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Objectives: Our main hypothesis in this study was that patients with social anxiety disorder (SAD) and comorbid attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) had lower empathy levels than those w...

Objective: Previous studies have focused on the relationship between childhood separation anxiety disorder (SAD) and adult panic disorder (PD)-agoraphobia. It is not clear enough whether SAD, which...

Background The negative interactions between Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and their caregivers may provoke criticism, hostility, and emotional overinvolvement that characterise highly expressed emotion (EE) attitudes. In this study, we hypothesised that affective temperament traits of AD caregivers are related to their high EE levels independent from other patient and caregiver characteristics. Methods Eighty AD patients were assessed through Clinical Dementia Rating Scale (CDR), and Mini-Mental State Examination. Expressed Emotion Scale (EES), Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego auto-questionnaire, and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale were applied to the caregivers. The high (n = 41) and low EE caregivers (n = 39) were compared with respect to some sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the patients and caregivers, and affective temperament traits of caregivers. The associations of caregiver EES scores with multiple variables related to patients and caregivers were examined by Pearson correlation tests. We performed multiple linear regression analysis to determine the possible predictors of total EES scores. Results High EE caregivers had significantly higher depressive, cyclothymic, and anxious temperament traits than in low EE subjects. A weak positive correlation was found between the total EES scores and Personal Care scores of CDR. Home and hobbies subscale scores of CDR had a moderately significant positive correlation with total EES scores. There was also moderate significant positive correlations between total EE scores and depressive, cyclothymic, anxious, and irritable temperament traits. Linear regression analysis indicated that depressive temperament significantly predicted the high levels of caregiver EE. Conclusion These findings suggest that caregivers' depressive temperament is predominantly related to their EE levels even after controlling for the severity of AD, and lower educational level of caregivers. Our results may provide evidence that high EE might be a reflection of caregivers' depressive temperament traits, in accordance with the trait hypothesis.

Background: The causes underlying suicidal behaviour in patients with obsessive-compulsive (OCD) are not fully understood. Aim: In this study, we examined whether lifetime suicide attempt (SA), and suicide ideation (SI) was associated with affective temperaments, impulsivity, childhood traumatic events or separation anxiety. Methods: We compared OCD patients with lifetime SA (Group 1; n=25), lifetime suicide ideation (SI) (Group 2; n=62), and without lifetime SI and SA (Group 3; n=73) through Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation (BSSI), Childhood Trauma Questionnaire Questionnaire (CTQ-SF), Separation Anxiety Symptom Inventory (SASI), Baratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11), Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego (TEMPS-A), and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Results: Post hoc tests showed that educational level was significantly lower in Group 1 than in both Group 2 and 3. Childhood abuse were significantly higher in attempters than ideators, and non-suicidal patients. The depressive, cyclothymic, and anxious temperaments were significantly higher in attempters and ideators compared to control subjects. The aggressive obsessions (p=0.002), childhood abuse history (p=0.009), lifetime major depression (p=0.017), and lower educational levels (p=0.006) strongly predicted the increased risk of lifetime SA, compared to non-suicidal patients. Childhood abuse (p=0.022) was the most significant predictor of lifetime SA in OCD. Conclusion: We suggested that childhood abuse history emerged as the most significant variable that distinguished lifetime attempters from only ideators in OCD patients.

Aim: Hypospadias is an anomaly in which urethral meatus is located more proximally. Its treatment is surgery. Children undergoing hypospadias surgery are much more prone to emotional disorders than the other surgical procedures. In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the emotional and temperament characteristics of the parents of children undergoing hypospadias surgery and normally circumcised.Material and Methods: All voluntary parents of children with hypospadias surgery and of children with normal circumcision were included in this study. A semi-structured sociodemographic data form, The Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego Autoquestionnaire (TEMPS-A), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) I-II, and Beck Depression Scale (BDS) were used to collect data from these parents.Results: There was no significant difference between the parents in terms of sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. When the parents of children with hypospadias and normal circumcision were compared in terms of TEMPS-A temperament scale scores, STAI total and I-II subscale scores, and BDS scores, no statistically significant difference was found.Conclusion: Hypospadias is a complex biological development defect. In men who underwent hypospadias surgery, sexual dysfunctions that develop in further period usually develop on psychological grounds. Parents' anxiety levels should be taken into consideration and everyone should act together in management process of hypospadias, operation of which is planned in early period and may have many effects in the future. We think that the study we have done with parents in this area may guide to other studies., Amaç: Hipospadias, üretral meanın daha proksimalde lokalize olduğu bir anomalidir. Cerrahi olarak tedavi edilir. Hipospadias cerrahisi geçiren çocuklar, duygusal bozukluklara diğer cerrahi yöntemlere göre daha fazla yatkın olmaktadırlar. Bu çalışmada normal sünnet yapılan ve hipospadias cerrahisi geçiren çocukların ebeveynlerinin duygusal ve karakteristik mizaçlarının değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.Gereç ve Yöntemler: Bu çalışmaya hipospadias cerrahisi geçiren çocukların ve normal sünnet yapılan çocukların ebeveynlerinden gönüllü olanların tümü dahil edilmiştir. Ebeveynlerden veri toplamak için yarı yapılandırılmış sosyodemografik veri formu, Memphis, Pisa, Paris ve San Diego Mizaç Değerlendirme Anketi (The Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego Autoquestionnaire, TEMPS-A), Durumluluk-Süreklilik Kaygı Envanteri (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, STAI) I-II ve Beck Depresyon Ölçeği (BDÖ) kullanılmıştır.Bulgular: Ebeveynler arasında klinik ve sosyodemografik özellikler açısından anlamlı bir fark yoktu. Hipospadiaslı olan ve normal sünnet olan çocukların ebeveynleri TEMPS-A mizaç ölçeği puanları, STAI toplam ve I-II alt ölçek puanları ve BDÖ puanları açısından karşılaştırıldığında da istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark bulunmadı.Sonuç: Hipospadias karmaşık bir biyolojik gelişme defektidir. Hipospadias ameliyatı geçiren erkeklerde, ileriki dönemde gelişen cinsel işlev bozuklukları genellikle psikolojik nedenlerle gelişir. Ebeveynlerin kaygı düzeyleri dikkate alınmalı ve operasyonu erken dönemde planlanan ve gelecekte birçok etkisi olabilecek olan hipospadias tedavi sürecinde herkes birlikte hareket etmelidir. Bu alanda ebeveynlerle yaptığımız bu çalışmanın diğer çalışmalara rehberlik edebileceğini düşünüyoruz.

INTRODUCTION: In the present study, we were primarily interested in determining whether some temperamenttraits of the caregivers would be associated withtheir expressed emotion levels. We also examined the relationship of EE levels of the caregivers with some care and illness characteristics of the patients. METHODS: Seventy-six consecutive schizophrenic patients (aged between 18 and 65) according to the Psychotic Symptoms module of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders Patient Edition (SCID-I/P, Version 2.0) and their primary caregivers who had no current DSM-IV diagnoses of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depression, and any anxiety disorders were included in the study. Expressed Emotion Scale, Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego auto-questionnaire (TEMPS-A), Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, The Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia tools were used for evaluation during study. RESULTS: The total and criticism/hostility subscale scores of EES were significantly correlated with depressive (r=0.35, p=0.002; r=0.36, p=0.001, respectively), cyclothymic (r=0.26, p=0.019; r=0.26, p=0.022, respectively), hyperthymic (r=0.28, p=0.014; r=0.26, p=0.022, respectively), and anxious temperament traits (r=0.31, p=0.006; r=0.30, p=0.007, respectively). Irritable temperament scores had a significant association with total EES scores (r=0.23, p=0.037). We have found that duration of the illness and patient care had significant inverse associations with total (r= -0.24, p=0.03;r= -0.29, p=0.009, respectively) and warmth subscale scores of EES (r= -0.34, p=0.002; r= -0.31, p=0.006, respectively). Depressive (β=0.287, t=2.737, p=0.008) and hyperthymic temperaments (β=0.223, t=2.138, p=0.036), and duration of patient care(β= -0.268, t= -2.609, p=0.011) were significantly associated with improved expressed emotion scores.

WOS: 000477892100009 PubMed ID: 31322453 Objective: In the present study, we compared social anxiety disorder (SAD) patients with (n = 31) and without childhood and adulthood separation anxiety disorder (SeAD) (n = 50) with respect to suicidal behavior, avoidant personality disorder (AvPD), other anxiety disorders (ADs), and major depression as well as some sociodemographic variables. Methods: In assessment of patients, we used Structured Clinical Interview for Separation Anxiety Symptoms, childhood and adulthood Separation Anxiety Symptom Inventories, Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale, The SCID-II Avoidant Personality Disorder Module, Beck Depression Inventory, and Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation. Results: SAD patients with SeAD had higher comorbidity rates of AvPD, other lifetime ADs and panic disorder, and current major depression than those without SeAD. The current scores of SAD, depression, and suicide ideation and the mean number of AvPD symptoms were significantly higher in comorbid group compared to pure SAD subjects. The SAD and SeAD scores had significant associations with current depression, suicide ideations, and AvPD. The mean number of AvPD criteria and the current severity of depression were significantly associated with the comorbidity between SAD and SeAD. Conclusion: Our findings might indicate that the comorbidity of SeAD with SAD may increase the risk of the severity of AvPD and current depression.

AIM: In the present study, we aimed to determine the volume differences in brain regions involved in cortical-striatal-thalamic-cortical circuit (CSTC) between healthy subjects and obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) patients. We also evaluated the potential relationship between volumes of region of interest and various illness parameters (duration and current severity OCD, and the influence of drug treatment). METHODS: We examined the volumetric differences in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DPFC), orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), thalamus and striatum between OCD patients (n = 21) and healthy controls (HCs) (n = 25). RESULTS: Patients with OCD had significantly larger total, right, and left DLPFC, and OFC volumes compared to HCs. Total, and left ACC, total, and left striatum volumes were significantly smaller in OCD patients than in HC. The thalamus volumes were not different between two groups. The most of volumetric correlations in HCs disappeared among OCD patients. Only, the correlation between the volumes of left striaum and left ACC volume remained significant. Fisher's r-to-z transformation tests indicated that correlation coefficients of brain volumes significantly differed between both groups for right ACC and left (z = 2.17, p = .03) and right OFC (z = 2.00, p = .04); left ACC and right OFC (z = 2.41, p = .01); right ACC and left (z = 2.94, p = .003), and right striatum (z = 2.43, p = .01). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate the impaired connectivity of ACC, OFC, and striatum in the pathophysiology of OCD. Further research is needed to explore precisely which brain regions nuclei are specifically involved in the occurence of OCD symptoms.

In the present study, our primary aim was to compare the generalized social anxiety (GSAD) patients with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in terms of avoidant personality disorder (AVPD), and some clinical variables. We also investigated the relationship of AVPD and depression with ADHD and GSAD. We hypothesized that ADHD may be associated with AVPD in patients with GSAD. Seventy-six patients with GSAD were evaluated for depression, AVPD, and childhood and adulthood diagnoses of ADHD. The GSAD patients with (n = 34) and without adulthood ADHD (n = 30) were compared with respect to some sociodemographic and clinical variables. GSAD patients with adulthood ADHD had significantly higher comorbid diagnosis of AVPD, more avoidant personality and depression symptoms than those without ADHD. Pearson's correlation coefficient in total sample (n = 76) showed that the mean number of AVPD criteria was significantly associated with the severity of Beck Depression Inventory, Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS), and inattention symptoms of ADHD. There were no correlations between the total and subscale scores of Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale and the mean number of AVPD criteria. The scores of WURS significantly predicted the mean number of AVPD criteria (β = 0.305, p= 0.007). The severity of current depression (β = 0.143, p = 0.30) and inattention symptoms of adulthood ADHD (β = 0.112, p = 0.46) were not associated with the severity of AVPD symptoms. These results might demonstrate that comorbid AVPD in adult SAD patients was related to a childhood ADHD independent from depression, and inattention symptoms of ADHD in adulthood.

The association of lifetime suicidal behaviors with anxiety disorders (ADs) in patients with bipolar disorder (BD) has been controversial. In this study, we hypothesized that certain types of ADs were related to the occurrence of past suicide attempts (SAs) independent of the severity of the BD, including the presence of past affective episodes. Lifetime diagnoses of BD and ADs were assessed using the Structured Clinical Interview for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) Axis I Disorders (SCID-I). Of the total sample of 200 patients with BD, 32.0% had at least 1 past SA. The mean number of previous hospitalizations, a history of social AD, and a history of posttraumatic stress disorder were strongly associated with past SAs in patients with bipolar I disorder. The presence of lifetime social AD was associated with lifetime SAs independent of previous depressive episodes. Therefore, we suggest that social AD itself is associated with a greater risk for SAs in patients with BD independent of the presence of depression.

Background The mediating role of childhood trauma in the relationship between schizotypal symptoms and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) was not sufficiently investigated to date. Objectives In the present study, our major goal was to analyse the mediator role of childhood abuse (emotional, physical, and sexual), and neglect (emotional and physical) on the link between schizotypal symptoms and OCD, after controlling for duration of OCD, the mean number of comorbid Axis I disorders, and current anxiety. Methods One hundred fifteen patients (aged 18-65 years) who had primary diagnosis of OCD and Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale score ≥16 were assessed using the short form of Childhood Trauma Questionnaire questionnaire (CTQ-SF), Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ), and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). Results The all types of schizotypal symptoms were significantly correlated with the scores of childhood abuse and neglect, and BAI. The childhood abuse as a mediator significantly predicted the total YBOCS scores (p = 0.02) after when BAI scores were controlled. However, childhood neglect was not multivariately related to current OCD severity, and did not mediate the relationship between schizotypal traits and total YBOCS scores. Discussion We suggested that childhood trauma mediated the schizotypal traits in relationship with current OCD severity independent from anxiety severity.

AIM The risk factors for depressive symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) under dopaminergic drug treatment are unclear. In this study, we examined whether some temperament traits are related to the presence of comorbid depression in PD patients, independent of the characteristics of illness and drug treatment. METHODS The participants in this study were 74 patients with idiopathic PD who were already treated with stable doses of levodopa or dopamine agonists. Depressive (n = 20) and non-depressive (n = 52) PD patients were assessed by means of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, and Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego Auto-questionnaire. The doses of levodopa and dopamine agonists were converted into levodopa equivalent daily dose. RESULTS The duration of treatment in the depressive group was significantly longer than in the non-depressive group (P = 0.03). The depressive patients had significantly higher scores on the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale than the non-depressive patients. Depressive (P

Objective We examined whether some temperamental traits would be associated with persistence of attention deficit-hyperacitivty disorder (ADHD) in adulthood independent from bipolar disorder (BD). Methods Eighty-one ADHD patients without a comorbid diagnosis of BD were divided into two groups, those with childhood ADHD (n=46), and those with Adulthood ADHD (n=35). The severity of childhood and adulthood ADHD were assessed by using the Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS-25) and Turgay’s Adult ADD/ADHD Diagnosis and Evaluation Scale (DES). Subjects’ temperamental characteristics were examined using the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego-auto questionnaire (TEMPS-A). Results The mean scores of WURS-25 were higher in adult ADHD group than in childhood ADHD group (p

Misidentification of self, others, places, time, and objects occurs in a large number of medical or psychiatric conditions. Misidentification syndromes have been rarely reported in patients with primary non-psychotic conditions. The subjects with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) may present unusual and rare symptoms. In this case report, we present an OCD patient who exhibited a misidentification ritual to decrease his anxiety arising from horrific images of someone assaulting his wife and children. He substituted the face of assailant with the faces of three different previously known individuals. For this case, we supposed that this ritual was related to an autogenous obsession and also was associated with schizotypal personality traits. To our knowledge, this is the first case exhibiting misidentification rituals related to non-delusional violent images in a patient with OCD.

ABSRACTWe aimed to investigate the relationship between affective temperaments and the severity of nausea and vomiting symptoms in early pregnancy (NVP). The pregnant women who did (n = 187) or did...

Here we report a patient who presented a co-occurrence of Meige’s syndrome and psychogenic blepharospasm. At the first assessments, neurologists excluded conversion disorder because of the presence of a conflict and stress, absence of any markers for Meige’s syndrome, and a non-response to Botulinum toxin treatment. We determined bilateral blepharospasm, and oromandibular dystonia by neurological examination and EMG. The patient was diagnosed as primary Meige’s syndrome by the neurologists. Blepharospasm, which is triggered by emotional stress, caused secondary gains against her family. We decided that the patient had both psychogenic blepharospasm and Meige’s syndrome, which co-occurred nearly at the same interval three years ago. Similar to the seizure–pseudoseizure association, we supposed that Meige’s syndrome and concomitant psychogenic blepharospasm may indicate a coexistence of medical and conversion symptoms as in epileptic patients.

Objective: Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is cha racterized by recurrent intrusive thoughts and repetitive behaviors or mental acts compulsions. Previous studies obviously indicate that OCD patients have several impairments in memory and other neurocognitive functions. Our primary aim is to assess the cognitive impairment in OCD patients through Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale Cognitive Subscale (ADAS-Cog) which is widely used in Alzheimer's Dementia. Method: Thirty two patients with a diagnosis of OCD and twenty six healthy controls were administrated Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders (SCID-I), Yale Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOKS), ADAS-Cog Scale, Mini Mental Status Examination (MMSE), Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) and Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scales (HARS). Results: When we compared two groups, OCD subjects performed significantly worse in the fields of ADAS-Cog Total (p

Women are at risk for the development of psychiatric disorders, particularly depression and psychosis in the postpartum period. Few studies have examined anxiety disorders or obsessive-compulsive and related disorders during pregnancy and the postpartum period. The individuals with skin-picking disorder (SPD) frequently have childhood history of sexual abuse. To best of our knowledge, there is no report in literature on postpartum-onset SPD to date. We here report a case of SPD initially presented a postpartum onset and exacerbated following a sexual trauma long years after her delivery. She had no previous history of trauma or psychiatric diagnoses. Pregnancy and sexual trauma seem to be associated with occurrence and relapsing of SPD in this case.

Introduction: Research indicates that social stressors, negative affect, anxiety or depression are associated with an increased prevalence of smoking in adolescents. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the smoking prevalence and to find out whether spending more time on the internet or psychological characteristics like negative automatic thoughts and thoughts of failure at school affect smoking among adolescents. Material and Methods: A self-administered anonymous sociodemographic questionnaire and the automatic thoughts questionnaire ATQ were administered using a sample of students in grades 9 through 12 at eight different public senior high schools in Karabuk, Turkey. A descriptive analysis was made, and the Chi-square and Mann-Whitney U tests were used to compare the groups. Results: From the 463 participating students aged 14-19 years 43.9% female, 56.1% male , 40 8.7% had tried smoking or were former smokers and 48 10.4% were occasionally or daily smokers. Students with male gender p, Giriş: Araştırmalar, sosyal stres faktörlerinin, olumsuz duygulanımın, anksiyete ya da depresyonun ergenlerde sigara içme prevalansı ile ilişkili olduğunu göstermektedir.Amaç: Çalışmanın amacı, sigara içme prevalansını belirlemek ve internette daha fazla zaman harcamanın, olumsuz otomatik düşünceler gibi ruhsal özelliklerin olup olmadığını, okuldaki başarısızlığın ergenlerde sigara içimini etkileyip etkilemediğini tespit etmektir.Gereç ve Yöntemler: Kendi kendine uygulanan anonim sosyodemografik soru formu ve otomatik düşünceler anketi ATQ , Karabük'teki sekiz farklı lisede uygulanmıştır.ATQ puanları daha yüksek Z = -2,065; p = 0,039 , internette daha fazla zaman harcayanlar Z = -3,021; p = 0,003 , okulda kendini başarısız hissedenler Z = -3,730; p

WOS: 000406748700003, PubMed: 28749829, The goal of this study was to evaluate a possible association between childhood attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and interpersonal sensitivity in patients with social anxiety disorder (SAD). The study involved 125 adult outpatients with a primary diagnosis of SAD. To evaluate childhood ADHD, the ADHD module of the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL) was used. Clinical and sociodemographic data were collected and clinical rating scales were completed. Mean total scores on the Interpersonal Sensitivity Measure were significantly higher in the group with SAD and ADHD than in the group with SAD without ADHD. Interpersonal Sensitivity Measure total scores were positively correlated with the severity of SAD symptoms and negatively correlated with mean age of onset of SAD. The presence of childhood ADHD may be associated with greater interpersonal sensitivity in patients with SAD.

Objective: To investigate the clinical implications of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and ADHD comorbidity in adults. Method: The OCD patients who had and had no diagnosis of adulthood ADHD were compared in terms of several demographic and clinical variables. Results: The mean number of obsessions and compulsions; hoarding, symmetry, and miscellaneous obsessions; ordering/arranging and hoarding compulsions; total, attentional, and motor subscale scores of Barratt Impulsivity Scale (BIS)-11 were more frequent among the patients with OCD-ADHD. The mean age of onset was more likely to be earlier in ADHD-OCD group than in OCD group. Impulsivity, symmetry obsessions, and hoarding compulsions strongly predicted the coexistence between ADHD and OCD. Conclusion: OCD-ADHD comorbidity in adults seemed to be associated with an earlier onset of OCD, with the predominance of impulsivity, and with a different obsessive-compulsive symptom (OC) profile from OCD patients without a diagnosis of ADHD.

Epidemiology of obsessive compulsive disorder at high school students in Edirne city center Objective: To investigate the prevalence of OCD among high school students in Edirne city center, to determine sociodemographic features of OCD, and to determine frequency of OCD symptoms. Methods: The study was conducted with 9th, 10th, and 11th grade high school students in the Edirne city center. The frequency of OCD among the entire population was accepted on 3% in the calculation of sample size and 3107 students among 8037 province-wide students were enrolled to the study with a 0.6% tolerance and a 95% confidence level. The sample was selected from province-wide high schools using stratified sampling by weighing according to gender and the number of students. The sociodemographic data form and the Maudsley Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory (MOCI), which will be filled out by the participant, and the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) and two subscales of the CIDI concerning major depression (MD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), which were filled out by the interviewer, were used. In the study, conducted together with a biostatistician, 117 students who had a MOCI score of ≥ 25 were enrolled into the next stage of the assessment with respect to the normal distribution. Thus, the students who were eligible for assessment of OCD were also diagnostically-assessed in terms of co-morbid GAD and MD by the CIDI. Results: A total of 40 students were diagnosed with OCD, and the point prevalence of OCD was found to be 1.4%. Sociodemographic features of the cases were not statistically significantly different compared to the control group included students selected from the 2856 students, except 117 students who had a MOCI score of ≥ 25, obtained after dividing into equal intervals. Contamination obsessions and control compulsions were most frequently encountered (40% and 22.5%, respectively), and the frequency of co-morbid MD and GAD were 47.5% and 5%, respectively. Conclusion: In the present study, the sociodemographic features were different from the literature and the results were not statistically different compared to the control group. Puberty is a sensitive period that has different features from other age groups. Therefore, difficulties of working with such an age group were also observed in the present study. It is suggested that there is a need for more informative studies for a better understanding of psychiatric disorders in the population, particularly in adolescence.

Objective: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease characterized by movement abnormalities. It is well known that dopamine agonists are associated with several psychiatric symptoms during the treatment of PD. Pramipexole with a great affinity for D3 receptors, particularly on mesolimbic regions may induce manic or psychotic symptoms by stimulating mesolimbic dopaminergic neurons, as well as the other dopaminergic agonists. Panax Ginseng is a herbal drug which also contains sildenafil and acts through central cholinergic and dopaminergic mechanisms. Sildenafil is a widely used drug for the treatment of erectile dysfunction and predominantly inhibits the breakdown of PDE5 and thus increases the amount of cGMP. Comorbid psychiatric symptoms should be taken into consideration when different classes of drugs were used during the treatment of PD. Methods: We here report on a male patient who first developed mania while receiving pramipexole, and some additional pscyhotic symptoms further emerged when panax ginseng and sildenafil were added to the ongoing pramipexole treatment because of erectile dysfunctions. Results: A patient with PD was admitted to psychiatry unit with some psychotic symptoms after taking sildenafil and panax ginseng for erectile dysfunction in combination with pramipexole. Conclusion: This case demonstrated that some drugs which were not primarily used in the treatment of PD, might have caused some severe psychotic symptoms due to underlying pschopathology of PD, drug interaction, and the action of mechanisms of the dopaminergic drugs.