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The reduction of the sent to landfill amount of municipal solid waste (MSWs) and municipal sewage sludges (SSs) is of great importance both for the circular economy concept, which has been on the agenda in recent years, and more careful management of MSW and SS. Pyrolysis method is one of the most suitable methods that can be utilized to treat these wastes together. In this study, it was evaluated to convert these wastes into useful products by co-pyrolyzing MSW and SS, and obtained liquid products were characterized. Samples were prepared by mixing different percentages (wt. 25-75%) from these wastes. The values of moisture content, ash content, volatile matter, and fixed carbon of prepared samples before the pyrolysis process were determined. The prepared samples were co-pyrolyzed at 400 °C. Elemental analysis (C, H, O, N, S), heating value measurement, FT-IR, and 1H-NMR analysis were carried out to make the characterization of the obtained liquid products after the co-pyrolysis process. According to analysis results, it was observed that M1 (25% of MSW and 75% of SS) showed the highest liquid yield. For all liquid products, it has been determined that most of the pyrolysis liquid products consist of aliphatic compounds. For sustainable municipal solid waste management, valorizing these wastes together instead of sending them to landfill sites, the co-pyrolysis process converts them to valuable products, it also might be considered an option contributing economic and environmental aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: A variety of polymer matrices, based on thermoplastic resins are used to produce shape stabilized phase change material (SSPCM) with a large range of chemical and mechanical properties. In order to reduce global environmental problems and conserve natural resources, instead of raw polymers, waste thermoplastics can be utilized as encapsulation material to produce SSPCM. Low‐density polyethylene (LDPE), high‐density polyethylene (HDPE), polystyrene (PS), and polypropylene (PP) are the most preferred polymers for use as encapsulation materials. However, utilization of waste forms of these thermoplastics is important as SSPCM depends on various parameters that cannot be easily compared manually. In this study, based on this idea, the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) and VlseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje (VIKOR), two different multi‐criteria decision methods, are used to select the most appropriate waste polymers to be used as encapsulation material to produce SSPCM in terms of thermal, mechanical and waste properties. These properties are detailed in seven criteria; melting temperature, degradation temperature, thermal conductivity, specific heat, elasticity modulus, waste cost, and supply of waste. The weighting of these criteria is carried out by decision‐makers and the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). According to the TOPSIS and VIKOR results, LDPE was chosen as the best alternative (Ci+: 0.5860 and Qi: 0.0000 with the decision‐makers' approach and Ci+: 0.6336 and Qi: 0.0000 with AHP method, respectively) for the average values of the decision matrix. Sensitivity analysis, performed with the lowest and highest values of the decision matrix, verified the ranking of LDPE as the most appropriate waste thermoplastic for SSPCM applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the methodology was applied for the prediction of municipal solid waste (MSW) composition in the Eskişehir/Turkey. For this purpose, MSW samples were collected, and the samples were separated by food wastes, paper-cardboard, plastics, glass, metals as manually. In the present study, the concept of 2D curve fitting functions was adopted for the forecasting of MSW composition. To comment on the performance of proposed system, the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Sum of Squared Error (SSE) metrics were chosen as statistical residual evaluation metrics. According to results, it is seen that the polynomial curve fitting model is most suitable. Also, the effect of socio-economic structure on the waste composition by different nonlinear models was observed. With contribution of study, it would be possible to forecast the MSW composition of other cities which have similar factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: In this study, we evaluated Sideritis stricta (S. stricta), as potential-oxidative agents against parental and epirubicin-HCl resistant H1299 cells. Material and Methods: Oxidative stress biomarkers such as malondialdehyde level determined in cell lysates. Assessment of cell viability was made by CellTiter-Blue® Cell Viability Assay and 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5- diphenyl-2H-tetrazoliumbromide (MTT) assay after 20-600 µg/mL essential oil concentrations treated to parental and epirubicin-HCl (drug) resistant H1299 cells for 24, 48 and 72 h. Malondialdehyde levels were assayed for determining the membrane damaging effects. Results: Parental H1299 cells were found to be more sensitive to cytotoxic effect of the essential oil. Essential oil showed cytotoxic and more selective effects depend on time and concentration. Essential oil caused increasing malondialdehyde level on both parental and drug resistant H1299 cells. The highest concentration of the essential oil (IC70) treatment caused the highest membrane damage on both parental and drug resistant H1299 cells. Conclusions: Parental and epirubicin-HCl resistant H1299 cells showed different cellular response against potential antitumour and pro-oxidative effects of essential oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Turkey, 539,000 tonnes of waste electronics are generated each year and 3.1% of them are printed circuit boards (PCBs). PCB production needs to use of some precious metals which have limited reserves and requires sizeable investment to obtain. In this study, it was aimed to adsorption of palladium which is 0.01% in PCBs. Orange peels, which is an organic waste that occurs in high quantity and can only be used animal feed, were used as the biosorbent. In the study, adsorption tests on the model solutions at different conditions (pH, amount of biosorbent, temperature) were carried out by modified with different methods/unmodified orange peels and best adsorption conditions were determined. Palladium adsorption were found appropriate to BET isotherm (R2=0.9798) and pseudo second order model (R2: 0.9995) for isotherm and kinetic studies, respectively. Simultaneously, waste PCB was pyrolyzed and a solid product was obtained. At the last stage, biosorption studies on leach solution of solid product obtained from PCB pyrolysis were carried out by using the best biosorbent which were defined by the adsorption results of the model solutions. In a result, palladium from PCB was adsorbed with 75% efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plastics are heavily used in every field of daily life and industrial production. Most of the plastics used to meet the requirements are converted to waste in a short time, so the amount of plastic waste is considerably high. Alternative methods of converting these waste into product should be investigated and applied in order to reduce the environmental and health hazards of some recycled, burned or stored plastics in the current situation. From this point of view, this study deals with the use of plastic waste in the production of carbon nanotube (CNT), a valuable material. Present data and application areas related to plastic wastes were evaluated, brief information about CNT production was given and the use of plastic types as carbon source in this process was examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, the industrial world has been rapidly moving away from single industry approach to plural approach which contains more communication with each other. That situation shows that the communication between organizations not only depends on raw materials or product usage but also by-products and other waste materials can be a raw material. In recent years, this trend that coming with rapid industrialization has been reinforced with abandoning the approach of end-of-pipe treatment and improving the cleaner production. In this study, industrial symbiosis approach, one of the recently increasing approaches of cleaner production, has been investigated. In this manner, basic principles of this approach has been examined and industrial applications in World and Turkey have been reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper adsorption from waste printed circuit boards (PCBs) was studied using biosorbents derived from waste orange peels (OP). The orange peels were modified by different methods including saponification with NaOH (OP-S), crosslinking with sodium trimetaphosphate and sodium tripolyphosphate (OP-C), hydroxypropylation with propylene oxide (OPH), and acidification with citric acid (OP-A) to increase the adsorption capacity of orange peels. Adsorption tests on the copper (Cu) model solutions were performed by using native and modified orange peels at three different temperatures (25 °C, 40 °C, and 60 °C) to determine the optimum adsorption conditions. The PCB was pyrolyzed in a fixed bed stainless steel reactor to obtain a solid product that contained only inorganic material. Metals were then leached from the solid product, and adsorption studies were realized on the leach solution under optimum adsorption conditions. According to the analyses results, the best adsorption efficiency for the Cu model solution was obtained with OP-S at 25 °C for 30 min. Under these conditions, the Cu adsorption efficiency from pyrolysis solid product was approximately 86%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many studies, regulatory T cell increase is seen both in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma and post chemotherapy patients including autologous stem cell transplants. Multiple myeloma is a malignant plasma cell disease. Regulatory T cells have a role in immune homeostasis from cancer and inflamatory conditions to autoimmune diseases. PD-1 pathway stimulates T cell population towards regulatory T cell development. It has been shown that PDL1 plays an important role in differentiating inducable regulatory T cells. Recently, at least six clinical studies targeting PDL1 or PD-1 on multiple myeloma have been started. In accordance with the current literature, we suggest that patients with myeloma can benefit anti PD-1/PDL1 therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/aim: In this study, we evaluated Thymus revolutus Célak essential oil and its two main constituents, γ-terpinene and p-cymene, as potential oxidative agents against lung cancer and epidermoid carcinoma cells. Materials and methods: Cell viability assessment was made by CellTiter-Blue® cell viability and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay after treatment with 5-600 µg/mL concentrations of essential oil, γ-terpinene, and p-cymene. Malondialdehyde and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine levels in parental H1299, epirubicin-resistant (drug-resistant) H1299, A549, and A431 cells were also assayed after essential oil, γ-terpinene, and p-cymene had been administered for 24 h. Glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GRx), and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activities were determined. Results: Parental H1299 cells were found to be more sensitive to the cytotoxic effects of all compounds. While A431 cells had the highest membrane damage, which was caused by essential oil (IC50 and IC70), A549 cells had the highest DNA damage at IC50 and IC70 p-cymene concentrations. G6PD, GST, GRx, and GPx enzyme activities of cells, which increased against these compounds, depended on concentrations, incubation times, and antioxidant capacities of the cells. Conclusion: This study suggests that different cancer cells showed different cellular responses against potential antitumor and prooxidative effects of the essential oil and its two main constituents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is the treatment of cadmium (Cd) contaminated soil and stabilization of cadmium (Cd) in a solid product. For this aim, phytoremediation and pyrolysis were sequentially applied. Phytoremediation was first applied to cadmium contaminated soil via different plants (sunflower, corn and rape). After harvesting, contaminated plants were pyrolyzed. Phytoremediation was realized with different chelate (EDTA) concentrations (0-5-10 mmol/kg). The phytoremediation results indicated that high phytoremediation efficiencies (89.6-93.5%) were observed. Then, contaminated plants were pyrolyzed at 500°C with the heating rate of 35 °C/min in a fixed bed 240 m3 stainless steel reactor (380 S). Beside the main property analyses, Cd content and eluate analysis were performed on the pyrolysis solid and liquid products. According to pyrolysis results, Cd content of the contaminated biomass species is fixed into the ash/char fraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to stabilize of zinc (Zn) from soil to pyrolysis solid product. For this aim, phytoremediation and pyrolysis were sequentially applied. In the phytoremediation stage, contaminated soil with zinc was cleaned up via sunflower (Helianthus annuus), corn (Zea mays) and rape (Brassica napus). After harvesting, the plants were pyrolyzed at 500°C with the heating rate of 35 °C/min in a fixed bed stainless steel reactor. The phytoremediation results indicated that high phytoremediation efficiency (79%) were observed. Beside the main property analyses, Zn contents were determined on the pyrolysis solid and liquid products. According to pyrolysis results, Zn content of the contaminated biomass species is fixed into the ash/char fraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cytotoxic agents which are used in cancer chemotherapy reduced several times the number of neoplastic cells but not fully. Therefore, usage of 'targeted therapeutics' which were developed with much more rational approach is increasing markedly in patients with solid cancer. Targeted therapeutics due to 'selective targets' aims cancer cells with specific molecular defect thereby, kils the cancer cells, which makes it possible to continue normal cells in a healthy environment. The rapid emergence of hundreds of new agents that modulates ever-growing list of the cancer-specific molecular targets promise great hope for cancer patients. Evaluation of the target agent individually, in combination with standard therapy and other target agents bring about important development challenges. As possible combinations of drugs number is unlimited, the identification of the most promising combinations and giving priority to assessing their strategies are very important.In this article important elements of the development strategy of the target agent combinations will be considered. Difficulties in this kind of combinations of rational pre-clinical and clinical evaluation and possible approaches to overcome these challenges will be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to evaluate the metal removal ability of three different plants from metal processing sludge containing Pb, Cd, and Zn. Therefore, phytoremediation and pyrolysis were sequentially applied. In the phytoremediation applications, sunflower (Helianthus annuus), corn (Zea mays), and rape (Brassica napus) seeds were sown in sludge/soil mixtures at four different levels (25/75, 50/50, 75/25, 100/0). The chelating agent, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, was added to the mixtures for plant uptake during phytoremediation. At the phytoremediation stage, it was noted that rape was the most effective plant for the mixture of 75/25 sludge/soil, with metal removal efficiencies ranging between 80%–90%. At the pyrolysis stage, after harvesting, contaminated plants grown in a 75/25 sludge/soil mixture were pyrolyzed at 500 °C, with a heating rate of 35 °C/min. The results show that 60%–90% of the initial metal content was held by the solid product. In addition to this, it can be concluded that pyrolysis stabilizes metals into a solid product and that this solid product can be safely landfilled as inert waste since its toxicity leaching value is lower than the limit values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eugenol, eucalyptol, terpinen-4-ol, and camphor, used as flavor agents in cosmetic and food products, have both prooxidant and antioxidant activities. To clarify the mechanisms of their cytotoxic effect and the factors affecting their antioxidant/prooxidant activities, we investigated cell membrane and DNA damage/protective effects induced by eugenol, eucalyptol, terpinen-4-ol, and camphor in parental and drug-resistant human lung cancer cell lines. The parental cells were found approximately 3, 6, and 8 times more sensitive to camphor cytotoxicity than drug-resistant cells at 24, 48, and 72 h respectively. The cytotoxic activity for both cell types was found to be in the order of camphor, eugenol, terpinen-4-ol, and eucalyptol, depending on their concentrations. Malondialdehyde and 8-hydroxy deoxyguanosine levels were also increased as a result of membrane and DNA damage in both cell lines exposed to the highest concentration of these test components. On the other hand, eugenol, eucalyptol, terpinen-4-ol, and camphor protected the cells against H2O2-induced cytotoxicity, membrane damage, and DNA damage when the cells were incubated with these test components at lower concentrations (< IC50) before H2O2 treatment. These findings suggest that eugenol, eucalyptol, terpinen-4-ol, and camphor exhibit membrane and DNA protective/damaging effects changing in a manner dependent upon concentration, cell type, and time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary source of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, one of the most important causes of climate change, is fossil fuels used in energy production. Adsorption and especially the use of carbon-based adsorbents have proven to be very effective in reducing CO2 emissions after combustion. Different modifications of carbon nanotubes used for this purpose are used to increase the adsorption capacity. However, when deciding on the most suitable modification type, the adsorption capacity alone is not sufficient, besides many technical criteria, costs also become an issue. Therefore, in this study, four different modifications of multi-walled carbon nanotubes such as polyethyleneimine (PEI), tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA), 3-aminopropyltrieoxylane (APTS), and purine-enhanced PEI were discussed and multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) techniques were used to determine the most appropriate modification type. Considered criteria (pretreatment cost, modification material cost, energy requirement, adsorption capacity, total cycle, decrease in adsorption capacity, desorption temperature, and desorption time) were weighted with SMART (Simple Multi-Attribute Rating Technique) and CRITIC (Criteria Importance Through Intercriteria Correlation) methods. The modification alternatives were compared with the weighting results obtained from both methods using the COPRAS (Complex Proportional Assessment) method. As a result of the study, it was determined that the most suitable option among four different carbon nanotube modifications was PEI supplemented with purine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objectives of the present study were to determine the effects of essential oil from Turkish oregano (Origanum onites L.) and its 2 major phenolic components, carvacrol and thymol, on cell viability, and to investigate their cytoprotective (antioxidant) effects against hydrogen peroxide-induced cytotoxicity and membrane damage in hepatoma G2 (Hep G2) cells. Their antioxidant properties were also evaluated with 2 in vitro complementary test systems: DPPH radical scavenging activity and linoleic acid oxidation inhibition. The aerial parts of the essential oil were isolated using a Clevenger-type apparatus (hydrodistillation) and its components were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The essential oil of O. onites decreased cancer cell viability at higher concentrations. The essential oil was found to be less cytototoxic (IC50: 149.12 µg/mL) than carvacrol and thymol (IC50: 53.09 and 60.01 µg/mL, respectively) for Hep G2 cells. On the other hand, with the O. onites essential oil, carvacrol and thymol protected the cells against H2O2-induced cytotoxicity when the cells were preincubated with the oil and its components at a lower concentration (

The fruits of Carica papaya L. (Caricaceae) are valuable as food and are also used in traditional medicine. The present study was designed to assess the antioxidant potential of the juices of 3 papaya cultivars (PCJ): Sunrise Solo, Red Lady, and Tainung. The antioxidant capacity of PCJ obtained from fully ripened fruit was determined by the following methods: scavenging of the free radical 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), reducing power assay, scavenging of superoxide radicals, 2-deoxyribose oxidation assay, and thiocyanate assay. Total phenolic content (TPC) of PCJ was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. In the DPPH assay (IC50 values), the effect of Sunrise Solo (52.1 ± 1.5 mL PCJ/g DPPH) was better than that of the Red Lady (63.4 ± 2.9 mL PCJ/g DPPH) and Tainung juices (71.8 ± 1.8 mL PCJ/g DPPH). PCJ showed a linoleic acid peroxide scavenging activity that was 5 times higher (during 72 h) than in the negative control but close to that of vitamin E, which served as the positive control. These PCJ antioxidant activities were significantly different from each other (P < 0.05). The tested reducing power activity, superoxide anion scavenging activity, and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity were found to follow the order of Sunrise Solo > Red Lady > Tainung, depending on their concentrations. This study demonstrated that different papaya cultivars have different antioxidant capacities and TPC amounts. Significant correlations were found between antioxidant capacity and TPC, indicating that phenols contribute to antioxidant capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, effective disposing of solid waste environmentally and economically has become mandatory due to the increase in environmental problems resulted by the solid waste. Furthermore, choosing a solid waste management system appears to be an important decision making problem. Hence, economical, social, cultural and technical factors in choosing the solid waste management systems should be considered together. A solid waste management system may have different alternatives to be evaluated by considering several criteria. Hence, this type of problem is considered as Multi Criteria Decision Making problem. Therefore, in this study, there were five alternative system scenarios (MRF, recycling, composting, incinerating and landfilling processes) ranked by using ELECTRE III for Eskisehir city/Turkey. Eskisehir is one of the developing cities of Turkey where approximately 750 tons/day waste is generated in total. It is required to apply an effective MSW management system since the generated MSW is dumped in an unregulated dumping site that has no liner, no biogas capture, etc. Final ranking for scenarios was in the following order: S3>S2>S1>S4=S5. According to the comparisons and the sensitivity analysis, scenario S3 (15% recycling+77% composting + 8% landfilling) for MSW management system in Eskisehir should be preferred. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The solid waste, namely municipal solid waste, generated in big cities, is a mixture of all kinds of materials produced by many industries for the use of human beings where they throw away the unusable parts all together in containers or plastic bags. Such kinds of mixed material consists of recyclable components that will be used for the production of secondary materials and nonrecyclable components, which will be treated to produce some other matter for conservation of natural sources and the sake of environment. In order to design a sustainable managing system of municipal solid waste (MSW) components (MSWC), the generation rate of, percentage of, and some properties of each component in MSW have to be known. In this study, it has been investigated to determine some data about the MSWC generated by the community in order to support the integrated solid waste management system in Eskisehir, Turkey. Therefore, samples of MSW have been collected for a year to determine the change in MSWC with season and socioeconomic structure of residents. On the other hand, SPSS 10.0 statistical software was used to determine the correlation coefficients of MSWC and higher heating value (HHV) relative to the temperature of seasons and socioeconomic structure of the residents. For the determinations of the amount of MSWC, the MSW samples, collected, were separated into the groups of: paper–cardboard, metals, glass, plastics, food wastes, ash, and miscellaneous, manually. The current situation, including recycling and recovering of MSWC and disposing of solid waste in Eskisehir, was characterized. Also, moisture content and higher heating value of the waste were determined. It was found that the percentages of the components of the solid waste (on a wet basis) in Eskisehir were: paper–cardboard 10.07%, metals 1.26%, glass 2.49%, plastics 5.62%, food wastes 67.06%, ash 3.86%, and miscellaneous 9.64%. According to statistical analysis, it was seen that the effects of socioeconomical changes on waste composition is very great. It was concluded that local authorities must use these results to achive a sustainable and an integrated solid waste management system for the evaluation of all the components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the planning of vehicle routes in the city for collection and transportation of healthcare wastes. The aim was to layout of the vehicle collection routes used for five days a week to minimize the operational cost. In this concept firstly, healthcare institutions are pointed on the city map (Eskişehir/Turkey) by using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and data (number of personnel, bed capacity, generation rate of healthcare wastes) of these institutions were entered into data management system. Also, the amount of healthcare waste generated at the institutions in 2004 was determined and current status dealing with these wastes was examined. Finally, the vehicle collection routes were obtained by using the available data with the aid of Geomedia 4.0 Professional and Network Analyst. As a result, 3.8 % reduction in distances of Eskişehir healthcare waste routes as weekly was obtained. From the results it can be concluded that 3-day and 2-day healthcare waste collection routes will minimize the collection cost and collection time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent evidance supports the concept that Epirubicin-HCI and Lymphokine-activated killer cells (LAK) cytotoxicity may be mediated by free radical and oxyradical generation. We tested this hypothesis further by exposing Hep G2 cells to Epirubicin-HCI and LAK cells and subsequently monitored cell viability as a measure of cytotoxicity. The cytotoxicity of LAK alone and LAK together with low dose epirubicin-HCI (IC50 1/10) which is measured using the MTT cytotoxicity test on viability of Hep G2 cells and sensitization of target cells to effector cells was investigated. The cytotoxicity of LAK (IC50 value of 5LAK/Hep G2 in 24 hours) and LAK+epirubicin-HCI (IC50 value of 2.5LAK+epirubicin-HCI/Hep G2 cell in 24 hours) appeared to involve a free radical species production type of mechanism since free radicals scavenger enzymes activity, Mn-SOD, Cu, Zn-SOD, Se-dependent GPx and catalase, were increased (p<0.01). Preincubation of Hep G2 cell with SOD before adding LAK and LAK+epirubicin-HCI prevented increasing enzymes activity and cytotoxicity. Also, after LAK and LAK+epirubicin-HCI treatment, increasing expression of NADPH-dependent Cytochrome P450 reductase supported cytotoxicity results depending on free radical production. Increasing activity of Mn-SOD, Cu, Zn-SOD, Se-dependent GPx and catalase are higher in Hep G2 cell treated with combining epirubicin-HCI with LAK than LAK alone (p<0.01). The combining treatment made the Hep G2 cell more sensitive to free radical production and cytotoxicity than LAK treatment alone. SOD, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and NADPH-dependent Cytochrome P450 reductase must be considered as part of the intracellular antioxidant defense mechanism of Hep G2 cells against to single electron reducing quinone-containing anticancer antibiotics and free radical production as result of excess amount of NO synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper summarizes our work aimed at applying different methods sequentially in the evaluation of GFRP (glass fiber reinforced polyester) waste, which is a composite waste according to circular economy assumptions. For this aim, the management alternatives that are defined as mechanical recycling, chemical recycling, pyrolysis, and incineration methods are compared using the ANP (Analytic Network Process) and the VIKOR (Vise Kriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje) methods. To show the applicability of the pyrolysis, which was determined as the most appropriate method, experiments were carried out at different temperatures. After the general characterization of the products was conducted, the solid product was used to reproduce GFRP. After a tensile strength test of the GFRP, which was produced using fibers obtained from pyrolysis at 500°C, it was found that it had approximately 43.15% more tensile strength than polyester cast without fiber. Following a further oxidation step, the tensile strength increased by 61.50%. The liquid products have the potential to be used as fuel oil, and the gas product is sufficient to provide the energy requirements of a process plant. Pyrolysis proved to be a profoundly feasible method for not only recovering glass fiber, but also energy from GFRP waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to investigate the potential utilisation of waste clay from boron production in sanitary landfills. The waste clay (CW) was mixed with bentonite (B) and waste tyre (TW) at different ratios. Results show that, any of the CW-TW mixtures were not acceptable to use in landfills because of insufficient bearing capacity values. On the other hand, CW and 2B/98CW mixtures have sufficient values from the point of experimental tests. As a conclusion, it has been concluded that CW can be used as a liner material for landfills without an addition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the surface water and the groundwater of the Porsuk creek and its basin were studied in order to determine their pollution levels. The basin waters are commonly polluted by industrial, agricultural and domestic wastewaters. In order to determine the pollution levels, 20 different stations along the Porsuk creek and 20 wells close to the surface water sampling stations in the Porsuk basin were selected and seasonal surface water and groundwater samples were collected for 2 years. For the surface waters, 18 parameters and for the groundwater, 15 parameters were analyzed. The results were compared with according to the Water Pollution Control regulation and international standards without considering seasonal variations. The surface water and the ground water of the Porsuk creek and Porsuk basin were found to be in the class of IV water quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultrasound is known to enhance solid-liquid interface reactions. This study deals with the investigation of the dissolution of quartz monzonite from magmatic rock class in hydrochloric acid of 1.0% HCl (v/v) in the presence of ultrasound. Dissolution kinetics of ultrasonic leaching for destructive analysis of a magmatic rock sample was investigated. Various dissolution kinetics parameters such as dissolution order (n), dissolution rate constant (k), initial dissolution rate (ri) and maximum dissolution (Smax) were determined as the functions of the mass of sample, the grain size of sample and ultrasonication power for Ca, Mg and Al. The kinetic parameters were evaluated to reflect the quantitative aspect of the magmatic rock dissolution behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Proximate analysis for refuse derived fuel samples were performed. • HHV values of refuse derived fuel samples were measured. • Two estimation models were trained using pre-determined experimental data. • Models were tested using other estimation models. • High R2 values (0.9951–0.9988) were obtained indicating the efficiency of the models. Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) makes an increasingly important contribution to sustainable waste management as an energy source in cement kilns. The most important parameter of RDF in an evaluation of its performance as a fuel is Higher Heating Value (HHV). The two methods of HHV determination are the direct method and the indirect method. The direct method requires the use of a calorimetric bomb and the indirect method requires ultimate or proximate analysis. As in the direct method, the ultimate analysis based indirect method requires the use of specific equipment and a skilled analyst. Most cement plants do not have special equipment. From this point of view, this study aims to predict the HHVs of RDF samples using the results of proximate analysis. Two Genetic Programming (GP) Models, namely GP Model #1 and GP Model #2 are used for the prediction. GP Model #1 denotes a modest nonlinear mapping function used for the prediction of HHVs, whereas GP Model #2 is a more inclusive nonlinear correlation analysis model as an improved version of GP Model #1. To assess the developed models, the test data is simulated and statistical results to the estimation of HHVs are reported as R2 equal to 0.9951 and 0.9988, Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) equal to 1.4126 and 0.6971 and Average Absolute Error (AAE) equal to 0.0543 and 0.0251, for GP Model #1 and GP Model #2 , respectively. It can be seen that GP Model #2 may be confidently used for HHV estimation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare the responses of parental and epirubicin-resistant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells against stabilized-silver (St- Ag) ion induced oxidative DNA and membrane injury after the cells treated with this solution. Material and Methods: IC50 values for parental and drug-resistant NSCLC cells as revealed by 3-(4,5- dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and resazurin-based assay. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the cells were assayed by using fluorometric method. The genomic DNA samples were used to determine the amount of 8-hydroxy-2'- deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) with a competitive ELISA kit. Results: 139 µg/mL for parental cells and 224 µg/mL for resistant cells were calculated as IC50 values by MTT assay. 96 µg/mL and 189 µg/mL respectively were calculated as IC50 values by resazurin-based assay. When the cells were treated with IC50 concentration of St-Ag ion solution, clear signs of oxidative stress, i.e. decreased is glutathione (GSH) (1.5-folds in parental, 2-folds in resistant) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) (2-folds in parental), as well as increased lipid peroxidation (1.6-folds in parental, 2-folds in resistant) and 8-OHdG formation (1.5-folds in parental, 2-folds in resistant) were seen. Changes in the levels of glutathione-S-transferase (GST) in both cell type and levels GPx in resistant cells were statistically insignificant. The St-Ag ion solution has higher membrane and DNA damaging effect on resistant cells than parental cells even though resistant-cells have high GST and GPx activity. Conclusion: Thus our data suggest St-Ag ion solution has different potential toxicity on parental and epirubicin-resistant cancer cells depend on concentration that is associated with oxidative stress. Anticancer potential of anticancer drugs for especially drug resistant cells can be increased by combining therapy with stabilized-silver ion solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]