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Background: At the beginning of COVID-19 pandemic, specific COVID/PSY wards were created in France to provide care for inpatients with COVID-19 and psychiatric disorders. In this multi-center prospective study, we set out to assess the clinical features and risk factors of somatic aggravation in patients hospitalized in COVID/PSY wards. Methods: Data were collected between 28 February and 30 May, 2020. We collected demographic data, psychiatric diagnoses, medical data and COVID-19-related clinical data. Somatic aggravation was estimated by the number of patients transferred to intensive care or medicine units, the number of deaths and the number of patients presenting a confusional state. A multivariate logistic model was used to assess the risk factors of confusional state and transfer to intensive care or medicine units. The risk of death was analysed by the univariate predictors of this outcome. Outcomes: 350 patients were included in the study. The number of inclusions peaked one week after that of the general population and declined more slowly. Overall, 24 (7%) were transferred to medicine units, 7 (2%) died and 51 (15%) patients presented a confusional state. Severe respiratory symptoms predicted the transfer to a medicine unit (OR 17.1; CI 4.9-59.3). Older age, an organic mental disorder, a confusional state, and severe respiratory symptoms predicted mortality in univariate analysis. Age > 55 (OR 4.9; CI 2.1-11.4), an affective disorder (OR 4.1; CI 1.6-10.9), and severe respiratory symptoms (OR 4.6; CI 2.2-9.7) predicted a higher risk, while smoking (OR 0.3; CI 0.1-0.9) predicted a lower risk of a confusional state. Interpretation: COVID-19 patients with severe psychiatric disorders have multiple somatic comorbidities and a high risk of confusion. COVID/PSY wards may play a role in reducing the mortality of COVID-19 in patients with psychiatric disorders. Funding Statement: There was no funding source for this study. Declaration of Interests: There are no conflicts of interest to be declared. Ethics Approval Statement: This observational study was conducted according to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. In accordance with French bioethics laws, it was classified as a non- interventional study, since it concerned anonymized clinical data that are routinely compiled in medical records. Compliance with French regulations on personal data collection was supervised by the personal data referent of the Centre Psychotherapique de Nancy. Patients, and their legal guardian when appropriate, were informed in writing, in agreement with national regulations for observational studies.

Au cours des dernières décennies, l’expression littéraire du deuil s’est imposée avec une force renouvelée, en modifiant les ancrages traditionnels de ce type d’écriture. À partir d’un vaste corpus d’œuvres contemporaines, cet essai explore et théorise les caractéristiques de ces deuils sans noms., In recent decades, literature of mourning has emerged with renewed force and recast traditional approaches in a new light. Using a large corpus of contemporary works, this essay explores and theorizes the characteristics of these nameless mournings.

International audience; Several physical features influence the perception of how cooperative a potential partner is. While previous work focused on face and voice, it remains unknown whether body odours influence judgements of cooperativeness and if odour-based judgements are accurate. Here, we first collected axillary odours of cooperative and uncooperative male donors through a public good game and used them as olfactory stimuli in a series of tasks examining whether and how they influence cooperative decision-making in an incentivized economic game and ratings of cooperativeness. Our results show that having access to the donor's body odours provided a strategic advantage to women during economic decisions (but not to men): with age, women were more likely to cooperate with cooperative men and to avoid interacting with uncooperative men. Ratings of cooperativeness were nonetheless unrelated to the donors’ actual cooperativeness. Finally, while men with masculine and intense body odours were judged less cooperative, we found no evidence that donors’ actual cooperativeness was associated with less masculine or less intense body odour. Overall, our findings suggest that, as faces and voices, body odours influence perceived cooperativeness and might be used accurately and in a non-aware manner as olfactory cues of cooperativeness, at least by women.

Emerging evidence showed that major depressive disorder (MDD) is associated with disruptions of brain structural and functional networks, rather than impairment of isolated brain region. Thus, connectome-based models capable of predicting the depression severity at the individual level can be clinically useful. Here, we applied a machine-learning approach to predict the severity of depression using resting-state networks derived from source-reconstructed Electroencephalography (EEG) signals. Using regression models and three independent EEG datasets (N = 328), we tested whether resting state functional connectivity could predict individual depression score. On the first dataset, results showed that individuals scores could be reasonably predicted (r = 0.6, p = 4 × 10–18) using intrinsic functional connectivity in the EEG alpha band (8–13 Hz). In particular, the brain regions which contributed the most to the predictive network belong to the default mode network. We further tested the predictive potential of the established model by conducting two external validations on (N1 = 53, N2 = 154). Results showed statistically significant correlations between the predicted and the measured depression scale scores (r1 = 0.52, r2 = 0.44, p

International audience; Purpose: The aim of this study was to define the role of dystrophin Dp71 in corneal angiogenesis.Methods: Inflammation-induced corneal neovascularization experiments were performed in Dp71-null mice and C57BL/6J wild-type mice.Results: The corneal neovascular area covered by neovascularization was larger in the injured corneas of the Dp71-null mice compared to the corneas of the wild-type mice: 40.72% versus 26.33%, respectively (p

Neural activity in the sensory cortex combines stimulus responses and ongoing activity, but it remains unclear whether these reflect the same underlying dynamics or separate processes. In the present study, we show in mice that, during wakefulness, the neuronal assemblies evoked by sounds in the auditory cortex and thalamus are specific to the stimulus and distinct from the assemblies observed in ongoing activity. By contrast, under three different anesthetics, evoked assemblies are indistinguishable from ongoing assemblies in the cortex. However, they remain distinct in the thalamus. A strong remapping of sensory responses accompanies this dynamic state change produced by anesthesia. Together, these results show that the awake cortex engages dedicated neuronal assemblies in response to sensory inputs, which we suggest is a network correlate of sensory perception.

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International audience; Emotional processing deficits are key features in major depressive disorder (MDD). Neuroimaging studies indicate that the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) plays a pivotal role in both depressive symptoms and emotional processing. Recently, transcranial Direct Current Stimulations (tDCS) applied over the DLPFCs have held the promise to alleviate the symptoms in patients with MDD, but the effect on emotional processing in the patients is unclear. Here, we investigated the effect of a single session of tDCS over the DLPFCs on the emotional processing in patients with treatment-resistant MDD. In a randomized sham-controlled study, 35 patients received a single 30 min session of either active (2 mA, n = 18) or sham tDCS (n = 17). The anode was placed over the left and the cathode over the right DLPFC. Emotional processing accuracy was measured by a facial emotion recognition (FER) task. We observed an overall improvement in FER performance after the active tDCS, but not the sham tDCS. These exploratory results suggest that a single session of tDCS over the DLPFCs may improve FER in MDD, a crucial function of social cognition. Further studies are needed to investigate whether this acute improvement of FER in response to a single tDCS session could translate into clinical benefits or predict remission following repeated sessions of stimulation.

Objectives: To record the prevalence and risk factors of substance use amongst homeless persons during the COVID-19 pandemic.Methods: The ECHO study consisted in two independent cross-sectional waves of data collection in the regions of Paris, Lyon, and Strasbourg during the Spring of 2020 (n = 530) and 2021 (n = 319). Factors associated with substance use were explored using generalised logistic regression models.Results: The most prevalent substance used was tobacco (38%–43%), followed by alcohol (26%–34%). The use of both substances positively associated with each other, although risk factors varied depending on the substance. The only factors consistently associated with alcohol and tobacco use were being male, exposure to theft/assault and participants’ region of origin. Whilst the rate of tobacco use was relatively stable between Spring 2020 and 2021, alcohol use was more common in 2021.Conclusion: These findings highlight a high prevalence of substance use amongst homeless persons. People experiencing homelessness face specific challenges in the context of the pandemic, alongside greater vulnerability to illness and low healthcare access, therefore the need to improve prevention and support services for substance abuse within this population is vital.

Deciding about courses of action involves minimizing costs and maximizing benefits. Decision neuroscience studies have implicated both the ventral and dorsal medial PFC (vmPFC and dmPFC) in signaling goal value and action cost, but the precise functional role of these regions is still a matter of debate. Here, we suggest a more general functional partition that applies not only to decisions but also to judgments about goal value (expected reward) and action cost (expected effort). In this conceptual framework, cognitive representations related to options (reward value and effort cost) are dissociated from metacognitive representations (confidence and deliberation) related to solving the task (providing a judgment or making a choice). We used an original approach aimed at identifying consistencies across several preference tasks, from likeability ratings to binary decisions involving both attribute integration and option comparison. fMRI results in human male and female participants confirmed the vmPFC as a generic valuation system, its activity increasing with reward value and decreasing with effort cost. In contrast, more dorsal regions were not concerned with the valuation of options but with metacognitive variables, confidence being reflected in mPFC activity and deliberation time in dmPFC activity. Thus, there was a dissociation between the effort attached to choice options (represented in the vmPFC) and the effort invested in deliberation (represented in the dmPFC), the latter being expressed in pupil dilation. More generally, assessing commonalities across preference tasks might help in reaching a unified view of the neural mechanisms underlying the cost/benefit tradeoffs that drive human behavior. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Decision neuroscience studies have implicated the medial PFC in forming the cognitive representations that drive human choice behavior. However, different studies using different tasks have suggested somewhat inconsistent links between precise computational variables and specific brain regions. Here, we use fMRI to demonstrate a robust functional partition of the medial PFC that generalizes across tasks involving an estimation of goal value and/or action cost to provide a judgment or make a choice. This general functional partition makes a critical dissociation between neural representations of decisional factors (the expected costs and benefits attached to a given option) and metacognitive estimates (confidence in the judgment or choice, and effort invested in the deliberation process).

International audience; One aim of comparative neuroanatomy is to better understand brain function among species. It is tempting to try and explain brain differences throughout the animal kingdom by differences in adaptive behaviors as well as ecological factors. Based on this idea, we explored, with MRI, the brain morphology of three species with different sociality and predator avoidance (Bongo, Java deer mouse and Maki Catta). Brains were collected after death of natural causes and MR-imaged. Brain and body weights were collected, and volumes of brain were estimated after MRI segmentation. The brain-to-body weight ratio was close to 1 for the Java deer mouse (1.04%) and the maki catta (1.05%) but only 0.26% for the bongo. Encephalization quotients (EQ) were calculated using formulas defined for human (hEQ, constants 0.12 and 2/3; Cairó 2011, doi:10.3389/fnhum.2011.00108) and for dog (dEQ, constants 0.14 and 0.528; Saganuwan 2021, doi:10.1186/s13104-021-05638-0). Whatever the method, the Java deer mouse EQs were the smallest (hEQ=0.98; dEQ=0.88). The maki catta had a higher hEQ (1.23) than the bongo (1.14) whereas the order was reversed for the dEQ (maki catta dEQ=1.21; bongodEQ=1.96). These values are coherent with the idea that EQ is higher in prey species using active predator avoidance (bongo) and in social species (bongo and maki catta)

International audience; Cerebral fMRI is a useful imaging tool that allows to visualize neuronal activity based on blood oxygen levels. However, except the neuronal component of interest, fMRI signal contains “noise” components due to physiological processes (heartbeat, respiration...). Litterature contains attempts to estimate this part of the signal, but not to measure it. This study aims to measure the respective impact of cardiac pulse and respiratory cycle on MRI signal in human brain and its regions with short TR.

International audience; Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a common translational method to evaluate brain functional connectivity (FC) in preclinical neurologic applications. However, unlike human studies, preclinical fMRI studies are usually performed under anesthetic condition. The confounding effect of the anesthesia on fMRI measurements is not clear. Indeed, a controversy exists between those who claim that anesthesia change FC (Paasonen et al., 2018) and other who maintain that FC is preserved (Becq et al., 2020). Our hypothesis is that physiological changes induced by anesthesia could explain this discrepancy. While in human studies, fMRI analysis generally includes cleaning of physiological-noise (Glover et al., 2000; Kassinopoulos & Mitsis, 2019), preclinical study processing is rather often limited to a low-pass temporal filtering. We aimed first to demonstrate that the global MRI signal of animal brain includes, like in human, a physiological component. Second, that a normalization of this component based on global signal can reduce variability of FC assessment.

International audience; Purpose: One of the long-term symptoms of COVID-19 is phantosmia, a type of Olfactory Disorder (OD) that has deleterious impacts on patients' quality of life. The aim of this article was to study how this poorly understood qualitative OD manifests itself in the COVID-19.Methods: 4691 patients with COVID-19 responded to our online questionnaire focusing on COVID-19-related OD. We first analyzed the prevalence of phantosmia in this population. Then, with the help of Natural Language Processing techniques, we investigated the qualitative descriptions of phantom smells by the 1723 respondents who reported phantosmia.Results: The prevalence of phantosmia was of 37%. Women were more likely to report phantosmia than men, as well as respondents for whom OD was described as fluctuating rather than permanent, lasted longer, was partial rather than total and appeared progressively rather than suddenly. The relationship between OD duration and phantosmia followed a logarithmic function, with a prevalence of phantosmia increasing strongly during the first 2 months of the disease before reaching a plateau and no decrease over the 15 months considered in this study. Qualitative analyses of phantosmia descriptions with a sentiment analysis revealed that the descriptions were negatively valenced for 78% of the respondents. Reference to "tobacco" was more frequent in non-smokers. Source names and odor characteristics were used differently according to age and OD duration.Conclusion: The results of this descriptive study of phantosmia contribute to the current efforts of the medical community to better understand and treat this rapidly increasing COVID-19-related OD.

International audience; Temporal contingency is a key factor in associative learning but remains weakly investigated early in life. Few data suggest simultaneous presentation is required for young to associate different stimuli, whereas adults can learn them sequentially. Here, we investigated the ability of newborn rabbits to perform sensory preconditioning and second-order conditioning using trace intervals between odor presentations. Strikingly, pups are able to associate odor stimuli with 10- and 30-sec intervals in sensory preconditioning and second-order conditioning, respectively. The effectiveness of higher-order trace conditioning in newborn rabbits reveals that very young animals can display complex learning despite their relative immaturity.

International audience; Background and purpose: Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has been proposed to treat functional neurological disorders. Here, the aim was to assess the efficacy of rTMS to treat functional paralysis in a controlled randomized trial.Methods: Patients received two sessions of active or sham 0.25 Hz rTMS (60 stimuli each), with a 1-day interval, applied over the motor cortex contralateral to the paralysis. The primary outcome was the number of patients with an increase in motor score between baseline and after the second rTMS session, rated by two investigators blinded to the treatment allocation. Secondary outcomes were changes in global and fine motor scores between groups after rTMS, and the occurrence of adverse events.Results: Sixty-two patients (46 female; mean [SD] age, 35.2 [13.9] years) were enrolled and randomized. Thirteen out of 32 (41%) and 11/30 (37%) patients had increased motor strength after active or sham rTMS, respectively (p = 0.80). Changes in both global and fine motor scores after rTMS relative to baseline were also not significantly different between treatment groups (median difference in the global motor score 0.62 [0.83] and 0.37 [0.61], and in the fine motor scores 0.12 [0.18] and 0.08 [0.11], in active and sham rTMS groups, respectively; p = 0.14). Six serious adverse events, consisting of three cephalalgia in the active group and two cephalalgia and one asthenia in the sham group, were observed.Conclusions: Two sessions of sham or active low frequency rTMS were effective to improve functional paralysis, suggesting a placebo effect of this non-invasive brain stimulation technique.

International audience; Purpose:The main objective of this study was to provide further information concerning the validity of patient-reported executive function (EF) in survivors of primary brain tumor (PBT) compared with a report provided by each patient’s caregiver.Methods: Forty survivors of PBT, 40 non-cancer controls and their proxies completed an assessment of functional executive disorders (e.g., planning, inhibition, shifting, action initiation). Comparisons of self and informant EF reports were examined, for both patients and non-cancer controls. The extent of the concordance between patients’ reports and their caregivers’ reports was also determined.Results: PBT survivors and their caregivers reported more problems related to EF in contrast with the non-cancer comparison group (significant differences). There was a high level of agreement between patients’ and caregivers’ ratings within the patient group.Conclusions: This study provides evidence suggesting that at an average of 3.67 (SD = 2.31) years following treatment for a PBT, EF difficulties are reported by patients and their caregivers. This study establishes a consistency between what is reported by survivors and what is reported by those who frequently interact with them. Further research investigating the link between these ratings and quality of life as well as other functions is encouraged.Implications for Cancer Survivors: This study’s results demonstrate the importance of listening to PBT survivors’ perception of EF difficulties. While not confirmed by neuropsychological evaluations, the functional executive challenges reported by these survivors’ close relatives reflect what PBT survivors themselves report. Specialists should pay close attention to these difficulties to guarantee optimal post-cancer care.

Objectives: Speed of thought is a central phenomenon in mood disorders. We aimed to provide an update on the topic ten years after a first narrative review published on racing and crowded thoughts in mood disorders. This update is based on recent publications, including recent works of our group.Methods: Narrative review based on publications from the last ten years including publications of our group and a systematic research of references on PubMed.Results:The traditional dichotomist view of racing versus crowded thoughts is not refuted but appears to be more complex, as revealed by validation studies of the Racing and Crowded Thoughts Questionnaire. Moreover, this dualistic view can no longer be conceptualized in a simple bijective concordance with the distinction of hypomania versus mixed depression. We also show that racing/crowded thoughts are strongly associated with mixed depression and not with non-mixed depression, that they tend to be more associated in hypomania to irritability than to the typical symptoms of energy and activity increase and that they are clearly distinguishable from ruminations. Yet, although tightly linked to mood disorders, racing/crowded thoughts appear to be associated to anxiety as well as attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and insomnia.Conclusions: Racing and crowded thoughts should be studied in a dimensional perspective as an important facet of mind activity within and beyond the field of mood disorders., Objectifs: Dix ans plus tôt a été publiée, sous la direction du premier auteur de cet article, une réévaluation théorique sur les pensées accélérées (« racing ») et grouillantes (« crowded ») dans les troubles de l’humeur, que la tradition française rassemble volontiers sous le concept de tachypsychie, mais que les auteurs anglo-saxons utilisent peu. Cette revue incluait des considérations théoriques sur le concept. Après une décade, qui a été marquée par l’émergence du concept de dépression mixte, nous proposons une mise à jour, basée sur les publications récentes incluant des travaux récents de notre groupe.Méthode: Cette revue narrative s’appuie sur la réévaluation théorique initiale publiée en 2010 et reprend les publications de ces dix dernières années. Les études pertinentes ont été collectées au fil des travaux de notre groupe, incluent des publications de notre groupe et ont été complétées par une recherche systématique sur PubMed.Résultats: Nous confirmons les éléments connus sur la tachypsychie en les étendant et en apportant certaines clarifications. La conception dichotomique des pensées accélérées versus les pensées grouillantes n’est pas réfutée mais elle apparaît plus complexe, comme l’a révélé les études de validation du Racing and Crowded Thoughts Questionnaire (le questionnaire de pensées accélérées et grouillantes), réalisées chez des sujets de la population générale et chez des patients bipolaires. Ces études montrent, à travers l’analyse factorielle des items composant cet auto-questionnaire, l’existence non pas de deux mais de trois facteurs. Un premier facteur décrit la suractivité des pensées, est associé à l’hypomanie et renvoie assez bien au concept de pensées accélérées linéaires, alors qu’un second facteur décrit le caractère pénible de la suractivité des pensées, est associé à l’humeur dépressive et renvoie, lui, assez bien au concept de pensées grouillantes. Il existe, cependant, un troisième facteur décrivant la surexcitabilité des pensées qui est à la fois associée à l’hypomanie et la dépression et qui vient donc brouiller les cartes du schéma dichotomique. De plus, cette vision dichotomique ne peut plus être conçue comme dans une simple concordance bijective avec la distinction hypomanie versus dépression mixte telle qu’elle était décrite dans le modèle proposé il y a dix ans. Il semble raisonnable de considérer que, dans la manie sévère, la tachypsychie n’est plus linéaire mais devient grouillante parce qu’à un certain stade, l’accélération excessive des pensées submerge les capacités de traitement de ces pensées par l’esprit. Par ailleurs, les études de la tachypsychie chez des patients déprimés, montrent que celle-ci est fortement associée à la dépression mixte et non à la dépression non mixte. Des études, sur sa présence au cours d’épisodes hypomanes, montrent que la tachypsychie tend à être plus associée à l’irritabilité qu’aux symptômes maniaques classiques d’augmentation de l’énergie et de l’activité. Ces résultats confortent l’intuition de Kraepelin et Weygandt d’un modèle à trois volets des symptômes cliniques des troubles de l’humeur dans lequel pensée associative et activité psychomotrice constituent deux volets distincts (en plus du troisième volet qui concerne les affects). Les travaux récents ont permis aussi d’apporter des éléments empiriques pour étayer la distinction entre tachypsychie et ruminations. Enfin, bien qu’étroitement liée aux troubles de l’humeur, la tachypsychie semble être associée à l’anxiété aussi bien dans la population générale que chez les sujets bipolaires. Elle est également très présente chez les sujets présentant un trouble déficit de l’attention/hyperactivité ou souffrant d’insomnie.Conclusion: La tachypsychie, telle qu’elle s’exprime par des pensées accélérées et grouillantes, représente un concept clinique qui permet d’étudier une importante facette de l’activité de l’esprit dans une perspective dimensionnelle dans et au-delà du domaine des troubles de l’humeur.

Longevity is influenced by genetic and environmental factors, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we functionally characterise a Drosophila small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA), named jouvence whose loss of function reduces lifespan. The genomic region of jouvence rescues the longevity in mutant, while its overexpression in wild-type increases lifespan. Jouvence is required in enterocytes. In mutant, the epithelium of the gut presents more hyperplasia, while the overexpression of jouvence prevents it. Molecularly, the mutant lack pseudouridylation on 18S and 28S-rRNA, a function rescued by targeted expression of jouvence in the gut. A transcriptomic analysis performed from the gut reveals that several genes are either up- or down-regulated, while restoring the mRNA level of two genes (ninaD or CG6296) rescue the longevity. Since snoRNAs are structurally and functionally well conserved throughout evolution, we identified putative jouvence orthologue in mammals including humans, suggesting that its function in longevity could be conserved., Small non-coding RNAs contribute to the regulation of aging. Here the authors identify a small nucleolar RNA, the snoRNA jouvence, which extends the lifespan of fruit flies through its function in the gut, and is conserved in humans.

International audience; The suppression of spontaneous otoacoustic emissions (SOAEs) allows the objective evaluation of cochlear frequency selectivity by determining the suppression tuning curve (STC). Interestingly, some STCs have additional side-lobes at the high frequency flank, which are thought to result from interaction between the probe tone and the cochlear standing wave corresponding to the SOAE being suppressed. Side-lobes are often in regions of other neighboring SOAEs, but can also occur in the absence of any other SOAE. The aim of this study was to compare STCs and psychoacoustic tuning curves (PTCs). Therefore, STCs and PTCs were measured in: (1) subjects in which the STC had a side-lobe, and (2) subjects without STC side-lobes. Additionally, PTCs were measured in subjects without SOAEs. Across participant groups, the quality factor Q 10dB of the PTCs was similar, independently from whether SOAEs were present or absent. Thus, the presence of an SOAE does not provide enhanced frequency selectivity at the emission frequency. Moreover, both PTC and STC show irregularities but these are not related in a straightforward way. This suggests that different mechanisms cause these irregularities.

L’étude du comportement animal est très demandeuse en temps d’observation. L’analyse automatique de vidéos est une voie prometteuse de simplification. Des méthodes d’intelligence artificielle (par réseaux de neurones de type Inception) ont ainsi été développées en utilisant l’outil Tensorflow. Deux applications ont été mises en œuvre pour i) identifier l’activité de truies allaitantes bloquées, dans le but à terme d’utiliser le comportement de la truie en sélection génétique afin d’éviter la mort des porcelets par écrasement, et ii) étudier le comportement d’agneaux isolés en parc de test, en s’intéressant à leur positionnement, orientation et mobilité dans le parc, de façon à caractériser leur réactivité émotionnelle. Pour l’application porcine, des vidéos de différentes truies suitées, enregistrées pendant 6 mois sur des journées complètes, ont permis d’obtenir un million d’images qui ont été expertisées pour obtenir une base d’images sur lesquelles la posture/activité de la truie est identifiée : position assise, debout avec ou sans alimentation, couchée sur le ventre, activités d’allaitement sur le côté gauche ou droit, avec trois niveaux d’intensité d’allaitement. A partir de ces images annotées, un logiciel intégrant un réseau de neurones a été développé pour prédire en temps réel la posture des truies avec un taux de précision de 92 %. Pour l’application relative aux agneaux, des vidéos réalisées sur un ensemble de 39 animaux ont permis d’établir une base de 600 images expertisées, pour identifier les parties antérieures et postérieures de l’agneau. En croisant cette information avec les zones d’intérêt, il sera possible de savoir pour chaque image dans quelle zone est l’agneau (c.-à-d. si sa partie antérieure y est). L’algorithme développé repose sur 2 réseaux de neurones permettant de détecter l’animal et de déterminer sa position dans le parc de 16 m2, puis d’identifier automatiquement les deux parties du corps de l’agneau avec une précision de 80 %. Ces deux applications montrent le potentiel de l’intelligence artificielle pour analyser automatiquement certains comportements, permettant de faciliter l’analyse comportementale et d’étendre les plages de mesures (ex. 24h/24).

International audience; Rationale Stimulant use, including cocaine, often occurs in a social context whose influence is important to understand todecrease intake and reduce associated harms. Although the importance of social influence in the context of drug addictionis known, there is a need for studies assessing its neurobiological substrate and for translational research.Objectives Here, we explored the influence of peer presence and familiarity on cocaine intake and its neurobiological basis.Given the regulatory role of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) on cocaine intake and emotions, we investigated its role on suchinfluence of social context on cocaine intake.Methods We first compared cocaine consumption in various conditions (with no peer present or with peers with differentcharacteristics: abstinent peer or drug-taking peer, familiar or not, cocaine-naive or not, dominant or subordinate) in rats(n = 90). Then, with a translational approach, we assessed the influence of the social context (alone, in the group, in a dyadwith familiar or non-familiar peers) on drug intake in human drug users (n = 77).Results The drug consumption was reduced when a peer was present, abstinent, or drug-taking as well, and further dimin-ished when the peer was non-familiar. The presence of a non-familiar and drug-naive peer represents key conditions todiminish cocaine intake. The STN lesion by itself reduced cocaine intake to the level reached in presence of a non-familiarnaive peer and affected social cognition, positioning the STN as one neurobiological substrate of social influence on drugintake. Then, the human study confirmed the beneficial effect of social presence, especially of non-familiar peers.Conclusion Our results indirectly support the use of social interventions and harm reduction strategies and position the STNas a key cerebral structure to mediate these effects.; The presence of a non-familiar and possibly drug-naive peer is the most efficient condition to diminish stimulant intake. Our results indirectly support the use of harm reduction strategies, in particular supervised consumption rooms for stimulant users.

While nonlinear phenomena (NLP) are widely reported in animal vocalizations, often causing perceptual harshness and roughness, their communicative function remains debated. Several hypotheses have been put forward: attention-grabbing, communication of distress, exaggeration of body size and dominance. Here, we use state-of-the-art sound synthesis to investigate how NLP affect the perception of puppy whines by human listeners. Listeners assessed the distress, size or dominance conveyed by synthetic puppy whines with manipulated NLP, including frequency jumps and varying proportions of subharmonics, sidebands and deterministic chaos. We found that the presence of chaos increased the puppy's perceived level of distress and that this effect held across a range of representative fundamental frequency ( f o ) levels. Adding sidebands and subharmonics also increased perceived distress among listeners who have extensive caregiving experience with pre-weaned puppies (e.g. breeders, veterinarians). Finally, we found that whines with added chaos, subharmonics or sidebands were associated with larger and more dominant puppies, although these biases were attenuated in experienced caregivers. Together, our results show that nonlinear phenomena in puppy whines can convey rich information to human listeners and therefore may be crucial for offspring survival during breeding of a domesticated species.

International audience; Primary (interceptive) saccades toward a moving target have been proposed to be the outcome of the summation of signals “computed” by two parallel and distinct pathways in the brain. One computation would estimate the location where the target first appeared whereas the other would calculate the subsequent target displacement amplitude from velocity signals. These computations would involve activity propagating through a pathway involving the superior colliculus (snapshot of position) and another involving the cerebellum (motion integration).Rather skeptical that kinematic parameters could be embedded within the brain activity and that massively distributed and recurrent neuronal networks would subtend human-like arithmetic computations, we re-examined this theory. We recorded the activity of saccade-related neurons in the superior colliculus with the aim to verify whether the population bursting activity would include cells coding for saccade vectors corresponding to the current and perhaps the future location of the target. Thus, we found that during the saccade-related burst, the active assembly consists of a continuum of commands, ranging from those related to antecedent target locations to commands related to its current location. Regarding the other pathway, we tested its contribution by inactivating one of its output nuclei, the caudal fastigial nucleus. Like saccades toward a static target, the horizontal component of interceptive saccades became hypometric when directed toward the contralesional side and hypermetric when they were ipsilesional. The horizontal dysmetria depended on target velocity, but the use of accelerating or decelerating targets revealed that velocity was not the crucial parameter.Altogether, our investigations lead to a viewpoint from which basic intrinsic properties of the brain suffice to explain the generation of accurate visually-guided (saccadic and pursuit) eye movements without considering that kinematic notions would be embedded within the brain activity and that the brain networks would perform arithmetic computations upon them.

International audience; Nous envisageons, dans cet article, de lire la manifestation de la perte et du souvenir à partir d'un corpus composé d'écrits des demandeurs d'asile accueillis et accompagnés par le collectif Agir. Ces derniers ont participé au volet écriture de l'atelier « Genre et mobilités » que nous avions organisé en mai 2019 dans les locaux d'Agir. Les participants ont produit, à cette occasion, des textes s'articulant autour des thèmes de la perte, du souvenir et de l'espoir. Lors de cet atelier, nous avions à coeur de laisser une liberté absolue quant au choix de la langue d'écriture, afin d'encourager l'expression et d'accorder l'espace nécessaire pour tenter de constituer un je. Nous avions remarqué que certains participants avaient choisi d'écrire dans leur langue maternelle, tandis que d'autres avaient préféré l'anglais ou le français, quand d'autres encore avaient tissé ensemble plusieurs langues. Que ce soit dans nos recherches en littérature, dans nos pratiques personnelles ou lors des ateliers, nous constatons que l'écriture peut devenir un lieu d'accueil, un refuge, un espace à soi. L'écriture, comme espace d'hospitalité, accueille des identités multiples, des parcours singuliers, des langues métissées, des voix hybrides et plurilingues, puisant dans des imaginaires et héritages littéraires variés.

Friction is a force we have to deal with in everyday life when we handle objects or slide them. In this thesis, participants performed a striking motion (with the index finger) to slide a cubic shaped plastic object through a gutter toward a target distance. Depending on the conditions, the experimental factors manipulated are the material of the surface on which the object slides, the inclination of the surface (-10°, 0°, or +10°) and the target distance, for a given number of trials.The analysis of the spatial error (between the object and the target) as well as the initial speed of the object after impact with the finger suggests that, over the trials, the movement is parameterized to reduce the spatial error in order to calibrate an internal model of the coefficient of friction (µ subjective) for a given surface. Subsequently, this µ subjective can be generalized when the condition of inclination and/or distance is changed, or can be recalibrated. The biomechanical analysis shows that, in the simplest conditions, participants adopt the same motorstrategy by recruiting rotation of only one segment (the hand) to provide the kinetic energy needed to reach the target. It is only with increasing task constraints that some participants decide to adopt a new motor strategy by adding a degree of freedom (forearm rotation), with greater success in the most difficult conditions. Our results also show that some participants prefer to keep one spatiotemporal parameter invariant (amplitude or duration of the strike) and to vary the other for controlling the speed at impact; while other participants vary both parameters favoring the control of acceleration before impact.In conclusion, we provide evidence that, through the repetition of trials, the brain builds an internal model of friction that allows it to parameterize the ballistic striking movement in order to regulate the amount of kinetic energy required at impact, for transmitting to the object the appropriate initial velocity so that it slides to a target distance., La friction est une force avec laquelle nous devons composer dans la vie de tous les jours, lorsque nous manipulons des objets ou que nous les faisons glisser. Dans la présente thèse, les participants ont effectué un mouvement de frappe (avec l'index) pour faire glisser un objet plastique de forme cubique dans une gouttière jusqu'à une distance cible. Selon les conditions, les facteurs expérimentaux manipulés sont : le matériau de la surface sur laquelle l'objet glisse, l'inclinaison de la surface (-10°, 0°, ou +10°) et la distance cible, pour un nombre d'essais donné.L'analyse de l'erreur spatiale (entre l'objet et la cible) ainsi que la vitesse initiale de l'objet après impact avec le doigt suggèrent qu‘au fil des essais, le mouvement est paramétré pour réduire l'erreur spatiale afin de calibrer un modèle interne du coefficient de friction (µ subjectif) pour une surface donnée. Par la suite, ce µ subjectif peut être généralisé lors d'un changement de condition d'inclinaison et/ou de distance, ou bien faire l'objet d'une recalibration. L'analyse biomécanique montre que dans les conditions les plus simples, les participants adoptent la rotation d'un seul segment (la main) afin de fournir l'énergie cinétique nécessaire pour atteindre la cible. Ce n'est qu'avec l'augmentation des contraintes de la tâche que certains participants décident d'adopter une nouvelle stratégie motrice en ajoutant un degré de liberté (rotation de l'avant-bras), avec un plus grand succès dans les conditions les plus difficiles. Nos résultats montrent également que certains participants préfèrent garder un paramètre spatiotemporel invariant (amplitude ou durée de la frappe) et faire varier l'autre pour contrôler la vitesse à l'impact; tandis que d'autres participants font varier les deux paramètres privilégiant le contrôle de l'accélération avant l'impact.En conclusion, nous apportons la preuve, qu'au travers de la répétition des essais, le cerveau se construit un modèle interne de la friction qui permet de paramétrer le mouvement balistique de frappe afin de réguler la quantité d'énergie cinétique nécessaire à l'impact, pour transmettre à l'objet la vitesse initiale appropriée afin qu'il glisse jusqu'à une distance cible.

The psychological and cognitive aspects of performance (imagination, attention, memory, etc.) have been rarely addressed by research in both systematic musicology and the neuropsychology of music. The notion of inner listening is generally associated with the internal perception of sound, the ability to hear music mentally in the absence of an external physical source. This thesis proposes a conception of inner listening that goes well beyond that of internal sound perception alone and corresponds to the mental representation of music in a much broader perspective: indeed, inner listening is, indeed, intimately linked to artistic expression and refers to the notion of musical thinking. Eminently multimodal and associative on the cognitive level, mental representations (visual, motor, auditory, etc.) constitute the different components of inner listening. These are associated and in permanent interaction with other cognitive resources such as reasoning, emotions, and memory. We conducted two experimental studies (professional and novice pianists) to identify the cognitive processes at work (perception, memory, attention, imagination) and to highlight possible links between individual profiles and types of musical writing. In a mixed methodological approach, the phenomenological data from the performance situations were completed with various psychometric tests. At the crossroads of musicology, cognitive neuropsychology and music teaching and learning, the aim of this thesis is to analyze the processes involved in the inner listening that result from the process of memorization and artistic appropriation in piano performance; it establishes a permanent dialogue between musicological and cognitive approaches., Les aspects psychologiques et cognitifs de l’interprétation (imaginaire, attention, mémoire, etc.) ont fait l’objet de relativement peu de recherches aussi bien en musicologie systématique qu’en neuropsychologie de la musique. La notion d’écoute intérieure est généralement associée à la perception interne du son, à la capacité d’entendre la musique mentalement en l’absence d’une source physique extérieure. Cette thèse propose une conception de l’écoute intérieure qui dépasse celle de la seule perception interne du son et correspond à la représentation mentale de la musique dans une perspective bien plus large : l’écoute intérieure est, en effet, intimement liée à l’expression artistique et renvoie à la notion de pensée musicale. De nature éminemment multimodales et associatives sur le plan cognitif, les représentations mentales (visuelles, motrices, auditives, etc.) constituent les différentes composantes de l’écoute intérieure. Elles sont associées et en interaction permanente avec d’autres ressources cognitives comme le raisonnement, les émotions et la mémoire. Nous avons conduit deux études expérimentales (pianistes professionnels et jeunes apprenants) dans le but d'identifier les processus cognitifs à l’œuvre (perception, mémoire, attention, imaginaire) et de mettre en évidence les éventuels liens entre les profils individuels et le type d’écriture musicale. Dans une approche méthodologique mixte, les données phénoménologiques émanant des situations d’interprétation ont été croisées avec diverses épreuves psychométriques. À la croisée de la musicologie, de la neuropsychologie cognitive etde l’enseignement-apprentissage de la musique, l'objet de cette thèse est d'analyser les processus impliqués dans l'écoute intérieure, écoute qui résulte du processus de mémorisation et d’appropriation artistique dans l’interprétation pianistique ; elle établit un dialogue permanent entre des approches musicologiques et cognitives.

The “voice areas” in the superior temporal cortex have been identified in both humans and non-human primates as selective to conspecific vocalizations only (i.e., expressed by members of our own species), suggesting its old evolutionary roots across the primate lineage. With respect to non-human primate species, it remains unclear whether the listening of vocal emotions from conspecifics leads to similar or different cerebral activations when compared to heterospecific calls (i.e., expressed by another primate species) triggered by the same emotion. Using a neuroimaging technique rarely employed in monkeys so far, functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy, the present study investigated in three lightly anesthetized female baboons (Papio anubis), temporal cortex activities during exposure to agonistic vocalizations from conspecifics and from other primates (chimpanzees—Pan troglodytes), and energy matched white noises in order to control for this low-level acoustic feature. Permutation test analyses on the extracted OxyHemoglobin signal revealed great inter-individual differences on how conspecific and heterospecific vocal stimuli were processed in baboon brains with a cortical response recorded either in the right or the left temporal cortex. No difference was found between emotional vocalizations and their energy-matched white noises. Despite the phylogenetic gap between Homo sapiens and African monkeys, modern humans and baboons both showed a highly heterogeneous brain process for the perception of vocal and emotional stimuli. The results of this study do not exclude that old evolutionary mechanisms for vocal emotional processing may be shared and inherited from our common ancestor.

Adaptive behaviors are defined as the set of behavioral and physiological reactions to a particular event arising from the external or internal environment. These adaptive behaviors have been studied at the species level but also at the level of the individual, showing that these behaviors are impacted by genetic selection, early experience and phylogeny. To understand the changes caused by these different factors, we need to study the brain, which is the seat of these behaviors, our hypothesis being that adaptive behaviors are linked to a specific organization of the brain. In order to study all the neurobiological substrates of adaptive behavior, it is essential to consider the brain regions involved in the perception of the environment, emotions and social behavior. To study all of these regions, we used Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) which is the most suitable method to study the whole brain and to conduct a comparative study. During my thesis, I conducted an MRI study of the morphology of structures relating to sensory (olfactory, auditory, etc.) and socioemotional processes (amygdala, hippocampus, periaqueductal gray matter, etc.). To test the genetic selection hypothesis, we used two lines of Japanese quail, STI (Short Tonic Immobility) and LTI (Long Tonic Immobility), selected on their duration of tonic immobility, an adaptive behavior reflecting the emotionality of individuals. We found that genetic selection influences the morphology of brain regions involved in emotional but also sensory processes. To test the early experience hypothesis, we investigated the influence of early exposure to music as an environmental enrichment for lambs reared under mother-deprivation and with milk replacement, for which we know adaptive behaviors are altered.We have shown that this experience modifies their activity profile (especially emotional reactivity), the endocrine axis and the cerebral morphology of structures such as the caudate nucleus. To test the phylogenetic hypothesis, a comparative biology study was carried out on different wild species (deer mouse, cat-tailed lions, sea lions, etc.) during which we described the morphological specificities of brain structures known to be involved inadaptive behaviors.This thesis work shows, in different animal species, the involvement of genetic selection, early experience but also phylogeny in the anatomical plasticity of regions associated with adaptive behaviors., Les comportements adaptatifs sont définis comme l'ensemble des réactions comportementales et physiologiques à un évènement particulier issu de l'environnement externe ou interne. Les comportements adaptatifs ont été étudiés à l’échelle des espèces mais aussi à l’échelle des individus ce qui a permis de montrer que ces comportements sont impactés par la sélection génétique, l’expérience précoce et la phylogénie. Pour comprendre les modifications engendrées par ces différents facteurs, il est nécessaire d’étudier le cerveau qui est le siège de ces comportements, notre hypothèse étant que les comportements adaptatifs sont liés à une organisation spécifique de l'encéphale. Dans le but d’étudier l’ensemble des substrats neurobiologiques des comportements adaptatifs, il est indispensable de considérer les régions cérébrales impliquées dans la perception de l’environnement, les émotions et les comportements sociaux. Pour étudier l’ensemble de ces régions, nous avons utilisé l’Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique (IRM) qui est la méthode la plus appropriée pour étudier l’encéphale dans sa globalité et mener une approche comparative. Au cours de ma thèse, une étude en IRM de la morphologie des structures relatives aux processus sensoriels (olfactifs, auditifs,...) et aux processus socio-émotionnels (amygdale, hippocampe, substance grise périaqueducale,...) a donc été menée afin de tester les hypothèses concernant la sélection génétique, l’expérience précoce et la phylogénie. Pour tester l’hypothèse de la sélection génétique, nous avons utilisé deux lignées de caille japonaise, STI (Short Tonic Immobility) et LTI (Long Tonic Immobility), sélectionnées sur leur durée d’immobilité tonique, comportement adaptatif traduisant l’émotivité des individus. Nous avons montré que la sélection génétique influence la morphologie de régions cérébrales impliquées dans les processus émotionnels mais aussi sensoriels. Pour tester l’hypothèse de l’expérience précoce, nous avons étudié l’influence de l’exposition précoce à la musique en tant qu’enrichissement du milieu pour des agneaux en allaitement artificiel pour lesquels nous savons que les comportements adaptatifs sont altérés. Nous avons mis en évidence que cette expérience modifie le profil d’activité (notamment la réactivité émotionnelle), l’axe endocrinien et la morphologie cérébrale de certaines structures telles que le noyau caudé. Pour tester l’hypothèse de la phylogénie, une étude de biologie comparée a été menée sur différentes espèces sauvages (cerf-souris, maki catta, otarie…) au cours de laquelle nous avons décrit les spécificités morphologiques des structures cérébrales connues pour être impliquées dans les comportements adaptatifs.Ce travail de thèse montre donc l’implication de la sélection génétique, de l’expérience précoce mais aussi de la phylogénie dans la plasticité anatomique des régions associées aux comportements adaptatifs chez différentes espèces animales.

Cognitive neuroscience has enormous potential to infer and investigate the mental lives of animals. In humans, and to lesser extents in non-human primates and rodents, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is routinely used to infer perceptual processes, cognitive mechanisms, emotions, mental states and ultimately consciousness. With the inclusion of concepts such as “positive mental state”, “expectations”, and “perception” in a recent definition of animal welfare (ANSES, 2018), it is evident that cognitive neuroscience can help us understand the welfare needs of animals. Even when not investigating welfare per se cognitive neuroimaging can inform us about the perceptual and cognitive capacities and preferences of animals – determining factors of the welfare needs of a particular species or even individual (Nawroth 2019). Such knowledge would also contribute to the debate on the legal status of animals, in which cognitive capacities are an important consideration. Despite its potential impact, livestock cognitive neuroimaging is only at the stage of conception. Sheep use visual, olfactory and auditory cues for social communication. The neural substrates of olfactory and visual social interaction, in particular between a mother and her lamb, have been studied by cellular or electrophysiological approaches (Lévy 2017), while their auditory system remains unexplored.

1AbstractTeam lifting is a complex and collective motor task that possesses both motor and cognitive components. The purpose of this study was to investigate to what extent the biomechanics of a collective load carriage is affected when a dyad of individuals is performing a carrying task with an additional accuracy constraint. Ten dyads performed a first condition in which they collectively transported a load (CC), and a second one in which they transported the same load while maintaining a ball in a target position on its top (PC).The recovery-rate, amplitude, and period of the center-of-mass (COM) trajectory were computed for the whole system (dyad + table = PACS). We analyzed the forces and moments exerted at each joint of the upper limbs of the subjects. We observed a decrease in the overall performance of the dyads when the Precision task was added, i.e., i) the velocity and amplitude of CoMPACS decreased by 1,7% and 5,8%, respectively, ii) inter-subject variability of the Moment-Cost-Function decreased by 95% and recovery rate decreased by 19,2% during PC. A kinetic synergy analysis showed that the subjects reorganized their coordination in the PC.Our results demonstrate that adding a precision task affects the economy of collective load carriage. Notwithstanding, the joint moments at the upper-limbs are better balanced and co-vary more across the paired subjects during the precision task. Our study results may find applications in domains such as Ergonomics, Robotics-developments, and Rehabilitation.

Sensing the chemical world is of primary importance for aquatic organisms, and small freshwater fish are increasingly used in toxicology, ethology, and neuroscience by virtue of their ease of manipulation, tissue imaging amenability, and genetic tractability. However, precise behavioral analyses are generally challenging to perform due to the lack of knowledge of what chemical the fish are exposed to at any given moment. Here we developed a behavioral assay and a specific infrared dye to probe the preference of young zebrafish for virtually any compound. We found that the innate aversion of zebrafish to citric acid is not mediated by modulation of the swim but rather by immediate avoidance reactions when the product is sensed and that the preference of juvenile zebrafish for ATP changes from repulsion to attraction during successive exposures. We propose an information-based behavioral model for which an exploration index emerges as a relevant behavioral descriptor, complementary to the standard preference index. Our setup features a high versatility in protocols and is automatic and scalable, which paves the way for high-throughput preference compound screening at different ages.

Background: The ability to move joints beyond the normal range of motion is called Joint Hypermobility (JHM). JHM has been associated with a plethora of physical problems and is a frequent sign of hereditary disorders of connective tissue. Neuropsychiatric conditions such as eating disorders (ED) have also been related to JHM. However, little is known about the clinical profile of people with ED and JHM. The aim of this study was to explore JHM in patients with ED and to compare the clinical characteristics of hypermobile ED patients with non-hypermobile ED patients.Method: Fifty-three outpatients diagnosed with ED were assessed using the Beighton score for JHM, the Eating Disorders Inventory 2, the Eating Disorder Examination, and the Detail and Flexibility Questionnaire. Information relating to patients' psychiatric and somatic comorbidities/symptoms was also collected.Results: Using the traditional Beighton score's cutoff of ≥4, 41.5% of the sample presented with JHM. Our results indicate that compared with non-hypermobile ED patients, those with JHM are significantly younger, suffer at a greater extent from joint pain and easy bruising, have a shorter duration of the ED, and have lower scores for cognitive rigidity. In addition, for those with anorexia nervosa, the restricting subtype represents a significantly lower proportion of hypermobile ED patients compared to non-hypermobile ED patients. Multivariate analyses showed that cognitive rigidity, age, and duration of the ED could predict the JHM status in this sample.Conclusion: These results suggest that JHM is frequent in patients with ED and is accompanied by signs of tissue fragility. Patients with ED and JHM seem to present a specific profile characterized by less cognitive rigidity and restricting behavior in the case of anorexia nervosa. Further research is needed in order to confirm these results.

The weaning period is a stressful time for young farm animals. We compared the physiological and behavioural responses of weaned (defined here as the cessation of milk feeding associated with a change of environment) goat kids to un-weaned ones. Fifty-two kids, distributed in two groups (2x26) according to age and weight criteria, were reared in two pens in the experimental station INRAE PEGASE-IEPL’s nursery and fed with milk, straw and concentrated feed. At D0, the goat kids from one of the pen was loaded into a van, driven for 5 minutes and then unloaded in a different pen in the goat stable where they did not receive milk (SEV treatment), while the other group stayed in the nursery and still received milk (T treatment). Fifteen individuals were selected in each groups according to age and weight criteria, upon which blood samples were taken on D-1, D0 (1h after weaning), D+1 and D+7. Their behaviour was recorded on camera for 3h (from 2 to 5 P.M.), 3 times before (D-4, D- 2 and D-1) and after D0 (D+1, D+2 and D+6). Blood cortisol was higher in T treatment compared to SEV treatment at D+1 (P, La période de sevrage est une étape stressante pour les jeunes animaux d'élevage. Nous avons comparé les réponses physiologiques et comportementales de chevrettes au sevrage (défini ici comme l'arrêt de l'alimentation lactée associée à un changement de bâtiment) à celles de chevrettes non sevrées. Cinquante-deux chevrettes réparties en deux groupes (2x26), selon des critères d'âge et de poids, ont été conduites dans deux enclos de la nurserie de l'installation expérimentale INRAE PEGASE-IEPL et alimentées avec du lait distribué à la louve, de la paille et des concentrés. A J0, les chevrettes de l'un des enclos ont été chargées dans une fourgonnette, transportées 5 minutes puis déchargées dans un enclos de la chèvrerie où elles ne recevaient plus de lait (lot SEV), tandis que les chevrettes de l'autre enclos restaient dans la nurserie et continuaient de recevoir du lait (lot T). Un sous-effectif de 15 chevrettes par lot a été sélectionné sur des critères d'âge et de poids, sur lequel des prises de sang ont été faites à J-1, J0 (1h après sevrage du lot SEV), J+1 et J+7. Leur comportement a été enregistré via des caméras pendant 3h (14-17h), à 3 reprises avant (J-4, J-2 et J-1) et après J0 (J+1, J+2 et J+6). Le cortisol sanguin était supérieur dans le lot T par rapport au lot SEV à J+1 (P

In elite sports, athletes must deal with dynamic and complex situations that involve risk and make decisions that may put them at risk to win. A moment of hesitation or an inappropriate prior decision by an athlete can allow an opponent to gain an advantage and win. This chapter is intended to provide an overview of how elite athletes take and manage risk to maximize their performance. Specifically, it aims to explain: (a) how athletes perceive and assess risk; (b) how they prepare to take and manage risk before a competition; and (c) how they take and manage risk during a competition.