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Gluten is a protein found in many grain products. Celiac disease is a genetic autoimmune disorder characterized by sensitivity to gluten. When a person with celiac disease consumes gluten, his/her immune system perceives the gluten to be a harmful substance and reacts negatively. The only treatment for individuals with celiac disease is lifelong adherence to a gluten-free diet. It is one of the most frequent and well defined of all lifelong diseases. In Hungary, 1-2 % of the population is said to be affected, but only every 10th has been diagnosed. Bread is a basic and frequently consumed food made principally from wheat. Gluten is the main structure-forming protein in flour, and is responsible for the elastic characteristics of dough, and contributes to the crumb structure and appearance of many baked products. Gluten removal results in major problems for bakers. Currently many gluten-free products available on the market are of low quality, exhibiting poor mouth feel and flavour. People wishing to eat bread in the gluten-free diet basically have two options: buying or baking the bread for themselves. There are several gluten-free bread brands are available on the Hungarian market. The price, ingredients, texture, colour, softness of the available breads are different. There is a rather good choice in gluten-free flour mixtures on the Hungarian market, as well. The composition of these mixtures are also different. The aim of our empirical research was to investigate the gluten-free bread consumption habits of people following gluten-free diet. The research was carried out using Google forms in January 2017. Size of the sample is 196. The online form was shared in four closed gluten free Facebook groups in Hungary since they are really active in sharing information concerning gluten-free lifestyle and diet. Summarizing, in this study we wish to examine how evolve the world pork meat production, trade and consumption, and to demonstrate the main consuming countries, highlighting the role of China, as it is the most populated country in the world with its 1.4 billion inhabitants. JEL Code: M31

In the Hungarian agro-food sector SMEs have a key role but regarding the tendency of the performance of SME sector, comparing to EU-28 average, the performance of Hungarian SME sector has gradually worsened between 2008 and 2015 while the EU average has an increasing trend. ICT can help enterprises and this article is an overview of the ICT situation of Hungarian SMEs. It is important to analyse in detail the ICT usage characteristics of agro SMEs in the food supply chain because these ICT devices, tools and services are crucial to smooth the information flow within the chain. For all these reasons our work aims to find out how Hungarian agro-food SMEs use ICT and how ICT adoption affect their business procedures, performance and development. A striking observation to emerge from the data comparison is the difference among SMEs and large enterprises regarding the usage of the different basic and advanced ICT solutions. A much bigger percent of large companies use advanced ICT then SMEs and mainly small enterprises are lagging behind as the attitudes of medium sized enterprises are rather similar to the large ones. In Hungary small enterprises in agro-food industry are in difficult financial state and for them free Cloud Computing services can offer good opportunities as they do not have initial costs. ICT adoption is very important to them as ICT sector is a dynamically growing sector and if customers and partners of an enterprise adapt faster to these technological innovations, it may have a negative effect on the different processes, performance and financial results of the organisation. In this article our aim was to determine the main question groups for our questionnaire which focus mainly on ICT solutions supporting the quality of communication and relationship between partners. As the basic IT tools are available in the major part even in the SMEs besides large companies, the two main issues will be the usage of advanced online services and the usage of high quality ICT solutions. JEL Code: M15

The economic importance of goat production has increased worldwide during the last few decades. Goats have many advantages that enable them to maintain their production under extreme climate and geographic conditions. Goat milk is an excellent food source. It has beneficial effects for health maintenance, physiological functions, in the nutrition of children and elderly people. The chemical characteristics of goat milk can be used to manufacture a wide variety of products including yogurt. Cow milk products are the most commonly consumed milk products in Hungary, at the same time goat dairy products are rarely consumed. The main reasons for refusing goat milk products are their special flavor and taste as well as their premium price and availability. This research aimed to review the economic importance of goat breeding, nutritional and health benefits of goat milk and yogurts; to investigate the perception and acceptance of plain and fruity yogurts made from goat and cow milk. Characteristics of the yogurts were evaluated by the respondents using a rating scale of 1–10. The preferred way of consumption and the affordable price of yogurts were also investigated. This research is part of more complex research including the comparative evaluation and acceptance of cheese, cottage cheese, as well made from cow, sheep and goat milk. A further aim of this current and the entire investigation is to make recommendations on how to increase the consumption of goat milk products in Hungary. SPSS was used for the evaluation, including mean, median, standard deviation, and H2 correlation. The research was carried out in the autumn of 2018 and the beginning of 2019 in Debrecen, Hungary. To test the perception and acceptance of these dairy products blinded test was carried out with the involvement of 202 respondents.

The economic importance of goat production has increased worldwide during the last few decades. Goats have many advantages that enable them to maintain their production under extreme climate and geographic conditions. Among domestic ruminants, goats have the highest capacity to effectively convert feed into meat and milk. Goat milk products are considered to be the dairy products with the greatest marketing potential. Fermented goat milk incorporating live probiotic cells represents a group of products with great prospects in the future with regards to their nutritive and therapeutic properties. Although goat milk products have numerous health benefits, they are rarely bought and consumed in Hungary. The main objective of our empirical research was to analyse the respondents’ perception and acceptance towards cottage cheese made from goat milk in Debrecen, Hungary. The research method was blinded testing of cottage cheeses made from cow, sheep and goat milk. The research has been carried out in the autumn, 2018 and beginning of 2019 with a sample of 202. Based on the results it can be stated, that respondents had rather similar opinion (outlook, smell, taste, fatness and colour) on the three tested cottage cheeses. The affordable price is almost the same, roughly 0,8 - 1 EUR/250 gr. Regarding the preferred way of consumption, respondents would eat the cow and goat cottage cheese sweet while the sheep cottage cheese salty. This result might be related to their natural characteristics. Our blinded test did not support the negative stereotypes toward goat milk products. When marketing Hungarian goat cottage cheese, its colour, outlook, fatness, healthiness, ways of consumption (recipes) and local handmade nature should be emphasised.

A vállalatok társadalmi felelősségvállalása (CSR) igen gyakori téma napjainkban mind hazai, mind nemzetközi szinten. A profitmaximalizálás természetes a vállalatok számára, de gazdasági tevékenységük végzése közben nem lenne szabad elfelejtkezniük tevékenységük velejáró társadalmi és környezeti hatásairól sem. Ki kell itt még emelnünk a napjainkban szintén gyakran szóba kerülő fenntarthatóság kérdését is. A vállalatoknak is felelőssége a Föld, természeti erőforrásaink és a jövő generációk sorsa. Sok vállalatban belső indíttatásra ki is alakult ez a fajta felelősségérzet és példaértékű CSR, illetve fenntarthatósági lépéseket tesz. Napjainkban már a társadalom részéről is erős nyomás nehezedik, komoly elvárás fogalmazódik meg a vállalatok irányába a felelős működés iránt. Ennek a hatásnak is köszönhető a felelősen működő vállalatok számának gyarapodása.De mit is értünk CSR alatt? Milyen tevékenységek, lépések sorolhatók ide? Milyen indíttatásból dolgoznak ki a vállalatok CSR stratégiát, CSR programokat, készítenek CSR vagy fenntarthatósági jelentéseket? Mi húzódhat meg a háttérben? Számos tanulmány foglalkozik a CSR motivációival, melyek között a vállalat megítélése, imidzse, „bennünket fognak preferálni a fogyasztók” is igen gyakran megjelenik. Értékelik-e azonban a vállalatok CSR lépéseit a fogyasztók? Számos kutató arra az eredményre jutott, hogy nem. Általában véve igen fontos elvárás részükről a felelős üzleti magatartás, de amikor ténylegesen döntenek egy termék megvásárlásáról, ez a szempont igencsak hátra rangsorolódik.Tanulmányunk célja számba venni, hogy a megkérdezett magyar fogyasztók mit tudnak a CSR-ről, mivel azonosítják a CSR-t, milyen információk alapján hozzák meg fogyasztói döntésüket, és összefüggéseket keresni a kapott eredmények és a minta demográfiai változói között. Mindezt primer kutatásunk eredményei alapján tesszük meg. Kutatási eredményeink összhangban vannak a CSR általános értelmezésével. Csaknem az összes felsorolt alternatívát a CSR fogalomköréhez társították a megkérdezett fogyasztók. A legmagasabb átlagértéket a „munkahelyteremtés, foglalkoztatás” alternatíva kapta, ami jelzi ezen tevékenység kiemelt jelentőségét. A fogyasztói döntést befolyásoló tényezők vonatkozásában kutatási eredményeink az „ár” és az „ár-érték arány” elsődlegességét támasztották alá. Ezen kutatási eredményünk összhangban áll számos kutatási eredménnyel, miszerint a fogyasztók számára csak elvben fontos a termék gyártója és annak felelős üzleti magatartása, a tényleges fogyasztói döntésekben sajnos már nem jelenik meg ez az elvárás.

A globalizációval és hatásaival gyakorlatilag nap, mint nap találkozhatunk. Egyik eredményeképpen olyan termékeket is vásárolhatunk, amelyek tőlünk sok ezer kilométer távolságra kerülnek előállításra. Nem mindig egyértelmű a fogyasztók számára, hogy hol, hogyan, ki által kerülnek egyes termékek előállításra. A tudatos, felelős fogyasztók számára nagy segítséget jelentenek a termékek csomagolásán elhelyezett információk, címkék, védjegyek, piktogramok a rendelkezésre álló termékek végtelen sokaságában való eligazodásban. Természetesen még számtalan egyéb módja is van a tájékozódásnak. A fogyasztóknak fontos szempont a termék származási helye, a gyártó, a gyártási folyamat, az összetevők, a gyártási folyamat társadalmi, környezeti hatásai, valamint annak etikai vonatkozásai is. A tudatos, felelős fogyasztók száma országonként különböző mértékben és arányban, de folyamatosan növekszik. A gyártók is kezdenek egyre jobban odafigyelni rájuk, próbálnak megfelelni a részükről megjelenő és erősödő elvárásoknak. Számos kutató foglalkozik a tudatos, felelős fogyasztás megnyilvánulási módjaival, hátterével, szempontjaival és motivációival. Szekunder források elemzése után primer kutatásunkkal összefüggéseket kerestünk egyes vásárlási döntéseket befolyásoló szempontok és demográfiai változók között. Az életkorra vonatkozóan egyik vizsgált korcsoportnál sem találtunk szignifikáns eltérést a vizsgált szempontok vonatkozásában. Iskolai végzettségre vonatkozóan találtunk szignifikáns eltérést az ár, gyártó, az előállítás helye, a termék összetétele és megjelenése szerint is. A családi állapottal kapcsolatban sokkal kevesebb megállapítás szűrhető le. A vizsgált tíz szempont közül a termék előállítási helyére és a lejárati időre vonatkozóan találtunk csak szignifikáns eltérést. A válaszadók jogi helyzetének elemzésekor a termék árával, megjelenésével, és ár-érték aránnyal összefüggésben találtunk szignifikáns eltérést. Utolsó vizsgált feltételünk a család jövedelmi helyzetével volt kapcsolatos. Egyértelműen kimutatható, hogy a jövedelmi helyzet romlásával egyre fontosabb szempont a termék ára.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to survey, systemize and analyse the e‐readiness of small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) and determine which new technologies can be applied to build a digital business ecosystem (DBE) for SMEs. Based on the results of a survey, the authors' objectives are to propose an adequate solution system that uses open source solutions for the SME through the development of a prototype based on a DBE concept.Design/methodology/approachOn the resulting principal components, the authors applied the variance analysis and built two LISREL (a linear structural equation system involving multiple indicators of unmeasured variables) models. LISREL can handle a wide array of problems and models. Based on a survey, an open source prototype solution was developed based on DBE philosophy.FindingsThe authors defined different clusters. An SME can then find within the clusters further methods that could be important for their business. The authors developed two LISREL models, aiming to examine the factors that impact the use of the community applications and how they impact them, as well as the factors that impact the increase of the on‐line sales. Based on the survey, a prototype system was designed and created that can be used for the set‐up of digital business networks.Practical implicationsThe paper proposes an adequate solution system that uses open source solutions for the SMEs through the development of a prototype based on a DBE concept.Originality/valueBuilding DBEs helps to create and operate value chains that help enterprises to extend their markets. Through their help, the inquirers and buyers get to know the elements of the value chain, and can therefore make decisions much easier. The paper shows how to define e‐attributes of SMEs and clusters to build and use a DBE system for them.

Expansions of the use of the Internet applications are increasing continuously. The distances have disappeared and decreased the necessary trade time. The bases of the businesses are the confidence and the other parties identification. The new communication channel demands new identify methods. The digital sign is a standard and easy to use possibility to identify one another and their documents, e-mails etc. In my paper I show theavailability of e-commerce services which can be used to identify by digital sign in Hungary.

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is relevant to mainstream thought on economic organisations and their places in society. The aim of this paper is to collect some of the most relevant research findings on CSR, introduce the informedness of Hungarian respondents on CSR in general, the main influencing factors of their purchasing decisions, and to find correlations between the received results and the demographic variables based on our primary research. Our results support the present practice in terms of the definition of CSR. Almost all the listed alternatives are strongly associated with CSR by the respondents. The highest average received for the “creating work places, employment” alternative indicates the importance of this activity. Regarding the different factors influencing purchasing decision, our results underline the importance of price and price value ratio., Korporativna društvena odgovornost usko je povezana s konvencionalnom idejom o ekonomskim organizacijama i njihovim položajima u društvu. Cilj ovoga rada je prikupljanje najrelevantnijih rezultata istraživanja o korporativnoj društvenoj odgovornosti, predstavljanje informiranosti mađarskih ispitanika o korporativnoj društvenoj odgovornosti općenito te utvrđivanje korelacija između dobivenih rezultata i demografskih varijabli utemeljenih na našem primarnom istraživanju. Dobiveni rezultati podupiru trenutnu praksu u smislu definicije korporativne društvene odgovornosti. Gotovo sve ponuđene alternative ispitanici su povezali s korporativnom društvenom odgovornošću. Najviši prosjek postigla je alternativa “stvaranje radnih mjesta, zapošljavanje”, što ukazuje na njezino značenje. Uzimajući u obzir različite čimbenike koji utječu na odluke u vezi kupovine, dobiveni rezultati posebno ističu značenje cijene i udio vrijednosti u cijeni.

Az IKT technológiák az élet minden területén jelen vannak és a vállalkozások fontos termel? er?forrásaivá váltak. Ebb?l a szempontból a KKV-k helyzete nehéz, hiszen ezen technológiák alkalmazása nem éri el a kívánatos szintet sem Magyarországon, sem az Európai unióban. A tanulmányban egy, a 2010 nyarán készült felmérés eredményeit mutatjuk be, amely az Észak-Alföldi régió elektronikus üzletviteli aktivitását méri. Ezt követ?en a KKV-k helyzetét és gazdasági szerepét ismertetjük a kiválasztott régióban, majd az adaptációs képességét vizsgáljuk meg. A felmérés menetét ismertetjük általánosan. Az összegy?jtött adatok alapján végrehajtott klaszterelemzés segítségével pedig arra a kérdésre keressük a választ, hogy a megkérdezett célcsoport milyen üzleti akció során milyen elektronikus üzletmenetet mennyire tart hasznosnak. A mez?gazdasági szektorban a kommunikációs csatornákra, a kapcsolódó partner és az üzleti folyamat típusokra alapozott klaszterelemzés alapján létrejött klaszterek segítik a vállalkozást a javasolt kommunikációs fejlesztések meghatározásában. Megítélésünk szerint ezzel segítséget nyújtunk a döntéshozóknak, hiszen a sz?kös er?forrásokkal rendelkez? vállalkozások célzottabban tudnak fejleszteni.

Today’s businesses form a highly interconnected network of companies, organisations, technologies, consumers, products and services. The concept of the Digital Business Ecosystem (DBE) has been come life in order to build an Internet-based environment in which businesses will be able to interact with each other more efficiently. In a Digital Ecosystem, a leadership structure is formed in order to be capable of responding to the dynamic needs of the environment. The agent in a Digital Ecosystem can both be a client and a server at the same time. With the same message, agents can simultaneously offer a service to others as a Server and request help as a Client. Industries may have their own systems but they are not yet business ecosystems. Digital ecosystems rely on a technological infrastructure to mediate the formalisation of knowledge in SME networks, the creation of software services, and different type of interactions between SMEs. There are many fields of application in the agro-food industry where interoperability of information system would be essential. Amongst others food tracking and tracing, logistics, SRM and CRM integration all need interoperability solution in a heterogeneous environment. Our prototypes can help in building these cooperative information systems.

Analysing the relationship between agricultural production and the natural environment (soil, water and air) and the unfavourable reactions between them became an important question in the second half of the 20th century and nowadays both in Hungary and across Europe. Impairment of the environment is a complex process, it affects all the three basic components of the biosphere (soil, water, air) always at the same time, but the level of the effect is different for each part. Soils are threatened by two basic dangers: the various soil degradation processes (water and wind erosion, acidification, salinisation, physical and biological degradation, unfavourable changes in the humus content and a decrease in the buffer capacity) as well as pollution. In spite of all these, quality, functionality and productivity of soils can be preserved and maintained. Our aim is developing a statistical based information system from the data of the Hungarian Soil Information Monitoring System measured points. We developed a method for estimating element content. To determine the concentration of the elements, we need only the GPS co-ordinates of the place based on the number of nearest neighbouring points. This method does not calculate with spatial circumstances. The other possibility is using the kriging method (spatial interpolation) for estimating more precisely the element content. In this study these two methods are compared. Building our statistical based information system has to determine the number of nearest neighbouring points to be considered in the case of certain elements. We discovered that elements can be ranged only into two groups depending on how many nearest neighbouring diagnostic points were considered to kriging. • 3 neighbouring diagnostical points: K, P, Sr • 10 neighbouring diagnostical points: Al, B, Ba, Ca, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, S, Ti, V, Y, Zn Using this method the soil pollution locations and elements and its concentration can be determined. The other important question is to investigate the socio-economic factors of these soil pollutions. There are a lot of data in the Eurostat database which can show the socio-economic effect of these pollutions. Based on these data is concluded that usage amount of chemical fertilizer, total population and total grain yield are the three most important socio-economic factors that contribute to soil heavy metal pollution. Enterprise amount, total cultivated area, gross value of farming, forestry, animal husbandry product as well as total freight amount have less impact on soil heavy metals pollution. Last and least impact factors are GDP and value of industry output in rural area. This article shows our research results on the field of socio-economic factors of soil pollution used by statistical analyses, based on the Eurostat database in Hungary and across Europe.