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Avrupa ekin saparısı olarak bilinen Cephus pygmeus L. (Hymenoptera: Cephidae) ülkemizde buğday alanlarında sık görülmeye başlanan önemli zararlılardan biridir. Bu çalışma, Yozgat ili ve ilçelerindeki buğday alanlarında ekin saparısı C. pygmeus)’un larva bulaşıklık oranları ile bazı buğday çeşitlerindeki zarar durumu ve ürün kayıplarının belirlenmesi amacıyla 2020 yılında yürütülmüştür. Larva bulaşıklık oranları, toplam 36 buğday tarlasından alınan buğday saplarının incelenmesi ile (her bir tarla için 1/4 m²’lik çerçeve ile 2 m²’lik alan) belirlenmiştir. Bazı buğday çeşitlerinde Ekin saparılarından kaynaklanan zarar durumu 16 farklı çeşitte ürün kayıpları ise iki ekmeklik (Ekiz, Esperia) ve makarnalık (Eminbey, Kızıltan-91) buğday çeşidinde yürütülmüştür. Ekin saparısı larva bulaşıklık oranları ilçelere göre değişmekle beraber, en yüksek bulaşıklık %25.6 ile Saraykent ilçesinde, en düşük ise Şefaatli ilçesinde %1.2 olarak belirlenmiştir. Zararlının başak boyu, başaktaki tane sayısı ve tane ağırlıkları üzerindeki etkisi çeşitlere ve larva bulaşıklık oranlarına göre değişiklik göstermiştir. Tanelerdeki ağırlık azalmalarından doğan ürün kayıpları %0.2 (Esperia çeşidi) ile 5.9 (Ekiz çeşidi) arasında değişiklik göstermiştir. Bulaşık sap oranları, tanelerdeki ağırlık azalmaları dikkate alınarak ekin saparısından kaynaklı ürün kayıplarının ortalama %1.5 dolaylarında olduğu ve ekomik bir kaybın çok fazla söz konusu olmadığı tespit edilmiştir. Ancak yüksek larva yoğunluğu belirlenen alanlarda mayıs ayından itibaren periyodik surveylerle zararlının populasyon yoğunluğu gözlem altında tutulması uygun olacaktır., Cephus pygmeus L. (Hymenoptera: Cephidae), known as the European Wheat Stem Sawfly, is one of the most common pestobserved in wheat fields in our country.. This study was carried out to determine the larvae infestation rates of C. pygmeus, the damage status and crop losses in some wheat cultivars, in wheat fields in Yozgat province and its districts in 2020. Larval infestation was recorded by examining the wheat stems collected from 36 wheat fields (2 m² area with 1/4 m² quadrat for each field). The damage caused by C. pygmeus in some wheat cultivars was recorded for 16 different cultivars and afterwards crop loss were noted for two bread (Ekiz, Esperia) and two durum (Eminbey, Kızıltan-91) wheat cultivars. Although infestation rates of wheat stem sawfly larvae varied according to the districts, the highest (25.6%) and the lowest (1.2%) infestation rate was recorded for Saraykent and Şefaatli districts, respectively. The effect of the pest on the spike length, number of grains per spike and grain weight varied according to the cultivars and larvae infestation rates. Crop losses due to weight reduction in grains varied between 0.2% (Esperia cultivar) and 5.9% (Ekiz cultivar). Considering larval infestation rate in stems and the weight reductions in the grains, it was determined that the crop losses due to the pest are ~1.5%, which means no economic losses are exerted by the pest currently. However, in areas with high larvae density, it would be appropriate to keep the pest population density under observation with periodic surveys starting from May.

Maize is an important crop in Turkey that is infested by various leafhopper species during the whole season. Monitoring population dynamics and parasitism rate of these species would help to devise effective management practices. This study determined population dynamics of four leafhopper species, i.e.,Zyginidia sohrabZachvatkin, 1947,Empoasca decipiensPaoli, 1930 andPsammotettix striatus(Linnaeus, 1758) in second maize crop. Similarly, population dynamics and parasitism rate of egg parasitoid (Anagrus atomus) of these leafhopper species was also studied through July to November 2018 in Akçakale, Harran and Haliliye districts of Şanlıurfa province, Turkey. Population density of all species significantly varied among studied districts with the highest density ofA. atomusrecorded on 7 September with 30 adults/trap in Haliliye district. The parasitism rate onZ. sohrabeggs was 78% in Akçakale, 82% in Harran and 63% in Haliliye district. It was followed byE. decipienswith 18% in Akçakale, 14% in Harran and 32% in Haliliye. The highest population density ofZ. sohrabwas recorded on 21 September in Akçakale (4328 adults/trap), Harran (3920 adults/trap) and Haliliye (4592 adults/trap). Similarly,E. decipienshad the highest (1216 adults/trap) population density on 10 August in Harran, 12 October (368 adult/trap) in Akçakale and 17 August (2184 adults/trap) in Haliliye. Population dynamics of leafhoppers and their egg parasitoid coincided with each other. The parasitism rate was lower than other provinces in Turkey which is owed to high pesticide use in Şanlıurfa province. Therefore, chemical control should be decided by considering population development of beneficial insect species.

Laboratory experiments were carried out to evaluate the effect of three diatomaceous earth (DE) formulations (two local Aydin and Ankara) and Silicosec® (Biofa, Germany) against Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) adults on bean at 25 and 30°C. DEs were treated with three doses (200, 400 and 600 mg/kg) and control. The adult mortality was assessed after 2, 3, 5, 7, 14 and 21. day of application (DAT). The highest mortality rate (100%) on the cowpea beetle was recorded for Ankara DE on 5. DAT at 25 °C with 600 ppm, followed by Aydin and SilicoSec® DE (84.97% and 63.47%). The biological activity of local DE increased with increasing application dose, exposure time and temperature. The highest mortality at 30 °C was determined for SilicoSec® (100%) with 600 ppm on 2. DAT followed by Ankara and Aydin (94.95 and 94.59% respectively). After 3 DAT, 600 ppm dose showed the highest efficacy all three DEs. There was no new generation emergence of all DEs treatment. It was concluded that the local DEs (Ankara and Aydin) have a high potential to be used for control of C. maculatus adults damage for storage bean.

Insecticidal, repellent and fumigant activities of Rosemary [Rosmarinus officinalis (Lamiaceae)], Daphne [Laurus nobilis (Lauraceae)], Echinacea (Echinacea purpurea (Asteraceae), Marjoram [Origanum majorana (Lamiaceae)], Basil [Ocimum basilicum (Lamiaceae)] and Fennel [Foeniculum vulgare (Apiaceae)] extracts were tested against Sitophilus granarius (Col.: Curculionidae) and Tribolium castaneum (Col.: Tenebrionidae) under laboratory conditions. The composition of essential oils extracted from the plants was also determined. Eucalyptol and Terpinyl acetate were the main components of Daphne oil. Similarly, the main components of Basil oil were Methyl cinnamate, Linalool and Eucalyptol, whereas Camphor and Eucalyptol were the main constituents of Rosemary oil. Likely, γ-Terpinene and β-Terpineol were the main components of Marjoram oil, while Estragole was the main component in Fennel oil. The β-Cubebene and Caryophyllene were the main components of Echinacea oil. Echinacea and Basil oils exhibited high contact toxicity against S. granarius. Basil oil caused 99.59% mortality of S. granarius 24 h after application, whereas Echinacea oil caused 99.59% mortality 72 h after application. In single-dose fumigant toxicity assays, Rosemary oil exhibited 58.41% fumigant activity against S. granarius after 24 h, whereas Fennel oil indicated 100% fumigant toxicity against T. castaneum. All essential oils showed repellent effects against both the pests. The essential oils caused 34.12–95.29% decrease in the progeny production of F1 generation of T. castaneum, while the decrease in the F1 generation of S. granarius ranged between 84.27 and 98.88%. It is concluded that essential oils of Fennel, Rosemary, Echinacea and Basil could potentially be used for the control of studied stored grain pests.

This study was conducted in gardens contaminated with pistachio psylla in Siirt Province between 2007 and 2010. It has been found that pistachio psylla forms the highest populations in the pistachio gardens in the Central District of Siirt Province, and in particular, causes important damages in young leaves in mid-June and in the maturing period of fruits in mid- and late-August. Efficiency in certain counts of yellow sticky trap coded 1016 B, of which efficiency and attraction power are considered significant, was observed in the study. It was concluded in the study that these traps are important for reduction of the population of the pest in cases where the population is small. It was found that traps would provide positive contribution if combined with other methods of fight and used in 4 traps for each tree and 7-day periods of hanging.

The aim of this study was to investigate the biological efficacy of diatomaceous soil against Khapra beetle ( Trogoderma granarium Everts) larvae which has gained importance in agriculturalpest management in Turkey in recent years.The experiments were carried out with three different diatomaceous earth (two native diatomaceous earth, Ankara, Aydin provinces and SilicoSec® imported brand) two different temperatures (25 and 30 °C) and 50-65% humidity cultivar with four different doses, i.e., 0, 1000, 1500, 2000 ppm and four replications for each treatment under controlled conditions. Dead-live counts of the larvae counts were made 7, 14 and 21 days after diatomaceous earth applications and 60 days after the end of the experiments, fertility of F1 generation was determined separately for each treatment. The biological activity of native diatomaceous earths on Khapra larvae increased with increasing application dose, exposure time and temperature. The highest biological activity was determined for Aydin diatom earth with 2000 ppm on day 21 (65.4 %), followed by Ankara diatom (53.8 %) at 30 °C, whereas the effect of SilicoSec®was determined to be the lowest (11.9%). Besides, biological activity of three diatomaceous earth at 25 °C was recorded very low (the highest rate was 30.7% for Ankara 21 days with 2000 ppm). No differences were found in terms of F1 offspring (15.2-18.7%) in all diatomaceous earth replications at 25 °C after days, whereas the lowest (9%) F1 offspring was recorded at 30 °C with 2000 ppm dose. As a result, it was determined that native diatomaceous earths were more effective and promising on khapra larvae than SilicoSec® branded diatomaceous earth.

Bu çalışma, Yozgat ili ve ilçelerinde (Akdağmadeni, Aydıncık, Boğazlıyan, Çandır, Çayıralan, Çekerek, Kadışehri, Saraykent, Sarıkaya, Sorgun, Şefaatli, Yenifakılı ve Yerköy) hububat alanlarında ekin saparısı (Hymenoptera: Cephidae) türleri, yaygınlıkları yoğunlukları ve doğadaki yaşam döngüsünü belirlemek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Ekin saparısı türlerinin yaygınlık ve yoğunluklarını belirlemek amacıyla, Yozgat il ve ilçelerinde tesadüfi olarak seçilen 84 buğday tarlasında zararlıların ergin uçuş dönemi boyunca (nisan başı-mayıs sonu) 100’er atrap sallanarak türler elde edilmiştir. Ekin saparılarının yaşam döngüsünü belirleme çalışmaları ise Boğazlıyan ilçesinde yürütülmüş, zararlıların doğaya ilk çıkış zamanı, üzerinde beslendiği yabancı otlar ve buğday üzerindeki yaşam döngüsü belirlenmiştir. Çalışmada Cephus pygmeus (Linnaeus, 1767), Trachelus tabidus (Fabricius, 1775), Calameuta idolon (Rossi, 1794) olmak üzere toplam üç tür belirlenmiştir. Sürvey yapılan alanlarda Cephidae familyasına ait ekin saparısı türlerine 65 tarlada (%77.4 oranında) rastlanmış olup, 19 tarla ise (%22.6’sında) rastlanamamıştır. Belirlenen türler içinde en yaygın türün ise C. pygmeus olduğu (%98.1) belirlenmiştir. Doğadaki ilk saparısı erginleri, nisan ayı sonunda Boğazlıyan ilçesinde belirlenmiştir. Zararlıya ait ilk dönem larvalar mayıs ayı sonunda ve olgun larvalar ise buğday kök boğazı içinde diyapoza girmiş halde temmuz ayı ortasında tespit edilmiştir. Yozgat ili hububat alanlarında ekin saparısı ergin yoğunluğunun sayısal olarak düşük yoğunlukta olduğu ve önemli bir sorun olarak görülmediği sonucuna varılmakla birlikte, zararlı yoğunluğu ile larva bulaşıklığı arasındaki ilişkiye bakılarak ergin yoğunluğu yüksek olan yerlerde hasat döneminde örneklemeler yapılması gerektiği sonucuna varılmıştır., This study revealed densities and distribution of different wheat stem sawflies (Hymenoptera: Cephidae) and their life cycle in cereal fields cultivsted in different districts (Akdağmadeni, Aydıncık, Boğazlıyan, Çandır, Çayıralan, Çekerek, Kadışehri, Saraykent, Sarıkaya, Sorgun, Şefaatli, Yenifakılı ve Yerköy) of Yozgat province. A total 100 sweep net sample were taken during the adult flight period (early april and may) of sawfly species in randomly selected 84 wheat fields. The study relating to determine the life cycle was conducted in Boğazlıyan district and data relating to time to first emergence in nature, weed species being fed by sawlies and life cycle on the host plant species were recordedss. Total 3 wheat stem sawfly species, i.e., Cephus pygmeus (Linnaeus, 1767), Trachelus tabidus (Fabricius, 1775) and Calameuta idolon (Rossi, 1794) belonging to Hymenoptera order and Cephidae family. The most abundant and commonly observed species was C. pygmeus (98.1%). Wheat stem sawflies were recorded in 77.4% (65 fields) of the surveyed fields, whereas 22.6% (19 fields) of the field had no sawfly species. The first adults emerged at the end of April in Boğazlıyan district and a newly emerged first stage larvae appeared at the end of May. Mature larvae diapausing in wheat root crown were found during the middle of July. It can be concluded that density of wheat stem sawflies is low in wheat fields of Yozgat province and the pest did not cause significant problem. However, considering correlation between adult density and larval infestation, the larval samplings should be done close to the harvest period at the fields where the high adult densities of the sawflies are determined.

Bu calisma Guneydogu Anadolu Bolgesi’nde farkli depo tiplerinin Khapra boceginin, Trogoderma granarium Everts, 1898 (Coleoptera: Dermestidae), bulasikligina olan etkisi ve zararlinin malathion ve deltametrine olan direncini belirlemek amaciyla yapilmistir. Bolgedeki bes ilden (Diyarbakir, Mardin, Sanliurfa, Adiyaman ve Batman) farkli tahil depo tiplerinden (metal silo, betonarme ve basit sivasiz) 2014-2016 yillarinda nisan-aralik aylari arasinda surveyler yapilmis ve toplam 355 depodan bugday ornekleri alinmistir. Ayrica, direnc calismalari icin farkli depolardan 24 Khapra bocegi populasyonu toplanmistir. Calisma sonucunda, iller ve depo tipleri Khapra bocegi bulasikligina onemli derecede etki etmistir. En yuksek bulasiklik Mardin ilinde (%77.5), bunu takiben Sanliurfa ilinde (%67.5) kayit edilmistir. Buna karsin en dusuk Khapra bocegi bulasikligi Diyarbakir (%43.4) ve Adiyaman (%44.1) ilinde kayit edilmistir. Depo tiplerine gore en yuksek bulasiklik basit sivasiz depolarda (%80) belirlenmis iken, en dusuk bulasiklik metal silolarda (%27.1) bulunmustur. Direnc calismalari, Kapra boceginin deltametrine karsi dusuk duzeyde direnc gelistirdigi, buna karsin malathiona toleransli oldugu gostermistir. Deltametrin uygulanmis populasyonlarin 4-10.7 kat direnc gelistirmis oldugu, ancak malathion icin bu rakamin 1.32-1.92 kat oldugu kayit edilmistir. Deltametrin icin belirlenen yuksek direnc oranlari, malathiona kiyasla bu insektisitin daha sik kullanimini ile ilgili oldugu dusunulmektedir.

Chalky spot damage on red lentil seeds is themost important problem in lentil cultivation in Souteast Anatolia Region,Turkey. This study was conducted to determine the efficacy of Deltamethrinagainst the stink bugs, Dolycorisbaccarum (L.) and Piezodoruslituratus (F.) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) caused chalky spot damage on redlentil. One insecticide, “Decis EC 2.5 (25 g/l Deltamethrin)”, was evaluatedfor its efficacy against the stink bugs at two different lentil fields inDiyarbakir province in 2014. The experiment was laid out in randomized completeblock design with four treatments (200, 300, 500 ml ha-1 doses andcontrol) and five replications at R7 stage ( 50% of pods yellowed ) of lentil.The results revealed that there was not any difference between 200 and 300 mlha-1 doses (29.80 ± 2.29% p= 1.00 and 32.39 ± 1.56%, p= 0.84respectively). Besides the most efficacy dose of the chemical was determined in7th day (46.76 ± 0.77%, p= 0.000 and 51.94 ± 1.99%, p= 0.000) with 500 ml ha-1 dose in both fields. After 10th day, the efficacy ofthe insecticide was reduced to 44.4 - 48.8%. As a result, 500 ml ha-1 dose of Delthamethrin has notadequately controlled the stink bugs in red lentil. Higher doses were notsuitable for controlling the pests, as lentils hay were used as a valuableanimal feed and the risk of pesticide residue. It is strongly suggested thatprimarly other control methods such as, cultural and biological control andresistant cultivar should be used for controlling the pests., Güneydoğu AnadoluBölgesinde kırmızı mercimekteki tebeşirleşme zararı, mercimek tarımının enönemli sorunlardan biridir. Bu çalışma ile kırmızı mercimekte tebeşirleşmezararına sebep olan Dolycoris baccarum(L.) ve Piezodorus lituratus (F.)(Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)’a karşı Deltamethrin’in biyolojik etkinliğiaraştırılmıştır. Mercimekte diğer zararlılara ruhsatlı “Decis EC 2.5 (25 g/l Deltamethrin)” Diyarbakır ilinde 2014 yılında iki farklımercimek tarlasında bu zararlılar üzerinde denenmiştir. Deneme tesadüf blokları deneme desenine göredört karakterli (200, 300, 500 ml ha-1, kontrol) ve beş tekerrürlüolarak mercimeğin R7 (baklaların % 50’sinden fazlasının sarı olduğu) gelişmedöneminde kurulmuştur. Çalışma sonuçlarına göre her iki tarlada en etkili dozun500 ml ha-1 ile 7. günde (sırasıyla % 46.76 ± 0.77 p=0.000 ve %51.94 ± 1.99, p= 0.000) olduğu belirlenmiştir. Buna karşın 200 ve 300 ml ha-1doz arasında istatistiksel olarak fark olmadığı (% 29.80 ± 2.29 p=1.00 ve% 32.39 ± 1.56, p= 0.84) tespit edilmiştir. İlacın etkisinin 10. günden sonraazaldığı ve biyolojik etkinliğinin % 44.4 - 48.8’e gerilediği tespitedilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, Deltamethrin’in 500 ml ha-1 dozunun buzararlıları yeterince kontrol altına alamadığı tespit edilmiştir. İlacın yüksekdozunun kullanımı, mercimek samanının hayvan yemi olarak kullanılması vesamanda ilaç kalıntı riskinden dolayı uygun değildir. Bu nedenle, mercimektekibu zararlılara karşı mücadele, başta dayanıklı çeşitlerin ekilmesi olmak üzere,kültürel ve biyolojik mücadele gibi diğer kontrol yöntemlerine öncelikverilmesi gerektiği düşünülmektedir.

Bu çalışma; 2014-2015 yıllarında Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi'nde Cercopidae familyasına ait Cercopis sanguinolenta (Scopoli 1763) (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha) türünün yayılış ve yoğunluklarının belirlenmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Adıyaman, Diyarbakır, Mardin ve Şanlıurfa illeri buğday ve arpa ekiliş alanlarından, Nisan ve Mayıs aylarında örneklemeler yapılarak bu türe ait bireyler toplanmıştır. Cercopis sanguinolenta'nın toplam birey sayısı ve ortalama yoğunluğu en fazla Mardin ilinde (toplam 3.050 ergin, 105.2 ergin tarla), en az ise Diyarbakır ilinde (toplam 252 ergin, 7.0 ergin tarla) elde edilmiştir. Arpa alanlarında C. sanguinolenta'nın buğday alanlarına göre daha fazla bulunduğu ve bu oranın sırasıyla ortalama 94.9 ergin tarla, 22.8 ergin tarla olduğu belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak arpa ve buğday alanlarında yoğun olarak bulunan; C. sanguinolenta'nın zarar durumuna ait çalışmaların yapılmasının gerekli olduğu düşünülmektedir. Abstract. This study was conducted to determine the species, density and distribution of Cercopis sanguinolenta (Scopoli 1763) belonging to Cercopidae (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha) in Southeast Anatolia of Turkey in 2014 and 2015. Cercopis sanguinolenta adults were collected from wheat and barley fields of Adıyaman, Diyarbakır, Mardin, Şanlıurfa during April and May. The results revealed that the most number and density of C. sanguinolenta were in Mardin province (total 3.050 adult, 105.2 adult field), while the minumum number and density of the spittle bug were determined in Diyarbakır province (total 252 adult, 7.0 adult field) respectively. Besides, it was determined that barley fields were more of C. sanguinolenta than wheat fields and this ratio was 94.9 individual field and 22.8 individual field, respectively. Consequently, some studies should be done about the damage of C. sanguinolenta on cereal fields where the spittlebug has high population.

Tomato is an important crop in Turkey, which is grown in greenhouses as well as in open fields. Tomato leafminer [Tuta absoluta (Meyrick, 1917)] is a serious pest of tomato production in the country. The residues of greenhouse tomato are thrown in nearby fields, which could result in significant populations of the pest. However, limited work has been done to assess the population dynamics of the pest in the fields adjacent to greenhouse or open field tomato production areas in Turkey. Therefore, the current study was conducted to determine the population dynamics of the pest in open fields near tomato production areas in Şanlıurfa province, Turkey during 2014-2015. Three different trap types (delta, water + pheromone and ferolite) were established in three different fields in the Harran plain of the province. The traps were established during the month of May and monitoring was continued until January. The pest population was monitored weekly during the whole study period. The population density of the pest reached to the highest level during September, and a continuous decline was noted afterward. The highest average number of adults trapped by ferolite traps were 278 adult week -1, whereas delta traps caught the lowest number of the adults (60 adult week -1). The water pheromone traps also collected similar number of adults (79 adult week -1) to delta traps. Overall, ferolite trap type exhibited higher efficacy in trapping and monitoring the adults compared to the rest of the trap types included in the study. The current study reveals that tomato residues could result in significant populations of the pest in the adjacent fields, which could negatively affect other crops. Therefore, the residues must be managed properly to avoid the pest outbreaks in adjacent areas of tomato production. Moreover, ferolite traps could be used effectively to manage the pest in tomato production areas.

06.03.2018 tarihli ve 30352 sayılı Resmi Gazetede yayımlanan “Yükseköğretim Kanunu İle Bazı Kanun Ve Kanun Hükmünde Kararnamelerde Değişiklik Yapılması Hakkında Kanun” ile 18.06.2018 tarihli “Lisansüstü Tezlerin Elektronik Ortamda Toplanması, Düzenlenmesi ve Erişime Açılmasına İlişkin Yönerge” gereğince tam metin erişime açılmıştır. İmam Hatip Lisesi öğrencilerinin müziğe bakış açılarının incelenmesi için hazırlanan bu araştırmada, öğrencilerin müzikle dinleyici ve icracı olarak ilişkilerini, müzik tarzları hakkında bilgi ve müziğin imam hatip öğrencileri için anlamını anlamak adına yapılmış bir çalışmadır. Araştırma, dini alanda müziğin önemini, hayatımızda din ile müziğin etkileşimini ve önemli bir yere sahip olduğunu göstermeye çalışmaktadır. Eğitim sistemimizde genel müzik eğitimi ilköğretim ve ortaöğretim kurumlarında verilmektedir. İmam Hatip Lisesinden mezun olan öğrenciler eğer İlahiyat Fakültelerine giderlerse ''Türk Din Musikisi'' adı altında müzik dersleri görmektedirler. Türkiye'de din görevlilerinin tamamına yakını İmam Hatip Liseleri ve İlahiyat Fakültesi mezunlarından atanmaktadır. Öğrenciler İmam Hatip Liselerini bitirdikten sonra çoğunlukla İmam, Müezzin, Vaiz ve Kuran Öğreticisi gibi din görevliliği kadrosuna atanmaktadır. Mesleki hayatlarında da müzikten devamlı faydalanacak olan İmam Hatip Lisesi öğrencileri için mesleki verimliliği sağlamak adına müziğin önemli olduğunu görmekteyiz. Araştırma, İmam Hatip Lisesi öğrencilerinin müziğe olan bakış açılarının incelenmesi konusunda yapılmakta olup, veri toplamak üzere uzman görüşü alınarak araştırmaya yönelik bir anket çalışması hazırlanmış ve uygulanmıştır. Araştırmanın amacına yönelik hazırlan anket çalışmasına 9. ve 12. Sınıf öğrencilerinden oluşan toplam 322 kişi katılmış olup elde edilen veriler tablolara dönüştürülerek çözümlenmiş bulgular ve yorum şeklinde sunulmuştur. Müziğe bakış acıları konusu analiz edilmiş ve uygulanan anket ile elde edilen sonuçların dağılımları frekans (f) ve yüzde (%) tabloları ile gösterilmiştir. İncelemeler sonucunda ise öğrencilerin müziğe olan bakış açılarında çeşitlilik olduğu ve müziği değişik şekillerde benimsedikleri görülmüştür. Bu sonuçlarla beraber bazı önerilere yer verilmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: İmam hatip, Müzik, Din, Bakış açısı. This study, which is prepared for the students to examine the viewpoints of Imam Hatip High School. It was conducted in order to give information about the musical styles of the students as listeners and performers, and to understand the meaning of music for Imam Hatip students. This research tries to show that the importance of music in the religious field and the interaction of religion and music have an important place in our lives. In our education system, general music education is given in primary and secondary schools. Students who graduated from Imam Hatip High School, if they go to the Faculty of Theology, they will have music lessons under the name of Turkish Religious Music. Almost all the clergy in Turkey graduated from Imam-Hatip high schools and Faculty of Theology. After graduating from these schools, the majority of the students are assigned in religious positions such as Imam, Muezzin, Preacher and Quran Instructor. We see that music is really important in order to provide professional efficiency for Imam Hatip High School students who will benefit from music continuously in their professional lives. This study examines students' perspectives on music from Imam Hatip High School. In order to collect data, expert opinion was taken first. Then a survey study was prepared and implemented. A total of 322 students from 9th and 12th grade students participated in the survey study. The obtained data were analyzed by converting to tables, then presented as findings and comments. Students' point of view on music has been analyzed. Results of the survey distributions are shown with frequency (f) and percentage (%) tables. As a result of reviews, it is seen that there is a variety of students' perspectives on music and they adopt music in different ways. Some suggestions are included with these results. Keywords: Imam hatip, Music, Religion, Perspective.

İmam Hatip Lisesi öğrencilerinin müziğe bakış açılarının incelenmesi için hazırlanan bu araştırmada, öğrencilerin müzikle dinleyici ve icracı olarak ilişkilerini, müzik tarzları hakkında bilgi ve müziğin imam hatip öğrencileri için anlamını anlamak adına yapılmış bir çalışmadır. Araştırma, dini alanda müziğin önemini, hayatımızda din ile müziğin etkileşimini ve önemli bir yere sahip olduğunu göstermeye çalışmaktadır. Eğitim sistemimizde genel müzik eğitimi ilköğretim ve ortaöğretim kurumlarında verilmektedir. İmam Hatip Lisesinden mezun olan öğrenciler eğer İlahiyat Fakültelerine giderlerse ''Türk Din Musikisi'' adı altında müzik dersleri görmektedirler. Türkiye'de din görevlilerinin tamamına yakını İmam Hatip Liseleri ve İlahiyat Fakültesi mezunlarından atanmaktadır. Öğrenciler İmam Hatip Liselerini bitirdikten sonra çoğunlukla İmam, Müezzin, Vaiz ve Kuran Öğreticisi gibi din görevliliği kadrosuna atanmaktadır. Mesleki hayatlarında da müzikten devamlı faydalanacak olan İmam Hatip Lisesi öğrencileri için mesleki verimliliği sağlamak adına müziğin önemli olduğunu görmekteyiz.Araştırma, İmam Hatip Lisesi öğrencilerinin müziğe olan bakış açılarının incelenmesi konusunda yapılmakta olup, veri toplamak üzere uzman görüşü alınarak araştırmaya yönelik bir anket çalışması hazırlanmış ve uygulanmıştır. Araştırmanın amacına yönelik hazırlan anket çalışmasına 9. ve 12. Sınıf öğrencilerinden oluşan toplam 322 kişi katılmış olup elde edilen veriler tablolara dönüştürülerek çözümlenmiş bulgular ve yorum şeklinde sunulmuştur. Müziğe bakış acıları konusu analiz edilmiş ve uygulanan anket ile elde edilen sonuçların dağılımları frekans (f) ve yüzde (%) tabloları ile gösterilmiştir. İncelemeler sonucunda ise öğrencilerin müziğe olan bakış açılarında çeşitlilik olduğu ve müziği değişik şekillerde benimsedikleri görülmüştür. Bu sonuçlarla beraber bazı önerilere yer verilmiştir.Anahtar Kelimeler: İmam hatip, Müzik, Din, Bakış açısı. This study, which is prepared for the students to examine the viewpoints of Imam Hatip High School. It was conducted in order to give information about the musical styles of the students as listeners and performers, and to understand the meaning of music for Imam Hatip students. This research tries to show that the importance of music in the religious field and the interaction of religion and music have an important place in our lives. In our education system, general music education is given in primary and secondary schools. Students who graduated from Imam Hatip High School, if they go to the Faculty of Theology, they will have music lessons under the name of Turkish Religious Music. Almost all the clergy in Turkey graduated from Imam-Hatip high schools and Faculty of Theology. After graduating from these schools, the majority of the students are assigned in religious positions such as Imam, Muezzin, Preacher and Quran Instructor. We see that music is really important in order to provide professional efficiency for Imam Hatip High School students who will benefit from music continuously in their professional lives.This study examines students' perspectives on music from Imam Hatip High School. In order to collect data, expert opinion was taken first. Then a survey study was prepared and implemented. A total of 322 students from 9th and 12th grade students participated in the survey study. The obtained data were analyzed by converting to tables, then presented as findings and comments. Students' point of view on music has been analyzed. Results of the survey distributions are shown with frequency (f) and percentage (%) tables. As a result of reviews, it is seen that there is a variety of students' perspectives on music and they adopt music in different ways. Some suggestions are included with these results.Keywords: Imam hatip, Music, Religion, Perspective. 90

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236340.].

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), being a cash and fiber crop is of high significance in Pakistan. Numerous insect pests and viral diseases in Pakistan and around the world attack cotton crop. Genetically modified cotton (transgenic, resistant to lepidopteran insects), hereafter written as 'Bt-cotton' has been introduced in many regions of the world to combat bollworms. However, cultivars differ in their pest susceptibility, yield response and fiber quality traits. Nonetheless, recent studies have indicated that lepidopteran pests are evolving resistance against 'Bt-cotton'. Several 'Bt-cotton' cultivars have been developed in Pakistan in the past decade; however, limited is known about their pest susceptibility, seed-cotton yield and fiber quality traits. This two-year field study evaluated pest susceptibility, yield and fiber quality traits of thirteen newly developed 'Bt-cotton' cultivars in Pakistan. The cultivars differed in their susceptibility to sucking insects during both years of study. The cultivars 'FH-647', 'SLH-8', 'FH-Lalazar' and 'IUB-013' were more susceptible to jassid, whereas 'BS-52' exhibited higher susceptibility to whitefly during both years of study. Similarly, cultivars 'AGC-999' and 'MNH-992' proved highly susceptible to thrips during each study year. Although 'Bt-cotton' is resistant to bollworms, cultivars 'SLAH-8', 'VH-305' and 'BH-184' were susceptible to spotted bollworm, while 'SLAH-8', 'RH-647' and 'VH-305' were infested by American bollworm. The most susceptible cultivars to cotton leaf curl virus (CLCuV) attack were 'RH-647', 'IR-NIBGE-7' and 'VH-305'. The highest seed-cotton yield was recorded for 'FH-Lalazar' during both years of study. Similarly, the highest ginning out turn was recorded for cultivars 'BS-52', 'VH-305', 'RH-647', 'IUB' and 'AA-919'. The cultivar 'FH-Lalazar' exhibited low pest susceptibility and CLCuV infestation compared to the rest of cultivars. The highest and the lowest gross and net incomes and benefit:cost ratio were noted for 'FH-Lalazar' and 'RH-647, respectively. Keeping in view the low pest susceptibility and high seed-cotton yield, 'FH-Lalazar' could be recommended for higher yield and economic returns in Multan, Pakistan. Nonetheless, regional trials should be conducted for site-specific or region-specific recommendations.

The European wheat stem sawfly, Cephus pygmeus (Linnaeus, 1767) and the black grain stem sawfly, Trachelus tabidus (Fabricius, 1775) are important and common pests in wheat growing areas of Turkey. These sawfly species continue to be a threat to wheat production in the southeast Anatolia Region of the country. This study was conducted to determine larval infestation rates and yield losses caused by these sawfly species in common wheat cultivars grown in the southeast Anatolia Region. Durum and bread wheat fields were surveyed to record larval infestation and damage caused by these sawfly species in four provinces (Adiyaman, Diyarbakir, Mardin and Sanliurfa) of the region. A total 100 wheat fields were randomly selected and stem samples were taken from each field during the harvest period. Spike length, mean number of grains, grain weight and 1000-grain weight were recorded from 100 infested and healthy spikes and crop losses were calculated for 16 wheat cultivars.The surveyed provinces significantly differed in infestation rates, with the highest infestation level recorded for Diyarbakir province with a mean of 17.4% (range 2.1- 54.3%), while the minimum infestation was determined in Adiyaman province with a mean of 5.3% (range 1.4-17.3%). Durum and bread wheat cultivars had negligible effects on larval infestation. Spike length of infested wheat plants was reduced by 0.9-14.4% and the mean number of grains and grain weight were reduced by 0.5-19.7% and 7.2-28.5%, respectively. The loss in 1000-grain weight was 8.9% in bread wheat cultivars, while the loss was 7.9% in durum wheat cultivars. It was concluded that the loss in 1000-grain weight reached 10.9%. Therefore, appropriate control measures should be taken against stem sawflies in high-infestation locations.

The present study aimed to reveal the species, their densities, distribution and short life cycles of wheat stem sawflies in the Southeast Anatolia Region of Turkey. Adult sawfly samplings were conducted in areas of cereal cultivation in four provinces: Adiyaman, Diyarbakir, Mardin, and Sanliurfa in 2014-2015. One hundred sweep net samples were taken from each wheat field during the adult flight period of sawflies in order to determine the species, their densities and distribution of the wheat stem sawflies. Life cycle studies were done in nature and immature stages of sawflies were also determined.Three species of wheat stem sawflies, Cephus pygmeus (Linnaeus, 1767), Trachelus tabidus (Fabricius, 1775) and T. libanensis (Andre, 1881), were recorded in cereal fields. The most widespread species was C. pygmeus (77.1% and 63.9% in 2014 and 2015, respectively) and the most narrowly distributed was T. tabidus (22.9% and 36.1% in 2014 and 2015, respectively). While the highest number of adults was determined in Diyarbakir Province (mean 44.15 adults / field), the lowest number was determined in Adiyaman Province (mean 5.73 adults / field). Cephus pygmeus adults emerged at the end of March in Mardin and at the beginning of April in Diyarbakir, Adiyaman and Sanliurfa Provinces. After adult emergence, the females fed mainly on wild mustard plants (Sinapis arvensis L.) to obtain nutrition. Eggs and newly emerged first instar larvae appeared in May and larvae in diapause were found in cut stubs in the middle of June.

WOS:000389283700022 Chalky spot damage on red lentil is the most important. problem waiting for a solution regarding plant health at lentil cultivation. in. Southeast Anatolia Region, Turkey. The stink bugs, Piezedorus lituratus (F.) and Dolycorus baccarum L. were subjected to trialsincages and in sprayed and unsprayed plot trials in open lentil fields and fields containing windrowed lentils after harvesting. The study revealed that P lituratus and D. baccarum feeding on red lentil caused chalky spot damage: Average damage,to lentil seeds caused by P lituratus, was 13% and 7.8% and by D. baccarum was 4.9% and 2% in 2010 and 2011, respectively. There was a positive relation between P. lituratus density and chalky spot damage.(r =0.788; r(2) =0.621, P=0.000). The study also showed that after the harvesting, the stink bugs gathered under windrowed lentils and continued feeding and causing chalky spot damage. The damage in unsprayed windrowed lentils (6.60%) was approximately 12-fold higher than that in sprayed windrowed lentils (0.57%). Study suggests conduction of future work on environmental friendly control methods of stink bugs and alternative harvesting methods.

Sunn pests (Eurygaster spp.) are among the most important insect pests of wheat (Triticum sativum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Cultural practices can prevent or minimize common sunn pest (Eurygaster integriceps Puton) population densities and crop damage. A three-year field experiment (Jun 05 to Aug 07) was conducted in Diyarbakir in the southeast Antolia region of Turkey, to evaluate the effects of planting method (no-till ridge planting and conventional planting) and earliness of durum wheat (Triticum durum L.) varieties (early, mid-season and late varieties) on E. integriceps density, grain damage and overall grain yield. The effect of the planting method on the sunn pest density and percent of grains damaged by sunn pest was not significant; however, there was a significant difference among the different varieties used in this study. While Cesit-1252 (late wheat variety) had the highest nymph density (11.2 nymphs m−2) and percent of sunn pest damaged grains (2.8%), Saricanak-98 (early wheat variety) had the lowest nymph density (4.3 nymphs m−2) and percent of sunn pest damaged grains (0.8%). Grain yield was the highest (5.99 t ha−1) for Saricanak-98 while there was no significant difference between Aydin-93 (5.06 t ha−1) and Cesit-1252 (4.99 t ha−1). In conclusion, this study suggests that planting methods may not have a significant effect on sunn pest density, percent of sunn pest damaged grains or grain yield; however, the use of early durum wheat varieties, such asSaricanak-98, may reduce sunn pest population densities, percent of damaged grains, allowing increases in grain yield in southeast Anatolia region, Turkey.

The species of Cicadellidae, Cixiidae and Delphacidae (Hemiptera) on Karacadag rice and the effects of weeds on their populations were investigated in Diyarbakir and Sanliurfa provinces between 2010-2012. For specimen collection, sweep net and D.vac were used, and randomized complete block desing were employed by hanging yellow sticky traps for monitoring the populations of fluctations and densities of Cicadellidae and Delphacidae family in weedy and unweeded plots. A total of 17 species including 10 species belonging to Cicadellidae family, 3 species Ciixiidae and 4 species from Delphacidae were determined. The most abundant and common species were recorded to be Agallia harrarensis Melichar, 1911 and Empoasca sp., from Cicadellidae, Tachycixius desertorum (Fieber, 1876) and Hyalesthes obsoletus Signoret 1865 from Cixiidae, Laodelphax striatellus (Fallen), Sogotella vibix from Delphacidae family. It was determined that the weeds in rice increased the population of cicadellid and while 71.4% of individuals was captured from weedy plots, 28.6% was obtained from unweeded plots. The population of Delphacidae and Cixiidae were recorded slightly higher in weedy plots The population densities of Cicadellidae and Delphacidae began to increase starting from vegetative stage and reached to pick level at generative-maturity stage. It is suggested that the control of weeds must be performed strictly and to be considered in rice cultivated areas., Karacadağ çeltiğinde Cicadellidae, Cixiidae ve Delphacidae (Hemiptera) türleri ile yabancıotların bunların popülasyonlarına olan etkileri, 2010-2012 yılları arasında Diyarbakır ve Şanlıurfa illerinde araştırılmıştır. Türleri belirlemek için örneklemelerde atrap ve D-vac. kullanılmış ve Cicadellidae ve Delphacidae familyasının yabancıotlu ve yabancı otsuz parsellerdeki popülasyon yoğunluk ve değişimleri için tesadüf blokları deneme desenine göre sarı yapışkan renk tuzaklar asılarak izlenmiştir. Çalışma ile Cicadellidae familyasından 10, Cixiidae familtyasından 3 ve Delphacidae familyasından 4 tür olmak üzere toplam 17 tür belirlenmiştir. Cicadellidlerden en yaygın ve yoğun türlerin Agallia harrarensis Melichar, 1911 ile Empoasca sp., Cixiidlerden Tachycixius desertorum (Fieber, 1876) ve Hyalesthes obsoletus Signoret 1865, Delphacidlerden ise Laodelphax striatellus (Fallen), Sogotella vibix Mats olduğu tesbit edilmiştir. Çeltikteki yabancıotların cicadellid popülasyonunu artırdığı belirlenmiş, bireylerin %71.4’ü yabancıotlu alandan, %28.6’sı ise yabancıotsuz alandan elde edilmiştir. Delphacid ve cixiid popülasyonunun ise yabancıot bulunan parsellerde popülasyon az miktarda yüksek bulunmuştur. Cicadellidae ve Delphacidae popülasyonun, çeltiğin vejetatif döneminde başlayarak artmaya başladığı generatif-olgunlaşma döneminde en üst seviyeye ulaştığı belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak yabancıot mücadelesinin çeltik alanlarında önemle yapılması gerektiği düşünülmektedir.

Chalky spot damage caused by the stink bugs Dolycoris baccarum (L.) and Piezodorus lituratus (F.) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) is a serious problem for red lentil production in Southeast Anatolia, Turkey. This study aimed to determine spraying time against stink bugs, based on lentil developmental stages and evaluate potential agronomic methods (early vs. timely harvest and traditional harvest with sickle bar mower vs. combine harvester) to reduce chalky spot. Field trials were carried out during 2011–2012 in three provinces of Southeast Anatolia (Diyarbakir, Mardin and Sanliurfa).Chalky spot damage was initiated at the R6 stage (full seed, seed on nodes 10-13 fill the pod cavities) when the stink bug nymphs started to be observed and the plant had soft immature seeds that were more susceptible to feeding by stink bugs. In early harvested lentil fields, the percentage of chalky spot damage was 0.60 and 0.20 in Diyarbakir and Sanliurfa provinces, respectively. It was lower than that of timely harvest. On the other hand, damaged seed percentage significantly reduced by changing the harvesting from traditional to combine harvesting and damage ratio was 0.90 and 0.00 in Diyarbakir and Mardin provinces, respectively. We conclude that the management to protect lentil crops from stink bug infestations should be initiated at the R6 growth stage, and that crops should be harvested a week earlier using combine harvester to reduce stink bug density and chalky spot damage.

This study was carried out in rice growing fields of Karacadağ rice variety, which has specific smell and aroma in Southeast Anatolia Region and preferred by residents of that area, within borders of Şanlıurfa province (Siverek Üzümlük) and Diyarbakır province (Ergani Demirli, Çınar Kuyuluhöyük, Hazro Düzevler) during the years 2010 and 2011. The study was conducted in order to determine distribution and population change of Tipula orientalis Laskschewitz (Diptera: Tipulidae) have been conducted in Ergani and Demirli village. Sampling of T. orientalis have been performed by using hand-picking, D-vac and sweeping net.The results indicated that the first adults of the pest have been seen at the end of May and they have been seen during period of May to October in both years. However, the pest reached its highest level at June-July and created two peak points. The adults of T. orientalis continued until mid of the October which was harvesting time for rice. The highest adults (55 adults) were caught by way of D-vac on 29 June 2010 in Siverek-Üzümlük, while 37 adults/ sweeping net were recorded in Ergani- Demirli on 9 July 2011.According to the results of this study it was determined that the larvae of T. orientalis were active and cause damage from the end of May, which was planting time for rice, during months of June and July, however, the adults of this fly were active until harvesting time. In addition, the infestation ratio, males, females and larvae of the pest have been determined in the research area., Bu çalışma Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi’nde kendine has kokusu ve aroması bulunan ve yöre insanı tarafından tercih edilen Karacadağ çeltik alanlarında 2010-2011 yıllarında Şanlıurfa (Siverek-Üzümlük), Diyarbakır (Ergani-Demirli, Çınar-Kuyuluhöyük ve Hazro-Düzevler) köylerinde bostan sineği Tipula orientalis Laskschewitz (Diptera: Tipulidae)’in bulaşıklık durumunu ve popülasyon değişimini belirlemek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Örneklemelerde atrap, D-vac ve elle toplama yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada elde edilen sonuçlara göre; T. orientalis’in ilk ergin çıkışı çeltik ekiminin yapıldığı mayıs ayının sonunda başlamış ve çalışmanın her iki yılında da mayıs-eylül ayları boyunca görülmüş ancak zararlı Haziran-Temmuz aylarında en yüksek seviyeye ulaşarak iki tepe noktası oluşturmuştur. Bostan sineğine ait ergin uçuşları hasadın yapılacağı tarih olan ekim ayının ortalarına kadar sürmüştür. Atrap ve D-vac yardımı ile 2010 yılında yakalanan ergin sayısı en fazla 55 ergin/D-vac Siverek Üzümlük köyünde (29.VI.2010) bulunurken, 2011 yılında ise 37 ergin/atrap (09.VII.2011) ile Ergani Demirli köyünde gerçekleşmiştir. Bu çalışma ile T.orientalis’in çeltiğin ekildiği Mayıs ayının sonundan Haziran ve Temmuz aylarına kadar larvalarının aktif olduğu ve zarar verdiği ancak erginlerinin ise hasada kadar doğada aktif olarak bulunduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca çalışmanın yürütüldüğü her iki alanın da zararlı ile bulaşıklık olduğu tespit edilmiş, zararlının erkek, dişi ve larvalarının tanımı yapılmıştır.

ÖZET Bu tez çalışmasında, Trompetin tarih içerisindeki gelişimi, Dünya trompet ekolleri ve trompet fabrikaları incelenerek trompet cakalarına aydınlatıcı bilgiler verilmeye çalışılmıştır. I. Bölümde trompetin tanımı ve natürel trompetten pistonlu trompete geçiş süreci anlatılmıştır. II. Bölümde pistonlu trompetlerin keşfindeki aşamalar anlatılmıştır. III. Bölümde pistonlu trompetlerin orkestraya girişi anlatılmıştır. IV. Bölümde kornetin trompet üzerindeki tehdidi ve trompetin tekrar gündeme gelmesi anlatılmıştır. V. Bölümde Dünyadaki trompet fabrikaları ve değişik trompet yapma denemelerine yer verilmiştir. VI. Bölümde Dünyadaki trompet ekolleri ve Türkiye'ye trompetin gelişimi hakkında inceleme yapılmış ve detaylı bilgi verilmiştir. VII. Bölümde günümüzde natürel ve barok sazlara duyulan ilgi ve bu sazların tekrar kullanılmasına yer verilmiştir. II ABSTRACT The aim of this thesis is to provide detailed information on the historical evolution of the trumpet, the different schools of interpretation and various manufacturing factories of the instrument. Section I. Consists of the definition of the trumpet and the historical evolution of the naturel instrument towards the valved trumpet. Section II. Consists of the invention of the piston mechanism. Section III. Consists of the introduction of the valved trumpet to the orchestra. Section IV. Consists of the threat of the cornet against the trumpet and the revival of the trumpet. Section V. Consists of various factories and manufacturing experiments. Section VI. Consists of various interpretative and technical schools along with detailed research on the evolution of the instrument in Turkey. Section VII. Consists of revival of the natural and baroque trumpet and the interest in these instruments. 69