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Background: The metabolic regulation for the synthesis of human milk (HM) long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) Δ3 and Δ6 is poorly known; it is due to the limitations in obtaining breast tissue. Objective: To determine whether the epithelial cells of human breast tissue (ECHBT) express the enzymes that synthesize LC-PUFAs, and to analyze the expression changes in the different types of HM and its correlation with the percentage of LC-PUFAs. Material and methods: In colostrum, transition and mature HM of 6 women, the fatty acid composition was analyzed by gas chromatography and the mRNA expression of the desaturases Δ5D, Δ6D and elongase Elovl-5 in the ECHBT was analyzed by qPCR. Results: tissue express the mRNA of Δ5D, Δ6D and Elovl-5 for the synthesis of LC-PUFAs, this expression increases in mature milk with respect to colostrum. The percentage of linoleic and alpha-linolenic acid is the similar in the three types of milk, while that of arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid decreased (8% and 14% respectively) in mature milk compared to colostrum. The mRNA of Δ5D and Δ6D correlated with the percentage of arachidonic acid, that of Δ6D and Elovl-5 correlated with the percentage of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Conclusions: The ECHBT express the enzymes that synthesize LC-PUFAs and their expression increases in mature milk, to meet the demand of the newborn. This demonstrates the role of the mammary gland in the synthesis of LC-PUFAs Δ3, such as eicosapentaenoic acid and DHA, essential for neuronal and retinal development of the newborn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interest in omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids has increased in recent years. Several studies suggest that supplementation with these fatty acids decreases metabolic risk, plasma triglyceride levels and attenuates the loss of lean body mass, modulating the inflammatory response. In adults with cancer, the results of different studies that have evaluated the effects of the administration of these fatty acids suggest that they can be used as adjuvants during treatment acting as receptor agonists, modulating different molecular pathways, reducing the inflammatory response, increasing the efficacy of chemotherapy and consequently improving the overall survival of cancer patients. The role of nutrition in onco-hematological treatment has not been sufficiently understood, although nutritional status is a modifiable prognostic factor. Currently, the evidence demonstrating the effect of supplementation with these fatty acids in pediatric patients with leukemia is limited. It reports benefits related to the preservation of lean body mass, control of dyslipidemias, cardiovascular risk factors, and methotrexate hepatotoxicity during therapy. Therefore, this review highlights the results of intervention studies with these fatty acids performed in the pediatric population with acute lymphoblastic leukemia published so far. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD), caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene, is the most common congenital muscular dystrophy and is characterized by a chronic inflammatory response mediated by immune cells and cytokines. Obesity, a common feature of DMD, exacerbates this inflammation. Although corticosteroids are the conventional treatment, their adverse effects are substantial. The use of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAω-3) as adjuvant therapy is under investigation. A comprehensive review of studies from 2011 to May 2024 reveals that supplementation with PUFAω-3 has beneficial effects in mdx mice, a model of DMD. These include reduction of the inflammatory process in both muscle and circulation, in addition to decreased myonecrosis, resulting in improved muscle strength and endurance. Supplementation also had a positive impact on cardiac tissue, reducing fibrosis and inflammation present in this tissue. These results were corroborated in patients with DMD. A significant decrease in inflammatory markers such as NF-kB, IL-1ß and IL-6 was observed with PUFAω-3, and an increase in the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, suggesting a potential anti-inflammatory effect. These findings support the use of PUFAω-3 as adjuvant therapy in DMD, although further research is needed to fully understand its mechanisms and clinical benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to analyze the oxidative stability of coconut oil and flaxseed oil blends. Coconut oil: flaxseed oil was mixed at different ratios on weight basis (95:5, 90:10, 85:15, 80:20, and 75:25). The oxidative stability was measured using acid value, iodine value, peroxide value, and saponification value under accelerated oven storage and frying conditions. The fatty acid profile was determined by gas-liquid chromatography. According to the results, all blends showed acceptable oxidative stability under both conditions. They showed storage stability up to 14 months under ambient conditions. Blended oils had a more balanced SFA: MUFA: PUFA ratio than the original oils. Blending the oils at the ratio of 80:20 (coconut oil: flaxseed oil) showed the desirable omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid composition before and after frying. Therefore, the blending of flaxseed oil with coconut oil could widen the applicability of flaxseed oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introdu Introducción: el cáncer afecta el estado nutricional de los pacientes, destacando la necesidad de buscar estrategias nutricionales para abordarlo. Objetivo: evaluar la eficacia de la suplementación con aceite o cápsulas de omega 3 a nivel de parámetros nutricionales e inflamatorios de pacientes oncológicos en tratamiento activo. Métodos: se realizó revisión sistemática para identificar ensayos clínicos controlados. El desenlace primario fue el cambio de peso. Se realizó metaanálisis usando software RevMan. Resultados: se incluyeron siete estudios (participantes n=262). La dosis administrada osciló entre 0,60 a 2,45 g y la intervención se extendió entre 45 días y tres meses. Se observó que los pacientes suplementados perdieron menos peso que aquellos no expuestos al omega 3 (Diferencia Estandarizada de Medias (SMD)= 3,99; IC 95,00 % 2,40-5,57), pero no se encontraron diferencias significativas en el índice de masa corporal (IMC) (SMD= 0,73; IC 95,00% -0,11-1,58) ni en los valores de albúmina (SMD= -0,23; IC 95,00 % -0,26-0,71) y proteína C reactiva (PCR) (SMD= -4,01; IC 95,00 % -15,59-7,57). Los resultados están limitados por el número de estudios incluidos y la heterogeneidad de los mismos. Conclusiones: la suplementación con omega 3 mostró aminorar la pérdida de peso de los pacientes oncológicos en tratamiento activo (quimioterapia y/o radioterapia), pero no presentó efectos beneficiosos en el IMC ni en los valores de albúmina y PCR.

Immunonutrition is a science that encompasses aspects related to nutrition, immunity, infection, inflammation and tissue damage. Immunomodulatory formulas have shown benefits in a wide variety of clinical situations. The objective of this work was to review the available evidence in immunonutrition (IN). For this, a bibliographic search has been carried out with the keywords: immunonutrition, arginine, glutamine, nucleotides, omega-3 fatty acids, ERAS, fast-track. Clinical trials, reviews and clinical practice guidelines have been included. IN has been shown to reduce postoperative fistulae in head and neck cancer patients and in gastric and esophageal cancer patients, infectious complications and hospital stay. Other clinical situations that benefit from the use of IN are pancreatic cancer surgery, colorectal cancer surgery and major burns. More controlled, prospective, and randomized studies are necessary to confirm the potential benefits of IN in other clinical situations such as non-esophageal thoracic surgery, bladder cancer, gynecological surgery, hip fracture, liver pathology and COVID-19, among others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: the decision to supplement total parenteral nutrition (TPN) with emulsions of omega-3 (O3) eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) fatty acids (FA) of marine origin is based on the clinical benefits obtained in different medical situations and surgical procedures, among which reductions in hospital stay, days of mechanical ventilation, incidence of infections and mortality stand out. However, the evidence in critically ill patients remains contradictory. Objective: the objective of this clinical trial was to analyze the effect of supplementation with EPA/DHA O3 FAs on clinical prognostic markers -medical, nutritional and biochemical-in critically ill patients, relating to outcome. Method: a clinical, controlled, randomized, single-center trial in 64 critically ill adult patients, of which 47 patients were randomized to receive TPN supplemented with EPA/DHA O3 FAs in doses of 0.1 g/kg/day (n = 23) and 0.2 g/kg/day (n = 24), compared with a historical control group with TPN without supplementation (n = 17). Clinical prognosis markers were determined at baseline and at the end of nutritional support (medical, nutritional and biochemical). Results: the two groups with supplementation showed a statistically significant reduction in mortality (p < 0.005); the clinical prognostic markers SOFA, APACHE II, SAPS 3, NUTRIC, RTL and CRS were consistent in showing a significant improvement (p < 0.005), of prognosis with doses of 0.1 and 0.2 g/kg/day of EPA/DHA O3 FAs, respectively. Conclusion: supplementation of parenteral nutrition with EPA/DHA O3 fatty acids at doses of 0.1 g and 0.2 g/kg/day improves recovery prognosis and the probability of survival in critically ill patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Revista de la Facultad de Medicina Humana is the property of Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Biomedicas de la Universidad Ricardo Palma and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aging in general, and skin aging in particular, is a deleterious and universal process. Skin aging can be divided into chronological aging and photoaging, the latter being activated through damage to human skin, attributable to repeated exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays from sunlight. Fatty acids derived from fish oil (omega 3) have been considered to be associated with photoprotection of the skin. The objective of this work is to describe the effects of omega 3 as an anti-aging drug in the elderly population. A bibliographic review of articles published between January 2010 and June 2020, in Pubmed and Google Scholar, was carried out. The available literature shows the effect and benefit of these fatty acids in the aging process, which constitute clinical therapies at the dermatological level and in areas of plastic surgery. Its use has a positive effect on the aging process in different organs, through action against oxidative stress.

Copyright of Revista Científica Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacia is the property of Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas y Farmacia de la USAC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aging in general, and skin aging in particular, is a deleterious and universal process. Skin aging can be divided into chronological aging and photoaging, the latter being activated through damage to human skin, attributable to repeated exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays from sunlight. Fatty acids derived from fish oil (omega 3) have been considered to be associated with photoprotection of the skin. The objective of this work is to describe the effects of omega 3 as an anti-aging drug in the elderly population. A bibliographic review of articles published between January 2010 and June 2020, in Pubmed and Google Scholar, was carried out. The available literature shows the effect and benefit of these fatty acids in the aging process, which constitute clinical therapies at the dermatological level and in areas of plastic surgery. Its use has a positive effect on the aging process in different organs, through action against oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity has a significant impact on predisposition to various diseases and also affects the viability and choice of haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) to favour myeloid cell production and/or turnover, all of which are extremely important for the functioning of immune system. As the production of blood cells and mobilization of HSCs and their progeny are regulated, at least in part, by multifaceted interactions through signals that come from the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment, it does not seem astonishing to assume that circumstances that cause alterations in BM structure will unavoidably cause alterations in mesenchymal cells such as adipocytes and lineages from HSCs. The existence of adipose tissue in BM or marrow fat (BMAT) is well known, although its origin, expansion, and functions are poorly understood. Inspired by other studies showing the potential role for olive oil and omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 PUFAs) on BM health, and by our own preliminary findings showing the effects of monounsaturated (olive oil) but not saturated (milk cream) dietary fats to contain neutrophils and CD14high monocytes in BM during postprandial periods in healthy volunteers, herein we asked whether dietary fats (saturated fatty acids, SFAs, monounsaturated fatty acids, MUFAs, and omega-3 PUFAs) may be a candidate lifestyle factor to modulate the expansion, composition, and function of BMAT, the infiltration of adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) in BMAT and the mobilization of HSCs and mature myeloid cells from BM during high-fat-induced obesity in mice. This is the first time that the interplay between different dietary fatty acids, obesity, and BM is addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introducción: La enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal (EII) incluye a la colitis ulcerosa (CU) y la enfermedad de Crohn (EC). Se cree que las grasas dietéticas pueden influir en su desarrollo. Objetivo: Analizar cómo se relaciona el contenido de omega-3 y omega-6 presentes en la dieta de forma natural con el proceso de la EII, tanto en su aparición como en su periodo de remisión. Material y métodos: Fuentes de datos: Se realizaron la búsqueda en las bases de datos Scopus y PubMed. Criterios de elegibilidad: Se incluyeron los estudios publicados entre 2007 y 2017, en español e inglés, diseño cuantitativo y cualitativo sobre el tema de estudio. Se excluyeron los estudios sobre fármacos o suplementos, animales y dieta en otras patologías. Evaluación de los estudios: Los estudios fueron evaluados a través de la Guía CASPe y los objetivos propios del diseño de scoping review. Resultados: Un total de 14 artículos fueron incluidos. Conclusiones: Hay evidencia de que el consumo de omega-3 y omega-6 puede influir en el desarrollo de la EII. Aunque no existen recomendaciones dietéticas definidas para las personas con EII, sería fundamental crear una guía de alimentación para el control de esta patología.

This study aimed to evaluate and compare the proximate composition and fatty acids (FA) profile of four fish species Piaractus mesopotamicus (PM), Colossoma macropomum (CM), Piaractus mesopotamicus X Colossoma macropomum (PC) and Piaractus brachypomus (PB). Fish fillets were analyzed for proximate composition, fatty acid profile, and nutritional quality indices. In general, PM and PB presented lower moisture content (73.75 ± 0.07 and 70.47 ± 0.16) and higher lipid content (4.34 ± 0.81 and 9.23 ± 1.16), respectively (p < 0.05). Although all species presented the same PUFA>MUFA>SFA pattern, PM and PB showed higher total n-3 FA values (mainly DHA and EPA), while CM had the lowest one (p < 0.05). Moreover, PM and PB exhibited superior nutritional quality indices, presenting the highest h/H ratio and the lowest IA and IT ratio (p < 0.05). A similar nutritional profile was observed for CM and PC. Therefore, PM and PB represent an excellent source of high-quality lipids, demonstrating that these freshwater fish species can be considered optimal for human consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista CIENCIA UNEMI is the property of Universidad Estatal de Milagro (UNEMI) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Archivos Latinoamericanos de Nutrición is the property of Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutricion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el efecto de la suplementación con aceite de pescado sobre la frecuencia cardíaca y temperatura rectal en perros sanos durante un programa de entrenamiento en cinta trotadora. En un diseño experimental cruzado, 5 perros machos fueron asignados aleatoriamente a los grupos control y aceite de pescado, y recibieron diariamente 54 mg de aceite de pescado/kg de peso corporal0,75. Todos fueron entrenados en cinta trotadora dos veces por semana durante 12 semanas. Cada sesión incluyó un total de 30 minutos a 8 km/h y 7,5 % de pendiente. Se evaluó la frecuencia cardíaca previa, inmediatamente posterior y a los 5 minutos de finalizada cada sesión de entrenamiento. Se midió la temperatura rectal previa y posterior a cada sesión. En el grupo aceite de pescado, la frecuencia cardíaca y temperatura rectal posteriores a cada sesión de entrenamiento disminuyeron significativamente (P0,1). Los resultados obtenidos podrían reflejar una mejora en el rendimiento en perros suplementados con aceite de pescado durante el entrenamiento en cinta trotadora. Sin embargo, sería interesante realizar más estudios que permitan explicar los mecanismos por los cuales la suplementación con aceite de pescado podría mejorar el rendimiento en entrenamiento.

Introduction: Lipid emulsions (LE) are a component of parenteral nutrition (PN) and its fatty acid (FA) profile determines various physiological responses.Objectives: To assess the adequacy of a clinical not restricted protocol in the choice of LE by studying complementary biochemical and hematological parameters (BHP) at the beginning of the PN.Methods: A 4-year retrospective observational study of LE administered to patients with PN. Demographic, clinical, nutritional and analytical variables at the beginning of the PN were collected. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to study the correlation between the initial clinical and biochemical parameters and the LE profile used.Results: Four hundred and sixty patients (29.5%) out of 1,558 had BHP at the beginning of PN and used mainly the LE combinations soybean (SO) + medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) + olive (OO) + fish (FO) (37.4%) and SO + MCT + OO (35.6%). Statistically significant differences on the LE pattern were observed between patients with and those without initial BHP (44.8% vs39.5% received FO, respectively). Conditions regularly associated with elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) were associated with increased use of FO LE: SO+OO+FO (OR: 4.52 [95% CI: 1.43-13.91]) and SO+MCT+OO+FO (OR: 3.34 [95% CI: 2.10-5.33]). In those complex conditions related with the critical patient MCT were used: hepatic failure (SO+MCT OR: 2.42 [95% CI: 1.03-5.68]) and renal failure (SO+MCT+FO OR: 3.34 [95% CI: 1.12-9.99]).Conclusions: The use of BHP at the beginning of PN treatment allows complementing the clinical and metabolic criteria in LE selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is a kind of nutritional support indicated for patients whose clinical situation makes it impossible to cover their nutritional requirements enterally. Despite the fact that TPN is a safe and effective therapy, some complications have been described. One of the most frequent is hypertriglyceridemia. The etiology of this metabolic complication is complex and multifactorial. Objetive: The aim of this work was to determine risk factors associated with the development of hypertrilgyceridemia in adult inhospital non critical patients who carry TPN for a short term. A secondary aim was to evaluate the effect that a lipid emulsion fortified with omega-3 poliunsaturated fatty acids causes on this metabolic complication. Material and methods: This is an observational retrospective cohort study, in which adult inhospital non critical patients have been included. Only those who needed TPN during more than seven days were included. Hypertriglyceridemia was defined as plasma triglycerides levels higher than 200 mg/dl. The lipid emulsions were composed whether by a combination of 50% long-chain (LCT) and medium-chain (MCT) triglycerides or 40% LCT/50% MCT/10% omega-3. Clinical, nutritonal and biochemical parameters were included. Analitical samples were obtained before starting TPN, and weekly until withdrawal. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify predictive factors of the appearance of hypertriglyceridemia. Results: One hundred and one patients were included (61.4% male). Thirty-three per cent of them developed hypertriglyceridemia. In the multivariate analysis the independent risk factors associated with the presence of hypertriglyceridemia were the initial plasmatic triglycerides levels, the body mass index (BMI) and an input of glucose in the TPN higher than 3.1 g/kg/day. The infusion of a lipid emulsion fortified with 3-omega fatty acids was associated with a nonsignificant reduction of the risk of appearance of hypertriglyceridemia. Conclusion: The patient’s clinical metabolic situation, as well as the load of carbohydrates in the TPN are essential for the development of the TPN-associated hypertriglyceridemia. The administration of a lipid emulsion fortified with omega-3 fatty acids is safe, even though it was not associated with a signifi cant protective effect over the risk of appearance of this metabolic complication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introducción y Objetivos: Teniendo en cuenta la importancia sanitaria del aporte de ácidos grasos omega-3 y omega-6, y ante la escasez de estudios sobre el tema en colectivos españoles, se plantea la conveniencia de conocer la ingesta de estos ácidos grasos, su adecuación a los objetivos nutricionales marcados y sus fuentes alimentarias en una muestra representativa de la población española. Métodos: Se ha estudiado un colectivo de 1068 adultos (521 varones y 547 mujeres) de 17 a 60 años, seleccionados en diez provincias españolas, que constituyen una muestra representativa de la población, a nivel nacional. Se determino la ingesta de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados (AGP), ácidos grasos omega-3, α-linolénico (ALA), ácido eicosapentaenoico (EPA) y docosahexaenoico (DHA), ácidos grasos omega-6, ácido linoléico (LA) y araquidónico, en g/día y en porcentaje de la energía, utilizando un "Registro del consumo de alimentos" durante 3 días consecutivos, incluyendo un domingo, y recogiendo también datos personales, sanitarios y antropométricos de los individuos estudiados. Resultados y Discusión: La ingesta de grasa total y grasa saturada fue superior a la marcada como aconsejable en el 89,2% y 93,3% de los individuos, respectivamente, mientras que con la ingesta de AGP sucede lo contrario, siendo más frecuente el aporte insuficiente (79,2% de los estudiados tienen una ingesta inferior al 6% de la energía). Resulta especialmente bajo el aporte de ácidos grasos omega-3 (1,85 ± 0,82 g/día), que proporcionan menos del 1% de la energía en el 85,3% de los individuos. En concreto el ALA (1,40 ± 0,55 g/día) no supera el 0,5% de la energía en el 53,7% de los casos y la suma de EPA+DHA (0,55 ± 0,58 g/día) no supera los 0,5 g/día en el 64,6%. Por otra parte, el aporte de ácidos grasos omega-6 fue más adecuado (10,95 ± 3,79 g/día) y en concreto el de LA (10,77 ± 3,76 g/día) supuso menos del 3% de la energía en el 25,5% de los estudiados. Las principales fuentes alimentarias de ácidos grasos omega-3 fueron los pescados, seguidos de carnes, lácteos y grasas/aceites, mientras que para los omega-6 fueron las grasas/aceites, carnes y cereales. En el colectivo estudiado, destaca el bajo consumo de ácidos grasos omega-3, y especialmente de EPA+DHA. En este sentido es importante destacar la influencia del consumo de pescado, pues las personas que toman menos de 0,5 raciones/día (29,8%) tienen ingestas de omega-3 (1,46 ± 0,57 g/día) y de EPA+DHA (0,19 ± 0,19 g/día) significativamente inferiores a las de individuos con mayor consumo de pescado (que presentan ingestas de omega-3 y de EPA+DHA de 2,02 ± 0,85 g/día y de 0,70 ± 0,61 g/día, respectivamente) (p < 0,001). El aumento en el consumo de pescado facilita el cumplimiento de los objetivos nutricionales marcados para los omega-3 (>1% de la energía) (OR 0,371; 95% CI 0,306-0,451; p < 0,001) y para EPA+DHA (> 0,5 g/día) (OR 0,121; 95% CI 0,092-0,158; p < 0,001). Conclusiones: El elevado porcentaje de individuos que no alcanzan los objetivos nutricionales marcados para los ácidos grasos omega-3, ALA, EPA y DHA hacen aconsejable aumentar el consumo de pescado y/o de alimentos enriquecidos con estos ácidos grasos para conseguir un beneficio nutricional y sanitario.

Objetivo: Evaluar mediante el análisis bibliométrico y temático la producción científica sobre ácidos grasos omega-3 indizada en las bases de datos internacionales sobre ciencias de la salud, estableciendo a su vez una base comparativa para análisis futuros. Método: Las búsquedas se realizaron, con el Descriptor (MeSH, como Major Topic) "Fatty Acids, Omega-3" desde la primera fecha disponible hasta el 31 de diciembre de 2010. Bases de datos consultadas: MEDLINE (via PubMed), EMBASE, ISI Web of Knowledge, CINAHL y LILACS. Resultados: El artículo original fue la tipología documental más frecuente. La obsolescencia se estableció en 5 años. La distribución geográfica de los autores que aparecen como primer firmante fue estadounidense, estando los artículos escritos predominantemente en inglés. La población a estudio fue el 90,98% (IC95% 89,25-92,71) adultos humanos. Los documentos se clasificaron en 59 áreas temáticas; el tema más estudiado, 16,24% (IC95% 14,4-18,04) relacionado con los ácidos grasos omega-3, fueron las enfermedades cardiovasculares. Conclusión: Este estudio indica que la literatura científica sobre ácidos grasos omega-3 se trata de un área de conocimiento de plena vigencia y actualidad, donde predominan las instituciones anglosajonas y está orientado principalmente al estudio de las enfermedades cardiovasculares.Objective: To evaluate by bibliometric and thematic analysis the scientific literature on omega-3 fatty acids indexed in international databases on health sciences and to establish a comparative base for future analysis. Method: Searches were conducted with the descriptor (MeSH, as Major Topic) "Fatty Acids, Omega-3" from the first date available until December 31, 2010. Databases consulted: MEDLINE (via PubMed), EMBASE, ISI Web of Knowledge, CINAHL and LILACS. Results: The most common type of document was originals articles. Obsolescence was set at 5 years. The geographical distribution of authors who appear as first author was EEUU and the articles were written predominantly in English. The study population was 90.98% (95% CI 89.25 to 92.71) adult humans. The documents were classified into 59 subject areas and the most studied topic 16.24% (95% CI 14.4 to 18.04) associated with omega-3, was cardiovascular disease. Conclusion: This study indicates that the scientific literature on omega-3 fatty acids is a full force area of knowledge. The Anglo-Saxon institutions dominate the scientific production and it is mainly oriented to the study of cardiovascular disease.

Patients with cardiac disease can develop two types of malnutrition: cardiac cachexia, which appears in chronic congestive heart failure, and malnutrition due to the complications of cardiac surgery or any other type of surgery in patients with heart disease. Early enteral nutrition should be attempted if the oral route cannot be used. When cardiac function is severely compromised, enteral nutrition is feasible, but supplementation with parenteral nutrition is sometimes required. Sustained hyperglycemia in the first 24 hours in patients admitted for acute coronary syndrome, whether diabetic or not, is a poor prognostic factor for 30-day mortality. In critically-ill cardiac patients with stable hemodynamic failure, nutritional support of 20-25 kcal/kg/day is effective in maintaining adequate nutritional status. Protein intake should be 1.2-1.5 g/kg/day. Routine polymeric or high protein formulae should be used, according to the patient's prior nutritional status, with sodium and volume restriction according to the patient's clinical situation. The major energy source for myocytes is glutamine, through conversion to glutamate, which also protects the myocardial cell from ischemia in critical situations. Administration of 1 g/day of omega-3 (EPA+DHA) in the form of fish oil can prevent sudden death in the treatment of acute coronary syndrome and can also help to reduce hospital admission for cardiovascular events in patients with chronic heart failure.El paciente con patología cardíaca puede presentar 2 tipos de desnutrición: la caquexia cardíaca, que aparece en situaciones de insuficiencia cardíaca congestiva crónica, y una malnutrición secundaria a complicaciones de la cirugía cardíaca o de cualquier cirugía mayor realizada en pacientes con cardiopatía. Se debe intentar una nutrición enteral precoz si no se puede utilizar la vía oral. Cuando la función cardíaca esté profundamente comprometida la nutrición enteral es posible, pero a veces precisará suplementación con nutrición parenteral. La hiperglucemia aguda sostenida en las primeras 24 h en pacientes ingresados por síndrome coronario agudo, sean o no diabéticos, es un factor de mal pronóstico en términos de mortalidad a los 30 días. En el paciente crítico cardíaco con fallo hemodinámico en situación estable, un soporte nutricional de 20-25 kcal/kg/día es eficaz para mantener un estado nutricional adecuado. El aporte proteico debe ser de 1,2-1,5 g/kg/día. Se administrarán fórmulas poliméricas o hiperproteicas habituales, según la situación nutricional previa del paciente, con restricción de sodio y volumen según su situación clínica. La glutamina es la mayor fuente de energía para el miocito, vía conversión a glutamato, protegiendo además a la célula miocárdica de la isquemia en situaciones críticas. La administración de 1 g/día de ω-3 (EpA+DHA), en forma de aceite de pescado, puede prevenir la muerte súbita en el tratamiento del síndrome coronario agudo y también puede contribuir a una disminución de los ingresos hospitalarios, por eventos cardiovasculares, en la insuficiencia cardíaca crónica.

Background: Botanical omega-3 fatty acid (alphalinolenic acid/ALA) has been shown to alleviate the prothrombotic and proinflammatory profile of metabolic syndrome, however clinical protocols are still scarce. Aiming to focus an obese population, a pilot study was designed. Methods: Morbidly obese candidates for bariatric surgery (n = 29, age 46.3 ± 5.2 years), 82.8% females (24/29), BMI 44.9 ± 5.2 kg/m², with C-reactive protein/CRP > 5 mg/L were recruited. Twenty were randomized and after exclusions, 16 were available for analysis. Flaxseed powder (60 g/day, 10 g ALA) and isocaloric roasted cassava powder (60 g/day, fat-free) were administered in a double-blind routine for 12 weeks. Results: During flaxseed consumption neutrophil count decreased and fibrinogen, complement C4, prothrombin time and carotid diameter remained stable, whereas placebo (cassava powder) was associated with further elevation of those measurements. Conclusions: Inflammatory and coagulatory markers tended to exhibit a better outlook in the flaxseed group. Also large-artery diameter stabilized whereas further increase was noticed in controls. These findings raise the hypothesis of a less deleterious cardiovascular course in seriously obese subjects receiving a flaxseed supplement.Introducción: Los ácidos grasos botánicos omega-3 (ácido alfa-linolénico/ALA) se mostran convenientes para atenuar las carácterísticas protrombóticas y proinflamatórias del síndrome metabólico, pero protocolos clínicos todavía son escasos. Con el objetivo de enfocar una población obesa, un estúdio clínico fue dibujado. Métodos: Candidatos a cirugía bariátrica morbidamente obesos (n = 29, edad 46,3 ± 5,2 años), 82,8% mujeres (24/29), IMC 44,9 ± 5,2 kg/m², con proteína C reactiva/CRP > 5 mg/L fueron recrutados. Veinte fueron randomizados y após exclusiones, 16 se puderon analisar. Harina de linaza (60 g/día, 10 g ALA) y harina de casava tostada isocalórica (60 g/día, sin grasas) fueron suministradas em uma rutina doble-ciega por 12 semanas. Resultados: Mientras se recibió linaza los neutrófilos bajaron y fibrinógeno, complemento C4, tiempo de protrombina y diámetro de la carótida permanecieron estables. El uso de casava se asoció con elevación de todas estas variables. Conclusiones: Los marcadores inflamatórios y coagulatórios tuvieron un curso mas favorable con la linaza. Asimismo el diámetro arterial se quedó estable, en cambio hubo peor a en el segundo grupo. La hipótesis de una evolución cardiovascular menos deletérea en obesos graves recibiendo casava se plantea en estas circunstancias.

Introducción: La lipemia posprandial es un factor de riesgo coronario. Existe evidencia que los ácidos omega 3 disminuyen los lípidos plasmáticos. La Plukenetia volubilis Linneo, ‘sacha inchi’, es rica en omega 3. Objetivo: Determinar el efecto de la ingesta de sacha inchi sobre la trigliceridemia posprandial, en adultos jóvenes. Diseño: Estudio cuasi-experimental. Lugar: Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Trujillo. Participantes: Estudiantes de medicina. Intervenciones: A doce estudiantes de medicina seleccionados al azar se les aplicó la prueba de tolerancia a triglicéridos, en dos fases: en la primera, después de la ingesta de 82 gramos de aceite de oliva y, en la segunda, adicionando 50 gramos de sacha inchi. Principales medidas de resultados: Efecto reductor de los lípidos plasmáticos. Resultados: En la primera fase, los triglicéridos basales fueron 99,67 mg/dL en promedio y luego se incrementaron en promedio 32 a la 1½ h, 74 a las 3 h, 89 a las 4½ h y 54 a las 6 h. En la segunda fase, el promedio basal fue 100,92 mg/dL, incrementándose 15 a la 1½ h, 52 a las 3 h, 40 a las 4½ h y 43 a las 6 h, en promedio, siendo significativa la reducción a la 1½ h (p=0,0232) y a las 4½ h (p=0,0496). Al graficar la prueba de tolerancia a triglicéridos, se evidenció significancia estadística al comparar el área bajo la curva de ambas fases (p=0,0080). Conclusiones: El consumo de la Plukenetia volubilis Linneo disminuye la trigliceridemia posprandial en adultos jóvenes.

Introduction: Significant malnutrition exists in a high percentage of patients with head and neck cancer. Malnutrition is associated with defects in immune function that may impair the host response to malignancy. Malnutrition and immunosupression make patients highly susceptible to postoperative infections and complications. Objectives: Compare two immunoenhanced enteral nutritions with a control diet, and evaluate the effect in postoperative infections, length of stay and inflammatory markers. Patients: A population of 44 patients with oral and laryngeal cancer was enrolled in a randomized trial. At surgery, patients were randomly allocated to three groups: (group I); patients receiving an arginine-enhanced formula (group II); patients receiving a standard polymeric formula, and (group III) patients receiving an arginine, RNA and omega-3 fatty acids enhanced formula, in an isonitrogenous way. Results: The duration of enteral nutrition in the three groups was similar with an average duration of 14,5 ± 8 days. The length of postoperative stay was similar, with an average of 19,8 ± 8,5 days. Wound infections and general infections were more frequent in the control group. Fistula rates were not improved in the enhanced diet groups. No significant intergroup differences in the trend of the two plasma proteins (albumin, transferrin), lymphocytes, weight, IL-6, CPR and TNFα were detected. The control group showed the highest levels of TNFα at the fourteenth postoperative day. Gastrointestinal tolerance and diarrhoea rate were similar in all the patients. Conclusions: Immunoenhanced enteral nutrition formulas improved the infection rate in the postoperative of head and neck cancer patients. In the fistula rates, we observed that technical problems and nutritional status might have played an equally important role, and therefore the positive effect of immunonutrition in this parameter might have been overestimated.Introducción: Un alto porcentaje de pacientes con cáncer de cabeza y cuello presentan un importante grado de malnutrición. Esta malnutrición está asociada defectos de la función inmune. Tanto la malnutrición como la inmunosupresión hacen a estos pacientes susceptibles de padecer complicaciones infecciosas en el postoperatorio. Objetivos: Comparar 2 inmunonutriciones enterales con una dieta control, y evaluar el efecto en las infecciones postoperatorias, duración de la estancia hospitalaria y marcadores de inflamación. Pacientes: Se realizó un estudio aleatorizado en un grupo de 44 pacientes con cáncer de cavidad oral y laringe. En el momento de la cirugía los pacientes fueron aleatoriamente asignados a 3 grupos diferentes: (grupo I), pacientes que recibieron una nutrición enriquecida con arginina (grupo II); pacientes que recibieron una nutrición isocalórica, isonitrogenada, y (grupo III), pacientes que recibieron una nutrición enriquecida con arginina, nucleótidos y ácidos grasos omega 3. Resultados: La duración de la nutrición enteral fue similar en los 3 grupos, con una media de 14,5 ± 8 días. La duración de la estancia hospitalaria fue similar, con una media de 19,8 ± 8,5 días. Las infecciones de la herida quirúrgica y las infecciones generales fueron más frecuentes en el grupo control. El porcentaje de fístulas no mejoró en los grupos con nutriciones enriquecidas. No se observaron diferencias significativas entre los grupos en cuanto a la tendencia de las proteínas plasmáticas (albúmina y transferrina), linfocitos, peso, ni IL-6, CPR y TNFα. El grupo control mostrσ los niveles mαs altos de TNFα al decimocuarto dνa del postoperatorio. La tolerancia gastrointestinal (diarrea) fue similar en todos los pacientes. Conclusiones: Las inmunonutriciones enterales disminuyeron el número de infecciones generales en el postoperatorio de pacientes con cáncer de cabeza y cuello. En cuanto al porcentaje de fístulas faringocutáneas no observamos disminución en los grupos con nutriciones enriquecidas. Por lo que pensamos que la técnica quirúrgica y el estado nutricional tienen una importancia similar y por ello en este parámetro el efecto positivo de la inmunonutrición puede estar sobrevalorado.

Several reviews and meta-analyses on modulated inflammatory and immunologic responses after the administration of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in different diseases and conditions have been published. However, omega-3 PUFAs exert several other actions which are not directly related to immunologic or inflammatory responses. The aim of this paper was to review the effects which are not directly related to immunologic and inflammatory responses of intravenous lipid emulsions (IVLEs) containing fish oil (FO) in parenteral nutrition (PN) for adult patients. IVLEs containing FO could have a role in the prevention of alterations in liver enzyme tests (LETs) or PN-associated liver disease (PNALD). Studies using FO doses of ≥ 0.150 mg/kg/day or IVLEs with high FO concentration reported more positive results than those with lower doses. Once PNALD was developed, the use of IVLEs exclusively composed of FO at doses of 0.25-1 g of FO/kg/day for several weeks could attenuate or even eradicate cholestasis and liver alteration. IVLEs containing FO seemed to have faster blood clearance, and this could be beneficial for some patients. Some studies also suggested a possible improvement of respiratory function by the administration of these IVLEs. In general, IVLEs containing FO were safe. Their use did not increase oxidative stress but, in contrast, increased plasma tocopherol content. They did not alter insulin sensitivity or glycemic control, and studies have found no relevant clinical effect on platelet aggregation or hemostasis. In conclusion, the use of IVLEs containing FO in PN may be beneficial with regard to older IVLEs, in addition to the modulation of systemic inflammation response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gracias al descubrimieno del mecanismo de acción de los ácidos grasos omega-3 para disminuir las arritmias ventriculares, éstos han vuelto a cobrar importancia por su efecto cardio-protector. La ingestión de ácidos grasos omega-3 disminuye el riesgo de trombosis y accidentes cerebro-vasculares al disminuir los lípidos sanguíneos, mejorando en esta forma la función endotelial. Sin embargo, algunos estudios epidemiológicos no han encontrado una relación directa a este respecto y además hay controversia respecto a las dosis necesarias para lograr este efecto cardio-protector. Hay estudios que reportan que el contenido de metil-mercurio en peces afecta la disposición de los ácidos grasos omega-3. En el Caribe colombiano se ha encontrado contaminación de peces con metil-mercurio.Thanks to the discovery of omega-3 fatty acids’ mechanism of action, these have regained importance due to its cardio-protective effect. The ingestion of omega-3 fatty acids diminishes the risk of thrombosis and cerebro-vascular accidents by lowering serum lipids and improving endothelial function. Nevertheless, some epidemiological studies have not found a direct relationship with them and there is controversy with regard to the doses needed in order to achieve this cardio-protective effect. There are studies reporting that the methyl-mercury content in fish affects omega-3 fatty acids’ disposal. In the Colombian Caribbean region, fish contamination with methyl-mercury has been found.

Las enfermedades cardiovasculares son la principal causa de mortalidad en Europa, Estados Unidos y gran parte de Asia. Existen varios factores de riesgo asociados a las enfermedades cardiovasculares, entre ellos están el colesterol total, la homocisteína y los triglicéridos elevados, la hipertensión, la diabetes y niveles reducidos de colesterol HDL. Muchos de estos factores de riesgo son influenciables por la dieta. A pesar de la gran cantidad de alimentos enriquecidos en ácidos grasos n-3 disponibles en el mercado, el conocimiento de los efectos originados por el consumo regular de estos alimentos supone aún un reto en la mayoría de los casos. La ingesta de alimentos enriquecidos en ácidos grasos poliinsaturados n-3 parece ser una opción que puede ser eficaz en la reducción de factores de riesgo de enfermedades, sustituyendo a los suplementos sin originar cambios en los hábitos alimentarios del consumidor. También se muestran los resultados procedentes de un estudio nutricional que hemos llevado a cabo con un alimento funcional de base láctea que contiene ácidos grasos n-3, ácido oleico y vitaminas.Cardiovascular diseases are the main mortality cause in Europe, the USA and a great extent of Asia. There are several risk factors associated with cardiovascular diseases, such as increased total cholesterol, homocysteine and triglycerides, hypertension, diabetes, and reduced levels of HDL-cholesterol. Many of these risk factors are diet influenced. In spite of the great amount of foods enriched with n-3 fatty acids available at the market, the knowledge about the effects produced by regular intake of these foods still is a challenge in the majority of cases. It appears that intake of foods enriches with n-3 polyunsatured fatty acids is an option that may be effective in reducing risk factors for diseases, by substituting supplements without modifying consumer's alimentary habits. Also shown are the outcomes from a nutritional study undergone with a functional milk-bases food that contains n-3 fatty acids, oleic acid and vitamins.

Las depresiones que se presentan durante el embarazo y después del parto constituyen un importante problema de salud pública. Si bien la etiología es desconocida, su aparición se asocia a la depleción de ácidos grasos omega-3. Estado propio del embarazo, pues la madre traspasa sus reservas al feto, para la formación del cerebro de éste. Consecuentemente, la suplementación con ácidos grasos omega-3 ha demostrado ser eficaz para tratar la depresión tanto en embarazadas como en otro tipo de pacientes. Por lo tanto, es aconsejable suplementar a las embarazadas con estos ácidos grasos para prevenir y tratar las depresiones relacionadas al embarazo. Esta acción tiene las ventajas de ser inocuo durante el embarazo y la lactancia, además de traspasarse al feto durante estos períodos, permitiendo su adecuado desarrollo cerebralThe depressions that appear during the pregnancy and post partum constitute an important problem of public health. Although the etiology is not known, its appearance is associated to the depletion of omega-3 fatty acids. Own state of the pregnancy, because the mother transfers her reserves to the fetus, for the formation of his brain. Consequently the supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids, has demonstrated to be effective to treat the depression as much in pregnants as another type of patients. Therefore, it is advisable the supplementation to the pregnant women with these fatty acids to prevent and to treat the depressions related to the pregnancy. This action has the advantages of to be innocuous during the pregnancy and in lactation, besides to transfer to the fetus during these periods, allowing his adequate cerebral development

Se hizo una revisión del efecto beneficioso y perjudicial de los ácidos grasos omega-3 en sujetos que padecen de diabetes mellitus, hipertensión arterial y dislipidemias y sus efectos sobre la hemostasia y otros órganos y sistemas. Se concluyó que la ingestión de pescados de carne azul 2 o 3 veces por semana, es una recomendación dietética para toda la población y que el consumo de aceites de pescado en dosis moderadas (hasta 3 g al día), es beneficioso para los diabéticos, hipertensos e hipertrigliceridémicos como tratamiento coadyuvante, que además disminuye la agregación plaquetaria y reduce la síntesis de mediadores químicos de la inflamación. Dosis elevadas de aceites de pescado pueden resultar perjudiciales sobre el control glucémico, la hipertensión arterial en personas susceptibles y los niveles séricos de lipoproteínas de baja densidad (LDL) y lipoproteínas de alta densidad (HDL).A review was made on the beneficial and detrimental effect of omega-3 fatty acids in subjects with diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension and dislipidaemias, as well as on their effects on homeostasis and other organs and systems. It was concluded that the intake of blue meat fish 2 or 3 times a week is a dietary recommendation for the whole population and that the consumption of fish oil at moderate doses (up to 3g a day) is beneficial for patients suffering from diabetes, arterial hypertension and hypertriglyceridemia as a coadjuvant treatment. It also reduces platelet aggregation and the synthesis of the chemical mediators of inflammation. Elevated doses of fish oil may be harmful for glucemic control and arterial hypertension in sensitive persons and for the serum levels of low density lipoproteins (LDL) and high level lipoproteins (HDL).

Los ácidos grasos poliinsaturados esenciales de cadena larga v-3 como el ácido a-linolénico (ALA) y sus derivados, ácido eicosapentaenoico (EPA) y ácido docosahexaenoico (DHA), intervienen en la función y el crecimiento del tejido nervioso como componentes estructurales de las membranas neuronales. En vegetarianos y veganos, la ingesta de v-3 por parte de la madre durante el embarazo y la lactancia debe proceder de recursos no animales, limpios de metales pesados y dioxinas para asegurar el normal desarrollo de las estructuras neuronales en los niños. Se consultaron estudios científicos en modelos animales, celulares, ensayos clínicos y revisiones en las siguientes bases de datos electrónicas especializadas: PubMed central (PMC)-NBCI, Elsevier Journal, Scielo España, Scirus, y Science Direct, para establecer el estado actual del potencial efecto del consumo de alimentos ricos en v-3 como las algas, hongos, bacterias marinas y otras fuentes vegetales, aptas para vegetarianos y veganos, sobre el normal desarrollo neurológico infantil.

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In the present study, the hepato and reno-protective effect of Nigella sativa crude oil and its binary blend with omega-3 fatty acid-rich oils (fish and flaxseed oils) was studied in a modified hepatorenal syndrome model (MHRS) in rats. MHRS was induced through feeding a high fructose diet followed by an intraperitoneal injection of galactosamine hydrochloride. Nigella oil and its different blends were given as a daily oral dose to MHRS rats. Two control groups of MHRS and normal healthy rats were run. Different biochemical and nutritional parameters were assessed. The induction of MHRS produced liver and kidney dysfunction, and elevated oxidative stress, an inflammatory biomarker, endothelin 1, and plasma cholesterol. Reduced plasma high density lipoprotein cholesterol, albumin and Ca and elevated urinary N-acetyl-β-D-Glucosaminidase and liver fats were noticed. The administration of Nigella crude oil that originally had 0.2% total omega-3 fatty acids or its blend with fish oil (17.9% omega-3) or flaxseed oil (42.1% omega-3) significantly improved all biochemical parameters of MHRS. There was no significant difference in the biochemical parameters among the different oil treated groups regardless of the omega-3 fatty acid content. This may point out to the potential profound effect of the volatile oil fraction of Nigella crude oil which may compensates for its low omega-3 content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Pharmaconutrient" is a term applicable to those compounds which. in addition to their nutritional function, play a role as aids in the treatment of patients with severe pathologies, including sepsis, trauma, burns and major surgery, In general, enrichment of enteral an parenteral formulas with pharmaconutrients contribute to positively modulate the inflammatory response, infection and controlling the internal milieu, which in turn can be evaluated through lower mortality, hospital and intensive care units stay, days of mechanical ventilation and other parameters allowing to asses their effects. Arginine, glutamine, nucleotides, omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidant micronutrients, make up the nucleus of pharmaconutrients used with that aim, usually as mixtures of them. In the present review current evidence about the effects, indications, limitations, doses, potential adverse risks and even counter-indications is analysed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]