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Over the past 30 years, there has been a dramatic increase in the use of autologous fat grafting for soft-tissue augmentation and to improve facial skin quality. Several studies have highlighted the impact of aging on adipose tissue, leading to a decrease of adipose tissue volume and preadipocytes proliferation and increase of fibrosis. Recently, there has been a rising interest in adipose tissue components, including Adipose-derived Stem/Stromal Cells (ASCs) due to their regenerative potential, including inflammation, fibrosis and vascularization modulation. Due to their differentiation potential and paracrine function, ASC has been largely used for fat grafting procedures as they are described to be a key component in fat graft survival. However, many parameters as surgical procedures of adipose tissue biology could change clinical outcomes. Variation on fat grafting methods lead to numerous inconsistent clinical outcomes. Donor-to-donor variation could also be imputed to ASCs, tissue inflammatory state or tissue origin. In this review, we aim to analyze (1) the parameters involved on the graft survival, and (2) the effect of aging on adipose tissue components, especially ASCs, that could lead to a decrease of skin regeneration and fat graft retention.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Sex-based differences in acute ischemic stroke are a well-known phenomenon. We aimed to explore these differences between women and men in the Efficacy and Safety of MRI-Based Thrombolysis in Wake-Up Stroke (WAKE-UP) trial. METHODS: We compared baseline demographic and imaging characteristics (visual fluid-attenuated inversion recovery [FLAIR] positivity, relative FLAIR signal intensity, collateral status) between women and men in all screened patients. In randomized patients (i.e., those with diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI)-FLAIR mismatch), we evaluated a modifying role of sex on the treatment effect of alteplase in multivariable logistic regression, with treatment adjusted for National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score and age. Dependent variables were modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score of 0-1 at 90 days and distribution of mRS scores at 90 days. RESULTS: Of 1362 screened patients, 529 (38.8%) were women. Women were older than men, had higher baseline NIHSS scores and smoked less frequently. FLAIR positivity of the DWI lesion was equally present in women (174/529, 33.1%) and men (273/833, 33.3%; p = 1.00) and other imaging variables also did not differ between the sexes. In a total of 503 randomized patients, of whom 178 were women (35.4%), sex did not modify the treatment effect of alteplase on mRS score 0-1 or on the total distribution of mRS scores. CONCLUSION: As in many other stroke trials, more men than women were included in the WAKE-UP trial, but the presence of a visual DWI-FLAIR mismatch and the relative FLAIR signal intensity did not differ between the sexes. The treatment effect of alteplase was not modified by sex. ispartof: EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY vol:30 issue:3 pages:641-647 ispartof: location:England status: published

High throughput sequencing in microbiological diagnosis The applications of next-generation sequencing (NGS) in health have recently become more widespread, at first in research studies and then in clinical microbiology. The use of NGS has mainly been developed in bacteriology and mycology, especially based on phylogenetic markers (hypervariable regions of rDNA 16S, 18S, or 28S) which allow by metataxonomy, to describe the physiopathological variations of microbiota. By non-targeted metagenomics approaches, the comparison of whole genome NGS data to international databases allows the detection of genomic antimicrobial resistance which is often correlated with the resistance phenotype. Similarly, different strategies to study virulence factors have been developed to compare the genomes of clinical isolates to reference strains and thus to analyze genomic islands. NGS has also shown its efficiency in determining an inter-individual transmission cluster, to identify the source patient or to improve collective management, to search for the etiological agent of an infection. Even though structures such as the Cofrac have taken NGS into account, the lack of standardization limits the routine development of these approaches, due to the need for bioinformatics., Les applications du séquençage haut débit (NGS) en santé se sont récemment démocratisées, d’abord en recherche puis en microbiologie clinique. L’utilisation du NGS a surtout des applications en bactériologie et mycologie, principalement basées sur les marqueurs phylogénétiques documentés (régions hypervariables du 16S, 18S, ou 28S) permettant, par métataxonomie, de décrire les variations physiopathologiques des microbiotes. En métagénomique non ciblée, la comparaison des données de séquençage de génomes complets à des banques de données internationales permet de détecter une antibiorésistance génomique, souvent corrélée au phénotype de résistance. De même, différentes stratégies d’étude des facteurs de virulence ont été développées pour comparer les génomes des souches isolées en clinique à des souches de référence et ainsi analyser les îlots génomiques. Le NGS a aussi montré son efficacité à déterminer une chaîne de transmission interindividuelle, afin de remonter au patient source ou d’améliorer la prise en charge collective. L'approche métagénomique a permis de rechercher l'agent étiologique d'une infection. Malgré la prise en compte par des structures comme le Comité français d'accréditation, l’absence de standardisation limite le développement en routine de ces approches, en particulier du fait des besoins en bioinformatique.

Microcebus murinus, or gray mouse lemur (GML), is one of the smallest primates known, with a size in between mice and rats. The small size, genetic proximity to humans and prolonged senescence, make this lemur an emerging model for neurodegenerative diseases. For the same reasons, it could help understand how aging affects cardiac activity. Here, we provide the first characterization of sinoatrial (SAN) pacemaker activity and of the effect of aging on GML heart rate (HR). According to GML size, its heartbeat and intrinsic pacemaker frequencies lie in between those of mice and rats. To sustain this fast automaticity the GML SAN expresses funny and Ca2+ currents (If, ICa,L and ICa,T) at densities similar to that of small rodents. SAN automaticity was also responsive to β-adrenergic and cholinergic pharmacological stimulation, showing a consequent shift in the localization of the origin of pacemaker activity. We found that aging causes decrease of basal HR and atrial remodeling in GML. We also estimated that, over 12 years of a lifetime, GML generates about 3 billion heartbeats, thus, as many as humans and three times more than rodents of equivalent size. In addition, we estimated that the high number of heartbeats per lifetime is a characteristic that distinguishes primates from rodents or other eutherian mammals, independently from body size. Thus, cardiac endurance could contribute to the exceptional longevity of GML and other primates, suggesting that GML’s heart sustains a workload comparable to that of humans in a lifetime. In conclusion, despite the fast HR, GML replicates some of the cardiac deficiencies reported in old people, providing a suitable model to study heart rhythm impairment in aging. Moreover, we estimated that, along with humans and other primates, GML presents a remarkable cardiac longevity, enabling longer life span than other mammals of equivalent size.

International audience; While the exploitation of aquatic fauna and flora has been documented in several primate species to date, the evolutionary contexts and mechanisms behind the emergence of this behavior in both human and non-human primates remain largely overlooked. Yet, this issue is particularly important for our understanding of human evolution, as hominins represent not only the primate group with the highest degree of adaptedness to aquatic environments, but also the only group in which true coastal and maritime adaptations have evolved. As such, in the present study we review the available literature on primate foraging strategies related to the exploitation of aquatic resources and their putative associated cognitive operations. We propose that aquatic resource consumption in extant primates can be interpreted as a highly site-specific behavioral expression of a generic adaptive foraging decision-making process, emerging in sites at which the local cost-benefit trade-offs contextually favor aquatic over terrestrial foods. Within this framework, we discuss the potential impacts that the unique intensification of this behavior in hominins may have had on the evolution of the human brain and spatial ecology.

A new species of Paratropis Simon, 1889, P. tortue sp. nov., based on the holotype male, is described from Petites Montagnes Tortue Biological Reserve, French Guiana., Une nouvelle espèce du genre Paratropis Simon, 1889, P. tortue n. sp., est décrite de la Réserve biologique des Petites Montagnes Tortue en Guyane, basée sur un holotype mâle.

Calymmochilus russoi Gibson, 1995, a wasp from the family Eupelmidae, was observed for the first time in France on September 4th 2021. This is the third observation of this species ever. This sighting allowed for the first photographs of a live individual of this species. Furthermore, another specimen was once again observed in the exact same location one year later on September 1st 2022., Calymmochilus russoi Gibson, 1995, une guêpe de la famille Eupelmidae, a été observé pour la première fois en France le 4 Septembre 2021. Ceci est la troisième observation au monde de cette espèce et a permis les premières photographies d’un individu vivant de cette espèce. De plus, un autre spécimen a été vu exactement au même endroit un an plus tard, le 1er Septembre 2022.

Four new species are described from the Neotropical region: Sternidius micromaculatus sp. nov. (Lamiinae, Acanthocinini), from Belize; Cymatonycha megagena sp. nov. (Lamiinae, Desmiphorini), from Mexico (Chiapas); Adesmus alboverticis sp. nov. (Lamiinae, Hemilophini); and Novantinoe pubescens sp. nov. (Disteniidae), from Guatemala. A key to species of Cymatonycha Bates, 1874 is provided, and Novantinoe pubescens sp. nov. is included in a previous key., Quatre nouvelles espèces sont décrites de la région néotropicale: Sternidius micromaculatus sp. nov. (Lamiinae, Acanthocinini), from Belize; Cymatonycha megagena sp. nov. (Lamiinae, Desmiphorini), from Mexico (Chiapas); Adesmus alboverticis sp. nov. (Lamiinae, Hemilophini); and Novantinoe pubescens sp. nov. (Disteniidae), from Guatemala. Une clé du genre Cymatonycha Bates, 1874 est proposée, et Novantinoe pubescens sp. nov. est incorporée dans la clé déjà connue.

New buthid scorpions are described from Saudi Arabia, from a site never studied previously, the Mahazat as-Sayd Reserve, in the centre of the country. Two species are described, based on one adult male (Compsobuthus mahazat sp. n.) and one adult female (Orthochirus arabicus sp. n.). The total number of scorpion species currently recognized in Saudi Arabia is now raised to 30., De nouveaux scorpions Buthidae d’Arabie Saoudite sont décrits d’un site non étudié auparavant, la réserve de Mahazat as-Sayd, dans le centre du pays. Deux espèces sont décrites sur la base d’un mâle adulte (Compsobuthus mahazat sp. n.) et d’une femelle adulte (Orthochirus arabicus sp. n.). Le nombre total d’espèces de scorpions actuellement reconnues pour l’Arabie Saoudite est porté à 30.

The illustrated and updated catalogue of Cerambycidae of the islands of São Tomé and Príncipe has made it possible to identify 66 species by integrating 6 new continental species: Acutandra gabonica (Thomson, 1858) (Parandrinae), Hypomares brunneus (Thomson, 1858), Paroeme flava (Thomson, 1858) (Cerambycinae, Xystrocerini), Idactus ellioti klingi (Kolbe, 1893) (Lamiinae, Ancylonotini), Apomecyna trifasciata Quedenfeldt, 1883, Ramularius unicolor Breuning, 1940 (Lamiinae, Apomecynini), as well as two newly described species: Conobrium filippii Coache et al. 2021 (Cerambycinae Obriini) and Chariestes coachei Sudre & Filippi, 2022 (Lamiinae, Tragocephalini) but also by removing 5 species: Ceratocentrus spinicornis (Fabricius, 1793) (Prioninae, Acanthophorini), Macrotoma palmata (Fabricius, 1793 (Prioninae, Macrotomini), Frea maculicornis Thomson, 1858 (Lamiinae, Crossotini), Coptops aedificator (Fabricius, 1793) (Lamiinae, Mesosini) and Tragocephala guerinii White, 1856 (Lamiinae, Tragocephalini). We have established the synonymy of Insulochamus nicoletii (Thomson, 1857) = Monochamus principis Breuning, 1956 syn. nov., (Lamiinae, Lamiini). The rate of endemism is very high, reaching 62.12%., Le catalogue illustré et actualisé des Cerambycidae des îles de São Tomé et Príncipe a permis de recenser 66 espèces en y intégrant 6 nouvelles espèces continentales : Acutandra gabonica (Thomson, 1858) (Parandrinae), Hypomares brunneus (Thomson, 1858), Paroeme flava (Thomson, 1858) (Cerambycinae, Xystrocerini), Idactus ellioti klingi (Kolbe, 1893) (Lamiinae, Ancylonotini), Apomecyna trifasciata Quedenfeldt, 1883, Ramularius unicolor Breuning, 1940 (Lamiinae, Apomecynini), ainsi que deux espèces nouvellement décrites : Conobrium filippii Coache et al. 2021 (Cerambycinae Obriini) et Chariestes coachei Sudre & Filippi, 2022 (Lamiinae, Tragocephalini) mais également en y retirant 5 espèces : Ceratocentrus spinicornis (Fabricius, 1793) (Prioninae, Acanthophorini), Macrotoma palmata (Fabricius, 1793 (Prioninae, Macrotomini), Frea maculicornis Thomson, 1858 (Lamiinae, Crossotini), Coptops aedificator (Fabricius, 1793) (Lamiinae, Mesosini) et Tragocephala guerinii White, 1856 (Lamiinae, Tragocephalini). Nous avons établi la synonymie de Insulochamus nicoletii (Thomson, 1857) = Monochamus principis Breuning, 1956 syn. nov., (Lamiinae, Lamiini). Le taux d’endémisme est très élevé, atteignant 62,12 %., O catálogo ilustrado e atualizado de Cerambycidae das ilhas de São Tomé e Príncipe permitiu identificar 66 espécies integrando 6 novas espécies continentais: Acutandra gabonica (Thomson, 1858) (Parandrinae), Hypomares brunneus (Thomson, 1858), Paroeme flava (Thomson, 1858) (Cerambycinae, Xystrocerini), Idactus ellioti klingi (Kolbe, 1893) (Lamiinae, Ancylonotini), Apomecyna trifasciata quedenfeldt, 1883, Ramurius unicolor Breuning, 1940 (Lamiinae, Apomecynini), bem como duas espécies recém-descritas: Conobrium filippii Coache et al. 2021 (Cerambycinae Obriini) e Chariestes coachei Sudre & Filippi, 2022 (Lamiinae, Tragocephalini) mas também removendo 5 espécies: Ceratocentrus spinicornis (Fabricius, 1793) (Prioninae, Acanthophorini), Macrotoma palmata (Fabricius, 1793 (Prioninae, Macrotomini), Frea maculicornis Thomson, 1858 (Lamiinae, Crossotini), Coptops aedificator (Fabricius, 1793) (Lamiinae, Mesosini) e Tragocephala guerinii White, 1856 (Lamiinae, Tragocephalini). Estabelecemos a sinónimo de Insulochamus nicoletii (Thomson, 1857) = Monochamus principis Breuning, 1956 syn. nov., (Lamiinae, Lamiini). A taxa de endemismo é muito elevada, atingindo os 62,12%.

A new species Bothriurus andorinhas n. sp. is described from an area of transition between savanna-like formations and wet-forests in the south of the state of Pará in Brazil. The new species can be associated with other species of what can be defined as the Bothriurus rochai complex. The description of this new species attests once again about the existence of micro-endemic populations within different groups of Bothriurus. Comments are proposed on some ecological particularities of the micro-habitat of the new taxon and about the region where the new species was discovered in the state of Pará., Une nouvelle espèce, Bothriurus andorinhas n. sp. est décrite d’une zone de transition entre des formations de type savanicole et des forêts humides, situées dans le sud de l’état du Pará au Brésil. La nouvelle espèce peut être associée à d’autres espèces appartenant à un complexe qui peut être défini comme celui de Bothriurus rochai. La description de la nouvelle espèce apporte un nouveau soutien à l’existence de populations micro-endémiques au sein des différents groupes de Bothriurus. Des commentaires sont proposés sur certaines particularités écologiques du micro-habitat du nouveau taxon ainsi que sur la région où la nouvelle espèce a été trouvée au sud de l’état du Pará.

A new species of the genus Vesperella Dayrem from Morocco, Vesperella taouchgueltana n. sp. is described. The habitus of thethree species of the genus Vesperella are illustrated and a separation key is offered., Se describe una nueva especie del género Vesperella Dayrem, de Marruecos, Vesperella taouchgueltana n. sp. Se ilustran los habitus de las tres especies del género Vesperella y se ofrece una clave de separación., Une nouvelle espèce du genre Vesperella Dayrem est décrite du Maroc: Vesperella taouchgueltana n. sp. L’habitus des troisespèces du genre Vesperella sont illustrées et une clé de détermination est proposée.

Odors convey important information to select a sex partner, to find a food source, or to detect a danger. Among those some volatile molecules have been shown to cause a reversible anesthesia. However, their mode of action appears still largely mysterious. Here we describe a novel property of Olfactory Receptor 47b (OR47b), on olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) expressing male-specific transcription factor FruM. We found some interesting properties of a fatty acid that can be present on food sources and oviposition sites for Drosophilid species. We show that OR47b neurons projecting to VA1v glomerulus are sensitive to this odor, and that this influences Drosophila behavior causing a strong aversion and even a reversible anesthesia. Strikingly, males are more sensitive than females to this acid. This effect is also adult specific, since larvae are highly attracted, and never anesthetized by this odor in contrary to carboxylic acid (CO2) or nitric oxide (NO). Furthermore, we observed that the anesthetic sex- specific effect is not displayed in a closely related species, Drosophila suzukii. Finally, we used this fatty acid on cherry crops and obtained a robust protection against D. suzukii. These findings reveal a spectacular evolutionary and stage-dependent sensitivity to some odors through a specific sensory pathway, which can be used to protect fruits in a safe manner for the ecosystem and the biodiversity.

Two new species of the genus Hestimoides Breuning, from the Solomon Islands, are described: Hestimoides vivesi n. sp. and Hestimoides brosi n. sp., Se describe dos nuevas especies del género Hestimoides Breuning, de las Islas Salomón: Hestimoides vivesi n. sp. y Hestimoides brosi n. sp., Deux nouvelles espèces du genre Hestimoides Breuning sont décrites des Iles Salomon: Hestimoides vivesi n. sp. et Hestimoidesbrosi n. sp.

The species Anthrenus (Anthrenops) stolidus sp. nov. from India is described, illustrated and compared with similar species., Anthrenus (Anthrenops) stolidus sp. nov. est décrite d’Inde, illustrée et comparée avec les espèces les plus proches.

Five new species of Miridiba Reitter, 1902 are described from Laos and illustrated: Miridiba (Pledina) brancuccii sp. nov., Miridiba (Pledina) laotica sp. nov., Miridiba (Pledina) phousanensis sp. nov., Miridiba (Pledina) phupanensis sp. nov., Miridiba (Pledina) rasoria sp. nov., Cinq nouvelles espèce du genre Miridiba Reitter, 1902 sont décrites du Laos et illustrées : Miridiba (Pledina) brancuccii sp. nov., Miridiba (Pledina) laotica sp. nov., Miridiba (Pledina) phousanensis sp. nov., Miridiba (Pledina) phupanensis sp. nov., Miridiba (Pledina) rasoria sp. nov.

International audience; Metabolome profiling in biological fluids is an interesting approach for exploring markers of methane emissions in ruminants. In this study, a multiplatform metabolomics approach was used for investigating changes in milk metabolic profiles related to methanogenesis in dairy cows. For this purpose, 25 primiparous Holstein cows at similar lactation stage were fed the same diet supplemented with (treated, n = 12) or without (control, n = 13) a specific antimethanogenic additive that reduced enteric methane production by 23% with no changes in intake, milk production, and health status. The study lasted 6 wk, with sampling and measures performed in wk 5 and 6. Milk samples were analyzed using 4 complementary analytical methods, including 2 untargeted (nuclear magnetic resonance and liquid chromatography coupled to a quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometer) and 2 targeted (liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and gas chromatography coupled to a flame ionization detector) approaches. After filtration, variable selection and normalization data from each analytical platform were then analyzed using multivariate orthogonal partial least square discriminant analysis. All 4 analytical methods were able to differentiate cows from treated and control groups. Overall, 38 discriminant metabolites were identified, which affected 10 metabolic pathways including methane metabolism. Some of these metabolites such as dimethylsulfoxide, dimethylsulfone, and citramalic acid, detected by nuclear magnetic resonance or liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry methods, originated from the rumen microbiota or had a microbial-host animal co-metabolism that could be associated with methanogenesis. Also, discriminant milk fatty acids detected by targeted gas chromatography were mostly of ruminal microbial origin. Other metabolites and metabolic pathways significantly affected were associated with AA metabolism. These findings provide new insight on the potential role of milk metabolites as indicators of enteric methane modifications in dairy cows.

With the emergence of disease modifying osteoarthritis drugs (DMOAD), imaging methods to quantitatively demonstrate their efficacy and to monitor osteoarthritis progression at the functional level are urgently needed. Our group showed that articular cartilage can be quantitatively assessed in nuclear medicine imaging by our radiotracer 99mTc-NTP 15-5 targeting cartilage proteoglycans. In this work, surgically induced DMM mice were treated with sprifermin or saline. We investigated cartilage remodelling in the mice knees by 99mTc-NTP 15-5 SPECT-CT imaging over 24 weeks after surgery, as wells as proteoglycan biochemical assays. OA alterations were scored by histology according to OARSI guidelines. A specific accumulation of 99mTc-NTP 15-5 in cartilage joints was evidenced in vivo by SPECT-CT imaging as early as 30 min post-iv injection. In DMM, 99mTc-NTP 15-5 accumulation in cartilage within the operated joints, relative to contralateral ones, was observed to initially increase then decrease as pathology progressed. Under sprifermin, 99mTc-NTP 15-5 uptake in pathological knees was significantly increased compared to controls, at 7-, 12- and 24-weeks, and consistent with proteoglycan increase measured 5 weeks post-surgery, as a sign of cartilage matrix remodelling. Our work highlights the potential of 99mTc-NTP 15-5 as an imaging-based companion to monitor cartilage remodelling in OA and DMOAD response.

International audience; The perinatal exposome can modify offspring metabolism and health later in life. Within this concept, maternal exercise during gestation has been reported modifying offspring glucose sensing and homeostasis, while the impact of such exercise during lactation is little-known. We thus aimed at evaluating short-and long-term effects of it on offspring pancreatic function, assuming a link with changes in breast milk composition. Fifteen-week-old primiparous female Wistar rats exercised during lactation at a constant submaximal intensity (TR) or remained sedentary (CT). Male offspring were studied at weaning and at 7 months of age for growth, pancreas weight, glycemia and insulin responses. Milk protein content was determined by the bicinchoninic acid assay (BCA colorimetric method), and lipid content and fatty acid composition by gas chromatography. Mature milk from TR rats contained significantly less saturated (-7%) and more monounsaturated (+18%) and polyunsaturated (PUFA +12%) fatty acids compared to CT rats, with no difference in total lipid and protein concentrations. In offspring from TR vs CT mothers, fasting glycemia was lower, pancreas weight was higher with a lower insulin content (-37%) at weaning. Such outcomes were correlated with milk PUFA levels and indices of desaturase or elongase activities. These effects were no longer present at 7 months, whereas a more efficient muscle insulin sensitivity was observed. Maternal training during lactation led to a specific milk phenotype that was associated with a short-term impact on glucose homeostasis and pancreatic function of the male offspring.

BackgroundVariability is a hallmark of animal behavior. It contributes to survival by endowing individuals and populations with the capacity to adapt to ever-changing environmental conditions. Intra-individual variability is thought to reflect both endogenous and exogenous modulations of the neural dynamics of the central nervous system. However, how variability is internally regulated and modulated by external cues remains elusive. Here we address this question by analyzing the statistics of spontaneous exploration of freely swimming zebrafish larvae, and by probing how these locomotor patterns are impacted when changing the water temperatures within an ethologically relevant range.ResultsWe show that, for this simple animal model, five short-term kinematic parameters - interbout interval, turn amplitude, travelled distance, turn probability and orientational flipping rate - together control the long-term exploratory dynamics. We establish that the bath temperature consistently impacts the means of these parameters, but leave their pairwise covariance unchanged. These results indicate that the temperature merely controls the sampling statistics within a well-defined kinematic space delineated by this robust statistical structure. At a given temperature, individual animals explore the behavioral space over a timescale of tens of minutes, suggestive of a slow internal state modulation that could be externally biased through the bath temperature. By combining these various observations into a minimal stochastic model of navigation, we show that this thermal modulation of locomotor kinematics results in a thermophobic behavior, complementing direct gradient-sensing mechanisms.ConclusionsThis study establishes the existence of a well-defined locomotor space accessible to zebrafish larvae during spontaneous exploration, and quantifies self-generated modulation of locomotor patterns. Intra-individual variability reflects a slow diffusive-like probing of this space by the animal. The bath temperature in turn restricts the sampling statistics to sub-regions, endowing the animal with basic thermophobicity. This study suggests that in Zebrafish, as well as in other ectothermic animals, ambient temperature could be used to efficiently manipulate internal states in a simple and ethological way.

Severe COVID-19 infection results in significant immune dysregulation resulting from excessive recruitment and activation of neutrophils. The aim of this study was to confirm feasibility, initial safety and detect signal of efficacy of a non-propriety device delivered using an intermittent extra-corporeal system (LMOD) allowing leucocytes modulation in the setting of Severe COVID-19 infection. Twelve patients were recruited. Inclusion criteria were > 18 years age, confirmed COVID-19, acute respiratory distress syndrome requiring mechanical support and hypotension requiring vasopressor support. Primary end point was vasopressor requirements (expressed as epinephrine dose equivalents) and principle secondary endpoints related to safety, ability to deliver the therapy and markers of inflammation assessed over five days after treatment initiation. LMOD treatment appeared safe, defined by hemodynamic stability and no evidence of white cell number depletion from blood. We demonstrated a significant decrease in vasopressor doses (−37%, p = 0.02) in patients receiving LMOD therapy (despite these patients having to tolerate an additional extracorporeal intermittent therapy). Vasopressor requirements unchanged/increasing in control group (+ 10%, p = 0.48). Although much about the use of this therapy in the setting of severe COVID-19 infection remains to be defined (e.g. optimal dose and duration), this preliminary study supports the further evaluation of this novel extracorporeal approach.

In this study, we aimed to develop a theoretical framework for a multimodal, integrative, exercise, anti-inflammatory and dietary counselling (MMIEAD) intervention for patients with renal cachexia with reference to how this addresses the underlying causal pathways for renal cachexia, the outcomes anticipated, and how these will be evaluated. We used a Theory of Change (ToC) approach to guide six steps. Step 1 included inputs from a workshop to obtain key stakeholder views on the potential development of a multimodal intervention for renal cachexia. Step 2 included the findings of a mixed-methods study with Health Care Practitioners (HCPs) caring for individuals with End Stage Kidney Disease (ESKD) and cachexia. Step 3 included the results from our systematic literature review on multimodal interventions for cachexia management. In step 4, we used the body of our research team’s cachexia research and wider relevant research to gather evidence on the specific components of the multimodal intervention with reference to how this addresses the underlying causal pathways for renal cachexia. In steps 5 and 6 we developed and refined the ToC map in consultation with the core research team and key stakeholders which illustrates how the intervention components of MMIEAD interact to achieve the intended long-term outcomes and anticipated impact. The results of this study provide a theoretical framework for the forthcoming MMIEAD intervention for those with renal cachexia and in subsequent phases will be used to determine whether this intervention is effective. To the best of our knowledge no other multimodal intervention trials for cachexia management have reported a ToC. Therefore, this research may provide a useful framework and contribute to the ongoing development of interventions for cachexia management.

International audience; Reducing the burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) is one of the top priorities of public health policies worldwide. One of the recognized means of achieving this objective is to improve the diet quality. The Nutri-Score (N-S) is a [five-color - A, B, C, D, E letters] front-of-pack labelling logo intended to help consumers quickly identify the healthier prepackaged foods within a food category. Available studies have shown that the N-S is an efficient tool to achieve this aim in terms of consumers' awareness, perception, understanding and purchasing and that its use may help to reduce the prevalence of NCDs. The N-S is currently implemented on a voluntary basis in seven European countries and a discussion is underway within the European Commission to achieve a harmonized mandatory label. However, no study on the putative impact of the N-S on children's dietary patterns and health is available. The N-S is not applicable to infants' and young children's formulas and to specific baby foods, the compositions of which are already laid down in European Union regulations. The N-S does not replace age-appropriate dietary guidelines. As children consume an increasing number of adult type and processed foods, the relevance of the N-S for children should be evaluated considering the children's high specific requirements, especially in younger children. This is especially necessary for fitting fat and iron requirements, whereas protein-rich foods should be better framed. Moreover, efforts should be made to inform on how to use the N-S and in education on healthy diets.

Background This study aimed to report the prevalence of HER2-neu in newly diagnosed early or metastatic gastric cancer (GC) patients, to determine the percentage of patients achieving various IHC scores correlating with the ISH results and to establish a database for GC patients in Lebanon. Methods This was a national, multicenter, descriptive and cross-sectional study in patients with histologically confirmed early or metastatic GC newly diagnosed. All eligible patients underwent the IHC and ISH tests in a central laboratory. Demographics, medical history and histopathology data were collected. Results One hundred fifty-seven patients were included (mean age at diagnosis: 63 ± 14.1 years) during a 3.5 year period. The prevalence of HER2-neu over expression was 21% (95% CI: 15.3–27.4) using ICH and ISH. Agreement between IHC and ISH results was significantly substantial (kappa = 0.681; p-value Conclusions The prevalence of HER2-neu over expression in newly diagnosed early or metastatic GC patients seemed to be high in Lebanon. The database generated allows to monitor trends in the epidemiology and management of GC.

No abstract available

This work was funded by the EU to FN NEUSEQBOT [91774] and to Human Brain Project Specific Grant Agreement 3 to ER [H2020-RIA. 945539]. The Andalusian Regional Government (Spain) and EU to ER CEREBIO [P18-FR-2378] and to NRL [A-TIC-276-UGR18]. The Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation to NRL SPIKEAGE [MICINN-PID2020-113422G A-I00] ref [MCIN/ AEI/10.13039/501100011033] and to ER INTSENSO [MICINN-FEDER-PID2019-109991GB-I00]. It was also funded by the French Government through the Chair SILVERSIGHT to AA [ANR-14-CHIN-0001 & ANR-18-CHIN-0002], the LabEx LIFESENSES to AA [ANR-10-LABX-65], and the IHU FOReSIGHT to AA [ANR-18-IAHU-01]. Funding for open access charge: CBUA/Universidad de Granada., The inferior olivary (IO) nucleus makes up the signal gateway for several organs to the cerebellar cortex. Located within the sensory–motor-cerebellum pathway, the IO axons, i.e., climbing fibres (CFs), massively synapse onto the cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs) regulating motor learning whilst the olivary nucleus receives negative feedback through the GABAergic nucleo-olivary​ (NO) pathway. The NO pathway regulates the electrical coupling (EC) amongst the olivary cells thus facilitating synchrony and timing. However, the involvement of this EC regulation on cerebellar adaptive behaviour is still under debate. In our study we have used a spiking cerebellar model to assess the role of the NO pathway in regulating vestibulo-ocular-reflex (VOR) adaptation. The model incorporates spike-based synaptic plasticity at multiple cerebellar sites and an electrically-coupled olivary system. The olivary system plays a central role in regulating the CF spike-firing patterns that drive the PCs, whose axons ultimately shape the cerebellar output. Our results suggest that a systematic GABAergic NO deactivation decreases the spatio-temporal complexity of the IO firing patterns thereby worsening the temporal resolution of the olivary system. Conversely, properly coded IO spatio-temporal firing patterns, thanks to NO modulation, finely shape the balance between long-term depression and potentiation, which optimises VOR adaptation. Significantly, the NO connectivity pattern constrained to the same micro-zone helps maintain the spatio-temporal complexity of the IO firing patterns through time. Moreover, the temporal alignment between the latencies found in the NO fibres and the sensory–motor pathway delay appears to be crucial for facilitating the VOR. When we consider all the above points we believe that these results predict that the NO pathway is instrumental in modulating the olivary coupling and relevant to VOR adaptation., EU to FN NEUSEQBOT [91774] and to Human Brain Project Specific Grant Agreement 3 to ER [H2020-RIA. 945539], Andalusian Regional Government (Spain) and EU to ER CEREBIO [P18-FR-2378] and to NRL [A-TIC-276-UGR18], Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation to NRL SPIKEAGE [MICINN-PID2020-113422G A-I00] ref [MCIN/ AEI/10.13039/501100011033] and to ER INTSENSO [MICINN-FEDER-PID2019-109991GB-I00], French Government through the Chair SILVERSIGHT to AA [ANR-14-CHIN-0001 & ANR-18-CHIN-0002], LabEx LIFESENSES to AA [ANR-10-LABX-65], IHU FOReSIGHT to AA [ANR-18-IAHU-01], Funding for open access charge: CBUA/Universidad de Granada

International audience

International audience

International audience

Peritoneal surface malignancies (PSMs) are usually associated with a poor prognosis. Nonetheless, in line with advances in the management of most abdominopelvic metastatic diseases, considerable progress has been made over the past decade. An improved understanding of disease biology has led to the more accurate prediction of neoplasia aggressiveness and the treatment response and has been reflected in the proposal of new classification systems. Achieving complete cytoreductive surgery remains the cornerstone of curative-intent treatment of PSMs. Alongside centralization in expert centres, enabling the delivery of multimodal and multidisciplinary strategies, preoperative management is a crucial step in order to select patients who are most likely to benefit from surgery. Depending on the specific PSM, the role of intraperitoneal chemotherapy and of perioperative systemic chemotherapy, in particular, in the neoadjuvant setting, is established in certain scenarios but questioned in several others, although more prospective data are required. In this Review, we describe advances in all aspects of the management of PSMs including disease biology, assessment and improvement of disease resectability, perioperative management, systemic therapy and pre-emptive management, and we speculate on future research directions.

Meiotic maturation is a crucial step of oocyte formation, allowing its potential fertilization and embryo development. Elucidating this process is important for both fundamental research and assisted reproductive technology. However, few computational tools based on non-invasive measurements are available to characterize oocyte meiotic maturation. Here, we develop a computational framework to phenotype oocytes based on images acquired in transmitted light. We trained neural networks to segment the contour of oocytes and their zona pellucida using oocytes from diverse species. We defined a comprehensive set of morphological features to describe an oocyte. These steps were implemented in an open-source Fiji plugin. We present a feature-based machine learning pipeline to recognize oocyte populations and determine morphological differences between them. We first demonstrate its potential to screen oocytes from different strains and automatically identify their morphological characteristics. Its second application is to predict and characterize the maturation potential of oocytes. We identify the texture of the zona pellucida and cytoplasmic particle size as features to assess mouse oocyte maturation potential and tested whether these features were applicable to the developmental potential of human oocytes. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.

International audience; The transcription factor Krüppel-like factor 10 (Klf10), also known as Tieg1 for TGFβ (Inducible Early Gene-1) is known to control numerous genes in many cell types that are involved in various key biological processes (differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, inflammation), including cell metabolism and human disease. In skeletal muscle, particularly in the soleus, deletion of the Klf10 gene (Klf10 KO) resulted in ultrastructure fiber disorganization and mitochondrial metabolism deficiencies, characterized by muscular hypertrophy. To determine the metabolic profile related to loss of Klf10 expression, we analyzed blood and soleus tissue using UHPLC-Mass Spectrometry. Metabolomics analyses on both serum and soleus revealed profound differences between wild-type (WT) and KO animals. Klf10 deficient mice exhibited alterations in metabolites associated with energetic metabolism. Additionally, chemical classes of aromatic and amino-acid compounds were disrupted, together with Krebs cycle intermediates, lipids and phospholipids. From variable importance in projection (VIP) analyses, the Warburg effect, citric acid cycle, gluconeogenesis and transfer of acetyl groups into mitochondria appeared to be possible pathways involved in the metabolic alterations observed in Klf10 KO mice. These studies have revealed essential roles for Klf10 in regulating multiple metabolic pathways whose alterations may underlie the observed skeletal muscle defects as well as other diseases.

International audience; No abstract available

International audience; BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: We recently showed that perinatal exposure to diets with unbalanced n-6:n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ratios affects the olfactory mucosa (OM) fatty acid composition. To assess the repercussions of these modifications, we investigated the impact of diets unbalanced in n-3 PUFAs on the molecular composition and functionality of the OM in young mice. METHODS: After mating, female mice were fed diets either deficient in α-linolenic acid (LOW diet) or supplemented with n-3 long-chain PUFAs (HIGH diet) during the perinatal period. Weaned male offspring were then fed ad libitum with the same experimental diets for 5 weeks. At 8 weeks of age, olfactory behavior tests were performed in young mice. The fatty acid composition of OM and olfactory cilia, as well as the expression of genes involved in different cellular pathways, were analyzed. The electroolfactograms induced by odorant stimuli were recorded to assess the impact of diets on OM functionality. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Both diets significantly modified the fatty acid profiles of OM and olfactory cilia in young mice. They also induced changes in the expression of genes involved in olfactory signaling and in olfactory neuron maturation. The electroolfactogram amplitudes were reduced in mice fed the LOW diet. Nevertheless, the LOW diet and the HIGH diet did not affect mouse olfactory behavior. Our study demonstrated that consumption of diets deficient in or supplemented with n-3 PUFAs during the perinatal and postweaning periods caused significant changes in young mouse OM. However, these modifications did not impair their olfactory capacities.

International audience; Current treatments for trauma-related disorders remain ineffective for many patients.1,2 Fear extinction deficiency is a prominent feature of these diseases,3 and many behavioral treatments rely on extinction training.4,5 However, in many patients, therapy is followed by a relapse of symptoms, and the underpinnings of such interindividual variations in vulnerability to relapse remain unknown.6-8 Here, we modeled interindividual differences in post-therapy fear relapse with an ethologically relevant trauma recovery paradigm. After fear conditioning, male rats underwent fear extinction while foraging in a large enriched arena, permitting the expression of a wide spectrum of behaviors. An automated multidimensional behavioral assessment revealed that post-conditioning fear response profiles clustered into two groups: some animals expressed fear by freezing more, whereas others darted more, as if fleeing from danger. Remarkably, the tendency of an animal to dart or to freeze after CS presentation during the first extinction session was, respectively, associated with stronger or weaker fear renewal. Moreover, genome-wide transcriptional profiling revealed that these groups differentially regulated specific sets of genes, some of which were previously implicated in anxiety and trauma-related disorders. Our results suggest that post-trauma behavioral phenotypes and the associated gene expression landscapes can serve as markers of fear relapse susceptibility and thus may be instrumental for future development of more effective treatments for psychiatric patients.

International audience; Background: Early life stress is known to affect the development of the nervous system and its function at a later age. It increases the risk to develop psychiatric disorders as well as chronic pain and its associated affective comorbidities across the lifespan. GABAergic inhibition is important for the regulation of central function and related behaviors, including nociception, anxiety or social interactions, and requires low intracellular chloride levels. Of particular interest, the oxytocinergic (OTergic) system exerts potent anxiolytic, analgesic and pro-social properties and is known to be involved in the regulation of chloride homeostasis and to be impaired following early life stress.Methods: We used behavioral measures to evaluate anxiety, social interactions and pain responses in a rat model of neonatal maternal separation (NMS). Using quantitative PCR, we investigated whether NMS was associated with alterations in the expression of chloride transporters in the cerebrum and spinal cord. Finally, we evaluated the contribution of OTergic signaling and neuro-inflammatory processes in the observed phenotype.Results: NMS animals displayed a long-lasting upregulation of chloride importer Na-K-Cl cotransporter type 1 (NKCC1) expression in the cerebrum and spinal cord. Neonatal administration of the NKCC1 inhibitor bumetanide or oxytocin successfully normalized the anxiety-like symptoms and the lack of social preference observed in NMS animals. Phenotypic alterations were associated with a pro-inflammatory state which could contribute to NKCC1 upregulation.Conclusions: This work suggests that an impaired chloride homeostasis, linked to oxytocin signaling dysfunction and to neuro-inflammatory processes, could contribute to the sensori-affective phenotype following NMS.

The authors, under the aegis of the Veterinary Academy of France, studied how the scientific literature questions the relationship between the emergence of zoonosis or new human and animal infectious diseases and the loss of biodiversity observed under anthropogenic changes. This review describes how some pathogens can spill over from «wild reservoir » to domestic animal populations and human. The exploitation and destruction of natural environments such as primary forests and tropical wetlands, and closest proximity amongst species that is consecutive promote contacts that allow pathogens to circulate from the wild natural reservoirs to humans, who then spread these agents all over the world. However, there is a large array of modalities with regard to the transmission and further spread of pathogens from biodiversity. It is premature to draw general conclusions on these relationships from this review only. However, the study emphasizes the needs to strengthen a multidisciplinary approach in research as well as in practice and teaching. Such multi-disciplinary approach should involve close collaborations between veterinary and human medicines, ecology, other biological and environmental disciplines and the human sciences., Les auteurs réunis sous l’égide de l’Académie Vétérinaire de France ont étudié comment la littérature scientifique interroge le rapport entre l’émergence de zoonoses ou de nouvelles maladies infectieuses humaines et animales, d’une part et les pertes de biodiversité observées sous l’effet des pressions humaines d’autre part. L’examen de la littérature consultée décrit comment certains agents pathogènes peuvent passer du «réservoir » naturel sauvage à celui des animaux domestiques et aux populations humaines. L’exploitation et la destruction des milieux naturels comme les forêts primaires et les zones humides tropicales, ainsi que le rapprochement d’espèces consécutif, favorisent des contacts permettant le passage (direct ou via des réservoirs intermédiaires) d’agents pathogènes du réservoir sauvage aux humains, qui propagent ensuite ces agents sur la planète. Il existe toutefois une importante variabilité des modalités permettant le passage, puis la propagation locale et planétaire des agents pathogènes issus de la biodiversité. Il est prématuré de tirer des conclusions générales sur les relations que cette revue scientifique a examinées. L’article suggère néanmoins que l’approche pluridisciplinaire doit progresser tant dans le domaine de la recherche que dans celui des pratiques et de l’enseignement. Cette pluridisciplinarité implique une étroite collaboration entre les médecines vétérinaires et humaines, l’écologie de la santé, d’autres disciplines biologiques et environnementales, et les sciences humaines., Robardet Emmanuelle, Charbonnel Nathalie, Guégan Jean-françois, Monchâtre-Leroy Élodie, Parodi André, Gauchot Jean-Yves, Zeller Hervé, Boussarie Didier, Artois Marc. Maladies transmissibles et altération de la biodiversité : Quelles relations ?. In: Bulletin de l'Académie Vétérinaire de France tome 174, 2021. pp. 149-159.

National audience

The reproductive phenology of tropical geckos varies considerably between species. We investigated the reproductive timing of Phelsuma inexpectata, a critically endangered tropical squamate endemic to Reunion Island (western Indian Ocean). From February 2018 to August 2020 (30 months), we carried out monthly monitoring of laying sites. Phelsuma inexpectata exhibited a seasonal reproductive pattern, with breeding activity from the end of the austral winter to the end of the austral summer. We observed intra- and interannual synchronicity of oviposition in September. The seasonal reproductive pattern appears to be synchronized with optimal environmental conditions (temperatures, food resources) for the survival of eggs and hatchlings. Females deposited their eggs in communal laying sites (up to 9 eggs) and exhibited interannual laying site fidelity (50% of the laying sites were reused in the second breeding season). Minimum and maximum incubation periods (± SD) were 69 ± 24 days and 115 ± 25 days, respectively. Our study provides the first description of the Manapany Day Gecko reproduction in the wild and highlights for the first time the very high synchronicity of oviposition in the genus Phelsuma. These results will be very useful to improve the conservation of this species, in particular with regard to the timing of predator control, designing monitoring protocols for breeding and survival parameters, and implementing a captive rearing program for hatchlings.

Animals, including humans, detect odours and use this information to behave efficiently in the environment. Frequently, odours consist of complex mixtures of odorants rather than single odorants, and mixtures are often perceived as configural wholes, i.e. as odour objects (e.g. food, partners). The biological rules governing this ‘configural perception’ (as opposed to the elemental perception of mixtures through their components) remain weakly understood. Here, we first review examples of configural mixture processing in diverse species involving species-specific biological signals. Then, we present the original hypothesis that at least certain mixtures can be processed configurally across species. Indeed, experiments conducted in human adults, newborn rabbits and, more recently, in rodents and honeybees show that these species process some mixtures in a remarkably similar fashion. Strikingly, a mixture AB (A, ethyl isobutyrate; B, ethyl maltol) induces configural processing in humans, who perceive a mixture odour quality (pineapple) distinct from the component qualities (A, strawberry; B, caramel). The same mixture is weakly configurally processed in rabbit neonates, which perceive a particular odour for the mixture in addition to the component odours. Mice and honeybees also perceive the AB mixture configurally, as they respond differently to the mixture compared with its components. Based on these results and others, including neurophysiological approaches, we propose that certain mixtures are convergently perceived across various species of vertebrates/invertebrates, possibly as a result of a similar anatomical organization of their olfactory systems and the common necessity to simplify the environment's chemical complexity in order to display adaptive behaviours.

Objective Causal mutations for major genes that underlie a broad range of morphological traits are often located within exons of genes that then affect protein functions. Non-model organism genetic studies are not easy to perform due to the lack of genome-wide molecular tools such as SNP genotyping array. Genotyping-By-Sequencing (GBS) methods offer an alternative. Consequently, we used this approach that is focused on the exome to target and identify major genes in rabbit populations. Data description We used a heterologous enrichment method before sequencing, allowing us to capture the rabbit exome using the marketed human panel since mammal protein coding genes are well conserved across the phylogenic tree of species. This targeted strategy was performed on 52 French rabbits from 5 different French strains (Californian, New-Zealand, Castor, Chinchilla and Laghmere). We generated 3.4 billion sequencing reads and approximately 29–140 million of reads per DNA sample. The expected exome coverage per sample ranged between 118 and 566X. The present dataset could be useful for the scientific community working on rabbit species in order to (i) improve the annotation of the rabbit reference genome Oryctolagus cuniculus (OryCun2.0), (ii) enrich the characterization of polymorphisms segregating in rabbits and (iii) evaluate the genetic biodiversity in different rabbit strains. Raw sequences were deposited in the European Nucleotide Archive (ENA) at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory- European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI) data portal under bioproject accession number PRJEB37917.

No abstract available

This revision of the genus Scapicoelis complements the work of Dégallier et al. (2020) and includes the description of the following new species: S. ayri n. sp., S. bichoae n. sp., S. erwini n. sp., S. gomyi n. sp., S. guyanensis n. sp., S. incognitus n. sp., S. kinitii n. sp., S. koriphensis n. sp., S. kovariki n. sp., S. lackneri n. sp., S. lagardei n. sp., S. leivasi n. sp., S. margarhetae n. sp., S. mariaeclarae n. sp., S. marinae n. sp., S. minor n. sp., S. nazareti n. sp., S. paraguayense n. sp., S. parallelus n. sp., S. pilosus n. sp., S. punctatus n. sp., S. rolandi n. sp., S. rugosifrons n. sp., S. shueyi n. sp., S. simplex n. sp., S. touroulti n. sp., S. tuberculatus n. sp. and S. unistriatus n. sp. An identification key is proposed for the thirty known species, eco-ethological data and species distribution are summarized and discussed., Cette révision du genre Scapicoelis complète le travail de Degallier et al. (2020) et s’accompagne de la description des espèces nouvelles suivantes : S. ayri n. sp., S. bichoae n. sp., S. erwini n. sp., S. gomyi n. sp., S. guyanensis n. sp., S. incognitus n. sp., S. kinitii n. sp., S. koriphensis n. sp., S. kovariki n. sp., S. lackneri n. sp., S. lagardei n. sp., S. leivasi n. sp., S. margarhetae n. sp., S. mariaeclarae n. sp., S. marinae n. sp., S. minor n. sp., S. nazareti n. sp., S. paraguayense n. sp., S. parallelus n. sp., S. pilosus n. sp., S. punctatus n. sp., S. rolandi n. sp., S. rugosifrons n. sp., S. shueyi n. sp., S. simplex n. sp., S. touroulti n. sp., S. tuberculatus n. sp. et S. unistriatus n. sp. Une clé d'identification est proposée pour les trente espèces connues, les données éco-éthologiques et la distribution des espèces sont discutées.

Flow-mediated dilation (FMD) of resistance arteries is essential for tissue perfusion but it decreases with ageing. As estrogen receptor alpha (Erα encoded by Esr1), and more precisely membrane ERα, plays an important role in FMD in young mice in a ligand-independent fashion, we evaluated its influence on this arteriolar function in ageing. We first confirmed that in young (6-month-old) mice, FMD of mesenteric resistance arteries was reduced in Esr1−/− (lacking ERα) and C451A-ERα (lacking membrane ERα). In old (24-month-old) mice, FMD was reduced in WT mice compared to young mice, whereas it was not further decreased in Esr1−/− and C451A-ERα mice. Markers of oxidative stress were similarly increased in old WT and C451A-ERα mice. Reduction in oxidative stress with superoxide dismutase plus catalase or Mito-tempo, which reduces mitochondrial superoxide restored FMD to a normal control level in young C451A-ERα mice as well as in old WT mice and old C451A-ERα mice. Estradiol-mediated dilation was absent in old WT mice. We conclude that oxidative stress is a key event in the decline of FMD, and that an early defect in membrane ERα recapitulates phenotypically and functionally ageing of these resistance arteries. The loss of this function could take part in vascular ageing.

International audience; Les récentes études scientifiques sur la compétition entre abeilles domestiques et abeilles sauvages questionnent aujourd'hui les gestionnaires d'aires protégées sur l'importance de l'apiculture. Alors que ces études se sont consacrées sur les aspects écologiques de cette problématique, notre récente étude dans les Cévennes a mis en avant l'intérêt de comprendre les perceptions des ressources florales par les apiculteurs. Considérer les ressources florales du point de vue de la théorie des biens communs d'Ostrom, apparaît une perspective intéressante pour discuter la gouvernance de ces ressources. Face aux incertitudes et enjeux que suscite cette problématique, la présente étude adopte une approche de modélisation d'accompagnement, une méthodologie de science post-normal basée sur la co-construction de modèles de simulations, pour accompagner de nouvelles formes de gouvernance des ressources florales. Afin de connaître les freins et les leviers à l'action collective, nous avons construit un jeu de rôle sérieux sur la base de 35 entretiens avec des apiculteurs. Dans ce jeu, les acteurs du territoire incarnent différents types d'apiculteurs qui doivent produire du miel. Cette production varie en fonction des ressources florales et selon la charge en «abeilles domestiques» déposée par les joueurs.Au-delà de cette compétition intra-spécifique, l'hypothèse d'une compétition interspécifique fait évoluer les populations d'abeilles sauvages selon le nombre d'abeilles domestiques adjacentes. Trois sessions de jeux ont été organisées dans le Parc National des Cévennes, les deux premières en présence d'apiculteurs, la troisième avec des représentants de différentes instances apicoles et naturalistes présentes sur le territoire. Malgré les divergences de point de vue autour de la compétition et notamment la compétition inter-spécifique, c'est l'évolution des populations d'abeilles sauvages qui a stimulé l'action collective entre les joueurs plutôt que la compétition intra-spécifique entre eux. Il n'en reste pas moins que la notion de compétition apparaît comme une dissonance cognitive auprès des acteurs. Les incertitudes concernant la production de ressources et la capacité de charge de l'environnement restent les freins majeurs à l'organisation collective. Le jeu a mis en avant l'importance - ainsi que les difficultés du partage de connaissances sur les ruchers, ainsi que de la confiance envers les acteurs. Enfin, les sessions ont mis en avant des notions de justice sociale : si l'impact des apiculteurs sur la biodiversité existe, il est injuste que la cause “ et donc la solution opérationnelle “ soit réduite à l'apiculture seule. Lejeu apparaît comme un outil stimulant la discussion et l'organisation entre les différents acteurs. La mise en place de zones expérimentales incluant apiculteurs, naturalistes et producteurs de ressources pour mesurer la compétition et tester des règles d'organisation semble une piste d'intérêt pour les acteurs présents.

Resilience is the capacity of an animal to be minimally affected by disturbances or to rapidly return to the state pertained before exposure to a disturbance. Commercial laying hens can be exposed to a large variety of disturbances (e.g. pathogens). There is growing interest to measure and select for improved resilience in farm animals. We aimed at studying the genetic background of resilience indicator traits, their genetic relationship with health- and production-related traits in purebreds and crossbreds.The populations consisted of two egg-laying commercial lines (W and B), with records on purebreds and crossbreds. The purebreds (33,825 W and 34,397 B birds) were individually housed, while the crossbreds were housed in cages of 6 to 8 paternal half-sibs (12,852 W and 3,898 B cages). Recorded traits were egg production (EP), date of death (SURV), and, in purebreds only, natural antibodies titers (NAb). Deviations between weekly EP and their flock’s average were calculated. The resilience indicator traits were the natural logarithm of the variance (LNVAR) and the lag-one autocorrelation (AUTO-R) of these deviations. Genetic parameters of LNVAR and AUTO-R, and their genetic relationships with EP, SURV, and NAb were estimated.In both purebreds, EP was lowly heritable (mean h², = 0.12), SURV was almost not heritable (mean h² = 0.008, P-value ≤ 0.05), NAb were lowly to moderately heritable (mean h² = 0.25), and resilience indicators were lowly heritable (LNVAR: mean h² = 0.11, AUTO-R: mean h² = 0.05). Compared to purebreds, crossbred traits were less heritable for EP (mean h²= 0.05) and AUTO-R (mean h² = 0.02), SURV remained lowly heritable (W: = 0.02, B: = 0.00, P-value = 0.12), and LNVAR was slightly more heritable than in purebreds (mean h² = 0.16). The genetic correlations between purebreds and crossbreds were lower than 0.80 in both lines (rpc from -0.55 to 0.63), meaning crossbreds’ traits were different from purebreds’ traits. In both purebreds and crossbreds, LNVAR and AUTO-R traits displayed favorable genetic correlations among themselves, and with EP, SURV, and NAb.These results suggest that selection for resilience based on big data can be implemented in breeding programs to improve health and production of laying hens. Cross-validation is now required to investigate if selection for improved resilience in purebreds results in improved resilience in crossbreds.

The interpretation of palaeoecological data is a laborious step in the reconstruction of the ecology of extinct animals, mainly because it depends on the quality of the fossil remains but also on the development of adequate models. The maximum bite force that a species can achieve is indirectly related to its diet. Thus, being able to reconstruct this trait in fossil species will give us the keys to understanding its past ecology. In South America, metatherians (a clade that includes present-day marsupial mammals and fossils more closely related to them than to placental mammals) occupied a wide variety of ecological niches during the Cenozoic. Inferring their maximum bite force is feasible from the dissection of present-day species. In our study, we examined the morphological similarities between two marsupial mice, current (Marmosa murina Linnaeus, 1758) and fossil (Pucadelphys andinus Marshall and De Muizon, 1988, from the basal Palaeocene of Tiupampa, Bolivia). Identified as an omnivore with a strong insectivorous tendency, M. murina is comparable in size and morphology to the fossil species, especially with regard to the skull and its masticatory apparatus. The study of the zones of muscular insertion and origin on the M. murina skull and mandible allows the establishment of the biomechanical model. We validated this model by comparing in vivo and reconstructed bite force values. We also considered the bony characteristics of the masticatory apparatus, quantifiable by morphometric and finite element analysis tools, to reconstruct the ecology of the fossil marsupial mouse., L’interprétation de données paléoécologiques est une étape laborieuse dans la reconstruction de l’écologie d’animaux éteints, principalement car elle dépend de la qualité des restes fossiles mais aussi de l’élaboration de modèle adéquat. La force de morsure maximale qu’une espèce peut réaliser est indirectement en lien avec son régime alimentaire. Ainsi, parvenir à reconstruire cette caractéristique chez des espèces fossiles nous donnera des clefs pour comprendre son écologie passée. En Amérique du Sud, les métathériens (clade incluant les mammifères marsupiaux actuels et les fossiles qui leur sont plus apparentés qu’aux mammifères placentaires) ont occupé une grande variété de niches écologiques au cours du Cénozoïque. L’inférence de leur force de morsure maximale s’avère réalisable à partir de la dissection d’espèce actuelles. Dans notre étude, nous nous sommes intéressés aux similitudes morphologiques entre deux souris marsupiales actuelle (Marmosa murina Linnaeus, 1758) et fossile (Pucadelphys andinus Marshall et De Muizon, 1988, du Paléocène basal de Tiupampa, Bolivie). Identifiée comme omnivore à tendance insectivore, M. murina est comparable en taille et morphologie à l’espèce fossile, et notamment en ce qui concerne le crâne et son appareil masticateur. L’étude des zones d’insertion et d’origine musculaires sur le crâne et la mandibule de M. murina permet l’établissement du modèle biomécanique. Nous avons validé ce modèle en croisant les valeurs de la force de morsure in vivo et calculées. Nous avons également considéré les caractéristiques osseuses de l’appareil masticateurs, quantifiables par des outils morphométriques et d’analyse en éléments finis, afin de reconstruire l’écologie de la souris marsupiale fossile.

The study of two new scorpion specimens from Cretaceous Burmite leads to the descriptions of a new species of Cretaceoushormiops Lourenço, 2018, confirming therefore the validity of this genus, previously known by a single species. The new species shows quite distinct characters, particularly a possible majorante trichobothriotaxy. The validity of Betaburmesebuthus joergi Lourenço & Rossi, 2017 (Family Palaeoburmesebuthidae) is also confirmed and the male is characterized for the first time., L’étude de deux nouveaux spécimens de scorpions de l’ambre du Crétacé inférieur du Myanmar conduit à la description d’une nouvelle espèce de Cretaceoushormiops Lourenço, 2018 et confirme ainsi la validité de ce genre, connu auparavant par une seule espèce. La nouvelle espèce présente des caractères très distincts, notamment une trichobothriotaxie possiblement majorante. La validité de Betaburmesebuthus joergi Lourenço & Rossi, 2017 (Family Palaeoburmesebuthidae) est également confirmée et le mâle diagnostiqué pour la première fois.