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Introduction: Opportunistic fungal infections have increased in recent decades, requiring the search for therapeutic alternatives, also considering the appearance of new species and the increase in resistance to antifungals. Objective: This study describes plants of the Verbenaceae family with therapeutic potential against yeast fungi. Methodology: A systematic review was carried from 2015 to 2020, using different databases, applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, also exploring recent perspectives to 2022. Results and discussion: 5 genera and 14 species with potential antifungal activity were found, highlighting the genus Lippia which showed greater activity. The essential oil of the leaves was the most studied natural product, mainly active against Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans. Phytochemical analysis report mostly terpene-type metabolites such as carvacrol, thymol, linanol, and geraniol. For the determination of MIC, the in vitro technique of microdilution in broth was the most reported. Recent studies support the importance of species, including Lantana montevidensis (Spreng.) Briq., for their modulating activity of antifungal drugs. Conclusions: Five genera with potential activity were found: Aloysia, Lantana, Lippia, Stachytarpheta and Verbena; being of interest the species Lippia berlandieri Schauer and Lippia graveolens Kunth for its high activity against C. albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans. The importance of species of the Verbenaceae family for future research is recognized, which will allow the development of natural therapeutic alternatives against infections caused by yeast-like fungi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study determined the extraction conditions, chemical composition, and antimicrobial activities of the essential oils of Citrus nobilis. The results illustrated that soaking in the 9% (w/v) NaCl solution for 2 h with a sample and solvent ratio of 1:3 (w/v) and a subsequent extraction time of 45 min yielded the highest extraction efficiency, reaching 3.66% (w/w). The main chemical components of the essential oils were limonene (90.42%), ß-myrcene (4.7%), and a-pinene (1.22%). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) at the density of 5x104, 5x105, and 5x106 cells/mL of Escherichia coli were 100, 125, and 125 mg/mL, respectively; for Staphylococcus aureus were 75, 100, and 125 mg/mL, respectively; and for Bacillus cereus were 50, 75, and 100 mg/mL, respectively. The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) at densities of 5x104, 5x105, 5x106 cells/mL of E. coli were 175, 225, 225 mg/mL, S. aureus were 150, 200, 225 mg/mL, and B. cereus were 125, 175, 200 mg/mL, respectively. The inhibitory activities of Aspergillus flavus of orange essential oils according to the agar dilution method at concentrations of 0.025-0.1%) on the 5th day were 8.84-30.61%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Universitas Scientiarum is the property of Pontificia Universidad Javeriana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of GeSec: Revista de Gestao e Secretariado is the property of Sindicato das Secretarias e Secretarios do Estado de Sao Paulo (SINSESP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In recent years, the use of alternative strategies to reduce the meat microbial load has been explored, among them the application of UV-C radiation and essential oils, seeking not to affect its sensory quality. In this study, the effect of the application of rosemary essential oil (REO) (5 %) and UV-C light (dose: 0,56 J/cm2) individually and combined on the colour stability of beef (Longissimus dorsi muscle) was studied. Four groups of samples were used: treated with UV-C light (I), with REO/lactic acid solution (R), with both treatments (I+R) and without treatment (C). Samples were stored at 0, 4 and 8 °C for 20, 14 and 8 days, respectively. To monitor surface colour changes, the parameters lightness (L*), redness (a*) and yellowness (b*) were obtained using a computer vision system and the total colour change (ΔE) was calculated. L* did not show significant changes (p>0,05) in any of the situations studied, with the a* coordinate being the one that best represented the observed changes. The greatest decrease in this parameter was observed in samples (C) and (I), while the application of REO allowed the a* value to be maintained without significant variations. Regarding ΔE, it presented a similar trend to a*, showing the capacity to delay the oxidation of the REO/lactic acid solution. In conclusion, the application of UV-C light together with the REO/lactic acid solution would delay the deterioration of the surface colour of fresh meat during refrigerated storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Veterinaria Brasilica is the property of Acta Veterinaria Brasilica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

RESUMO produção e variabilidade de metabolitos especiais em plantas podem ser demonstradas sob diferentes condições de luz, temperatura, níveis de nutrição e água. Os monoterpenóides e sesquiterpenóides produzidos por diversos grupos vegetais são metabolitos freqüentemente sujeitos a esses fatores abióticos. A baixa intensidade luminosa geralmente, diminui a produção de monoterpenos. Pequenas variações diárias de temperaturas estimulam a produção de terpenóides, enquanto que valores extremos causam sua redução. Os índices de precipitação não seguem um padrão, variando entre as espécies estudadas. O aumento do teor de nitrogênio e fósforo no solo favorece um maior rendimento no conteúdo de óleo essencial. Essa revisão procurou destacar a influência dos fatores ambientais na produção e na variabilidade dos terpenóides em algumas plantas com importância medicinal e econômica.

Storage is an important post-harvest stage that requires constant monitoring to maintain grain quality. The temperature and humidity must be controlled in order to limit the infestation of insect pests and the development of microorganisms in the grain mass. Insecticides and fungicides are used on a large scale to contain the undesirable growth of these organisms, however, they can generate environmental impact and selection of resistant organisms. Thus, there is a need to seek alternative products to control and protect grains and seeds. Thus, the objective of this work was to carry out a literature review on alternative products used during the storage of corn and beans in order to control pests and pathogens. According to the review, the most important insect pests for these grains were the bean weevil (Acanthoscelides obtectus and Zabrotes subfasciatus), the corn weevil (Sitophilus zeamais) and the grain moth (Sitotroga cerealella) and in relation to pathogens, fungi of the genera Penicillium, Aspergillus and Fusarium were responsible for the highest rate of damage during storage. It was observed that the use of extracts from plants represents a promising source of compounds capable of inhibiting and eliminating pests and pathogens in warehouses. The alternative products listed in this work as an alternative to the use of synthetic chemical pesticides were extracts (aqueous, hydroalcoholic, chloroform), essential oils, dry leaves, wood ash and diatomaceous earth and were extracted from different sources such as fossilized diatom algae, garlic, cinnamon, citronella, cloves, eucalyptus, mastruz, orange, lime, São Caetano melon, mint and peppers (black pepper, girl's finger, monkey). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The success of seed production and marketing depends on ideal conditions for storage. Some forest species have seed conservation problems due to the high incidence of fungi that reduce physiological quality. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of the application of bioactive compounds in diaspores of Astronium urundeuva (M.Allemão) Engl. (Anacardiaceae) to maintain physiological quality and reduce the incidence of fungi during storage. For this, two factorial trials were set up: (i) application of four essential oils (cinnamon, clove, orange and melaleuca) at five concentrations (0.00, 1.25, 2.50, 3.75 and 5.0 mL.kg-1); and (ii) five plant extracts (clove, cinnamon, quina, garlic and lemongrass) at five concentrations (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%). Diaspores were evaluated at 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 days for germination, seed vigor and fungal incidence. The essential oils of clove (4.6 mL.kg-1) and melaleuca (3.7 mL.kg-1) and plant extracts of clove (71%) and lemongrass (73%) can be applied to maintain physiological quality and reduce the incidence of fungi during the storage of A. urundeuva diaspores. In addition to these, the essential oils of cinnamon (3.8 mL.kg-1) and orange (4.0 mL.kg-1) and plant extracts of cinnamon (72%) and quina (74%) can be used as an alternative to synthetic fungicide. Therefore, the application of products based on natural bioactive compounds is an alternative to the use of chemicals in sanitary control during the storage of A. urundeuva seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Nativa is the property of Revista Nativa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Este trabalho substitui o cloreto de sódio (NaCl) por cloreto de potássio (KCl) em níveis crescentes, com a adição de óleos essenciais de orégano e tomilho para mitigar o efeito do cloreto de potássio na avaliação sensorial dos consumidores de hambúrgueres bovinos. Foram testados três níveis de substituição de sódio por potássio (KC20, KC40 e KC60 com 20%, 40% e 60% de substituição, respectivamente) e comparados com o controle (CONT, 100% cloreto de sódio), quanto à contaminação microbiológica inicial e avaliação sensorial por 112 consumidores. A substituição de NaCl por KCl não alterou (P > 0,05) a população microbiana inicial. Da mesma forma, os níveis de substituição de NaCl por KCl não alteraram (P > 0,05) a aceitabilidade de cor, odor e textura dos hambúrgueres bovinos. As substituições de 20% e 40% de NaCl por KCl melhoraram (P < 0,05) o sabor e a aceitabilidade geral dos hambúrgueres bovinos. Ainda, para níveis de substituição de 60%, não foi observada diferença (P > 0,05) quando comparado ao grupo CONT. Diferentes grupos de consumidores foram observados para odor e aceitabilidade geral (P < 0,050). Em conclusão, é possível substituir até 60% de NaCl por KCl em hambúrgueres bovinos, com inclusão de óleos essenciais de orégano e tomilho, na avaliação sensorial pelos consumidores, sendo 20% o nível de substituição mais recomendado.

Objective: to analyze the diverse scientific evidence regarding the use of aromatherapy in reducing stress-related symptoms in the Nursing team. Method: an integrative literature review carried out on July 1st, 2022, based on the "Aromatherapy", "Stress" and "Nursing" descriptors and using the Rayyan platform to select the studies, all in charge of two independent researchers. Full-text and free digital access documents in Portuguese, English or Spanish were included, which analyzed aromatherapy and the population of interest separately. Results: twelve studies were included, with predominance of randomized controlled trials and quasi-experimental studies. Inhalation aromatherapy with Lavandula angustifolia essential oil stood out. The use of a Control Group and multiple outcome measures were the criteria that presented the greatest weakness among the studies analyzed. Final considerations: Aromatherapy showed effectiveness and safety in reducing stress symptoms for the Nursing team. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pasteurella spp. have been identified predominantly in the oral microbiota of domestic cats. However, Pasteurella spp. was significantly more prevalent in cats with inflammatory oral disease; and consequently, it was considered as part of the etiology in this disease. In addition, in animals, Pasteurella spp. have become increasingly resistant to a large number of antimicrobials. Natural products, especially essential oils, could contribute to minimizing this issue. This study determined the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of six essential oils against Pasteurella spp. isolates from the oral cavity of domestic cats. Our results showed that essential oils with better antimicrobial effectiveness against most of the Pasteurella isolates were lemongrass, tea tree and clove, with inhibition values between 50 to 800 µg mL-1. All essential oils showed bacteriostatic activity against the species of Pasteurella isolated from the domestic cats. These results suggested that lemongrass, tea tree and clove oils have potential to be used in products for oral hygiene and treatment of oral infections in domestic cats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Exact Sciences is the property of Master Editora and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: Dental biofilm is a complex structure formed from the adhesion of various microbial cells to the film acquired on the dental structure. These cells adhere to each other while synthesizing an extracellular matrix, becoming a highly organized community, which makes it difficult to remove and promotes resistance to antimicrobials. The presence of Staphylococcus aureus in the oral biofilm can cause an disturb in the microbiota, facilitating the beginning of a disease process. Aim: To evaluate the non-adherent ability of Eucalyptus globulus and Eucalyptus citriodora against Staphylococcus aureus strains. Results: It was possible to observe that the essential oil of Eucalyptus globulus inhibited the formation of the biofilm with a Minimum Adhesive Inhibitory Concentration (MAIC) similar to 0.12 % chlorhexidine digluconate, both of 1:8. The essential oil of Eucalyptus citriodora did not prevent bacterial adherence to the tube walls in any evaluated concentration. Conclusion: Only the essential oil of the species Eucalyptus globulus has nonadherent activity against Staphylococcus aureus and can be used as an alternative product to control the biofilm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A malassezíase é uma dermatopatia fúngica comum de humanos e animais, causada pela levedura lipofílica Malassezia pachydermatis. O tratamento baseia-se na associação entre antifúngico sistêmico e tópico, contudo, recidivas são frequentes e complicadas por dermatoses intercorrentes que complicam o caso clínico. Essa recorrência comumente deve-se a erros de posologia dos fármacos, de administração dos mesmos por proprietários e por resistência da levedura. Os mecanismos de resistência antifúngica estão associados às características específicas ou adquiridas do patógeno aos fármacos. Como alternativa aos tratamentos tradicionais, o uso de produtos fitoterápicos, como óleos essenciais, na clínica veterinária vem se popularizando. Embora a possível ação dos óleos essenciais seja referida em medicina humana há cerca de 17 anos, a literatura especializada sobre seu uso na malassezíase canina e felina ainda é escassa e carecem estudos que investiguem os mecanismos de ação de óleos essenciais no metabolismo da levedura Malassezia pachydermatis. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar uma revisão bibliográfica sobre o uso de quatro óleos essenciais para o tratamento da malassezíase primária ou secundária em cães e gatos.

Determinadas plantas medicinais possuem nomes populares semelhantes entre si. Malva sylvestris e Pelargonium graveolens são espécies conhecidas pelo mesmo nome popular “Malva” e, portanto, comumente confundidas, além de serem usadas para fins medicinais parecidos. O objetivo do trabalho foi executar uma revisão da literatura dos últimos dez anos sobre o desenvolvimento do conhecimento científico de óleos essenciais de M. sylvestris e P. graveolens, com a finalidade de identificar os principais componentes químicos e atividades biológicas. Os resultados descrevem a produção comercial destes óleos essenciais, no qual P. graveolens, que também é conhecido popularmente como gerânio ou malva-cheirosa, possui um forte efeito terapêutico em sua composição. Quanto aos componentes químicos, os ácidos graxos: ácido linolênico, ácido linoléico e ácido palmítico são constituintes majoritários dos óleos de M. Sylvestris. Enquanto P. graveolens é composto principalmente de citronelol, geraniol, formiato de citronelila e mentona. As principais atividades relatadas foram: antimicrobiana, antifúngica, inseticida e antioxidante.

A contaminação microbiana tem sido um dos problemas mais importantes da indústria cosmética, uma vez que pode abrigar microrganismos potencialmente patogênicos à saúde humana. A escolha das substâncias com atividade antimicrobiana que serão incorporadas aos cosméticos para prevenir a contaminação deve ser feita de forma criteriosa, em concentrações adequadas que garantam eficácia e segurança. Os conservantes químicos disponíveis no mercado apresentam, sem exceção, algum risco de hipersensibilidade e, por isso esforços têm sido direcionados para o desenvolvimento de compostos naturais com atividade antimicrobiana com o propósito de reduzir ou substituir conservantes químicos tradicionais. Os óleos essenciais transformaram-se em géis, cremes, loções e hoje, estudos demonstram o seu possível uso como agentes conservantes naturais. Este trabalho tem o objetivo de verificar se o óleo de alecrim (Rosmarinus officinalis) é eficaz como conservante para bases cosméticas comparado aos conservantes químicos metil e propil parabenos. O método utilizado foi o teste de difusão em ágar onde utilizaram-se diferentes concentrações dos conservantes contra a bactéria Escherichia coli e o fungo Candida albicans. Os resultados indicaram que o óleo essencial de alecrim apresenta potencial intermediário de atividade bacteriostática, uma vez que produziu halos de inibição, porém menores do que os produzidos pelos parabenos. A pesquisa apresentou resultados importantes, embora sejam necessários estudos mais detalhados sobre rendimento, custo de produção e desempenho com outras concentrações desse óleo, para elucidar sua verdadeira bioatividade, seu potencial terapêutico e sua utilidade clínica.

The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review of the literature on the use of phytogenics in broiler nutrition. A bibliographic survey was conducted for the years between 2009 and 2019, using the keywords “eubiotics,” “phytobiotics,” “essential oils,” “phytogenic extracts,” and corresponding words associated with the terms “broiler” and “poultry.” The selected articles were grouped into the categories: animal performance, histomorphology of the intestinal wall, biochemical profile, carcass characteristics, and the effect on bacteria found in the intestine. After comparisons of several parameters on the use or non-use of phytogenics, it was found that replacing antibiotics with phytogenics contributes positively to performance, the histomorphology of the intestinal wall, the biochemical profile, carcass characteristics, and the number of bacteria found in the gut. In conclusion, based on several studies found in the literature, replacing antibiotics with phytogenic additives in broiler nutrition may be viable due to their lower residual impact on the final product, in addition to their positive effect on the parameters of animal production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal (RBSPA) is the property of Revista Brasileira de Saude e Producao Animal (RBSPA) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This review presents considerations about the relevance of gastrointestinal parasite (GIP) infections in ruminants, covering also the importance of antiparasitic drugs in the control of helminth infections and some other alternatives. This document describes a conceptual and historical view of the development of routine GIP control and the process of development of drug resistance. As an alternative to the low efficacy of some products, a detailed description was made of the use of essential oils (EO) and their bioactive compounds in the control of GIP in ruminants. The production of EO from plants, goes through the chemical composition, techniques of extraction of components, mechanism of action and assays for the validation of their activity, including the anthelmintic activity. The present document brings, in its second part, a more detailed description of two species of the genus Mentha, focusing on their biology, chemical composition and the mechanism of action of their EO. Within this topic, the species of Mentha vilosa and M. piperita are better studied, as well as their chemical composition and bioactive components carvone and limonene. At the end, it is discussed the gas chromatography and mass spectrometry techniques that are useful to identify compounds present in EO. It was also included the details about nanoemulsion technologies and their advantages in obtaining a more stable formulation, less toxic to the host, with a great potential to increase anthelmintic efficacy against GIP, for the development of new herbal bioactive and ecofriendly compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A esporotricose é uma micose subcutânea, de caráter crônico, que pode acometer animais, como cães e gatos e em menor frequência os seres humanos. O agente etiológico pertence ao complexo Sporothrix schenckii. O tratamento para esta infecção, com os medicamentos atualmente disponíveis, é longo e muitas vezes ineficaz por falta de adesão à medicação de escolha ou até mesmo por resistência do fungo aos antifúngicos disponíveis. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar in vitro o potencial do óleo essencial de Citrus limon, do óleo essencial de Melaleuca alternifolia e do extrato da folha de Psidium guajava como fármacos naturais para inibição do crescimento de Sporothrix schenckii e por fim comparar a eficácia desses substratos naturais com o antifúngico sintético mais utilizado no tratamento da doença, o itraconazol. Os métodos utilizados na pesquisa foram o de disco difusão em ágar e o ensaio da concentração inibitória mínima (CIM). Os testes realizados demonstraram que os óleos essenciais e o extrato estudado foram eficientes para inibir o crescimento fúngico superando até mesmo o itraconazol, utilizado como controle experimental. Os dados obtidos permitem sugerir que os óleos essenciais e o extrato testados podem ser utilizados como tratamento alternativo ou possivelmente para complementar o tratamento convencional, sendo necessários mais estudos in vivo para confirmar essa afirmação. Os resultados aqui obtidos são relevantes para futuras utilizações desses biofármacos para o tratamento da esporotricose que tem se tornado cada vez mais frequente em felinos em Belo Horizonte e região metropolitana.

Existem anestésicos efetivos para peixes, mas é importante buscar alternativas de substâncias de fácil aquisição e baixo custo aos piscicultores e que não ofereçam riscos à saúde aos animais e manipuladores. Por se tratar de um produto de origem natural, ainda por possuir efeitos positivos a anestesia de peixes, vários estudos são conduzidos para investigar os efeitos de extratos vegetais, como óleos essenciais em diferentes procedimentos de manejo na aquicultura, obtendo?se resultados promissores. Estudos sobre a viabilidade econômica do plantio, extração e comercialização do óleo essencial devem ser realizados, bem como testes e avaliações em diferentes organismos aquáticos. Essa revisão trata das propriedades anestésicas dos óleos essenciais de Lippia alba e L. sidoides em aquicultura.

Abstract Introduction Salivary components can be used as biomarkers for diagnosing and monitoring oral diseases. There is evidence that one potential biomarker, arginase, is associated with the inflammatory processes of periodontal disease, and its enzymatic activity is reduced according to the improvement in the clinical parameters after treatment. Objective The present study aimed to evaluate the salivary arginase activity in gingivitis and periodontitis patients treated with full-mouth mechanical procedures combined with the adjunctive use of essential oils or chlorhexidine mouthwash, respectively. Material and method Twenty-six gingivitis and 16 periodontitis patients received complete periodontal examinations at the baseline and 3 months after therapy, in which the periodontal probing depth, clinical attachment loss, plaque index, and gingival index measurements were taken. At these same appointments, the salivary total protein level and salivary arginase activity were also established via spectrophotometry. Result There were improvements in all of the clinical parameters (p < 0.05) evaluated from the baseline to 3 months in both groups. In addition, the salivary arginase activity and total protein levels were reduced after the gingivitis treatment. Conclusion Similar to the clinical results, both therapeutic protocols positively affected the salivary arginase activity; however, further studies are necessary to clarify its potential as a salivary biomarker for periodontal monitoring.

Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Biology is the property of Instituto Internacional de Ecologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the control and elimination of insect plague, as harmful as Sitophilus oryzae, vegetable powders of leaves and essential oils were used, produced from three botanical species of the Myrtaceae family; its application allowed to verify the effectiveness of these treatments in the control of this insectile species that affects the corn seed stored by local producers. During the application of these natural alternatives, the behavior of the insect was observed; parameters such as mortality, emergence and loss of weight of the grain were measured, which made it possible to establish Callistemon citrinus (Curtis) Skeels as the most promising species. The analysis of legislative documents and research carried out by other authors made it possible to calculate the production cost of vegetable powders and essential oils and on this basis, a price was proposed for the possible commercialization of the products. In this way, it was valued the increase generated by the use of these alternatives in the cost of the stored seed, which represents its protection cost. The objective of the research was to analyze the behavior of the protection cost for the conservation of stored corn seed, from natural alternatives in the local agro-livestock production. The comparison of the cost of protection showed the most economical alternative for the local producer and this cost was proposed as the fourth complementary parameter to be taken into account in the decision to use one alternative or another for the protection of stored corn seed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the toxicity and antimicrobial activity in the face of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus of essential oils of Pimenta dioica Lindl. and Citrus sinensis L. The essential oils (EO) were extracted by hydrodistillation, with chemical characterization by gas chromatography coupled and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Physicochemical parameters were determined according to the Brazilian Pharmacopeia. The toxicity test followed the bioassay with Artemia salina Leach, the EO approved in this assay followed to evaluate its biological properties. The antimicrobial activity followed the methodology described by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute using the disc diffusion method, broth dilution for minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and subsequent minimum bactericide concentration for to evaluate the action of EO against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Both OE showed low toxicity, and thus were evaluated for the biological antimicrobial properties. Both OE presented bactericidal potential against the microorganisms tested, showing satisfactory results for their action. The results indicate that the evaluated OE are composed of substances that provide and encourage their application due to their potentials for biological molluscicide and antimicrobial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salvia nemorosa L. or wood sage is a rich source of antimicrobial and antioxidant metabolites. Considering the importance of this medicinal plant and phytochemical diversity among its populations for local consumption and breeding porpuses this study was performed to determine and compare essential oil (EO) compositions of sage plants collected from four regions in the northwest of Iran including Ahar, Zonouz, Urmia, and Ardabil at two growth stages (vegetative and flowering) to finally demonstrate the effects of growth and location on EO features. The results showed the EO content of flowers in the studied regions were the highest in comparison with vegetative and flowering stages leaves. The percentage and the number of volatile compositions in the OE of flowers were those that presented the highest quantity. In Zonouz, 87.13% and 12 compositions while in Aahar, 80.20%, and 19 compositions. The lowest percentage and the number of volatile compositions in the OE of the flowers were seen in Urmia, 78.56%, and 13 compositions, while in Ardabil, these numbers were 68.61% and 10 compositions, respectively. Caryophyllene oxide had the highest content in all essential oils extracted, being the highest in the flowering stage leaves of the regions of Zonouz, Ardabil, and Urmia, respectively. In Ahar, unlike other areas, the most significant percentage of this compound was in the leaves of the vegetative stage. The oxygenated sesquiterpenes increased in the EO content of the flowers of the Urmia (46.31%), Ardabil (45.60%) and Zonouz (42.59%) regions. In contrast to other areas, for the Ahar region, the highest amount (36.18%) of oxygenated sesquiterpenes was observed in the EO of the leaves of the flowering stage. It can be concluded that different plant growth stages, plant harvest time, environmental conditions, primary habitat, and differences in climatic conditions can contribute to the concentration, type, and percentage of volatile compounds in the salvia EO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Essential oils are possible alternatives to the use of synthetic pesticides for control of fungal contamination. Ginger (Zingiber officinale) essential oil (GEO) is known for having antifungal and antiaflatoxigenic properties, but its use as a fumigant in situ has not been studied yet. The aim of this study was to evaluate GEO's effects upon Aspergillus flavus as a fumigant agent in stored maize grains. The main compounds reported in GEO were a-zingiberene (23.85%) and geranial (14.16%), characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance. The GEO was used as a fumigant in irradiated maize grains in concentrations ranging from 5 to 50 µg/g and the resulting effects were compared to a synthetic antifungal agent (carbendazim and thiram), an antifungal traditionally used for seed treatment. The antifungal efficacy of GEO against A. flavus has been proven in a dose-dependent manner through in situ (maize grains) test. The GEO inhibited aflatoxin production at concentrations 25 and 50 µg/g and controlled fungal growth. Therefore, GEO can be used as an effective and non-toxic alternative to conventional treatments in stored maize grains for the natural control of A. flavus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advancement of bacterial resistance has been considered by WHO as one of the greatest threats to public health in the 21st century. Multidrug-resistant pathogens increase mortality rates and raise the cost of antibiotic treatment worldwide, both in hospitals and community. Therapeutic options are becoming increasingly scarce in face of so many resistance mechanisms. Among them, enzymes, such as extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL), stand out for the large spectrum of hydrolysis, inactivating penicillins and cephalosporins. The dissemination of the production capacity of these enzymes is facilitated by the location of genes in plasmids, and is currently present both in hospital environments and in the community. New alternatives are being researched, and possible sources of substances with antimicrobial activity are plants, which are already widely used in folk medicine. Among them, we can mention arnica (Arnica montana) and lemon balm (Cymbopogon citratus), which has antimicrobial activity described in literature, and showed activity against enterobacteria in previous tests of this same research group. In this work, in vitro activities of glycolic extracts and essential oils of these two plants were tested against ESBL-producing enterobacteria. 42 strains were tested, and among them, 12 tested positive for ESBL. Agar diffusion technique was performed, which showed that the microorganisms showed some sensitivity to glycolic extracts, with greater emphasis on the extract of arnica. Therefore, it is suggested that these extracts can be used as an alternative in sanitizing products on hospital surfaces and health care units, being an alternative to the potentially toxic synthetic products commonly used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Biology is the property of Instituto Internacional de Ecologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Saúde Coletiva is the property of MPM Comunicacao and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A produção de carne de frango e de seus produtos industrializados tem aumentado significativamente nos últimos anos, além disso, os consumidores estão se tornando mais exigentes quanto à qualidade e inocuidade dos produtos alimentícios. Como os produtos cárneos e seus derivados são mais suscetíveis à oxidação lipídica e alterações microbiológicas, o uso de embalagens adicionadas de óleos essenciais pode tornar mais efetiva à preservação dos alimentos por causa de suas propriedades antioxidantes e antimicrobianas. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a oxidação lipídica e crescimento microbiano em empanados de frango tipo nuggets sob congelamento (-12ºC), acondicionados em embalagens ativas produzidas a partir de óleos essenciais de alecrim, cravo e orégano comparados à embalagem controle no período de 150 dias. As amostras foram retiradas a cada 30 dias para análise de oxidação lipídica na cobertura, no miolo e no nuggets inteiro. As análises microbiológicas realizadas foram Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus spp., Coliformes totais, Coliformes a 45ºC e Clostridium sulfito redutor a 46ºC, onde todas não apresentaram diferença significativa entre os tratamentos, estando conforme a legislação vigente. O maior teor de oxidação encontrado foi na cobertura, já que o produto passa por um processo de pré-fritura antes do congelamento. Contudo, não foi possível estabelecer uma relação entre os tratamentos e a capacidade antioxidante dos óleos essenciais estudados, pois todos os tratamentos apresentaram altos valores de malonaldeído no tempo zero com posterior decréscimo desses valores ao longo do armazenamento indicando que houve a complexação do malonaldeído com outros compostos.

Nos últimos 25 anos, pesquisas em todos os aspectos da nutrição de ruminantes foram intensificadas. Previsões apontam que em 2050 a produção mundial e o consumo de carne será quase o dobro da atual, podendo chegar a 455 milhões de toneladas por ano. Tais projeções são o resultado do crescimento da população humana, estimada em nove bilhões em 2050 e, pelo aumento do poder de compra e qualidade de vida, também aumentará a demanda por proteína animal. Pesquisas relevantes sobre eficiência alimentar, processos de digestão e absorção, o desenvolvimento de novas técnicas de avaliação de alimentos e o conhecimento aprofundado da microbiota ruminal permitem a maximização da utilização dos nutrientes pelos animais, reduzindo também a eliminação de resíduos no meio ambiente, outra área de grande preocupação atual. Em detrimento de tamanha importância, o objetivo desse texto é realizar uma breve explanação sobre o “Estado da Arte da Nutrição de Ruminantes”. Dada a vasta possibilidade de pesquisa, foram selecionados alguns temas atuais de relevância global, principalmente com aplicação em bovinos, como a utilização de beta-agonistas, utilização de óleos essenciais e funcionais, e a utilização de técnicas de biologia molecular para o estudo da microbiota ruminal.

Abstract Essential oils, which may be extracted from several parts of plants, have different biological activities. The Brazilian Cerrado has a large variety of plants that yield essential oils, even though many have not been studied yet. Taking into account the biodiversity of this biome, this study aimed at evaluating the antiproliferative activity of essential oils extracted from three species of plants of the Cerrado in Goiás state: Campomanesia adamantium (Cambess.) O. Berg, Protium ovatum (Engl. in Mart.) and Cardiopetalum calophyllum (Schltdl.). Essential oils were extracted from both C. adamantium and C. calophyllum leaves and from P. ovatum leaves and green fruits by hydrodistillation carried out by a Clevenger-type apparatus. The chemical composition of the essential oils was determined by Gas Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The following major chemical constituents were identified in the essential oils under investigation: β-myrcene (62.00%), spathulenol (28.78%), germacrene-B (18.27%), β-caryophyllene oxide (16.40%), β-caryophyllene (14.00%), α-pinene (11.30%), viridiflorol (9.99%), limonene (7.30%) and (Z,E)-pharnesol (6.51%). The antiproliferative activity was evaluated in different human tumor cell lines: breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7), cervical adenocarcinoma (HeLa) and glioblastoma (M059J). A normal human cell line was included (GM07492A, lung fibroblasts). Results showed that essential oils from C. adamantium leaves got the lowest values of IC50 in all strains of tumor cells under evaluation. They were significantly lower than the ones of the normal cell line, an evidence of selectivity. It is worth mentioning that this is the first report of the antiproliferative activity of essential oils from C. adamantium , P. ovatum and C. calophyllum against human tumor cells.

ABSTRACT: In recent years, compounds with biological properties produced by plants have received attention as an alternative to control microorganisms. Essential oils extracted from green leaves of Eucalyptus sp. have been demonstrated to have antimicrobial activities, but so far there are no reports of antimicrobial activity of essential oils extracted from dried leaves of Eucalyptus staigeriana. So, the objectives of this study were to determine the chemical composition of the essential oils obtained from dried leaves of E. staigeriana (EOdlES) and to evaluate in vitro antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of EOdlES against gram-positive and gram-negative, resistance and multiresistant Enterococcus faecalis isolated from food and clinical samples. The characterization of EOdlES was performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). For this study, 26 bacterial strains were used, which included 11 reference strains and 15 antibiotic resistant and multiresistant E. faecalis strains. Antimicrobial activities of EOdlES against gram-positive and gram-negative were determined using the disc diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value was evaluated by a microbroth dilution technique. The antibiofilm effects were assessed by microtiter plate method. As a result, 21 compounds were identified, being oxygenated monoterpenes (69.58%) the major chemical family. EOdlES showed only antimicrobial activity against gram-positive strains. E. faecalis resistant and multiresistant strains show the lowest MIC (3.12 to 6.25%), when compared with reference E. faecalis strain. EOdlES has the ability to inhibit the biofilm formation, but little or none ability to inhibit the preformed biofilm. This study demonstrates that EOdlES is a promising alternative to control important foodborne and clinic gram-positive resistant bacteria.

An experiment was conduct to evaluate the effect of different additives around intestinal integrity and performance from broilers by infectious stress. We used 240 broilers and 4 experimental diets: control diet without additives, probiotic, essential oils and antibiotic. Weight gain (WG),feed intake (FI), feed conversion (FC), as well as height, width and density of villi, crypt depth (CD) and the ratio of villi height by crypt depth (V:C) of the intestinal segments were evaluated. The essential oils diet at 28 days found major (P < 0.05) lesion score. The lowest CD and highest V: C ratio (P<0.05) found in animals received antibiotics at 21 and 28 days. Diets with probiotic and antibiotic provided higher (P <0.05) FI and WG in the 21 day period. However, animals receiving the probiotic diet did not present better (P<0.05) FC. With the exception of FC at 21 days, the diets analyzed did not improve (P<0.05) the performance and the lesion score of the animals in relation to the control diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: this study investigated the antimicrobial prophylactic potential of mouthwashes containing chlorhexidine and essential oils in its formulation. Method: twenty adult patients were submitted to various treatments at the integrated clinic of UNIVALI dentistry course were selected randomly. They were divided into two groups (Group A submitted to prophylaxis with Periogard® and group B with Listerine®). In both groups, control samples were taken from the inside of the right cheek and subsequently submitted to the prophylaxis with 15 ml of the mouthwash to its corresponding group for a period of 1 minute. After 5 minutes, a new sample was collected from the left cheek, making up 3 smears with sterile swab. The samples were placed in screw-tube with sterile saline and sent to the microbiology laboratory of the Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS-UNIVALI). For analysis the samples were shaken on a vortex for 2 minutes and then the solutions were seeded in duplicate on plates with medium Mueller Hinton Agar (Oxoid) culture to bacterial cell count. Discussion: The results showed that the mouthwashes Listerine® and Periogard® presented efficiency of 80,9% and 95,9% of bacteria, respectively. Both analyzed mouthwashes decreased the initial bacterial percentage. Conclusion: comparing the results, it was concluded that the mouthwashes containing 0.12% chlorhexidine in their formulation were more efficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a irritação ocular aguda em coelhos, após a administração tópica de óleo essencial. Métodos: Para tanto, os animais foram divididos em três grupos, cada um com três coelhos, totalizando 6 olhos por grupo, e a diferença entre eles foi a concentração utilizada ( 1, 3 e 9%). Aplicou-se no saco conjuntival, de um dos olhos do animal, uma dose única de 0,1 ml do produto e o olho contralateral foi usado como controle. Analisou-se os efeitos causados pelo óleo essencial na conjuntiva, íris e córnea após 1, 24, 48, 72 horas e no final do sétimo dia após a aplicação tópica. As avaliações oftalmológicas foram feitas com o auxílio de um oftalmoscópio binocular indireto com e sem fluoresceína. As reações observadas foram graduadas segundo a escala de Draize. Foram realizados exames anatomopatológicos em todos os olhos estudados no final do experimento. Resultados: No grupo de animais submetidos à instilação ocular do óleo essencial a 1%, não se observou alterações. O tratamento com o óleo a 3% provocou alteração conjuntival no exame feito em 1 hora, o que foi reduzindo. A administração do óleo essencial a 9% induziu hiperemia conjuntival, não havendo qualquer alteração nos outros tempos de avaliação oftalmológica. Conclusão: A avaliação contribuiu para conhecer as alterações clínicas na superfície ocular. Desta forma, foi possível classificar o óleo a 1% como não irritante e nas concentrações de 3 e 9% como pouco irritante, tornando possível estudos clínicos, a fim de estabelecer o óleo como alternativa terapêutica em conjuntivites bacterianas.

Um experimento foi realizado para avaliar o efeito da utilização de diferentes promotores de crescimento sobre o metabolismo de frangos de corte em crescimento. Foram avaliadas duas dietas, uma atendendo às exigências nutricionais de frangos de corte (normal) e uma dieta reduzida, com 5% a menos da exigência nutricional (reduzida), suplementadas ou não com antibióticos e prebióticos. Foram utilizados 180 pintos de corte criados em galpão convencional, com cama de maravalha, até os 21 dias de idade. Em seguida, foram divididos em 36 gaiolas, distribuídos em delineamento experimental inteiramente ao acaso, utilizando método tradicional de coleta de excretas. Houve interação (P

ABSTRACT Studies suggest that frugivorous bats search and select fruit mainly by olfaction so that they can be attracted by smell alone. The aim of this study was to evaluate, in captivity, the behavioural response (number of foraging attempts) of Artibeus lituratus and Carollia perspicillata offered essential oils extracted from ripe fruit of Ficus insipida (Moraceae) and Piper hispidum (Piperaceae) as well as intact fruit wrapped in gauze to attract bats with reduced visual stimuli. Based on previous reports, we hypothesized that A.lituratus would exhibit preference for Ficus fruits/oil while C. perspicillata would prefer Piper fruit/oil. Four arrangements of these attractants were tested in triplicate: P. hispidum fruit vs. F. insipida fruit, P.hispidum oil vs. F. insipida oil, P. hispidum oil vs. F. insipida fruit and P. hispidum fruit vs. F. insipida oil. As expected, in all tests, A. lituratus showed the highest number of foraging attempts in F. insipida while C. perspicillata in those of P. hispidum. Based on the number of foraging attempts both species exhibited a positive response to their favorite fruit genera, though the differences were not always statistically significant. The results confirm the importance of smell in fruit choice by these species.

ABSTRACTThe use of natural substances for pest control in agriculture is, economically, a viable option and has benefits for both the humanbeing and the environment, due to its low persistence and toxicity. Thus, this trial aimed on determining the insecticidal potential of the extracts and essential oils of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.), anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) and clove (Caryophillus aromaticus L.) to control Brevicoryne brassicae L. in kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala DC.). The treatments were: fennel, anise, cloves extracts at 10%; fennel, anise, cloves oils at 1% and control with distilled water. The mortality tests were carried out with aphids in laboratory, with three replications, after 1, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours. During laboratory trials , it was found out that fennel oil at 1% showed the best rate of mortality on aphid nymphs (70% at 72 h), followed by clove extract at 10% with 37% mortality. Tests in pots were only carried out only with cloves extracts at 10% and fennel oil at 1% treatment, in which such efficiency was alsoindicated on aphid nymphs.