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Indo-Pacific lionfishes generally exhibit cryptic behaviours and so can be missed when conducting non-targeted surveys. Here, the authors report the results from targeted surveys of lionfish at Moorea, French Polynesia. Lionfish from three species (Pterois antennata, Pterois radiata, Dendrochirus biocellatus) were observed at a mean density of 267 individuals ha−1. This is substantially higher than previous estimates from the same area (Moorea) and represents the highest reported density of lionfishes from their Pacific range. Overall, this study highlights the importance of targeted survey techniques for detecting cryptic species on coral reefs.

International audience; Animal-inspired mobile robots tend to show remarkable performance in outdoor locomotion and navigation tasks, but a big gap remains between robots and animals in terms of autonomy and endurance. Biomimicry is helping to solve numerous design issues through a better understanding of how animals move. Insect-inspired robots, in particular, can be built to interact with uneven terrains which are difficult to traverse for other robots, and bio-inspired robots designed to overcome the technological limitations of artificial systems are also valuable models for biologists in better understanding the behavior of animals. Therefore, exploring the limitations caused by mimicking insects of a few millimeters with robots measuring several centimeters becomes relevant. In this study, we first present two test benches used to investigate leg movement: one used to characterize that of an ant and the other that of a robotic leg. By comparing this multiscale data, we discuss the significance and relevance of these measurements in evaluating the robotic performance.

Over the past 30 years, there has been a dramatic increase in the use of autologous fat grafting for soft-tissue augmentation and to improve facial skin quality. Several studies have highlighted the impact of aging on adipose tissue, leading to a decrease of adipose tissue volume and preadipocytes proliferation and increase of fibrosis. Recently, there has been a rising interest in adipose tissue components, including Adipose-derived Stem/Stromal Cells (ASCs) due to their regenerative potential, including inflammation, fibrosis and vascularization modulation. Due to their differentiation potential and paracrine function, ASC has been largely used for fat grafting procedures as they are described to be a key component in fat graft survival. However, many parameters as surgical procedures of adipose tissue biology could change clinical outcomes. Variation on fat grafting methods lead to numerous inconsistent clinical outcomes. Donor-to-donor variation could also be imputed to ASCs, tissue inflammatory state or tissue origin. In this review, we aim to analyze (1) the parameters involved on the graft survival, and (2) the effect of aging on adipose tissue components, especially ASCs, that could lead to a decrease of skin regeneration and fat graft retention.

The visual capabilities of fish are optimized for their ecology and light environment over evolutionary time. Similarly, fish vision can adapt to regular changes in light conditions within their lifetime, e.g., ontogenetic or seasonal variation. However, we do not fully understand how vision responds to irregular short-term changes in the light environment, e.g., algal blooms and light pollution. In this study, we investigated the effect of short-term exposure to unnatural light conditions on opsin gene expression and retinal cell densities in juvenile and adult diurnal reef fish (convict surgeonfish; Acanthurus triostegus). Results revealed phenotypic plasticity in the retina across ontogeny, particularly during development. The most substantial differences at both molecular and cellular levels were found under constant dim light, while constant bright light and simulated artificial light at night had a lesser effect. Under dim light, juveniles and adults increased absolute expression of the cone opsin genes, sws2a, rh2c and lws, within a few days and juveniles also decreased densities of cones, inner nuclear layer cells and ganglion cells. These changes potentially enhanced vision under the altered light conditions. Thus, our study suggests that plasticity mainly comes into play when conditions are extremely different to the species' natural light environment, i.e., a diurnal fish in “constant night”. Finally, in a rescue experiment on adults, shifts in opsin expression were reverted within 24 h. Overall, our study showed rapid, reversible light-induced changes in the retina of A. triostegus, demonstrating phenotypic plasticity in the visual system of a reef fish throughout life.

1. Phenotypic adjustments to environmental variation are particularly relevant to cope with putative environmental mismatches often imposed by natal dispersal.2. We used an intergenerational cross-transplant field-based experiment to evaluate the morphological and physiological effects of parental and postsettlement water flow environments on the orange-fin anemonefish Amphiprion chrysopterus through ontogeny (at pre- and postsettlement stages).3. Offspring born from parents under high water flow had an 18% higher caudal fin aspect ratio (a compound measure of shape) at the presettlement stage, 10% slower growth after settlement, and 55% lower survival after settlement compared to offspring from low water flow parents. At the presettlement stage, caudal fin length was determined by parental caudal fin length. At the postsettlement stage, fish survived equally well with similar phenotypes in both high and low developmental flow environments. However, results suggest potential developmental phenotypic plasticity in caudal fin length, which increases more under low water flow during development. After settlement, growth was the only morphological or physiological trait that was associated with parental water flow, which was lower from parents under high flow, as was survival.4. These results give important insights into the parental contribution, both genetic and nongenetic, in determining early offspring phenotype and subsequent growth and survival. Our results also suggest that offspring may possess flexibility to cope with a wide range of local environments including those different from their parents. Overall, the findings of this study show the fitness consequences of living in different environments and the likely trade-offs between parental and offspring fitness in a wild population.

International audience; Abundant empirical and theoretical studies indicate that predation is a key driver of primate evolution. The Snake Detection Theory (SDT) posits that snakes have been the main predators of primates since the late Cretaceous and that they influenced the diversification and evolution of primates. Laboratory research focusing on the innate ability of primates to detect snakes amid complex visual stimuli has provided strong support for key tenets of the SDT. While this theory has greatly contributed to our knowledge of primate evolution, supporting experimental studies may have overly focused on snakes and disregarded other important predators. This potential sampling bias weakens the conclusion that primates respond with a specific (high) intensity to snakes compared to other predators. We reviewed the literature about primate-predator interactions under natural and experimental conditions. We listed the primate and predator species involved in natural versus experimental studies. Predation events on primates recorded in the field mainly involved other primates, then raptors and carnivorans. SDT-related experimental studies heavily focused on snakes as predator stimuli and did not include raptors. Other experimental studies largely used snakes and primates and to a lesser extent carnivorans. Apes were the most often tested primates in experimental studies, whereas other primate taxa were neglected. Moreover, predators used as stimuli in experimental studies were inaccurately identified, notably snakes. Altogether, our results show that SDT-related studies neglected most of the major natural predators of primates. SDT studies also focused on a handful of primate species, whereas the theory relies on comparisons among taxa. Finally, poor taxonomic information on snakes used as stimuli blurs the interpretation of their relationship with primates. We suggest that future studies test the SDT by presenting a wide range of predators to different primate species to improve our understanding of the complexity of predator–prey interactions.

The question of the evolution of language is investigated by several research communities (including biologists and linguists) that strive to highlight similar linguistic capacities across species. So far though, no consensus exists on linguistic capacities of nonhuman species. The major contentions are on the misuse of linguistic terminology, irrelevance of analysis methods and inappropriate behavioural data collection. The field of ‘animal linguistics’ has emerged to overcome these difficulties and attempt to reach unique methods and terminology. This primer is a tutorial review of ‘animal linguistics’. It exposes the linguistic theoretical concepts of semantics, pragmatics and syntax, and proposes the minimal criteria that are to be fulfilled to claim that a given species displays a given linguistic capacity. Second, it reviews relevant methods successfully applied to the study of animal data, and proposes a list of useful references to detect and overcome major pitfalls commonly observed in the collection of animal behaviour data. This primer represents a milestone towards mutual understanding and fruitful collaborations between linguists and biologists.

In Press, journal pre-proof : articles in press are accepted, peer reviewed articles that are not yet assigned to volumes/issues, but are citable using DOI.; International audience; Methionine (Met) can be oxidized to methionine sulfoxide (MetO), which exist as R- and S-diastereomers. Present in all three domains of life, methionine sulfoxide reductases (MSR) are the enzymes that reduce MetO back to Met. Most characterized among them are MSRA and MSRB, which are strictly stereospecific for the S- and R-diastereomers of MetO, respectively. While the majority of MSRs use a catalytic Cys to reduce their substrates, some employ selenocysteine. This is the case of mammalian MSRB1, which was initially discovered as selenoprotein SELR or SELX and later was found to exhibit an MSRB activity. Genomic analyses demonstrated its occurrence in most animal lineages, and biochemical and structural analyses uncovered its catalytic mechanism. The use of transgenic mice and mammalian cell culture revealed its physiological importance in the protection against oxidative stress, maintenance of neuronal cells, cognition, cancer cell proliferation, and the immune response. Coincident with the discovery of Met oxidizing MICAL enzymes, recent findings of MSRB1 regulating the innate immunity response through reversible stereospecific Met-R-oxidation of cytoskeletal actin opened up new avenues for biological importance of MSRB1 and its role in disease. In this review, we discuss the current state of research on MSRB1, compare it with other animal Msrs, and offer a perspective on further understanding of biological functions of this selenoprotein.

The study was funded by a St Leonard College Inter-University scholarship awarded to JC and KZ, the Swiss National Science Foundation awarded to KZ (310030_185324), and individual grants from Swiss universities and St Leonard Santander Mobility awarded to AS. Audience effects are key in studies of animal social cognition and are typically investigated during directed social interactions. Male chimpanzees regularly perform aggressive displays in the presence of others, often targeting a specific group member, and combine this agonistic behaviour with acoustic signals. Here, we were interested in whether the production and structure of pant hoots, a long-distance signal, were influenced by audience composition (i.e., presence and absence of specific individuals). We investigated pant hoots produced during displays by adult and sub-adult males of Budongo Forest, Uganda. We found that males overall called more often when their preferred social partners and females were absent from the party, as well as when more dominant males were present. We then separately analysed the four phases of pant hoots - introduction, build-up, climax, and let-down - and found that audience composition and social context could often explain the presence or absence of each phase. In addition, displays were often accompanied by drumming, especially by older males and when male audiences were small. Our study adds to the growing body of literature on audience effects and other social factors and shows their impact on the structure of a sophisticated vocal sequence, which enhances the communicative capacity in a species with limited vocal control. Publisher PDF

International audience; Anointing is a behaviour in which animals apply pungent-smelling materials over their bodies. It can be done individually or socially in contact with others. Social anointing can provide coverage of body parts inaccessible to the individual, consistent with hypotheses that propose medicinal benefits. However, in highly social capuchin monkeys, Sapajus and Cebus spp., anointing has been suggested to also benefit group members through 'social bonding'. To test this, we used social network analysis to measure changes in proximity patterns during and shortly after anointing compared to a baseline condition. We presented two capuchin groups with varying quantities of onion, which reliably induces anointing, to create 'rare resource' and 'abundant resource' conditions. We examined the immediate and overall effects of anointing behaviour on the monkeys' social networks, using patterns of proximity as a measure of social bonds. For one group, proximity increased significantly after anointing over baseline values for both rare and abundant resource conditions, but for the other group proximity only increased following the rare resource condition, suggesting a role in mediating social relationships. Social interactions were affected differently in the two groups, reflecting the complex nature of capuchin social organization. Although peripheral males anointed in proximity to other group members, the weak centrality only changed in one group following anointing bouts, indicating variable social responses to anointing. We suggest in part that anointing in capuchins is analogous to social grooming: both behaviours have an antiparasitic function and can be done individually or socially requiring contact between two or more individuals. We propose that they have evolved a social function within complex repertoires of social behaviours. Our alternative perspective avoids treating medicinal and social explanations as alternative hypotheses and, along with increasing support for the medical explanations for anointing, allows us to conceptualize social anointing in capuchins as 'social medication'.

International audience; Studying wildlife space use in human-modified environments contributes to characterize wildlife-human interactions to assess potential risks of zoonotic-pathogens transmission, and to pinpoint conservation issues. In central African rainforests with human dwelling and activities, we conducted a telemetry study on a group of males of Hypsignathus monstrosus, a lek-mating fruit bat identified as a potential maintenance host for Ebola virus. During a lekking season in 2020, we investigated the foraging-habitat selection and the individual nighttime space use during both mating and foraging activities close to villages and their surrounding agricultural landscape. At night, marked individuals strongly selected agricultural lands and more generally areas near watercourses to forage, where they spent more time compared to forest ones. Furthermore, the probability and duration of the presence of bats in the lek during nighttime decreased with the distance to their roost site but remained relatively high within a 10 km radius. Individuals adjusted foraging behaviors according to mating activity by reducing both the overall time spent in foraging areas and the number of forest areas used to forage when they spent more time in the lek. Finally, the probability of a bat revisiting a foraging area in the following 48 hours increased with the previous time spent in that foraging area. These behaviors occurring close to or in human-modified habitats can trigger direct and indirect bat-human contacts, which could thus facilitate pathogen transmission such as Ebola virus.

International audience; Networks are now widely used to represent, quantify and model animal behaviour. These approaches have proved valuable in linking individual behaviours to emergent population level patterns and quantifying the implications of these population structures for wider ecological and evolutionary processes. However, there are diverse conceptual representations of network data and choosing the right tool to answer a particular question can be challenging. Here I provide an overview of different network representations, highlighting their potential applications in behavioural ecology and drawing attention to key resources to help with their implementation. My aim is to provide an accessible guide that helps behavioural ecologists take full advantage of the potential of the different ways in which their data can be used to generate social other networks.

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Version v2 après acceptation du document par la conférence de la prépublication hal-03938311; International audience; Mathematical models of cancer growth and evolution of cancer cell characteristics, aka traits or phenotypes, together with optimisation and optimal control methods to contain them, in the framework of adaptive dynamics of cell populations, are presented. They take into account the heterogeneity of cancer cell populations, i.e., their biological variability, and their intrinsic plasticity, i.e., their nongenetic instability that allows them to quickly adapt to changing environments. The presented vision of the cancer disease, which is specific to multicellular organisms, relies on a relatively novel vision, consistent with a billion-year evolutionary perspective. Based on recent contributions from philosophy of cancer, these mathematical models aim at designing theoretical therapeutic strategies to simultaneously contain tumour progression and limit adverse events of drugs to healthy cell populations.

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National audience; La communication est multimodale par essence. Pour gérer leur environnement social, les individus des espèces sociales échangent des informations sur leurs attributs et statuts sur de multiples modalités sensorielles. Bien que cet aspect soit particulièrement bien étudié chez différents taxons, notamment chez les insectes et les oiseaux, le rôle et les importances relatives des différentes modalités sensorielles dans la communication des primates restent peu ou mal com- pris. C’est d’autant plus le cas en contexte communicatif sexuel, alors que l’afflux d’informations multiples a des conséquences majeures sur le succès reproducteur des individus. En effet, chez les primates et en fonction des espèces, les femelles peuvent émettre sur de multiples modalités, notamment via la vision, l’audition, et l’olfaction, des informations plus ou moins précises sur leur statut reproducteur et leur motivation sexuelle. Notre étude s’intéresse aux rôles conjoints des gonflements sexuels de l’aire anogénitale et des vocalisations des femelles émises pendant les accouplements dans l’indication de l’ovulation. Nous avons suivi un groupe social de mangabeys (Cercocebus torquatus, 1 mâle, 6 femelles) hébergé à la Station Biologique de Paimpont pendant 3 mois (Mai-Août 2022). Nous avons analysé des données physiologiques (prélèvement de fèces et analyses hormonales pour la détermination des ovulations), comportementales (comportements socio-sexuels entre et au sein des sexes), des photographies calibrées des gonflements (varia- tions fines de taille), des enregistrements des cris de copulations (caractéristiques acoustiques fréquentielles et temporelles) pour capturer les variations intra-cycles (14 cycles déterminés hormonalement pour 5 femelles). Nos résultats montrent que chez le mangabey, les gonflements sexuels et les cris de copulations covarient avec la probabilité d’ovulation : la taille des gonflements, l’occurrence des cris de copulation ainsi que leurs paramètres acoustiques fréquentiels sont maximaux au moment de l’ovulation. Ces informations semblent être accessibles au mâle puisque les copulations étaient restreintes à la période la plus fertile du cycle. Conjointement, ces informations complémentaires et disponibles à longue distance pourraient médier les compéti- tions inter-sexuelles (motivation sexuelle des mâles) et intra-sexuelles (compétition pour l’accès aux femelles fertiles, et estimation de la fertilité entre femelles rivales) et donc les stratégies de reproduction des deux sexes

Insecticide toxicity may strongly vary with temperature, and interspecific differences have been commonly reported for this relationship. A differential influence of temperature on insecticide toxicity between pests and their natural enemies may have important consequences on biological control in a global warming context. This study aimed to investigate cross effects between temperature and three insecticides - i.e., chlorantraniliprole, emamectin and spinosad - on the mortality of a major pest in orchards, Cydia pomonella L., and two of its natural enemies in southern France, the predatory earwig Forficula auricularia L. and the introduced parasitoid Mastrus ridens Horstmann. We observed a decreased efficiency of emamectin and spinosad with increasing temperature on mortality of codling moth, while no influence of temperature on chlorantraniliprole efficacy was observed. Increasing temperatures increased the toxicity of all insecticides against M. ridens and only for emamectin on F. auricularia. This study provides essential insight to make recommendations for using these insecticides in combination with two natural enemies to control the codling moth in a warming world. Our results suggest that the use of spinosad may become sub-optimal under higher temperatures. In contrast, chlorantraniliprole should remain suitable under warmer climatic conditions to control C. pomonella, conserve F. auricularia and facilitate the establishment of M. ridens. For conservation biological control relying on F. auricularia, alternating use of emamectin during early spring, when its toxicity is the lowest on this natural enemy, and chlorantraniliprole during summer could limit resistance risks in codling moth populations and reduce the insecticides' impact on the populations of natural enemies.

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International audience; This chapter presents an overview of the situation and conservation issues for spiders in metropolitan France.; Ce chapitre présente un bilan de la situation et des enjeux de conservation pour les araignées de France métropolitaine.

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BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Sex-based differences in acute ischemic stroke are a well-known phenomenon. We aimed to explore these differences between women and men in the Efficacy and Safety of MRI-Based Thrombolysis in Wake-Up Stroke (WAKE-UP) trial. METHODS: We compared baseline demographic and imaging characteristics (visual fluid-attenuated inversion recovery [FLAIR] positivity, relative FLAIR signal intensity, collateral status) between women and men in all screened patients. In randomized patients (i.e., those with diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI)-FLAIR mismatch), we evaluated a modifying role of sex on the treatment effect of alteplase in multivariable logistic regression, with treatment adjusted for National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score and age. Dependent variables were modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score of 0-1 at 90 days and distribution of mRS scores at 90 days. RESULTS: Of 1362 screened patients, 529 (38.8%) were women. Women were older than men, had higher baseline NIHSS scores and smoked less frequently. FLAIR positivity of the DWI lesion was equally present in women (174/529, 33.1%) and men (273/833, 33.3%; p = 1.00) and other imaging variables also did not differ between the sexes. In a total of 503 randomized patients, of whom 178 were women (35.4%), sex did not modify the treatment effect of alteplase on mRS score 0-1 or on the total distribution of mRS scores. CONCLUSION: As in many other stroke trials, more men than women were included in the WAKE-UP trial, but the presence of a visual DWI-FLAIR mismatch and the relative FLAIR signal intensity did not differ between the sexes. The treatment effect of alteplase was not modified by sex. ispartof: EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY vol:30 issue:3 pages:641-647 ispartof: location:England status: published

Microcebus murinus, or gray mouse lemur (GML), is one of the smallest primates known, with a size in between mice and rats. The small size, genetic proximity to humans and prolonged senescence, make this lemur an emerging model for neurodegenerative diseases. For the same reasons, it could help understand how aging affects cardiac activity. Here, we provide the first characterization of sinoatrial (SAN) pacemaker activity and of the effect of aging on GML heart rate (HR). According to GML size, its heartbeat and intrinsic pacemaker frequencies lie in between those of mice and rats. To sustain this fast automaticity the GML SAN expresses funny and Ca2+ currents (If, ICa,L and ICa,T) at densities similar to that of small rodents. SAN automaticity was also responsive to β-adrenergic and cholinergic pharmacological stimulation, showing a consequent shift in the localization of the origin of pacemaker activity. We found that aging causes decrease of basal HR and atrial remodeling in GML. We also estimated that, over 12 years of a lifetime, GML generates about 3 billion heartbeats, thus, as many as humans and three times more than rodents of equivalent size. In addition, we estimated that the high number of heartbeats per lifetime is a characteristic that distinguishes primates from rodents or other eutherian mammals, independently from body size. Thus, cardiac endurance could contribute to the exceptional longevity of GML and other primates, suggesting that GML’s heart sustains a workload comparable to that of humans in a lifetime. In conclusion, despite the fast HR, GML replicates some of the cardiac deficiencies reported in old people, providing a suitable model to study heart rhythm impairment in aging. Moreover, we estimated that, along with humans and other primates, GML presents a remarkable cardiac longevity, enabling longer life span than other mammals of equivalent size.

International audience; Human speech is marked by a signal–function decoupling, the capacity to produce sounds that can fulfil a variety of functions, in contrast to nonverbal vocalizations such as laughter, cries and screams, which are functionally more rigid. It has been argued that this decoupling provides an essential foundation for the emergence of language, in both ontogeny and phylogeny. Although language has a deep evolutionary history, whether this capacity for vocal functional flexibility also exists in the vocal systems of nonhuman animals has been much overlooked. Reasons are multiple. Here, we propose to diagnose the problems that have thus far hindered progress on understanding the evolutionary basis of functional flexibility, an issue which can shed broader light on the evolution of language. In particular, we aim to clarify what vocal functional flexibility is, why it matters, why we believe it should be investigated in nonhuman animals and how this could be best achieved.

High throughput sequencing in microbiological diagnosis The applications of next-generation sequencing (NGS) in health have recently become more widespread, at first in research studies and then in clinical microbiology. The use of NGS has mainly been developed in bacteriology and mycology, especially based on phylogenetic markers (hypervariable regions of rDNA 16S, 18S, or 28S) which allow by metataxonomy, to describe the physiopathological variations of microbiota. By non-targeted metagenomics approaches, the comparison of whole genome NGS data to international databases allows the detection of genomic antimicrobial resistance which is often correlated with the resistance phenotype. Similarly, different strategies to study virulence factors have been developed to compare the genomes of clinical isolates to reference strains and thus to analyze genomic islands. NGS has also shown its efficiency in determining an inter-individual transmission cluster, to identify the source patient or to improve collective management, to search for the etiological agent of an infection. Even though structures such as the Cofrac have taken NGS into account, the lack of standardization limits the routine development of these approaches, due to the need for bioinformatics., Les applications du séquençage haut débit (NGS) en santé se sont récemment démocratisées, d’abord en recherche puis en microbiologie clinique. L’utilisation du NGS a surtout des applications en bactériologie et mycologie, principalement basées sur les marqueurs phylogénétiques documentés (régions hypervariables du 16S, 18S, ou 28S) permettant, par métataxonomie, de décrire les variations physiopathologiques des microbiotes. En métagénomique non ciblée, la comparaison des données de séquençage de génomes complets à des banques de données internationales permet de détecter une antibiorésistance génomique, souvent corrélée au phénotype de résistance. De même, différentes stratégies d’étude des facteurs de virulence ont été développées pour comparer les génomes des souches isolées en clinique à des souches de référence et ainsi analyser les îlots génomiques. Le NGS a aussi montré son efficacité à déterminer une chaîne de transmission interindividuelle, afin de remonter au patient source ou d’améliorer la prise en charge collective. L'approche métagénomique a permis de rechercher l'agent étiologique d'une infection. Malgré la prise en compte par des structures comme le Comité français d'accréditation, l’absence de standardisation limite le développement en routine de ces approches, en particulier du fait des besoins en bioinformatique.

Social behavior is a key component of pig welfare on farms, but little is known on the development of social behaviors in piglets. This study aimed to explore social behaviors and identify early social styles in suckling piglets. Social behaviors of 68 piglets from 12 litters were scored continuously for 8 h per day at 21 and 42 days of age, and were included in a Hierarchical Clustering on Principal Components analysis to identify clusters of pigs with similar social styles. Social nosing represented 78% of all social interactions given. Three social styles were identified: low-solicited inactive animals (inactive), active animals (active), and highly-solicited avoiders (avoiders). Belonging to a cluster was independent of age, but was influenced by sex, with females being more represented in the ‘inactive’ cluster, and males in the ‘active’ cluster, whereas both sexes were equally represented in the ‘avoider’ cluster. Stability of piglets’ allocation to specific clusters over age was high in the ‘inactive’ (59%) and ‘active’ (65%) clusters, but low in the ‘avoider’ cluster (7%). Haptoglobin and growth rate were higher in ‘active’ than ‘inactive’ pigs, and intermediate in ‘avoiders’. Our findings suggest the existence of transient social styles in piglets, likely reflective of sexual dimorphism or health status.

International audience; Peptidoglycan, the major structural polymer forming the cell wall of bacteria, is an important mediator of physiological and behavioral effects in mammalian hosts. These effects are frequently linked to its translocation from the intestinal lumen to host tissues. However, the modality and regulation of this translocation across the gut barrier has not been precisely addressed. In this study, we characterized the absorption of peptidoglycan across the intestine and its systemic dissemination. We report that peptidoglycan has a distinct tropism for host organs when absorbed via the gut, most notably by favoring access to the brain. We demonstrate that intestinal translocation of peptidoglycan occurs through a microbiota-induced active process. This process is regulated by the parasympathetic pathway via the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Together, this study reveals fundamental parameters concerning the uptake of a major microbiota molecular signal from the steady-state gut.

International audience; The illustrated and updated catalogue of Cerambycidae of the islands of São Tomé and Príncipe has made it possible to identify 66 species by integrating 6 new continental species: Acutandra gabonica (Thomson, 1858) (Parandrinae), Hypomares brunneus (Thomson, 1858), Paroeme flava (Thomson, 1858) (Cerambycinae, Xystrocerini), Idactus ellioti klingi (Kolbe, 1893) (Lamiinae, Ancylonotini), Apomecyna trifasciata Quedenfeldt, 1883, Ramularius unicolor Breuning, 1940 (Lamiinae, Apomecynini), as well as two newly described species: Conobrium filippii Coache et al. 2021 (Cerambycinae Obriini) and Chariestes coachei Sudre & Filippi, 2022 (Lamiinae, Tragocephalini) but also by removing 5 species: Ceratocentrus spinicornis (Fabricius, 1793) (Prioninae, Acanthophorini), Macrotoma palmata (Fabricius, 1793 (Prioninae, Macrotomini), Frea maculicornis Thomson, 1858 (Lamiinae, Crossotini), Coptops aedificator (Fabricius, 1793) (Lamiinae, Mesosini) and Tragocephala guerinii White, 1856 (Lamiinae, Tragocephalini). We have established the synonymy of Insulochamus nicoletii (Thomson, 1857) = Monochamus principis Breuning, 1956 syn. nov., (Lamiinae, Lamiini). The rate of endemism is very high, reaching 62.12%.; Le catalogue illustré et actualisé des Cerambycidae des îles de São Tomé et Príncipe a permis de recenser 66 espèces en y intégrant 6 nouvelles espèces continentales : Acutandra gabonica (Thomson, 1858) (Parandrinae), Hypomares brunneus (Thomson, 1858), Paroeme flava (Thomson, 1858) (Cerambycinae, Xystrocerini), Idactus ellioti klingi (Kolbe, 1893) (Lamiinae, Ancylonotini), Apomecyna trifasciata Quedenfeldt, 1883, Ramularius unicolor Breuning, 1940 (Lamiinae, Apomecynini), ainsi que deux espèces nouvellement décrites : Conobrium filippii Coache et al. 2021 (Cerambycinae Obriini) et Chariestes coachei Sudre & Filippi, 2022 (Lamiinae, Tragocephalini) mais également en y retirant 5 espèces : Ceratocentrus spinicornis (Fabricius, 1793) (Prioninae, Acanthophorini), Macrotoma palmata (Fabricius, 1793 (Prioninae, Macrotomini), Frea maculicornis Thomson, 1858 (Lamiinae, Crossotini), Coptops aedificator (Fabricius, 1793) (Lamiinae, Mesosini) et Tragocephala guerinii White, 1856 (Lamiinae, Tragocephalini). Nous avons établi la synonymie de Insulochamus nicoletii (Thomson, 1857) = Monochamus principis Breuning, 1956 syn. nov., (Lamiinae, Lamiini). Le taux d’endémisme est très élevé, atteignant 62,12 %.; O catálogo ilustrado e atualizado de Cerambycidae das ilhas de São Tomé e Príncipe permitiu identificar 66 espécies integrando 6 novas espécies continentais: Acutandra gabonica (Thomson, 1858) (Parandrinae), Hypomares brunneus (Thomson, 1858), Paroeme flava (Thomson, 1858) (Cerambycinae, Xystrocerini), Idactus ellioti klingi (Kolbe, 1893) (Lamiinae, Ancylonotini), Apomecyna trifasciata quedenfeldt, 1883, Ramurius unicolor Breuning, 1940 (Lamiinae, Apomecynini), bem como duas espécies recém-descritas: Conobrium filippii Coache et al. 2021 (Cerambycinae Obriini) e Chariestes coachei Sudre & Filippi, 2022 (Lamiinae, Tragocephalini) mas também removendo 5 espécies: Ceratocentrus spinicornis (Fabricius, 1793) (Prioninae, Acanthophorini), Macrotoma palmata (Fabricius, 1793 (Prioninae, Macrotomini), Frea maculicornis Thomson, 1858 (Lamiinae, Crossotini), Coptops aedificator (Fabricius, 1793) (Lamiinae, Mesosini) e Tragocephala guerinii White, 1856 (Lamiinae, Tragocephalini). Estabelecemos a sinónimo de Insulochamus nicoletii (Thomson, 1857) = Monochamus principis Breuning, 1956 syn. nov., (Lamiinae, Lamiini). A taxa de endemismo é muito elevada, atingindo os 62,12%.

International audience; While the exploitation of aquatic fauna and flora has been documented in several primate species to date, the evolutionary contexts and mechanisms behind the emergence of this behavior in both human and non-human primates remain largely overlooked. Yet, this issue is particularly important for our understanding of human evolution, as hominins represent not only the primate group with the highest degree of adaptedness to aquatic environments, but also the only group in which true coastal and maritime adaptations have evolved. As such, in the present study we review the available literature on primate foraging strategies related to the exploitation of aquatic resources and their putative associated cognitive operations. We propose that aquatic resource consumption in extant primates can be interpreted as a highly site-specific behavioral expression of a generic adaptive foraging decision-making process, emerging in sites at which the local cost-benefit trade-offs contextually favor aquatic over terrestrial foods. Within this framework, we discuss the potential impacts that the unique intensification of this behavior in hominins may have had on the evolution of the human brain and spatial ecology.

Vocal tract elongation, which uniformly lowers vocal tract resonances (formant frequencies) in animal vocalizations, has evolved independently in several vertebrate groups as a means for vocalizers to exaggerate their apparent body size. Here, we propose that smaller speech-like articulatory movements that alter only individual formants can serve a similar yet less energetically costly size-exaggerating function. To test this, we examine whether uneven formant spacing alters the perceived body size of vocalizers in synthesized human vowels and animal calls. Among six synthetic vowel patterns, those characterized by the lowest first and second formant (the vowel /u/ as in ‘boot’) are consistently perceived as produced by the largest vocalizer. Crucially, lowering only one or two formants in animal-like calls also conveys the impression of a larger body size, and lowering the second and third formants simultaneously exaggerates perceived size to a similar extent as rescaling all formants. As the articulatory movements required for individual formant shifts are minor compared to full vocal tract extension, they represent a rapid and energetically efficient mechanism for acoustic size exaggeration. We suggest that, by favouring the evolution of uneven formant patterns in vocal communication, this deceptive strategy may have contributed to the origins of the phonemic diversification required for articulated speech. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Voice modulation: from origin and mechanism to social impact (Part II)’.

The richness and structure of symbiont assemblages are shaped by many factors acting at different spatial and temporal scales. Among them, host phylogeny and geographic distance play essential roles. To explore drivers of richness and structure of symbiont assemblages, feather mites and seabirds are an attractive model due to their peculiar traits. Feather mites are permanent ectosymbionts and considered highly host-specific with limited dispersal abilities. Seabirds harbour species-rich feather mite communities and their colonial breeding provides opportunities for symbionts to exploit several host species. To unravel the richness and test the influence of host phylogeny and geographic distance on mite communities, we collected feather mites from 11 seabird species breeding across the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea. Using morphological criteria, we identified 33 mite species, of which 17 were new or recently described species. Based on community similarity analyses, mite communities were clearly structured by host genera, while the effect of geography within host genera or species was weak and sometimes negligible. We found a weak but significant effect of geographic distance on similarity patterns in mite communities for Cory’s shearwaters Calonectris borealis. Feather mite specificity mainly occurred at the host-genus rather than at host-species level, suggesting that previously inferred host species-specificity may have resulted from poorly sampling closely related host species. Overall, our results show that host phylogeny plays a greater role than geography in determining the composition and structure of mite assemblages and pinpoints the importance of sampling mites from closely-related host species before describing mite specificity patterns.

Rapport DMeau et CNRS pour le projet de rénovation des façades du campus Santé, Commune de Rennes

National audience; Developmental transitions, such as sexual maturation, demand considerable energy: this suggests diet might be an important external factor controling them. The male Agrotis ipsilon, goes through a sexual maturation between the third and the fifth day of adult life. Morphological and functional shifts in the reproductive system occur during this period. Moreover, moths obtain nutrients (water, amino acids and soluble carbohydrates like saccharose, fructose and glucose) within the nectar. Some of them practice puddling, a behavior allowing to sodium intake from excrements and puddles of brackish water. All of these nutrients are essentials for the accomplishment of the reproductive function in butterflies. In this study, we assessed the impact of diet on sexual maturation in the male moth Agrotis ipsilon.

West Nile virus (WNV) causes skin lesions in farmed crocodiles leading to the depreciation of the value of their hides and significant economic losses. However, there is no commercially available vaccine designed for use in crocodilians against WNV. We tested chimeric virus vaccines composed of the non-structural genes of the insect-specific flavivirus Binjari virus (BinJV) and genes encoding the structural proteins of WNV. The BinJV/WNV chimera, is antigenically similar to wild-type WNV but replication-defective in vertebrates. Intramuscular injection of two doses of BinJV/WNV in hatchling saltwater crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) elicited a robust neutralising antibody response and conferred protection against viremia and skin lesions after challenge with WNV. In contrast, mock-vaccinated crocodiles became viraemic and 22.2% exhibited WNV-induced lesions. This suggests that the BinJV/WNV chimera is a safe and efficacious vaccine for preventing WNV-induced skin lesions in farmed crocodilians.

The slow–fast continuum is a commonly used framework to describe variation in life-history strategies across species. Individual life histories have also been assumed to follow a similar pattern, especially in the pace-of-life syndrome literature. However, whether a slow–fast continuum commonly explains life-history variation among individuals within a population remains unclear. Here, we formally tested for the presence of a slow–fast continuum of life histories both within populations and across species using detailed long-term individual-based demographic data for 17 bird and mammal species with markedly different life histories. We estimated adult lifespan, age at first reproduction, annual breeding frequency, and annual fecundity, and identified the main axes of life-history variation using principal component analyses. Across species, we retrieved the slow–fast continuum as the main axis of life-history variation. However, within populations, the patterns of individual life-history variation did not align with a slow–fast continuum in any species. Thus, a continuum ranking individuals from slow to fast living is unlikely to shape individual differences in life histories within populations. Rather, individual life-history variation is likely idiosyncratic across species, potentially because of processes such as stochasticity, density dependence, and individual differences in resource acquisition that affect species differently and generate non-generalizable patterns across species.

International audience; Variation in behavior within marine and terrestrial species can influence the functioning of the ecosystems they inhabit. However, the contribution of social behavior to ecosystem function remains underexplored. Many coral reef fish species provide potentially insightful models for exploring how social behavior shapes ecological function because they exhibit radical intraspecific variation in sociality within a shared habitat. Here, we provide an empirical exploration on how the ecological function of a shoaling surgeonfish (Acanthurus triostegus) may differ from that of solitary conspecifics on two Pacific coral reefs combining insight from behavioral observations, stable isotope analysis, and macronutrient analysis of gut and fecal matter. We detected important differences in how the social mode of A. triostegus affected its spatial and feeding ecology, as well as that of other reef fish species. Specifically, we found increased distance traveled and area covered by shoaling fish relative to solitary A. triostegus. Additionally, shoaling A. triostegus primarily grazed within territories of other herbivorous fish and had piscivorous and nonpiscivorous heterospecific fish associated with the shoal, while solitary A. triostegus grazed largely grazed outside of any territories and did not have any such interactions with heterospecific fish. Results from stable isotope analysis show a difference in δ15N isotopes between shoaling and solitary fish, which suggests that these different social modes are persistent. Further, we found a strong interaction between social behavior and site and carbohydrate and protein percentages in the macronutrient analysis, indicating that these differences in sociality are associated with measurable differences in both the feeding ecology and nutrient excretion patterns. Our study suggests that the social behavior of individuals may play an important and underappreciated role in mediating their ecological function.

International audience; Metabolome profiling in biological fluids is an interesting approach for exploring markers of methane emissions in ruminants. In this study, a multiplatform metabolomics approach was used for investigating changes in milk metabolic profiles related to methanogenesis in dairy cows. For this purpose, 25 primiparous Holstein cows at similar lactation stage were fed the same diet supplemented with (treated, n = 12) or without (control, n = 13) a specific antimethanogenic additive that reduced enteric methane production by 23% with no changes in intake, milk production, and health status. The study lasted 6 wk, with sampling and measures performed in wk 5 and 6. Milk samples were analyzed using 4 complementary analytical methods, including 2 untargeted (nuclear magnetic resonance and liquid chromatography coupled to a quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometer) and 2 targeted (liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and gas chromatography coupled to a flame ionization detector) approaches. After filtration, variable selection and normalization data from each analytical platform were then analyzed using multivariate orthogonal partial least square discriminant analysis. All 4 analytical methods were able to differentiate cows from treated and control groups. Overall, 38 discriminant metabolites were identified, which affected 10 metabolic pathways including methane metabolism. Some of these metabolites such as dimethylsulfoxide, dimethylsulfone, and citramalic acid, detected by nuclear magnetic resonance or liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry methods, originated from the rumen microbiota or had a microbial-host animal co-metabolism that could be associated with methanogenesis. Also, discriminant milk fatty acids detected by targeted gas chromatography were mostly of ruminal microbial origin. Other metabolites and metabolic pathways significantly affected were associated with AA metabolism. These findings provide new insight on the potential role of milk metabolites as indicators of enteric methane modifications in dairy cows.

Thailand is today the richest country for the genus Troglopedetes Joseph, 1872, with 17 species described from the country. In this study three troglomorphic new species are described from caves in the western region. They are T. spectabilissp. nov. and T. rungsimaesp. nov. from Kanchanaburi province and T. takensissp. nov., from Tak province. The three new species share elongated antennae and have the same number of central mac on Th. III and Abd. IV. However, they differ from one another by the combination of: presence of eyes, antennal length, claw morphology, central head macrochaetotaxy and internal row of dental spines. Troglopedetes spectabilissp. nov. is remarkably different from its congeners by its extreme long appendages, especially the antennae (ratio antenna: head = 5.5). In the second part of the paper the arrangment of antennal chaetotaxy and the diversity of its phaneres is analyzed in the three new species, homologized and compared with those of two other species described from Thailand (T. meridionalis and T. kae). A total of 22 types of chaetae have now been recognized among the species. A new type of S-chaetae for the genus was discovered in this study. There are 5 types of ordinary chaetae, 15 types of S-chaetae, the subapical organite of Ant. IV and scales. A total of 1,107 to 2,183 antennal chaetae on each side were observed, which includes 308–485 S-chaetae, 687–1,402 ordinary chaetae, 72–295 scales and a subapical organite.

International audience; WAIT4: Welfare: Artificial Intelligence and new Technologies for Tracking key indicator Traits in animals facing challenges of the agroecological Transition Objectives of the WAIT4 project: 1/ Real-time analysis of AW indicators under different environments (indoor, outdoor, grazing, loose, organic farming) and climates (continental, harsh, tropical), in response to AE practices and 2/ Defining early alerts for deteriorated AW and evaluation of improved welfare

Freshwater ecosystems, and lakes in particular, significantly contribute to biodiversity. At the top of the food web, predatory species promote biodiversity and stabilize ecosystems. They have direct and indirect cascading effects on numerous ecosystem functions as well as numerous services that these ecosystems provide to humans. Maintaining the diversity of these species is thus of utmost importance, and understanding the mechanisms of their coexistence is a crucial question in ecology. Based on niche theory, there are several identified mechanisms of species’ coexistence. Niche is defined as the range of environmental states, biotic and abiotic, specific to a species, which facilitate its existence. By focusing on habitat and trophic niches, two main components of the ecological niche, we aimed to highlight how wild predator communities are maintained in lacustrin ecosystems. Ectotherms being particularly sensitive to abiotic conditions, we also aimed to analyze how environmental conditions could affect their habitat niche. Individuals of pike Esox lucius L., perch Perca fluviatilis L., pikeperch Sander lucioperca (L.) and catfish Silurus glanis L. were tracked and/or sampled in a stratified reservoir and in a shallow natural lake. Their habitat niche was evaluated by coupling high resolution positioning acoustic telemetry with habitat mapping. The trophic niche was estimated by analyzing carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios of fin clips. Our results provide evidence of habitat and trophic niche partitioning among these predatory species, probably as a way to limit interspecific competition and thus stabilize species coexistence, in accordance with ecological theory. Yet, in both these niche components, the variation among individuals is often very large. For the trophic niche, a greater abundance of species generally correlates to greater intraspecific variation, and is interpreted as another stabilizing mechanism that buffers intraspecific competition. However in catfish this does not appear to occur; its trophic niche does not widen when it is more abundant. This likely reflects its generalist behavior at the individual level and could partly explain its successful colonization of numerous ecosystems. Environmental fluctuations drive these ectotherms’ niche, with different impacts depending on their timescale and their range. Seasonal environmental changes involve a limited number of temporal niches (cold/warm seasons) and gradually modulate species’ habitat niche, leading to a lesser degree of partitioning in low activity seasons (autumn, winter). In some specific environmental conditions, habitat niche shifts can be extreme like for long-lasting aggregations of catfish in winter conditions. A severe short-term hypoxic event triggered the grouping of catfish in a refuge area, probably without significant impact on this species. However, this event probably made the juvenile pikeperch abundance collapse, consequently affecting the juvenile piscivorous guild and intra- and interspecific trophic interactions, as shown for the trophic niche. This research provides valuable insights for lake managers to identify potential critical habitats or resources to preserve for species conservation. It also gives useful information on the strength of competitive interactions among species and their sensitivity to environmental conditions. These results shed light on important questions like whether species need to be regulated. This is particularly important when lakes host invasive exotic species that raise concern. As such, this work provides insights for managing lake ecosystems in the context of climate change.; Les écosystèmes d'eau douce et les lacs en particulier contribuent de façon importante à la biodiversité. Au sommet des réseaux trophiques, les prédateurs favorisent cette biodiversité et ont un rôle stabilisateur. Ils impactent directement et indirectement de nombreuses fonctions des écosystèmes et, par là même, de nombreux services écosystémiques. Maintenir la diversité des prédateurs est donc capital, et comprendre les mécanismes de leur coexistence une question clé en écologie. La théorie des niches a identifié plusieurs mécanismes de coexistence. La niche est définie comme l'ensemble des conditions biotiques et abiotiques qui permettent l'existence d'une espèce. En ciblant la niche d'habitat et la niche trophique, deux composantes majeures de la niche écologique, nous avons cherché à montrer comment, dans la nature, les communautés de prédateurs se maintiennent en lacs. Les ectothermes étant particulièrement sensibles aux conditions abiotiques, nous visions également à évaluer comment les conditions environnementales affectent leur niche d'habitat. Des individus de brochet Esox lucius L., perche européenne Perca fluviatilis L., sandre Sander lucioperca (L.) et silure Silurus glanis L. ont été suivis et/ou échantillonnés dans un réservoir stratifié et un lac naturel peu profond. Nous avons estimé leur niche d'habitat en couplant leur positionnement par télémétrie acoustique à une cartographie de l'habitat. Leur niche trophique a été estimée par l'analyse des isotopes stables du carbone et de l'azote de tissus de nageoires. Nos résultats mettent en évidence un partitionnement de l'habitat et de la niche trophique entre ces espèces, probablement comme moyen de limiter la compétition interspécifique, en accord avec la théorie. Cependant, les variations entre individus d'une même espèce sont souvent très importantes. Concernant la niche trophique, une plus forte abondance d'une espèce est en général corrélée à une plus forte variation intraspécifique, ce qui constituerait un autre mécanisme stabilisateur limitant la compétition intraspécifique. Le silure, quant à lui, ne semble pas élargir sa niche trophique lorsqu'il est plus abondant ; cela illustre son caractère généraliste au niveau individuel et pourrait en partie expliquer le succès de sa colonisation de nombreux écosystèmes. Les fluctuations environnementales témoignent d'un rôle moteur sur la niche de ces ectothermes, avec des impacts différents selon leur échelle temporelle et leur amplitude. Les changements saisonniers mettent en jeu un nombre limité de niches temporelles (saison froide/chaude) et modulent graduellement la niche d'habitat des espèces ; ils aboutissent à un moindre degré de partitionnement en saison de plus faible activité (automne, hiver). Dans certaines conditions, les changements de niche d'habitat peuvent être extrêmes comme les agrégations hivernales de silures. Une sévère hypoxie de relativement courte durée a déclenché le regroupement de silures dans une zone refuge, probablement sans autre impact significatif sur l'espèce. Par contre, cet évènement a probablement contribué à l'effondrement du stock de sandres juvéniles et, ainsi, considérablement modifié les interactions intra- et interspécifiques du guilde piscivore, comme montré sur la niche trophique. Ces recherches donnent des clés aux gestionnaires de plans d'eau pour identifier les habitats ou ressources critiques à préserver, typiquement dans le cadre de la conservation d'espèces. Elles renseignent également sur l'intensité de la compétition interspécifique et peuvent éclairer sur le besoin ou non de réguler une espèce, ce qui peut être particulièrement utile lorsqu'une espèce exotique invasive pose question. Ainsi, ce type de recherche peut éclairer les plans de gestion à mettre en œuvre dans le contexte du changement climatique.

International audience; Discussion of the cuneiform document YOS 7 96, written in Uruk at the very beginning of the reign of Cambyses in Babylonia, reporting the court appearance of a herdsman before the Ištar's temple authorities about illegal sales of animal bodies. This document provides one of the very few explicit mentions of epizootics (šibṭu) that we have for the Neo-Babylonian period.; Analyse du texte YOS 7 96 ,rédigé à Uruk au tout début du règne de Cambyse, rapportant la comparution d’un bouvier de l’Eanna devant les autorités du temple à propos de cessions illicites de carcasses d’animaux. Ce document fournit l’une des très rares mentions explicites d’épizootie (šibṭu) que nous possédions pour l’époque néo-babylonienne.

With the emergence of disease modifying osteoarthritis drugs (DMOAD), imaging methods to quantitatively demonstrate their efficacy and to monitor osteoarthritis progression at the functional level are urgently needed. Our group showed that articular cartilage can be quantitatively assessed in nuclear medicine imaging by our radiotracer 99mTc-NTP 15-5 targeting cartilage proteoglycans. In this work, surgically induced DMM mice were treated with sprifermin or saline. We investigated cartilage remodelling in the mice knees by 99mTc-NTP 15-5 SPECT-CT imaging over 24 weeks after surgery, as wells as proteoglycan biochemical assays. OA alterations were scored by histology according to OARSI guidelines. A specific accumulation of 99mTc-NTP 15-5 in cartilage joints was evidenced in vivo by SPECT-CT imaging as early as 30 min post-iv injection. In DMM, 99mTc-NTP 15-5 accumulation in cartilage within the operated joints, relative to contralateral ones, was observed to initially increase then decrease as pathology progressed. Under sprifermin, 99mTc-NTP 15-5 uptake in pathological knees was significantly increased compared to controls, at 7-, 12- and 24-weeks, and consistent with proteoglycan increase measured 5 weeks post-surgery, as a sign of cartilage matrix remodelling. Our work highlights the potential of 99mTc-NTP 15-5 as an imaging-based companion to monitor cartilage remodelling in OA and DMOAD response.

Background Selection for feed efficiency is one of the best ways to decrease poultry production costs and environmental impacts. While literature on its genetic determinism is abundant, it is limited to one or a few periodic values over the animals’ lifespans. With the development of new phenotyping tools, kinetics of growth and feed intake are now available, providing access to daily data on feed efficiency. In this study, over the course of 6 weeks, we described the kinetics of body weight (BW), average daily weight gain (ADG), feed intake (FI), and daily cumulative feed conversion ratio (DCFCR) using electronic feed stations. We then estimated the genetic parameters of daily data in two fast growing lines of chicken divergently selected for breast meat ultimate pH (heritability and genetic correlations with breast meat yield and pH). Results Birds from the line selected to have a more acidic meat (pHu-), were more efficient than those selected to have a less acidic meat (pHu+), with a 4.3% higher BW from d7 to d29 and 5.0% better feed efficiency from d12 to slaughter. The line effect for ADG and DCFCR appeared to be significant as early as d5, which is consistent with the early age at which metabolic differences between the two lines appear. Genetic parameters estimated within each line revealed different genetic determinisms of growth and feed efficiency, with a higher impact of maternal effects on BW during the growing phase (d10 to d20) in the pHu+ line and much higher heritability values of DCFCR during the finishing phase (d26-d42) in the pHu- line. Conclusion Genetic profiles of daily performance highlighted the difference between both lines. Their behavior during dietary transitions reinforced the already known impact of these periods in the animals’ lives. Based on the profiles of genetic parameters within each line, it seems feasible to identify early criteria for selecting feed efficiency, but they must be defined for each line, as the genetic determinism of these traits is line-dependent.

International audience; The perinatal exposome can modify offspring metabolism and health later in life. Within this concept, maternal exercise during gestation has been reported modifying offspring glucose sensing and homeostasis, while the impact of such exercise during lactation is little-known. We thus aimed at evaluating short-and long-term effects of it on offspring pancreatic function, assuming a link with changes in breast milk composition. Fifteen-week-old primiparous female Wistar rats exercised during lactation at a constant submaximal intensity (TR) or remained sedentary (CT). Male offspring were studied at weaning and at 7 months of age for growth, pancreas weight, glycemia and insulin responses. Milk protein content was determined by the bicinchoninic acid assay (BCA colorimetric method), and lipid content and fatty acid composition by gas chromatography. Mature milk from TR rats contained significantly less saturated (-7%) and more monounsaturated (+18%) and polyunsaturated (PUFA +12%) fatty acids compared to CT rats, with no difference in total lipid and protein concentrations. In offspring from TR vs CT mothers, fasting glycemia was lower, pancreas weight was higher with a lower insulin content (-37%) at weaning. Such outcomes were correlated with milk PUFA levels and indices of desaturase or elongase activities. These effects were no longer present at 7 months, whereas a more efficient muscle insulin sensitivity was observed. Maternal training during lactation led to a specific milk phenotype that was associated with a short-term impact on glucose homeostasis and pancreatic function of the male offspring.