietary data in 1993 and 2005, we assessed the incidence of asthma symptoms in 2018 among women with no asthma symptoms in 2011. BMI was evaluated in 2008. Mediation analyses in the counterfactual framework were used to disentangle total, direct, and indirect effects mediated by BMI. We found that both healthful and unhealthful plant-based diets were associated with a lower incidence of asthma symptoms over time, mediated by BMI (OR (95%CI) for the indirect effect: 0.94 (0.89–1.00) for hPDI and 0.92 (0.70–1.00) for uPDI)). Associations with both healthful and unhealthful PDIs were mediated by changes in BMI by 33% and 89%, respectively. Plant-based diets (healthful and unhealthful) were associated with subsequently reduced incidences of asthma symptoms over time, partly or almost totally mediated by BMI according to their nutritional quality.

National audience

Background Eating disorders (ED) are a public health concern due to their increasing prevalence and severe associated comorbidities. The aim of this study was to identify mental health and health behaviours associated with each form of EDs. Methods A case–control study was performed: cases were patients with EDs managed for the first time in a specialized nutrition department and controls without EDs were matched on age and gender with cases. Participants of this study filled self-administered paper questionnaire (EDs group) or online questionnaire (non-ED group). Collected data explored socio-demographics, mental health including anxiety and depression, body image, life satisfaction, substances and internet use and presence of IBS (Irritable Bowel Syndrome). Results 248 ED patients (broad categories: 66 Restrictive, 22 Bulimic and 160 Compulsive) and 208 non-ED subjects were included in this study. Mean age was 36.0 (SD 13.0) and 34.8 (SD 11.6) in ED and non-ED groups, respectively. Among patients and non-ED subjects, 86.7% and 83.6% were female, respectively. Body Shape Questionnaire mean score was between 103.8 (SD 46.1) and 125.0 (SD 36.2) for EDs and non-ED group, respectively (p p Conclusion This study highlights the common comorbidities shared by all EDs patients and also identifies some specific features related to ED categories. These results should contribute to the conception of future screening and prevention programs in at risk young population as well as holistic care pathways for ED patients. Plain English summary This case–control study evaluated mental health and health behaviours associated with the main categories of Eating Disorders (EDs). Cases were patients with EDs initiating care in a specialized nutrition department and controls without ED were matched on age and gender with cases. Self-administered paper questionnaires were filled by ED 248 patients (66 Restrictive, 22 Bulimic and 160 Compulsive) and online questionnaire by 241 non-ED controls. Body image satisfaction was significantly worse in ED patients than in controls. (p p

International audience; Drosophila melanogaster flies use their proboscis to taste and distinguish edible compounds from toxic compounds. With their proboscis, flies can detect sex pheromones at a close distance or by contact. Most of the known proteins associated with probosci’s detection belong to gustatory receptor families. To extend our knowledge of the proboscis-taste proteins involved in chemo-detection, we used a proteomic approach to identify soluble proteins from Drosophila females and males. This investigation, performed with hundreds of dissected proboscises, was initiated by the chromatographic separation of tryptic peptides, followed by tandem mass spectrometry, allowing for femtomole detection sensitivity. We found 586 proteins, including enzymes, that are involved in intermediary metabolism and proteins dedicated to various functions, such as nucleic acid metabolism, ion transport, immunity, digestion, and organ development. Among 60 proteins potentially involved in chemosensory detection, we identified two odorant-binding proteins (OBPs), i.e., OBP56d (which showed much higher expression in females than in males) and OBP19d. Because OBP56d was also reported to be more highly expressed in the antennae of females, this protein can be involved in the detection of both volatile and contact male pheromone(s). Our proteomic study paves the way to better understand the complex role of Drosophila proboscis in the chemical detection of food and pheromonal compounds.

International audience; Background and aimsTo evaluate the prevalence and prognostic value of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in patients admitted for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).Methods and resultsIn this monocentric cohort retrospective study, we consecutively included all adult patients admitted to COVID-19 units between April 9 and May 29, 2020 and between February 1 and March 26, 2021. MetS was defined when at least three of the following components were met: android obesity, high HbA1c, hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, and low HDL cholesterol. COVID-19 deterioration was defined as the need for nasal oxygen flow ≥6 L/min within 28 days after admission.We included 155 patients (55.5% men, mean age 61.7 years old, mean body mass index 29.8 kg/m2). Fifty-six patients (36.1%) had COVID-19 deterioration. MetS was present in 126 patients (81.3%) and was associated with COVID-19 deterioration (no-MetS vs MetS: 13.7% and 41.2%, respectively, p < 0.01). Logistic regression taking into account MetS, age, gender, ethnicity, period of inclusion, and Charlson Index showed that COVID-19 deterioration was 5.3 times more likely in MetS patients (95% confidence interval 1.3–20.2) than no-MetS patients.ConclusionsOver 81.3% of patients hospitalized in COVID-19 units had MetS. This syndrome appears to be an independent risk factor of COVID-19 deterioration.

Obese women are at high risk of unintended pregnancy. In addition, obesity is an important risk factor for venous thromboembolism events and arterial thrombosis. All of these data are to be considered in choosing a contraceptive method for obese women. The metabolic changes and the increased body mass of these women may be the cause of a reduction in the effectiveness of hormonal contraception. The progestin-only contraceptives (progestin only pills and etonogestrel subdermal implant) and the intra-uterine devices are the preferred contraceptive methods in women with obesity. The combined estrogen-progestin contraceptives may be proposed in young obese women without other cardiovascular risk factor. Obesity per se does not seem to increase the risk of failure of most contraceptive methods. Bariatric surgery is a complex situation. Contraception is needed for at least 12 months after surgery. Some bariatric surgery such as bypass can induce gastrointestinal malabsorption. In this situation, all oral contraceptives are not recommended because of a higher risk of failure., La question de l’influence de l’obésité sur la contraception peut être envisagée sous plusieurs angles : comme facteur de risque d’échec d’une contraception hormonale ; comme facteur de risque cardio-vasculaire, pouvant majorer ce risque lors de l’association à une contraception hormonale. Les modifications métaboliques observées au cours de l’obésité et la masse corporelle plus importante des femmes présentant une obésité peuvent en effet être à l’origine d’une réduction de l’efficacité de la contraception hormonale. Néanmoins, les données, mêmes peu nombreuses, laissent penser que l’efficacité de la plupart des méthodes de contraception n’est a priori pas diminuée chez ces femmes. La chirurgie bariatrique, utilisée pour remédier à l’obésité, constitue une situation complexe, qui impose une contraception dans la première année post-opératoire afin d’éviter toute grossesse. Si la technique chirurgicale induit une malabsorption (comme le bypass ), toute contraception administrée par voie orale verra son efficacité fortement diminuée et sera donc déconseillée en raison d’un haut risque d’échec.

Interactions between diet and gut microbiota are critical regulators of energy metabolism. The effects of fibre intake have been deeply studied but little is known about the impact of proteins. Here, we investigated the effects of high protein supplementation (Investigational Product, IP) in a double blind, randomised placebo-controled intervention study (NCT01755104) where 107 participants received the IP or an isocaloric normoproteic comparator (CP) alongside a mild caloric restriction. Gut microbiota profiles were explored in a patient subset (n = 53) using shotgun metagenomic sequencing. Visceral fat decreased in both groups (IP group: − 20.8 ± 23.2 cm2; CP group: − 14.5 ± 24.3 cm2) with a greater reduction (p