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Bu çalışmada, program müzik ele alınmış ve özgün bir program müzik örneği olarak, solo piyano için birbirleriyle organik bağlara sahip altı bölümden oluşan bir müzik bestelenmiş ve performansıyla birlikte sunulmuştur. Müziğin programı da yine tarafımızca tasarlanmış ve yazılmıştır. Program, genel olarak, bir yıldız tohumunun Gaia'daki (Dünya Ana'daki) yaşamda bir insan olmayı deneyimlemesini ve bu deneyimlerinin arasındaki belli başlı bağları ve yol ayrımlarını konu almaktadır. Bu konu, müziğin her bir bölümünün ayrı birer programı olacak şekilde, birbirinin devamı ve birbirlerine zemin hazırlar nitelikte olan toplam altı bölüme ayrılarak işlenmiştir. Bu bölümler ve aralarındaki bağların müziğe aktarımında ise, bazı ana motif ve tematik materyallerden yola çıkılmıştır. İlk olarak müziğin en başında sunulan ve müzik boyunca kullanılan bu kompozisyonel materyaller, yeni temaların oluşturulmasının yanında, bölümlerin başlık (ton) seçimlerinde de direkt olarak müziksel kurguya katılmıştır.Bu çalışmanın sunumunda, program müzik ve leitmotif konuları açıklanmış, ardından müziğin notası ile programın özeti sunulmuş ve müzikteki kompozisyonel gözlemler ile bunların programla bağlantılı düşünsel açıklamalarına yer verilmiştir. Müziğin, görsel materyallerle de desteklenerek hazırlanmış dinleyici programı halindeki tam program metni ve müziğin tarafımızca yapılmış ses kaydı ise eklerde sunulmuştur.Anahtar Kelimeler: Program Müzik, Leitmotif, Piyano, Kompozisyon. In this study, program music has been dealt with and a music, which contains six sections that have organic connections with each other for the solo piano as an example of an unique program music and has been presented through with its performance. The program of the music has also been designed and composed by ourselves. The program is about the experiences of a star seed as it becomes a human being during the life of the Gaia (Mother Earth) and it is about some certain connections between these experiences and about parting of the ways. This topic has been treated in six sections in total in the way that each section will have a program of its own and where they follow each other and prepare the base for each other. Some principle motives and thematic materials have been considered for these sections and for the transfer of the ties between each other over to the music. These compositional materials, which are presented at the very beginning of the music and which are used throughout the music, have been incorporated within the musical setup directly for the selections of keys of the sections as well as for creation of new themes. Themes of Program music and Leitmotif have been explained during the presentation of this study and the notes of the music and the summary of the program have been presented following this and the compositional observations in the music and the intellectual explanations of these with respect to the program have been included. The full program text of the music, which has been prepared in form of an audience program that has also been prepared by supporting with visual materials, have been presented as enclosures together with the sound recording that had been performed by ourselves.Keywords : Program Music, Leitmotif, Piano, Composition. 111

We examined various methods of solar drying of restaurant leftovers. Open air as well as forced air drying gave bacteriologically inadequate products. We therefore constructed a solar boiler-dryer working at 105°C. To prevent the observed heating to higher temperatures at the later stages, drying was extended to two days. While sterilization and removal of most of the water are achieved by boiling in the solar boiler-dryer on the first day, open air drying on the second day allowed us to obtain a light brown, colored product with trace amounts of bacteria and mold. The energy efficiency for vaporization was 85%. Heat losses of the whole dryer due to reflection, convection, and radiation were calculated to be 13%, 7%, and 20%, respectively. The product obtained from the mixture over five successive days had a composition close to recommended values for chicken feed (e.g., broiler).

Flash spectroscopic technics are applied to leaves, to obtain the performance of photosynthesis in leaves. The method is based on measuring absorption or flourescence changes of a leaf using flashes. At the moment five signals are being measured at specific wavelengths partly from enzymes: - water-splitting enzyme, -Qa (the primary acceptor of Photo-system II), P700 (tne primary donor of Photosystem I), -electrochromy (indicator or membrane electric potential, decay by ATP -Synthase), -flourescence induction and Kautsky -effect. This overall -analysis on the basic of determination of the most essential molecular parameters in the photosynthetic process, led to diagnostic criteria for plant injury and optimisation of the resources water, compost and herbicides. We have investigate the influence of the herbicides DCMU, BASTA and ROUNDUP on the S-state signals, the charge on Qa, P700 and the Kautsky -effect. We get also information about a different dark-adapted S-state distribution for higher plants and blue-green algea.

The reaction sequence between the primary electron acceptor, the oxidized Chlorophyll-a II , and the terminal electron donor, the water splitting enzyme system S~ is being described in the range from nanoseconds to milliseconds. For the cleavage of water ChlOrOPhYll-a~I extracts four electrons in four turn­ overs from the enzyme system S responsible for the water oxid­ ation. For each extraction the electron is moved step by step along the chain that connects the Chlorophyll-aII center with that of S. Beginning with the transfer from the immediate donor, Dl , to Chl-a~I' the subsequent transfer from D2 to Dt ends in the electron transfer from S to D;. This final act establishes in S the oxidizing equivalent, probably in the form of oxidized manganese. Coupled with these acts is an in­ trinsic proton release and a surplus charge formation. After the generation of the 4th oxidizing equivalent in a concerted final action the evolution of O2 from water takes place. Cor­ relations between the events are described quantitatively. 1. The Chlorophyll-Quinone couple as generator for the oxidiz­ ing equivalents of water cleavage. The fundamental reactions for the oxidation of water in photosynthesis take place in

The reaction sequence between the primary electron acceptor, the oxidized Chlorophyll-aII, and the terminal electron donor, the water splitting enzyme system S, is being described in the range from nanoseconds to milliseconds. For the cleavage of water Chlorophyll-a+II extracts four electrons in four turnovers from the enzyme system S responsible for the water oxidation. For each extraction the electron is moved step by step along the chain that connects the Chlorophyll-aII center with that of S. Beginning with the transfer from the immediate donor, D1 to Chl-a+II, the subsequent transfer from D2 to D+I ends in the electron transfer from S to D2+. This final act establishes in S the oxidizing equivalent, probably in the form of oxidized manganese. Coupled with these acts is an intrinsic proton release and a surplus charge formation. After the generation of the 4th oxidizing equivalent in a concerted final action the evolution of O2 from water takes place. Correlations between the events are described quantitatively.

Absorption changes coupled with the individual transitions S 0 –S 3 and redox reactions in the water-splitting enzyme system S of photosynthesis have been measured. The principal difficulties of measuring the very small absorption changes in the ultraviolet coupled with those reactions have been reduced drastically through the use of a highly purified Photosystem II complex isolated from the Cyanobacterium synechococcus . The general problem caused by the mixing of the S states during a train of flashes and the falsification through the overlap with absorption changes of Q B (binary oscillations) have been treated as follows. (1) The binary oscillations were bypassed through the use of silicomolybdate and high concentrations of DCBQ, respectively, as external electron acceptor. (2) Stable absorption changes of the mixed S-state transitions have been deconvoluted through fitting procedures to get the changes of the individual transitions of S 1 → S 2 → S 3 → S 0 → S 1 . (3) Kinetically resolved absorption changes of the S-states in the 100-μs range gave independent information on the individual transitions. (4) Stable absorption changes of the S 0 → S 1 transitions in the forefront were induced after shifting the S states through low concentrations of NH 2 OH two units backwards. Analysis of the resulting sequence S x → S 0 → S 1 → S 2 → S 3 → S 0 , beginning with an NH 2 OH depending pre-state, S x , and followed by an S 0 → S 1 transition not mixed with the opposite S 3 → S 0 transition, increased the conclusiveness considerably. It results that the ultraviolet spectrum of the S 0 → S 1 transition is different from the spectra of the S 1 → S 2 and S 2 → S 3 transition. Possible states of manganese, water and surplus charges responsible for these spectra are presented.

Authors of controversial publications with regard to the S-transition spectra of the water-splitting enzyme system S together reinvestigated the transitions in isolated Synechococcus Photosystem II complexes. It is confirmed that the spectrum of the S0-S1 transition is different from the spectra of the S1-S2 and S2-S3 transitions: at 355 nm, the S0-S1 transition is more than three times smaller. The S0-S1 transition is possibly due to an Mn(II) → Mn(III) change, the latter ones due to Mn(III) → Mn(IV) changes.

Sequential polyhexapeptides, synthesised by combination of sequences from collagen type Gly-X-Y (X = Ala, Pro, Ser; Y = Ala, Gly, Lys, Pro), were characterized by the temperature dependence of circular dichroism spectra. Under comparable conditions these studies revealed that alternating triplets of Gly-Pro-Pro or Gly-Pro-Ala combined with Gly-Pro-Lys or Gly-Pro-Glu exhibit collagen-like structures in aqueous solutions. In case of unstructured chains of (Gly-Pro-Ala) ≈ 12 it can be shown that N-terminal crosslinking of three chains produces a similar ordered structure.

After dark adaptation of oxygen-evolving PS II complexes, oscillatory absorption changes (stable > 0.5 s) with a periodicity of 4 were detected at 514 nm. They have been correlated with the four oxidation states of the water-splitting enzyme system S. Supposing that the changes are due to electrochromic shifts, they might indicate a positive surplus charge in states S2 and S3. This means that the electron release pattern 1:1:1:1 is accompanied by a pattern of charge formation 0: + : + : 0 and an intrinsic proton release stoichiometry 1:0:1:2 for the transitions So→S1, S1→S2, S2→S3, S3→S0.

After dark adaptation of oxygen-evolving photosystem (PS) II complexes, oscillatory absorption changes (stable >0.5 s) with a period of 4 were previously detected at 514 nm, probably due to electrochromic band shifts of carotenoids [(1984) FEBS Lett. 176, 83-87]. To support this interpretation, we looked for corresponding phenomena in the 650–714 nm range. Here, oscillations were also observed with a difference spectrum giving evidence for an electrochromic band shift of the chlorophyll a absorption band. The oscillation pattern 0:0:+:+ corresponds to those at 514 nm, supporting the former conclusion that the states S2 and S3 have a surplus charge compared to S0 and S1. This is possible if the electron release pattern 1:1:1:1 is accompanied by an intrinsic proton release pattern 1:0:1:2 for the transition S0 → S1 → S2 → S3 → S0.

Nonlinear kinetics in a chemical cell model involving only one substrate (A) and one product (B), two reactions (A → B and A + 2 B → 3 B), and passive diffusion of A and B through the cell wall, can exhibit complex behaviour in­cluding oscillations, bistability (switching) and spiking. One such system is presented, which shows three kinds of re­sponse as depending on the quantity of a stimulus - a sudden input of product B: i. no response; ii. spiking; iii. switching into an alternative steady state - i. e. an “all-or-flip-or-none” response

The reaction sequence between the primary electron acceptor, the oxidized Chlorophyll-aII, and the terminal electron donor, the water splitting enzyme system S, is being described in the range from nanoseconds to milliseconds. For the cleavage of water Chlorophyll-a II + extracts four electrons in four turnovers from the enzyme system S responsible for the water oxidation. For each extraction the electron is moved step by step along the chain that connects the Chlorophy11-aII center with that of S. Beginning with the transfer from the immediate donor, D1, to Chl-a II + , the subsequent transfer from D2 to D I + ends in the electron transfer from S to D II + . This final act establishes in S the oxidizing equivalent, probably in the form of oxidized manganese. Coupled with these acts is an intrinsic proton release and a surplus charge formation. After the generation of the 4th oxidizing equivalent in a concerted final action the evolution of O2 from water takes place. Correlations between the events are described quantitatively.