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International audience; Le warrantage se développe actuellement dans plusieurs pays du Sahel. C’est un dispositif de crédit-stockage mis en place par une organisation d’agriculteurs et une institution financière. Il consiste à stocker quelques mois une partie des céréales après la récolte dans un entrepôt en échange d’un crédit individuel. Sans ce crédit, les agriculteurs tendent à vendre leurs céréales dès la récolte pour rembourser les dettes ou subvenir à leurs besoins. Conséquence : les familles ont par la suite du mal à assurer la soudure, période de transition entre l’épuisement des stocks et la nouvelle récolte, et à investir dans leurs systèmes de production agricole. L’évaluation d’impact menée dans l’Ouest du Burkina Faso montre que le warrantage accroît la disponibilité alimentaire en période de soudure et qu’il renforce l’investissement et la production agricoles. Pour que son développement s’accélère, il est nécessaire de satisfaire trois conditions : disposer d’infrastructures de stockage adaptées, assurer la qualité des produits stockés, et établir des relations de confiance étroites entre institutions financières, organisations de producteurs et commerçants. Cette dernière condition est mise à mal par l’extension des conflits armés au Sahel.

Preprint de l'article publié le 06/12/2022 dans la revue "Ñawpa Pacha - Journal of the Institute of Andean Studies (Berkeley)", URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00776297.2022.2136305; International audience; The Quebrada de Morohuasi (Salta Province, Argentina), located in a semi-arid high-altitude environment, is known to host vast pre-Hispanic cultivation areas. Recent archaeological studies carried out in the agricultural area of Morohuasi allow for a better definition and understanding of the social and productive dynamics that took place there. Field records and AMS dating indicate two main productive phases that were discontinuous in time. These show an initial phase during the Formative Period, between the 1st and 4th centuries CE, during which the agricultural substratum was formed, and a final phase during the first decades of the 15th century CE that was related to the establishment of an agricultural colony under the control of the Inkas. Although the same cultivation plots were utilized during both phases, the mode and relations of production were substantially different, particularly in the second phase with the participation of contingents of mitmaqkunas brought from other regions.; Ubicada en un ambiente semiárido de altura, la Quebrada de Morohuasi (Salta, Argentina) es conocida por albergar vastas áreas de cultivo prehispánicas. Los recientes estudios arqueológicos realizados en el área agrícola de Morohuasi permiten una mejor definición y comprensión de las dinámicas sociales y productivas que allí se dieron. Los registros de campo y las dataciones AMS realizadas indican dos fases productivas principales discontinuas en el tiempo. Una fase inicial durante el Período Formativo, entre los siglos I y IV CE, en la cual se conforma el sustrato agrícola, y una fase final durante las primeras décadas del siglo XV CE, relacionada con el establecimiento de una colonia agrícola bajo control de los inkas. Si durante ambas fases se cultivaron las mismas parcelas, el modo y las relaciones de producción fueron sustancialmente distintas, destacándose particularmente en la segunda la participación de contingentes de mitmaqkunas llevados desde otras regiones.

International audience; Pesticides exert important effects on the soil fauna and health. However, little is known about the interactions of soil, microorganisms and earthworms in the presence of pesticides and about their respective roles in the soil biological activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the soil type on enzyme activities, measured in bulk soil and in casts of two earthworm species, after exposure to the organophosphorus pesticide parathion. To this aim, two endogeic earthworm species (Apporectodea caliginosa and Allolobophora chlorotica) were cross-acclimated in two different soil textures (each representing the most favorable soil environment for that spe-cies). Enzyme activities were measured as a soil quality indicator in samples of bulk soil (collected at day 4 and day 7 of exposure to parathion) and in earthworm casts (collected at day 7). A short exposure (4 days) to parathion significantly (ANOVA, p < 0.001) inhibited carboxylesterases (25-43 % of inhibition) and alkaline phosphatase (-23 % of inhibition). At day 7 of exposure, parathion impact on the overall soil enzyme activities mainly depended on the soil texture. Indeed, activity inhibition was higher (ANOVA, p < 0.001) in silt-clay soil (decrease by 37 %) than in silt-loamy soil (decrease by-18 %). Conversely, parathion effect was not influenced by earthworm presence/absence and earthworm species. However, after soil exposure to parathion, earthworms (both species) improved enzyme activity restoration in their casts.

International audience; The introduction of the Internet in the 2000s was believed to be an effective solution for helping rural economies but previous studies found mixed results. Following the prevailing COVID-19 pandemic, the idea has surfaced that broadband accessibility would result in an increasing number of people and firms relocating to smaller towns and rural areas. In this study, we provide new evidence on the impact of ultrafast broadband on rural economies by considering industrial and spatial heterogeneity. To achieve this, we evaluated the impact of the French Very High-Speed Broadband Plan on business startups in rural municipalities between 2013 and 2018 using difference-in-differences with prematching. The evidence reveals that positive broadband effects are limited to municipalities with good initial conditions in terms of local economic climate, natural amenities, and demographics. From a policy perspective, our results suggest that broadband is not a panacea, and focusing on broadband access only is likely to have little impact in structurally weak rural areas.

Agroecology aims to comprehensively transform food and farming systems, in all dimensions, from production to distribution and consumption, as well as governance. The aim is to achieve greater environmental and societal benefits, while reversing the negative effects caused by existing food systems. Yet an agroecological transformation requires ‘valuing’ agroecology and making available investments that strengthen innovative agroecological approaches, support new markets and help food system actors break free from current lock-ins. Therefore, funding agroecology is a fundamental step to enable the necessary transition.Thus, AE4EU has created a snapshot of agroecological funding. Quantitative data was collected via European online statistic platforms, whereas qualitative data was generated through questionnaires and interviews with stakeholders directly involved in practicing, funding, and implementing programmes on agroecology in various countries.Our research has shown that across Europe, good examples do exist to support agroecology. These can be used as models to be scaled out in other contexts. Crucially, it is necessary to create more accessible and effective funding for agroecology to reach ‘grassroots’ actors on the ground, that is, the growing agroecology movement, which includes many young people and new entrants into farming, as well as small-scale farmers more broadly. Therefore AE4EU suggests recommendations.

The new Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) entered into force at the beginning of 2023, which includes the new form of direct payment schemes for environmental, climate and animal welfare. AE4EU aimed to analyse each member state’s strategic plan to determine which eco-schemes they have adopted and then identify which practices are truly agroecological and represent real progress to reach EU Green Deal targets.Although the EC did not explicitly mention the need for member states to adopt agroecological practices (AEP), all the member states except Cyprus have included at least one AEP in one or more of their eco-schemes, accounting for more than 68% of the total eco-schemes (111). Nevertheless, it remains clear that many Eco-schemes have not been created with robust funding, clear targets or proven benefits, and risk to fall short of further Green Deal goals and not deliver environmental benefits. Therefore, the AE4EU project suggests recommendations for the future implementation of the Eco-schemes.

International audience; Synthèse de travaux en ergonomie réalisés sur l’activité de travail d’agriculteurs.

International audience; Background: Redesigning the agri-food system through agroecology represents a common ambition among practitioners, activists and scholars to achieve environmental and socioeconomic sustainability. Research can have a main role to support this path. Although it seems that there is a gradual increasing body of agroecology research, it clearly lacks good knowledge about this. The main objective of this study was therefore to map research projects related to agroecology in Europe with the aim to characterize European research in terms of implementation of agroecology elements, identify needs for future cross collaboration between countries and networks, and support the setting up of appropriate research agendas fostering agroecology research in Europe. Methods: A desktop research with different databases related to European and transnational funding programmes was carried out to identify funded research projects involved in agroecology. The obtained projects were used to perform a social network analysis. Furthermore, two surveys were conducted, one with coordinators of identified projects and a second one for researchers engaged in agroecology. Results: Our study highlighted a predominant trajectory of agroecology research prone to the transformation of the agri-food system. France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, and United Kingdom were the most active countries engaged in agroecology research. In all surveys, issues related to efficiency improvement, synergies strengthening, local economy development, and co-creation and sharing of knowledge were the most implemented to support agri-food transformation. Transdisciplinary approaches were mainly addressed by European projects. Surveys reported a limited participation of value chain actors, while researchers, farmers, and their associations were the most involved. Survey respondents suggested to increase project duration and introduce flexibility methods to modulate research actions according to dynamic of the contexts.Conclusion: On the basis of the results, some policy recommendations were provided to fostering agroecology research in Europe and its contribution for transformation of agri-foods systems.

This first book volume collects country reports produced by the AE4EU Horizon 2020 project and the European Association Agroecology Europe which involved a large number of organisations, as well as more than 25 "mappers" who conducted the work in different European countries. Among them were many members of the Agroecology Europe Youth Network (AEEUYN). The different volumes of the book series offer an illustrative state of the art of agroecology in Europe by synthesizing and providing key information on the common understanding of agroecology, as well as its development at the European level. To scale up agroecology, this first book volume provides critical information and analysis of the development of agroecology in different contexts, which is very much needed as a necessary step to attain larger insights about the state of the art of agroecology, as well as to support its expansion and use at the policymaker level. Documenting the development of agroecology in 13 European countries (Albania, Austria, Bosnia, Bulgaria, Croatia, Germany, Greece, Italy, Kosovo, Malta, Montenegro, North Macedonia, and Romania), this volume describes 112 initiatives, examples, cases, and programmes linked to agroecology, and the development of agroecology in these European countries as well as the diversity of use of the concept.

This report was written within the project Arb'Eau Crau. The main objective of this project, led by the Bouches-du-Rhône Chamber of Agriculture in partnership with INRAE of Avignon and Montpellier, SUDEXPE and AgroRessources, is to study the economic, social and environmental impacts of a water shortage on the Crau plain agriculture. This report describes the work carried out concerning the allocation plan that the OUGC nappe de Crau must propose in the event of a short-term water shortage. A solidarity mechanism has been thought out in this sense and then discussed with the stakeholders (the farmers).; Le présent rapport a été rédigé dans le cadre du projet Arb’Eau Crau. Porté par la Chambre d’agriculture des Bouches-du-Rhône en partenariat avec l’INRAE d’Avignon et de Montpellier, SUDEXPE et AgroRessources, il a pour objectif principal d’étudier les impacts économiques, sociaux et environnementaux d’une restriction en eau mesurée sur l’agriculture en plaine de Crau. Ce rapport rapporte les travaux effectués concernant le plan de répartition que l’OUGC nappe de Crau doit proposer en cas de manque conjoncturel d'eau. Un mécanisme de solidarité a été réfléchi dans ce sens puis discuté avec les parties prenantes (les agriculteurs).

International audience; Widely heralded as a driver of sustainable development, ecotourism is promoted using images of rural landscapes. But how important are the landscapes themselves in these tourism projects? Based on advertising by tour operators and trekking agencies on their websites and reviews by tourists posted on Tripadvisor®, we have identified the motivations on which landscape resources are based and analyzed the importance of forests and anthropogenic landscapes (formed by agricultural activity in particular) in attracting tourists. This study is based on an analysis of representations of forested landscapes in the Nam Ha National Protected Area, in the mountains of Northern Laos.; L’écotourisme, régulièrement présenté comme un levier du développement durable, se fonde sur la promotion d’images paysagères. Quel est cependant la place des paysages dans ces projets? Nous avons identifié, à partir des discours des agences de trek collectés sur leurs sites web et les avis des touristes déposés sur Tripadvisor, sur quels motifs la ressource paysagère repose, et nous avons analysé la place de la forêt et des paysages anthropiques (façonnés notamment par l’agriculture) dans l’attractivité touristique. Cette réflexion est conduite à partir de l’analyse des représentations paysagères associées aux paysages de montagnes forestières d’une aire protégée du Nord Laos, la Nam Ha National Protected Area.

International audience; Background: Transforming food systems is necessary to address the global issues of severe biodiversity loss, hunger, and malnutrition as well as the consequences of the rapidly advancing climate change. Agroecology as a systemic approach has been recognised as a promising path of change exemplified in various case studies strengthening this transformation. The aim of this study is to get insight specifically for Austria and Germany in providing an overview of the advancement in agroecology in both countries and identify agroecology-related initiatives. Methods: 21 interviews with experts were conducted to determine the recognition, understanding, and development of agroecology in Austria and Germany in terms of movement, practice, policies, education, and research. In addition, information about agroecology-related initiatives was collected from interviews with 24 representatives of initiatives and literature analysis. Data was analysed according to five activity categories under which agroecology manifest: movement, practice, living lab, science and research infrastructure, and training and education. Results: Results show that the term agroecology is not commonly used in Austria and Germany, where the concept is mainly associated to a scientific discipline. Practices considered agroecological are implemented primarily through organic agriculture, which is very developed in Austria and to a lesser extent in Germany. Many networks, food policy councils, associations, and scientific projects related to agroecology exist, each with specific purposes and ambitions to change farming and food systems. While most selected initiatives do not explicitly refer to agroecology, all follow certain agroecological principles and aim at contributing to accelerate the agroecological transition. Conclusions: Clarifying the concept of agroecology, overcoming economic and political barriers as well as fostering participation of a multitude of stakeholders in the transition is essential for the future development of agroecology in Austria and Germany.

International audience; Highlights:• Additional carbon storage, net GHG budget, and cost of 8 agricultural practices.• MACC shows abatement potential of 40–60 MtCO2e.yr−1 for carbon price 55–250 €.tCO2e−1.• Key practices: agroforestry, hedges, cover crops, grasslands in crop sequences.• No “one size fits all strategy” due to heterogeneity across regions and practices.• French agricultural carbon sink potential is 5 times higher than anticipated by the government.Abstract:Following the Paris agreement in 2015, the European Union (EU) set a carbon neutrality objective by 2050, and so did France. The French agricultural sector can contribute as a carbon sink through carbon storage in biomass and soil, in addition to reducing GHG emissions. The objective of this study is to quantitatively assess the additional storage potential and cost of a set of eight carbon-storing practices. The impacts of these agricultural practices on soil organic carbon storage and crop production are assessed at a very fine spatial scale, using crop and grassland models. The associated area base, GHG budget, and implementation costs are assessed and aggregated at the region level. The economic model BANCO uses this information to derive the marginal abatement cost curve for France and identify the combination of carbon storing practices that minimizes the total cost of achieving a given national net GHG mitigation target. We find that a substantial amount of carbon, 36.2 to 52.9 MtCO2e yr-1, can be stored in soil and biomass for reasonable carbon prices of 55 and 250 € tCO2e-1, respectively (corresponding to current and 2030 French carbon value for climate action), mainly by developing agroforestry and hedges, generalising cover crops, and introducing or extending temporary grasslands in crop sequences. This finding questions the 3-5 times lower target of 10 MtCO2e.yr-1 retained for the agricultural carbon sink by the French climate neutrality strategy. Overall, this would decrease total French GHG emissions by 9.2 to 13.8%, respectively (reference year 2019).; Suite aux accords de Paris en 2015, l'Union européenne (UE) s'est fixé un objectif de neutralité carbone d'ici à 2050, tout comme la France. En plus de réduire les émissions de GES, le secteur agricole français peut contribuer à la neutralité carbone en tant que puits de carbone, par le stockage de carbone dans le sol et la biomasse. L'objectif de cette étude est de quantifier le potentiel de stockage additionnel et le coût d'un ensemble de huit pratiques stockantes. Les impacts de ces pratiques agricoles sur le stockage du carbone organique du sol et les rendements des cultures sont évalués à une échelle spatiale très fine, à l'aide de modèles de cultures et de prairies. L'assiette, le bilan GES net et le coût de mise en œuvre associés à chaque pratique sont également évalués et agrégés au niveau régional. Le modèle économique BANCO utilise ces informations pour générer la courbe de coût marginal d'abattement pour la France, et identifier la combinaison de pratiques stockantes qui minimise le coût total pour atteindre un objectif national donné d'atténuation des émissions de GES nettes. Nous montrons qu'une quantité non négligeable de carbone, de 36,2 à 52,9 MtCO2e an-1, peut être stockée dans le sol et la biomasse pour des prix du carbone raisonnables de 55 et 250 € tCO2e-1, respectivement (correspondant à la "valeur de l'action pour le climat" actuelle et 2030, fixée par le gouvernement français), et cela principalement par le développement de l'agroforesterie et des haies, la généralisation des cultures intermédiaires, l'introduction ou l'extension des prairies temporaires dans les séquences de culture. Ce résultat remet en cause l'objectif 3 à 5 fois inférieur retenu pour le puits de carbone agricole (10 MtCO2e.an-1) par la stratégie nationale bas carbone. Globalement, ce stockage additionnel de carbone permettrait de réduire les émissions totales de GES de la France de 9,2 à 13,8 %, respectivement (année de référence 2019).

This book analyses situations of coexistence and confrontation of agricultural and food models according to four major dimensions of territorial development: the tension between specialisation and diversification; innovation; adaptation; and food transition. New agricultural and food models are being deployed in territories around the world in response to criticisms of the old forms of agriculture and food production, and in order to meet new challenges. These models embody archetypes of the observed diversity, actors’ projects or new norms. A number of conceptual studies and case studies from France and other countries allow us to understand the interactions between these models (confrontation, complementarity, co-evolution, hybridisation, etc.), taking us well beyond the characterisation of their diversity and the evaluation of their relative performances. The coexistence and confrontation of these models build up their capacity for radical change. The book asks original questions about the analytical framework, its methodological challenges and the expected outcomes for the support of agricultural and food development in rural and urban territories. It is intended for researchers, teachers, students and professionals interested in territorial development.

International audience

Introduction de la partie V - A new paradigm of territorial development?

International audience; Bien qu’ayant fait l’objet de très peu de recherches universitaires, et encore moins en sciences humaines et sociales, le mouvement des vins nature est aujourd’hui une composante instituée du secteur vitivinicole. Or jusqu’à présent, la littérature sur le mouvement des vins nature – déjà très circonscrite – se concentre uniquement sur les régions productrices d’Europe, autrement appelées l’« Ancien Monde » ou la « Vieille Europe ». Il n’existe que peu de littérature scientifique en sciences humaines et sociales qui s’intéresse au mouvement des vins nature dans les régions productrices dites du « Nouveau Monde », soit les nouvelles régions productrices de l’industrie vitivinicole telles que les États-Unis, l’Australie, l’Argentine ou encore l’Afrique du Sud. Cet article interroge alors : comment expliquer l’émergence du mouvement des vins nature dans une régiondites du Nouveau Monde ? Cette recherche contribue à pallier ce déséquilibre d’informations disponibles sur le mouvement nature entre les régions productrices d’Europe et celles du Nouveau Monde en proposant une première analyse de l’émergence du mouvement en Afrique du Sud.

International audience; Surveiller pour prévenir l’introduction d’une espèce invasive dans un territoire /Surveiller pour prévoir et limiter l’expansion d’une espèce envahissante /Conclusion.

Evidence are dearly needed to understand under which conditions it is relevant for decisions makers to invest in NBS for water-related risk. This chapter presents the methodological framework developed for the economic assessment of NBS for water-related risks and its application to seven case studies. We particularly develop methods for the evaluation of implementation and opportunity costs, the assessment of the reduction of damage costs, and the monetary value of co-benefits. The study confirms that the cost of implementation and maintenance of NBS strategies is lower than the cost of grey solutions for the same level of water risk management, emphasizing the better cost-effectiveness of these solutions. Benefits in terms of avoided damages are however generally not sufficient to cover investment and maintenance costs. Co-benefits represent the largest share of the value generated by NBS strategies. The overall cost-benefit analysis implemented in four cases, is positive in three case studies and negative in one. This confirms the importance to carry out thorough economic assessments for the elaboration of Natural Assurance Schemes.

International audience; Inventory credit is being developed in several Sahelian countries. This device is implemented by a farmers’ organisation and a financial institution. It consists in storing a portion of harvested grain in a warehouse for several months in exchange for an individual loan. Without this loan, farmers tend to sell their grain immediately after harvesting in order to pay off their debts or to meet their needs. The consequence is that families subsequently struggle to get through the lean season – the transition period between the depletion of food stocks and the new harvest – and to invest in their agricultural production systems. An impact assessment study conducted in western Burkina Faso shows that inventory credit increases food availability in the lean season and boosts agricultural investment and production. To accelerate its development, three conditions must be met: providing access to suitable storage facilities; ensuring the quality of products stored; and building trust between financial institutions, producers’ organisations and traders. The latter condition is undermined by the expansion of armed conflicts in the Sahel.

International audience; Highlights:This paper reviews ways to improve water use efficiency beyond the plant level, across time and space scales, from cells, organs, and plants, to field, farm, and landscape.Abstract:Water scarcity will be one of the main issues of the 21 st century, because of competing needs between civil, industrial, and agriculture use. While agriculture is the largest user of water, its share is bound to decrease as societies develop. Clearly, agriculture needs to become more water efficient. Improving water use efficiency (WUE) at the plant level is important although there is a long way into translating this at the farm/landscape level. As we move up from a cell/organ/plant scale to more integrated scales such as plot, field, farm system, and landscape, other factors need to be considered, including trade-offs, to possibly improve WUE. These include choices of crop variety/species, farm management, landscape design, infrastructure development, ecosystem functions, where human decisions matter. This review is a cross-disciplinary attempt to analyze ways to address WUE at these different scales where metrics of analysis are defined and trade-offs considered. The equations in this perspective paper use similar metrics across scales for an easier connection and are developed to highlight which levers, at different scales, can improve WUE. We also refer to models operating at these different scales to assess WUE. While our entry point is plants and crops, we scale up the analysis of WUE to farm systems and landscapes.

International audience; This article examines the question of environmental services from the perspective of agriculture policy, and in the framework of implementing European Union agri-environmental measures. The article develops a new typology highlighting two different understandings of services: environmental services as 'services-based activities' versus environmental services as 'internalization of externalities'. The first concept is based on the theory of services; the second is based on the theory of externalities. We apply the typology to understand the definition and implementation of agrienvironmental policies in Europe. Applying the typology helps to (i) identify the type of environmental services that could be promoted, (ii) clarify the choice of associated policy instruments, and (iii) potentially adapt policy evaluation to the type of environmental service provided by agriculture.; Cet article examine la question des services environnementaux du point de vue de la politique agricole et dans le cadre de la mise en œuvre des mesures agro-environnementales de l'Union européenne. L'article développe une nouvelle typologie mettant en évidence deux conceptions différentes des services : les services environnementaux en tant qu'"activités basées sur les services" et les services environnementaux en tant qu'"internalisation des externalités". Le premier concept est basé sur la théorie des services, le second sur la théorie des externalités. Nous appliquons cette typologie pour comprendre la définition et la mise en œuvre des politiques agro-environnementales en Europe. L'application de la typologie permet (i) d'identifier le type de services environnementaux qui pourraient être promus, (ii) de clarifier le choix des instruments politiques associés, et (iii) d'adapter potentiellement l'évaluation des politiques au type de service environnemental fourni par l'agriculture.

This book is based on the premise that an improved understanding of the coexistence and confrontation of agricultural and food models, and thus of their interactions at different spatial and organisational scales, facilitates recognition and support for combinations of these models that can potentially be useful for sustainable territorial development.

Introduction de la partie IV - Transition

In order to tackle climate change and biodiversity loss, the European Union (EU) promotes extensive farming. However, identifying such farms across countries and assessing their performance for policy purposes remains challenging. This paper combines a latent class stochastic frontier model (LCSFM) with a novel nested metafrontier approach. The resulting model enables the identification of intensive and extensive farms across countries, estimation of farm efficiency and identification of different technology gaps. Based on Farm Accountancy Data Network data of French, Irish and Austrian dairy farms,we find poorer environmental but better economic performance of intensive farms, compared to extensive farms. The largest productivity differences stem from technology gaps and not from inefficiency. The approach enables a more nuanced analysis of sources of inefficiency to assist policy design for future green payments in the EU., European Review of Agricultural Economics, ISSN:0165-1587, ISSN:1464-3618

International audience; Often unable to fulfill theoretical production potentials and to obtain the maximum yields set by wine quality labels, many vineyards and cellars need to solve the issue of so-called grapevine yield gaps in order to assure their durability. These yield gaps particularly occur in Mediterranean wine regions, where extreme events have intensified because of climate change. Yield gaps at the regional level have been widely studied in arable crops using big datasets, but much less so in perennial crops, such as grapevine. Understanding the environmental factors involved in yield gaps, such as those linked to climate and soil, is the first step in grapevine yield gap analysis. At a regional scale, there are numerous studies on 'terroir' linked to wine typicity and quality; however, none have classified spatial zones based on environmental factors identified as being involved in grapevine yield. In the present study, we aggregated into one big dataset information obtained from producers at the municipality level in the wine region Languedoc-Roussillon (South of France) between 2010 and 2018. We used a backward stepwise model selection process using linear mixed-effect models to discriminate and select the statistically significant indicators capable of estimating grapevine yield at the municipality level. We then determined spatial zones by using the selected indicators to create clusters of municipalities with similar soil and climate characteristics. Finally, we analysed the indicators of each zone related to the grapevine yield gap, as well as the variations among the grapevine varieties in the zones. Our selection process evidenced 6 factors that could explain annual grapevine yield annually (R 2 = 0.112) and average yield for the whole period (R 2 = 0.546): Soil Available Water Capacity (SAWC), soil pH, Huglin Index, the Climate Dryness Index, the number of Very Hot Days and Days of Frost. The clustering results show seven different zones with two marked yield gap levels, although all the zones had municipalities with no or high yield gaps. On each zone, grapevine yield was found to be driven by a combination of climate and soil factors, rather than by a single environmental factor. The white wine varieties showed larger yield gaps than the red and rosé wine varieties. Environmental factors at this scale largely explained yield variability across the municipalities, but they were not performant in terms of annual yield prediction. Further research is required on the interactions between environmental variables and plant material and farming practices, as well as on vineyard strategies, which also play an important role in grapevine yield gaps at vineyard and regional scale.

This chapter summarizes the main findings from the book in relation to the conceptual framework centered on the linked but separate concepts of assurance and insurance value of nature, to then highlight the key methods developed namely physical assessments, co-design, and a full integrated economic assessment model that incorporates the value of avoided costs and other co-benefits. This can help to generate and implement natural assurance scheme projects aligned with adaptive planning, innovative financing and new business models centered around prevention by investing in nature.

In this article, we assess farms’ technical efficiency accounting for their production heterogeneity and correcting for the potential endogeneity associated with the adoption of Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) agri-environmental schemes (AESs). We estimate a first-step selection probit model. In a second step we estimate the latent class stochastic frontier model (LCSFM) separately on each of the two sub-samples, the AESs adopters and the AESs non-adopters. We also account for heteroscedasticity in the estimation of inefficiency effects in the LCSFM within each sub-sample. The application is to Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) dairy farms in France during 2002–2016. We identify one class with intensive technology and one class with extensive technology for each of the two sub-samples. The investigation of inefficiency effects shows that modeling production heterogeneity could help better target the CAP, since the relationship between operational subsidies and farms' efficiency differs depending on whether or not production heterogeneity is accounted for., Agricultural Economics, 53 (3), ISSN:0169-5150, ISSN:1574-0862

International audience; This article presents a reflective retrospective of 20 years of publications in the journal DD&T (Sustainability & Territories). The data processing concerns 455 articles published between 2002 and the first half of 2021 and has provided two kinds of analysis. On the one hand, a content analysis to reveal the structuring themes as well as the regularities and evolutions of the discourse. On the other hand, a container analysis to highlight its evolution in terms of disciplinary, author and institutional networks. First, these analyses reveal the intensification of multidisciplinary practices and the structuring disciplines. Secondly, discourse analysis reveals the lexical forms and structuring themes as well as the place given to the articulation of empirical and theoretical/conceptual approaches. Moreover, if the review remains focused on the links between sustainability issues and territorial issues, the reference to the notion of sustainable development is strongly blurred. Thirdly, we show that the geographical coverage of the journal is increasing, both in terms of the fields covered and the institutions to which the authors belong. This is accompanied by a growing internationalisation of the journal.; L’article présente une rétrospective réflexive de 20 ans de publications au sein de la revue DD&T. Les traitements des données portent sur 455 articles publiés entre 2002 et le premier semestre 2021, et ont alimenté deux analyses outillées. D’une part, une analyse de contenu vise à révéler les thématiques structurantes, les régularités et les évolutions du discours. D’autre part, une analyse du contenant porte sur l’évolution des réseaux de disciplines et des institutions d’appartenance des auteurs et autrices. Premièrement, ces analyses évaluent la part de l’ensemble des disciplines publiant dans la revue, ainsi que l’intensification des pratiques pluridisciplinaires. Deuxièmement, l’analyse du contenu discursif est centrée sur les formes lexicales, les thématiques structurantes et la place accordée à l’articulation des approches empiriques et des approches théoriques/conceptuelles. De plus, si la revue reste focalisée sur les liens entre les enjeux de durabilité et les enjeux territoriaux, la référence à la notion de développement durable s’estompe fortement. Troisièmement, nous montrons que l’étendue spatiale de la revue est croissante, à la fois du point de vue des terrains investis et de celui des institutions d’appartenance des auteurs et autrices. Cela s’accompagne d’une internationalisation croissante de la revue.

International audience; Nowadays, the sustainability of Greek dairy cattle farms is questionable due to low competitiveness and high GHG emissions. In this context, the BIOCIRCULAR project, funded by the EYDE ETAK, developed a series of alternative practices focusing on precision agriculture principles. However, the adoption of any practice from farmers is not a given, and depends on several determinants. Hence, the objective of this study is to examine farmers’ adoption decisions regarding precision-agricultural practices in Greek dairy production systems, as well as the economic and environmental impacts of this adoption. In order to achieve this, a bio-economic model was developed based on mathematical programming methods. The proposed model simulates a large number of dairy cattle farms with or without crop production, including different management strategies and their relevant costs, and provides an environmental assessment of the adopted practices based on GHG emissions. Moreover, in order to analyze farmers’ adoption decisions, different policy measures, linked to various environmental outcomes, were examined. The results highlighted that the adoption of precision-agricultural practices led to significantly better economic and environmental outcomes. Furthermore, it was found that different levels of incentives can be efficiently targeted to encourage the adoption of new feeds and, more broadly, to secure the sustainability of the sector.

International audience; CONTEXTSo far, digital technology development in agriculture has mainly dealt with precision agriculture, often associated with conventional large-scale systems. The emergence of digital agriculture - based on the triptych of “new data sources / new processing methods / new inter-connection capacities (internet)” - opens up prospects for mobilizing digital technologies to accelerate the deployment of other forms of agriculture, such as agroecology. A specific research agenda must therefore be built to redirect researchers specialized in digital technologies towards these new issues. This construction is significant because digital technology and agroecology are disruptive innovations that shake up the actors' practices, agricultural innovation ecosystems, and value chains.OBJECTIVEAn interdisciplinary group of INRAE researchers (covering 10 scientific departments) was mandated to carry out this reflection, with the objective of developing a research agenda to better couple digitalization and agroecology, in order to pave the way for responsible digital farming. The group used the framework of responsible research and innovation.METHODOver 18 months, the group met monthly by video-conference, to overcome the interdisciplinarity barrier, and at three face-to-face seminars, where creative design exercises were carried out (based on a world café format, and “remember the future” method). This work gave rise to three prospective lines of research aimed at putting digitalization at the service of agroecology and local food systems. These topics prioritize research that fosters innovations in digital technology, as well as organisations and policies that (1) accelerate the agroecological transition on the farm and in the territories, (2) manage the territories as commons, (3) empower farmers and consumers. Then, the group examined these three prospective lines of research from an RRI perspective as well as three current research topics on digital agriculture (digital soil mapping, precision agriculture, technologies for food wastage reduction).RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONSThis work allowed us to highlight the gaps between current research on digital agriculture and the RRI expectations, and the tensions (between rationalization and diversity of farming systems, between complexity of agroecological systems and the need for simplification of models, and finally between data speculation and frugality). We were also able to refine the specific scientific questions of each prospective line of research and finally to draw attention to the key levers that will have to be integrated if these research efforts are to be approached from an RRI perspective.SIGNIFICANCEThis contribution shows RRI can be used not only to reflect on research practices but also as a framework to build a research agenda paving the way for responsible digital agriculture.

International audience; L’enseignement supérieur agricole, en formant les futurs acteurs de l’élevage, est une cible privilégiée pour améliorer la prise en compte de la dimension sociale dans le développement durable des élevages, pilier qui est moins documenté que ceux de l’environnement et de l’économie mais incontournable à l’heure actuelle. Quelle prise en compte de cette dimension par les enseignants de ces établissements ? Entretiens auprès de 20 enseignants d’écoles d’ingénieurs agronomes et 18 enseignants de BTS agricoles

International audience; The epidemiology of yam viruses remains largely unexplored. We present a large-scale epidemiological study of yam viruses in Guadeloupe based on the analysis of 1124 leaf samples collected from yams and weeds. We addressed the prevalence of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Cordyline virus 1 (CoV1), Dioscorea mosaic associated virus (DMaV), yam asymptomatic virus 1 (YaV1), yam mosaic virus (YMV), yam mild mosaic virus (YMMV), badnaviruses, macluraviruses and potexviruses, and the key epidemiological drivers of these viruses. We provide evidence that several weeds are reservoirs of YMMV and that YMMV isolates infecting weeds cluster together with those infecting yams, pointing to the role of weeds in the epidemiology of YMMV. We report the occurrence of yam chlorotic necrosis virus (YCNV) in Guadeloupe, the introduction of YMMV isolates through the importation of yam tubers, and the absence of vertical transmission of YaV1. We identified specific effects on some cropping practices, such as weed management and the use of chemical pesticides, on the occurrence of a few viruses, but no crop-related factor had a strong or general effect on the overall epidemiology of the targeted viruses. Overall, our work provides insights into the epidemiology of yam viruses that will help design more efficient control strategies.

International audience; The agricultural sector is currently confronted with the challenge to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, whilst maintaining or increasing production. Energy-saving technologies are often proposed as a partial solution, but the evidence on their ability to reduce GHG emissions remains mixed. Production economics provides methodological tools to analyse the nexus of agricultural production, energy use and GHG emissions. Convexity is predominantly maintained in agricultural production economics, despite various theoretical and empirical reasons to question it. Employing non-convex and convex frontier frameworks, this contribution evaluates energy productivity change (the ratio of aggregate output change to energy use change) and GHG emission intensity change (the ratio of GHG emission change to polluting input change) using Hicks-Moorsteen productivity formulations. We consider GHG emissions as by-products of the production process by using a multi-equation model. Given our empirical specification, non-convex and convex Hicks-Moorsteen indices can coincide under certain circumstances, which leads to a series of theoretical equivalence results. The empirical application focuses on 1,510 observations of Dutch dairy farms for the period of 2010–2019. The results show a positive association between energy productivity change and GHG emission intensity change, which calls into question the potential of on-farm, energy-efficiency-increasing measures to reduce GHG emission intensity.

International audience; The objective of this presentation is based on research in quantitative geography, shedding light on the analysis of the foodshed with respect to the issue of local supply, in order to help public arbitration.Foodshed approaches enable to assess the theoretical capacity of the food-self sufficiency of a specific region considering its pedological conditions. Moreover, recent analysis has shown that it is necessary to shift the assessment from the size of an isotropic circle to the commodity-group–specific spatial configuration of the foodshed based on biophysical and socioeconomic features. Following these works and focusing on a specific animal food product (beef), we present an innovative modelling approach based on spatial analysis to highlight which areas in the foodshed dedicated to feeding livestock (fodder, pastures and grasslands) are functionally connected to the nearest city by means of proximity/short beef supply chains.The results will be presented in graphical and map form, with the aim of animating and sharing interesting information for a wide range of participants at the Royal Geographical Society 2022 annual conference.

International audience; To promote greater sustainability in agriculture, development of agroecology is increasingly being invoked. What are the conditions for establishing agroecological production in tropical regions? Based upon case studies in several tropical areas, we provide here some answers to this question. We review the "pillars" (i.e. principles) and the "implementation levers" (i.e., tools) for the development of agroecology. We identify three main pillars: (1) the mobilization and management of ecological processes for the sustainable production and the resilience of agroecosystems; (2) the development of interactions between technical, social, environmental, and institutional components of agroecosystems for a holistic approach to agroecology; and (3) the scaling up of agroecology that takes place with a plurality of actions and pathways at different organization levels rather than an increase in resources and a replication of standardized technical processes. To implement these three pillars, we identify 11 main biotechnical, cognitive, socio-political, and organizational levers. Bio-technical levers include those for (1) mobilizing complementarity between crop species to optimize natural resources use, (2) mobilizing functional biodiversity at the plot scale to optimize natural regulation of pests and diseases, (3) managing biodiversity at landscape and territorial scales, (4) increasing the efficiency of biogeochemical cycles, and (5) renewing targets for genetic improvement. Cognitive, socio-political, and organizational levers include those for (6) political and institutional action at the national and global level, (7) action at the local level to support producers, (8) political and organizational action at the territorial level, (9) the marketing and the development of new agri-chains, (10) the development of new methods for evaluating production systems, and (11) the recognition of the values of gender and generation within families and other organisational levels. This paper provides an overall orientation for the agroecological transition in tropical agriculture and also considers the socio-political context that underlies this transition.

International audience; This study focuses on the perception of ethnic foods by European consumers. The aim of this work is to enrich the literature on the analysis of consumer perception of ethnic foods by focusing on the socio-demographic characteristics of consumers, the possible role played by product attributes, psychographic characteristics, and willingness to pay for these products, specifically date fruits. We surveyed a representative sample of 1123 Italian and French consumers. Using an ordered logit model, we found that, as for any other product, geographical indication, region of production, organic character, and fair trade are attributes that individuals consider in their purchase decisions for ethnic foods. Similarly, country of origin is a source of quality for ethnic foods such as dates. The results reveal that women, more educated individuals, and Generation Z (younger individuals) have a higher willingness to pay for organic, fair trade, and GI-labeled ethnic foods. Finally, this willingness to pay is driven more by product knowledge than by cognitive closeness to the ethnic food.

National audience; This internship is part of a research project funded by ADEME entitled SCALABLE. This project is based on the following two observations: on the one hand, the agri-food systems that produce and transform biomass of agricultural origin (meat, cereals, dairy products, vegetables, etc.) are increasingly globalized and on the other hand, these same systems are exposed to growing disturbances and stresses (economic, geopolitical, health, climatic). It therefore appears necessary to be able to assess the vulnerabilities of territories in terms of dependence on other territories, ecological footprint or competition in use for all biomass of agricultural origin.In this context, this internship aims to assess the energy (inseparable from any human activity) and nitrogen (essential nutrient for plants and animals) footprints of agricultural sectors. This report presents the methodology used to perform the energy and nitrogen flux analyzes and the graphical representations that were built to visualize the results. These graphical representations, in Sankey diagrams’ form, will eventually serve as a decision-making tool for the actors of the concerned territories and sectors.; Ce stage fait partie d'un projet de recherche financé par l’ADEME intitulé SCALABLE. Ce projet s’appuie sur les deux constats suivants : d’une part, les systèmes agro-alimentaires qui produisent et transforment les biomasses d’origines agricoles (viande, céréales, produits laitiers, légumes, ...) sont de plus en plus globalisés et d’autre part, ces mêmes systèmes sont exposés à des perturbations et stress croissants (économiques, géopolitiques, sanitaires, climatiques). Il apparaît donc nécessaire d’être en mesure d’évaluer les vulnérabilités des territoires en termes de dépendance à d’autres territoires, d’empreinte écologique ou encore de concurrences d’usage pour toutes les filières de biomasses d’origine agricole. Dans ce cadre, ce stage a pour objectif d’évaluer les empreintes énergie (indissociable de toute activité humaine) et azote (nutriment indispensable aux végétaux et animaux) des filières agricoles. Ce rapport présente la méthodologie utilisée pour réaliser les analyses de flux d’énergie et d’azote et les représentations graphiques qui ont été construites pour visualiser les résultats. Ces représentations graphiques, sous forme de diagrammes de Sankey, serviront à terme d’outil d’aide à la décision pour les acteurs des territoires et des filières concernés.

International audience; The etiology of central nervous system (CNS) tumors is complex and involves many suspected risk factors. Scientific evidence remains insufficient, in particular in the agricultural field. The goal of our study was to investigate associations between agricultural activities and CNS tumors in the entire French farm manager workforce using data from the TRACTOR project. The TRACTOR project hold a large administrative health database covering the entire French agricultural workforce, over the period 2002-2016, on the whole French metropolitan territory. Associations were estimated for 26 activities and CNS tumors using Cox proportional hazards model, with time to first CNS tumor insurance declaration as the underlying timescale, adjusting for sex, age and geographical area. There were 1017 cases among 1 036 069 farm managers, including 317 meningiomas and 479 gliomas. Associations varied with tumor types, sex and types of crop and animal farming. Analyses showed several increased risks of CNS tumors, in particular for animal farming. The main increases in risk were observed for meningioma in mixed dairy and cow farming (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.75, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.09-2.81) and glioma in pig farming (HR = 2.28, 95% CI: 1.37-3.80). Our study brings new insights on the association of a wide range of agricultural activities and CNS tumor and subtype-specific risks in farm managers. Although these findings need to be corroborated in further studies and should be interpreted cautiously, they could have implications for enhancing CNS tumor surveillance in agriculture.

International audience

International audience; Farm transfer is increasingly seen as fundamental to the development of agriculture. One of the major challenges is to assess farm value in the context of an opaque market for farms. We contribute to the scarce literature on farm valuation by empirically applying three valuation methods to the Farm Accountancy Data Network database for France in 2017 and 2018 and for five types of farming. The three methods—the fundamental method, the patrimonial method, and the financial method—are well known for the valuation of companies, but have yet to be implemented widely for farms in the empirical literature. The results show that wine-growing farms have the highest values on average. Pig and beef farms have high average patrimonial values, reflecting their high capital intensity, but beef farms have the lowest average values calculated with methods based on cash flows, revealing unfavorable market conditions for these farms. The results further reveal that total farm output drives the value upward, but that high farm labor, indebtedness, and age contribute to reducing value. Our findings also highlight that, in practice, the differences in values across methods may be substantial.

The European Green Deal is a monumental step in achieving a greener and more sustainable Europe, filled with promising targets which aim to culminate in no net emissions of greenhouse gases by 2050 and economic growth decoupled from resource use. It establishes great potential for a fairer economy, the revitalisation of rural areas and sustainability. Yet, the roadmap on how to actualise such targets has yet to be realised.This policy brief provides a roadmap, by giving recommendations for 10 concrete steps that can be taken to achieve the European Green Deal through agroecology, especially the Biodiversity and Farm to Fork Strategies. It will focus on many of the technical aspects, as well as on research, social responsibilities and responsible governance. Each step is to be considered as a whole, rather than individually, as many steps require the other in order to create true transformation.

International audience; This study examines factors determining farmers' investment in organic farming using a contextualized lab-in- the-field experiment with 220 small household farmers in Northern Vietnam. We focus on the role of network structure, information nudge, and social comparison between farmers using three types of networks: circle, star and complete. Our results suggest that, on average, around 64% of the land is invested in organic farming in the complete network in which each farmer is connected to all of the others, while only about 57% of the land is invested in the circle and star network. Moreover, social comparison (i.e., information about the average in-vestment) performs better in a circle network than in a star network. Finally, information nudges about the socially optimal investment could encourage farmers' coordination in all three networks, particularly in the complete network with an increase in organic investment up to 76%.

The Moroccan agricultural sector employs around 40% of the country's total working population. Since the early 1990s, there has been a striking increase in the proportion of female wage laborers. This article investigates the effect of the gendered composition of the agricultural wage labor force on horticultural farms. We draw on an original data set collected in 2010, comprising 240 agricultural holdings located in the region of Souss Massa. The results suggest that local labor shortages do not play a major role in explaining the ratio of female hired wage laborers. Instead, it seems that quality requirements are encouraging farm holdings to hire a female labor force. [EconLit citations: Q12, O13, J43]

International audience; The article analyses, from an anthropological perspective, the role of money in some mobilisations and economic experiments in the field of food activism. In particular, through the case of basket systems (asso-ciations for the supply of vegetables and fresh food) in the city of Marseille, the author examines the reasons for the apparent invisibility of money and shows how, by rethinking calculation, exchange and production, individuals redefine the social and economic values of food and with them the spaces of production and distribution. Through solidarity, social exchange and fair pricing, money acquires a political as well as an economic role.; L'articolo analizza, da una prospettiva antropologica, il ruolo del dena-ro in alcune mobilitazioni e sperimentazioni economiche nel campo del food activism. In particolare, attraverso il caso dei sistemi di panieri (associazioni per l'approvvigionamento di verdure e prodotti alimentari freschi) nella città di Marsiglia, l'autore esamina le ragioni dell'apparente invisibilità del denaro e mostra come, ripensando il cal-colo, lo scambio e la produzione, gli individui ridefiniscano i valori so-ciali ed economici del cibo e con essi gli spazi di produzione e di di-stribuzione. Attraverso la solidarietà, lo scambio sociale e il giusto prezzo, il denaro acquisisce un ruolo politico, oltreché economico.

International audience; The status of region is periodically discussed and renewed in the literature on regional science. The health crisis has highlighted the interdependencies and fragilities of many regions that are part of global value chains, in line with the valorization of their comparative advantages. The authors revisit the development of the idea of the region that underlies this situation before considering ideas for a more integrated conception of the region, taking into account links with natural resources and basic needs of populations.; Le statut de la région est périodiquement discuté et renouvelé dans les travaux de science régionale. La crise sanitaire met en lumière les interdépendances et les fragilités de nombreuses régions insérées dans les chaînes de valeur mondiales, suivant la valorisation de leurs avantages comparatifs. Les auteurs reviennent sur la construction de l’idée de région qui sous-tend cette situation avant d’envisager des pistes pour une conception plus intégrée de la région, prenant en compte les liens aux ressources naturelles et les besoins fondamentaux des populations.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to propose an agile methodology for the development of food products that has two key characteristics: (1) consumers are included as co-creators and (2) the assessment of environmental impacts plays a central role.Design/methodology/approachIn collaboration with a French small-to-mid-size enterprise, a research-intervention approach was used to test the agile methodology designed, which features three iterative runs of food product development. In each run, prototypes were presented and modified with consumers during focus groups. Life cycle analysis assessed the relative environmental impacts of the prototypes. The research data from consumers were mainly qualitative.FindingsThe main result of this work is the implementation of a methodology to develop new food products in an efficient way by integrating consumers' insights and environmental concerns simultaneously. The method was successful in integrating consumers as co-creators and in drawing attention to the potential environmental effects of different prototypes for the decision-making process.Research limitations/implicationsThe research is based on a single case study. Thus, generalisation to other companies is limited. The authors invite further research focussed on different types of companies. The methodology and the tools could be modified to suit a variety of contexts.Originality/valueThis work addresses the need for guidelines to integrate consumers and environmental considerations into the food development process by testing an agile methodology with a company. It contributes to the scope of sustainable and consumer-oriented food innovation management.

International audience; Due to an EU directive making integrated pest management (IPM) mandatory, European farmers are expected to reduce their use of chemical pesticides, which may potentially increase production costs and risk of harvest loss. Less pesticide use is appreciated by many consumers and may generate a higher willingness to pay (WTP). However, IPM is a wide concept and it is difficult for consumers to distinguish between products with high and low risk of pesticide residues. As a result, consumers might use other characteristics, such as country of origin, for the identification of safer products. In this study, we investigate if a higher WTP for Norwegian strawberries is associated with a belief that they contain less pesticide residues than imported berries. We use regression analysis to estimate to what extent the difference in WTP for Norwegian and imported strawberries is correlated with various perceptions about strawberries. The analyses reveal that the stronger the belief that Norwegian strawberries have less pesticide risk than imported ones, the higher the WTP for Norwegian strawberries. This means that if consumers believe domestic farmers use little pesticides, domestic products might be able to sell at considerably higher prices than imports. Hence, it may be economically beneficial for farmers to keep pesticide use at a minimum. Furthermore, we find that consumers have a higher WTP for strawberries produced with less use of pesticides, although not pesticide-free, indicating that IPM is appreciated.

If donkeys apparently no longer serve any purpose in the modern world, why are there still so many of them in rural areas and on the outskirts of urban areas in France? In an attempt to understand this paradox, this article firstly offers a cartographic analysis of statistical sources available at the national level. From this, a specific geography emerges, showing areas where they are bred, areas where they are used by humans, along with areas where donkey owners are mainly amateurs, and those where they tend to be farmers. We then move on to examine the different uses of the donkey, drawing on results from qualitative surveys. Be they direct (donkey milk) or indirect (porterage, pulling vehicles), all these uses enable the donkey to occupy a new role in society. Its (admittedly small-scale) re-entry into society can also take quite conflicting forms, linked in particular to issues of breed selection and the ownership of this animal by individual members of the public.