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The purpose of this study is to evaluate the morphometric measurements of some important bony landmarks on the cranial base and to determine their relationships between the sexes and their bilateral differences. In this study, 60 (34 male and 26 female) skulls were obtained from the teaching skeletal collections at the Anatomy Department of Meram Medical School, Selçuk University. The axial length of the occipital condyles (ALOC), the anterior intercondylar distance (AICD), the sagittal intercondylar angle (OICA), the transverse and sagittal diameters of the jugular foramen (TDJF) and (SDJF), the distance from the apex of the mastoid process to the outer border of the jugular foramen (MJ), the distance from the apex of the mastoid process to the outermost lateral point of the foramen magnum (MFM) and the distance from the apex of the mastoid process to the center of the external opening of the carotid canal (MCF) were measured by using a millimetric sliding caliper and a goniometer. Student's t- test was used to compare the male-female and right-left measurements. To determine the relationships between the studied parameters, Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated. The results showed that the ALOC of both sides and the AICD parameters were significantly longer in males than in females (P < 0.01). Bilateral differences in the studied parameters showed that the measurements on the right side were significantly greater than those on the left in the MCF, MFM, SDJF and TDJF. Significant associations were found among some of the studied measurements. We believe that the results of this study may be useful in cases of cranial base surgery, moreover a knowledge of the anatomical relationships and features of this region is very important for surgical approaches.

The sulcus angle of the femoral trochlea is particularly important for evaluating the patellofemoral joint. Our experimental study aimed to assess the osseous femoral sulcus angle radiologically in the right and left knees and osteologically in the right and left femurs in males and females. The osseous sulcus angle of 28 male right, 22 male left, 21 female right and 29 female left knees was measured on magnetic resonance images (MRIs) and by a goniometer; the angle was measured in 40 right and 40 left femurs. In MRIs, the mean sulcus angle in males and in females was 134° ± SD 5.1° and 133.2° ± SD 6.7°, respectively. In the right and left knees it was 133.5° ± SD 5.2° and 134.5° ± SD 6.7° respectively. No statistically significant differences were found between right and left knees in MRIs. In dry bones, the mean sulcus angle in the right and left femurs was 142.2° ± SD 9.7° and 141.2° ± SD 7.9°, respectively, with no significant difference. Statistical comparisons between the mean sulcus angle in MRIs and in dry femurs showed highly significant differences (P< 0.01). Our results suggest that there are no differences in the femoral osseous angle between men and women or between the right and left sides. Differences in the techniques and methods of angle assessments could explain the differences in their values.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the radiological measurements of the foramen magnum (FM) and their relation to sex as well as to note variations in the shape of the FM. Cranial computerized tomographic images (CT) of 110 normal subjects (57 males - 53 females) between the ages of 18 and 80 years were examined in this study. The sagittal and transverse diameters of the FM were measured with a millimetric sliding caliper. Additionally, the area of the FM was also estimated. The statistical analysis for sex comparison was made using Student's t test. To determine the relationships between the studied parameters, Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated. In addition, the frequency percentage ratios of the variable shape types of the FM were also determined. Our findings showed that the sagittal, transverse diameters and area of the FM were significantly greater in males than in females (P < 0.001). The statistical comparisons of the correlations between all measuring parameters showed significant associations (P < 0.01). According to the identity with the shape type, the FM was found to be oval in 8.1%, egg-shaped in 6.3%, round in 21.8%, tetragonal in 12.7%, pentagonal in 13.6%, hexagonal in 17.2%, irregular (A) in 10.9% and irregular (B) in 9.09%. It can be concluded that the sex differences in the dimensions of the FM and the variations in its shape are of diagnostic clinical and radiological importance.

7. ÖZET Bu çalışmada, insan lotuslarında böbreklerin lokal izasy onu, morfometrik gelişimi, elde edilen verilerin istatistiksel analizi ve a. renalis'lerin orijin lokalizasyonu, a. renalis yapısındaki morfolojik varyasyonların tipleri, bunların lateralizasyona ve cinsiyete göre görülme sıklıklarının belirlenmesi amaçlandı. Çalışma, 61 ikinci trimestr, 29 üçüncü trimestr olmak üzere toplam 90 (45 erkek, 45 dişi) adet fötusta gerçekleştirildi. Çini mürekkebi ile renklendirilmiş latex solüsyonu aorta thoracica'dan enjekte edilerek, mikrocerrahi mikroskobu altında aorta abdominalis ve dalları diseke edildi. Çift taraflı 1 80 adet böbrek ve bu böbreklere ait tüm a. renalis' ler incelendi. A. renalis yapılarında morfolojik varyasyon gözlenen olguların fotoğrafları çekildi. Böbreklerin uzunluk, genişlik ve kalınlıkları elektronik kumpas yardımı ile ölçülerek, veriler SPSS programında (Windows için 10.0) Mann- Whitney U testi ve Pearson korelasyon testi ile istatistiksel olarak değerlendirildi, iler iki böbreğin uzunluk, genişlik ve kalınlık ölçümlerinde, cinsiyetler ve lateral izasy on açısından anlamlı farklılık gözlenmemesine karşılık, trimestrlar arasında anlamlı farklılık (PO.05) tespit edildi. Ayrıca bu parametreler ile gestasyonel yaş arasında korelasyon saptandı. Sağda %32.2, solda %17.7 olmak üzere toplam %25 oranında multiple a. renalis tespit edildi. Multiple a. renalis'ler erkeklerde %28.8, dişilerde %13.3 olarak gözlendi. Morfolojik varyasyon gösteren a. renalis'ler erkek cinste ve sağ tarafta daha fazla oranda saptandı. Tüm bu sonuçlar, literatürlerdeki çalışma sonuçlan ile karşılaştırılarak tartışıldı. Çalışma sonuçlarının, fötal hayattaki böbrek gelişimi hakkında ek bir bilgi kaynağı olabileceği, özellikle konjenital malformasyonların prenatal tanısına katkıda bulunabileceği ve son yıllarda parsiyel nefrektomi ve renal transplantasyonu tedavi amacıyla kullanan üroloji bilim dalına yararlı olabileceği kanaatine varıldı. 74 8. SUMMARY The morphometric analysis of renal development in human fetuses, research for morphometric variations of the origin localization of renal artery and renal arterial structure In this study, it is aimed to find out the followings: Localizations of the kidneys, their morphometric development, statistical analysis of the obtained data; the origin localization of renal arteries, the types of morphologic variations in renal artery structure and their incidence due to lateralization and gender. The study was carried out in 90 fetuses, 61 of which were second trimester, and 29 of which were third trimester fetuses (45 male, 45 female). After injecting the latex solution, which was colored with India ink, through aorta thoracica, aorta abdominalis and its branches were dissected under the vision of microsurgical microscope. 1 80 of bilateral kidneys and all their arteries were inspected. Photographs were obtained in cases showing morphologic variation in the structure of renal arteries. The length, width and thickness of the kidneys were measured with electronic calipers and data were evaluated by means of a computerized program (SPSS for Windows 10.0) according to Mann- Whitney U test and Pearson correlation test. Although there were no significant difference in measurement of length, width and thickness of both kidneys in terms of gender and lateralization, there was significant difference between trimesters (p