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This study identifies the driving forces that contribute to the probabilities of incidence of out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditures by households in Turkey. Factors affecting the probability of OOP expenditures on medical products/devices/supplies (MP), outpatient services (OTS), and inpatient services (ITS) are examined using the Household Budget Survey data gathered by the Turkish Statistical Institute in 2018. The study applies the multivariate probit model. The incidence of OOP spending varied with 48.9% of the households reporting OOP expenditure on MP, 22.4% on OTS, and 25.4% on ITS. The largest probability changes were associated with household disposable annual income, household type and size, age category, and having private health insurance. Gender and marital status also influenced expenditures in some categories. Lifestyle choices had small and mixed effects, with smoking and alcohol consumption lowering the probability of OOP spending. From a policy standpoint, households with the lowest incomes, large households, and those where the household head was 'others' (retiree, student, housewife, not actively working, etc.) or had a condition preventing employment seemed to report OOP expenditures less frequently and may have chosen not to receive healthcare services, leading to the need for more healthcare services later.

The study aims to detect demographics and economic factors and the factors related to residential properties and social-environmental indicators affecting household savings in Turkey. In the study, cross-sectional data was obtained from the Household Budget Survey conducted by the Turkish Statistical Institute between the years 2015-2017. Binary logistic regression and binary probit regression analyses determined household savings factors. According to the analysis results, the factors like the occupation of the household head, educational status, gender, age, marital status, household size, automobile ownership, and survey year were determined to affect the saving behaviour of households.

Ekonomik aktivitenin en önemli yapı taşı olan tasarruflar tüm karar birimleri için oldukça önemlidir. Karar birimleri arasında hanehalkları ise tasarrufları aracılığıyla sürdürülebilir büyümeyi ve ekonomik kalkınmayı desteklemektedir. Hanehalkı tasarruflarının oluşturacağı bu ekonomik etki sadece ne kadar tasarruf edildiğine değil bu tasarrufların nasıl değerlendirildiğine de bağlıdır. Hanehalkları tasarruf yapıyor mu ve yapıyorsa tasarruflarını nerede değerlendirmektedir? Bu sorulara aranılan cevaplar çalışmanın motivasyonunu oluşturmuştur. Çalışmanın kapsamlı veri seti Türkiye İstatistik Kurumundan sağlanmıştır. Çalışmada eş zamanlı olarak hem tasarruf yapıp yapmama durumunu etkileyen faktörler hem de yapılan tasarrufların nerede değerlendirileceğini etkileyen faktörleri bir arada incelemeye imkan sunan nested logit model kullanılmıştır. Çalışma sonuçlarına göre, demografik, ekonomik faktörler ile konut özellikleri ve sosyal-çevresel göstergelerin hanelerin tasarruf tercihleri üzerinde etkili olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu özelliklerin etkilerinin belirlenmesi hanehalkı tasarruf tercihlerini açıklamaya ve hanehalkarının tasarruflarını sistemde doğru bir şekilde değerlendirmeleri için politika yapıcılara yol gösterecektir., Savings, which are the most important building blocks of economic activity, are very important for all decision units. Among the decision units, households support sustainable growth and economic development through their savings. This economic impact of household savings depends not only on how much is saved, but also on how these savings are evaluated. Do households save and, if so, where do they put their savings? The answers to these questions formed the motivation of the study. The comprehensive data set of the study was obtained from the Turkish Statistical Institute. In the study, the nested logit model was used, which allows to examine simultaneously both the factors affecting the state of saving and the factors affecting where the savings will be evaluated. According to the results of the study, it has been determined that demographic, economic factors, housing characteristics and social-environmental indicators are effective on the savings preferences of the households. Determining the effects of these features will guide policy makers to explain household saving preferences and evaluate household savings accurately in the system.

The growth of Internet use, along with the ever-evolving and changing technology, has shifted trade made by traditional methods to electronic media. Although there are several definitions, online shopping can be defined as any step in the reciprocal exchange of money, commodities, or services between the buyer and seller through the use of internet technologies. Online shopping has evolved into one of the most important mega-trends in the world economy, with a broad scope. The scope of Internet buying activities is quite broad, extending from individuals to other businesses, governments, and other relevant organizations, and it is possible to reach any market or consumer through quick communication. As a result, economic, political, legal, institutional, cultural, social, and other aspects influence online shopping activities. When purchasing goods or services through the Internet, buyers encounter a variety of problems. The goal of this study is to look into the socio-demographic and economic elements that are important in cases when people experience problems with their online purchases. The study used a micro data set from the 2021 Information and Communication Technology Usage Survey in Households conducted by Turkey Statistical Institute. The research's sampling method is a 2-stage stratified cluster sampling. The factors connected to the problems individuals have with online purchases have been determined using binary logistic regression analysis. In the last three months, 52.4% of the men in the research said they had problems with purchases made through the website or mobile application. According to the study, 51.9% of individuals in the eastern region reported having difficulty with transactions made through the website or mobile application. As a result of the research, it has been discovered that education level, income level, age, gender, profession, family size, financial transactions conducted over the Internet, and regional characteristics are all linked to experiencing problems with online shopping.

Objectives: The primary aim of this study was to ascertain the relationship between the demographic and socioeconomic conditions of women aged 15 and older, and their exposure to secondhand smoke (...

Alcohol and tobacco use are risky factors that are associated with one another. High alcohol and tobacco use are significant public health problems with social and economic costs and one of the leading causes of preventable death and disease. The aim of this study was to determine the sociodemographic and economic factors on alcohol and tobacco concurrent use. In this study, a bivariate probit model was employed to determine the factors affecting alcohol and tobacco concurrent use among individuals aged 15 and above who were living in Turkey. The data used in this study was obtained from the Turkey Health Survey conducted in 2010, 2012, 2014, and 2016 by the Turkish Statistical Institute. The data were gathered from a total of 77,327 individuals. Empirical findings suggest that factors affecting alcohol and tobacco use were simultaneous. Also, the results revealed that several key variables such as age, gender, educational status, marital status, household monthly income level, and survey year were significant determinants of alcohol and tobacco concurrent use. Psychosocial support is significant for only tobacco use. In the last decade, a number of restrictions aimed to combat alcohol and tobacco use have been associated with reducing the usage habits of individuals. This is the first study that simultaneously compared both alcohol use and tobacco use using a Turkish sample.

Purpose of the study: This study aims to determine the factors affecting the exposure of women in Turkey 15 years of age and older to physical violence by their husband/intimate partner. Methodology: In this study, the micro-data set of the "Research on Domestic Violence against Women in Turkey" conducted by Hacettepe University Institute of Population Studies in 2008 and 2014 was used. In this data set, the data of 18518 women aged 15 and over were used, 11722 in 2008 and 6796 in 2014. Factors affecting women's physical violence were determined using binary logistic and probit regression analysis. This study focuses on the physical violence of the husband/partner, which is the most common type of domestic violence against women. Main Findings: The variables of survey year, region, education level, individual income, marital status, health status, the number of children, and being exposed to violence from first degree relatives are seen to be significant. According to the results obtained, the expected probability of exposure to physical violence women who were subjected to economic, verbal, and sexual violence by their husbands/intimate partners was more than 39.8%, 127.35%, and 83.68%, respectively. Applications of this study: The study outcome indicate that important steps to reduce domestic physical violence against women in Turkey should be taken. In order to prevent new cases of abuse, coordinated efforts to raise awareness of the problem of domestic physical violence against women will encourage action. Novelty/Originality of this study: In this study, factors affecting the exposure of women in Turkey, 15 years old and older, to physical violence by their husband/intimate partner were identified. In the study, the socio-demographic and economic characteristics of women and to what extent the various risk factors related to husband/intimate partners were critical for the women's exposure to physical violence.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye’de 15-59 yaş arası kadınlara yönelik eş/partner tarafından gerçekleştirilen fiziksel şiddete sebep olan faktörleri belirlemektir. Bu çalışmada, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Nüfus Etütleri Enstitüsü tarafından 2014 yılında gerçekleştirilen Türkiye'de Kadına Yönelik Aile İçi Şiddet Araştırması mikro veri seti kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada sıralı probit regresyon analizi kullanılmıştır. Bağımlı değişkenin kategorisinin ikiden fazla olduğu durumlarda seçenekler arasında doğal bir sıralama olduğunda sıralı nitel tercih modelleri kullanılmaktadır. Çalışmanın ordinal ölçekle ölçülmüş bağımlı değişkeni, “çok kez şiddet görenler”, “birkaç kez ve daha az şiddet görenler” ve “şiddet görmeyenler ” kategorilerinden oluşan fiziksel şiddet görme sıklığıdır. Araştırmada, istatistiksel analizler için SPSS 20 ve STATA 14 paket programları kullanılmıştır. Model sonuçlarına göre kadının aile içi fiziksel şiddet yaşama durumlarını etkileyen faktörler, kadının yaşı, birliktelik durumu, refah seviyesi, intihar düşüncesi, intihar denemesi, yerleşim bölgesi, kadının ikamet ettiği hanenin oda sayısı, eşin/partnerin içki, uyuşturucu kullanması, kumar oynaması, fiziksel şiddet içeren kavgaya karışması, eğitim seviyesi ve çalıştığı sektör şeklindedir. Şiddeti ortaya çıkaran etkenlerin belirlenip ve ortadan kaldırılması için medya ve kurumların ortak amaç içerisinde çalışıp toplumda şiddet üzerindeki duyarlılığın oluşturulması sağlanabilir. Böylelikle ülkemizde ve dünyada önlemlerin biran önce alınarak daha fazla kadının şiddete maruz kalması engellenebilir. Kadına karşı şiddet insan hakları ihlali olup bu konuyu görmezlikten gelmek de bir suç olarak kabul edilmelidir. Kadınlara sağlıklı yaşam hakkı sağlanması için toplumların bilinçlendirilmesi gerekmektedir. Aile içi şiddetle ilgili bilinçlendirme programları düzenlenerek kadın ve eşlerinin/partnerlerinin birlikte katılımları sağlanarak şiddete karşı farkındalık artırılabilir.

The primary purpose of the study is to rank and evaluate renewable energy sources that are the only alternative of non-renewable energy sources, according to twenty-six regions in Turkey. Multi-criteria decision making methods are widely employed in the solution of energy selection problems because energy selection problems contain many criteria contradicting each other. In this study, the importance levels weights of the evaluation criteria were measured by the Fuzzy Entropy method. Later, with the Fuzzy COPRAS and Fuzzy MULTIMOORA methods, renewable energy sources alternative rankings were acquired for the regions. According to the fuzzy COPRAS results in Appendix 2, the hydroelectric energy source has been defined as the suitable renewable energy source alternative for seventeen regions. According to the fuzzy MULTIMOORA results in Appendix 2, the hydroelectric energy source has been determined as the suitable renewable energy source alternative in the first rank for eighteen regions. With this study, a resource is presented to regional investors to reach an investment decision for renewable energy sources. This study constitutes an indication for development agencies along with investors.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the socio-demographic and economic factors affecting the frequency of alcohol use by employees aged 15 and above in Turkey. Method: In this st...

Objectives Tobacco use is an important public health problem that affects adversely the quality of life. A person's attitude toward quitting tobacco use can be reflected by the desire or intention to quit smoking. The aim of this study was to determine risk factors affecting women's intention to quit tobacco in Turkey. Methods In this study, the data obtained from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) were used. The GATS is a standard method used in countries to monitor and evaluate the frequency of tobacco use in adults and tobacco control practices. The data used in the study was obtained from the GATS carried out in Turkey in 2008 and 2012. The data related to 1248 women smoking tobacco were used in the analysis. The relationship between women's intention to quit tobacco use and socio-demographic and economic variables was examined. Results Men were excluded from the analysis because the focus of the study was women. It was determined that 732 of 1248 women using tobacco intend to quit smoking tobacco. 40.4% of women smoking tobacco are primary school graduates. Women, who were aware of anti-smoking messages and exposed to stimulants that promote smoking, were 36.4% and 27% more likely to intend to stop tobacco use after the next month, respectively. It was observed that women living in a house, where smoking is allowed, are less likely to quit smoking than others (ME = -0.522). This shows the importance of domestic restrictions. Conclusion Intending to quit is an important preliminary step to quit. Understanding the factors associated with the intention to quit smoking can help tobacco users to stop using it and shape effective policies to increase the quit rates. .

Bu çalışma endüstriyel kuruluşlarda karşılaşılan ve karar verme probleminden biri olan tedarikçi seçimi ve değerlendirme problemleri çözümü için sürdürülebilir çerçevede bir yöntem sunmaktır. Bu araştırmada ofis mobilyası üretimi yapan ve ürünlerinin çoğunu ihraç eden bir firmanın birincil hammaddesi olan sac tedarikçilerini kendi beklentilerini karşılama oranlarına göre sıralayabilmeleri için sürdürülebilir çerçevede beş kriter ve on iki alt kriterden oluşan bir değerlendirme yöntemi önerilmiştir. Değerlendirme yapmak için sezgisel bulanık TOPSİS yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Çalışmanın sonucunda firma için tedarikçi değerlendirme sonuçları tedarikçilerin iyiden kötüye doğru bir sıralama verilerek söz konusu problemin değerlendirilmesi hususunda alternatif bir çözüm önerisi geliştirilmiştir.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, çok değişkenli probit regresyon modeli ile Türkiye’de yaşayan bireylerin maddi yoksunluk durumlarını etkileyen sosyo-demografik ve ekonomik faktörleri tespit etmektir. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu tarafından 2017 ve 2018 yıllarında yapılan Gelir ve Yaşam Koşulları Araştırması’nın mikro veri seti kullanılmıştır. Analiz sonucuna göre, bağımlı değişkenler arasında pozitif ilişki vardır ve hepsi eşanlı olarak tek bir modelde ele alınabilir. Model sonuçlarına göre anket yılı, medeni durum, eğitim durumu, sağlık durumu, kronik hastalık, meslek, gelir düzeyi değişkenlerinin maddi yoksunluk durumunda etkili değişkenler olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Gelir düzeyi ve eğitim seviyesi arttıkça bireylerin maddi yoksunluğu azalmaktadır. Hiç evlenmemiş bireylerin de daha az maddi yoksunluk yaşadığı tespit edilmiştir. Bu çalışmada özellikle, eğitim ve gelir düzeyi düşük olan, sağlık durumu kötü olan, evli olan ve çalışmayan bireylerin daha çok maddi yoksunluk yaşadığı tespit edilmiştir. Bu sonuçlar maddi yoksunluk durumunun önlenmesinde politika ve programların oluşturulması için bilgi kaynağı olabilmesi açısından önemlidir.

Verbal and psychological violence against women is considered an important sociological and legal problem and a serious threat within the context of basic human rights. The aim of this study was to detect the factors affecting verbal and psychological violence against women in Turkey, a developing country. The micro data set of the National research on domestic violence against women in Turkey, which was conducted by the Hacettepe University Institute of Population Studies, was employed in this study. The factors affecting women’s exposure to verbal and psychological violence by their husbands or partners in Turkey were determined using binary logistic and binary probit regression analyses. Women whose husbands or partners cheated and used alcohol were more exposed to verbal and psychological violence compared to others. In addition, women who were exposed to physical, economic, and sexual violence were more exposed to verbal and psychological violence compared to others. Exposure to violence by first-degree relatives increases the possibility of exposure to verbal and psychological violence. More effective results can be achieved by prioritizing women likelier to be exposed to violence in policies aimed at preventing acts of verbal violence against women in our country. There are few studies on verbal and psychological violence against women. Therefore, it will be useful to conduct relevant studies from different perspectives. Copyright: © 2022 Alkan et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. The authors received no specific funding for this work. The authors would like to thank the Turkey Statistical Institute for its data. The views and opinions expressed in this manuscript are those of the authors only and do not necessarily represent the views, official policy, or position of the Turkey Statistical Institute.

Financial literacy is a factor that has a significant effect on financial development, stabilization and the economy. This study determined the factors affecting the financial literacy levels of formal and secondary education undergraduate students at Ataturk University. The study population was formal and secondary education undergraduate students at Ataturk University. A questionnaire was sent to 1,008 students who agreed to participate in the survey in the last quarter of 2018. In the study, factors affecting the financial literacy levels of undergraduate students were determined by ordered logistic regression and ordered probit regression analysis. The ordered logistic regression model was the best according to model comparison criteria. According to the results of this model, age, class, basic science field, gender, marital status, monthly personal income, watching eco-finance news status, and economic knowledge variables were found to be factors that affected financial literacy levels. In the study, it was determined that the financial literacy levels of women, those under 25 years old, university students in science, in the fourth year and above, having a monthly personal income of ₺1251 and below, single, not watching economic and financial news and with lower economic literacy were low. This study emphasizes the need to target these groups. These groups’ financial literacy levels need to be improved.

e-Commerce use is a subject of study that has been frequently discussed in recent years The aim of this study was to detect the socio-demographic and economic factors affecting ecommerce use of individuals in Turkey The micro dataset obtained from Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Usage Survey in Households performed by the Turkish Statistical Institute in 2014-2018 was employed in this study Multinomial logistic and multinomial probit regression analyses were performed to detect the factors affecting e-commerce use of individuals in Turkey The data of 129,643 individuals, who participated in ICT Usage Survey in Households in 2014-2018, were employed in the regression analyses According to the analysis results, the variables of survey year, age, gender, educational level, occupation, income level, region and household size were detected to be effective on online shopping The results of the study indicated that e-commerce use was gradually increasing It was determined that more educated and young individuals and individuals living in relatively more developed regions were more inclined to online shopping Policies should also be developed to increase e-commerce use of low educated individuals and individuals over middle age In particular, small and medium-sized businesses (SMB) should pay more attention to the use of e-commerce in order to increase their activities by taking these situations into consideration Indeed, how important e-commerce use is has been found out in epidemics/pandemics such as COVID-19, which causes people to lock themselves at home in the countries © 2021 All rights reserved

Rapid spread of internet has made e-commerce an essential and effective tool for commercial transactions. The purpose of this study is to investigate e-commerce use differences between individuals in Turkey according to their educational levels and to specify the relationship between demographic characteristics of individuals and e-commerce use. In this study, the cross-sectional data obtained by Household Information Technologies Usage Survey were used. Binary logistic regression analysis was utilized to determine the factors associated with the e-commerce use of individuals. This study has concluded that the variables of income level, age, gender, occupation, region, social media use, use of internet banking, use of e-government, number of information equipment in a household and the number of people in a household have relationships with e-commerce use. In addition, it has been found out that the variables in e-commerce use showed differences according to educational levels of individuals. It has been determined as a result of this study that as the education level of the individuals increased, their tendency towards online shopping increased. Higher education level refers to higher income level at both state and private institutions and more perception towards innovations. This has naturally a positive effect on online shopping behaviors of individuals.

Work accidents remain important worldwide. Work accidents and diseases influence the whole country economically, socially, and psychologically. The aim of this study was to determine the socio-demographic and economic factors that were influential for individuals in Turkey who experienced work accidents resulting in injuries. In this study, the Turkey Health Survey microdata set conducted by the Turkish Statistical Institute was employed including data from 35,019 employees who participated in the survey between 2008 and 2016. The factors affecting individuals’ work accidents were determined by binary logistic regression analysis. According to analysis results, it was determined that the variables of gender, age, education, occupation, health, psycho-social support/being depressed, and use of alcohol have an impact on individuals having work accidents. Methods such as young employees receiving a good education, individuals completing their education before starting working, early intervention in diseases by regular employee check-ups, the reduction of stress in employees’ working life, reduction of the negative effects of the job environment on employees, preservation of a healthy work-life balance, and supporting employees in their attempt to give up various bad habits such as smoking through rehabilitation can play significant roles in reducing work accidents.

Background Alcohol and tobacco use are interrelated risk factors. Risky alcohol and tobacco use are important public health problems with social and economic costs and is one of the leading causes of preventable death and disease. The aim of this study is to determine the factors of sociodemographic and economic on alcohol and tobacco use. Methods In this paper, a bivariate probit model was employed to determine the factors affecting alcohol and tobacco use among individuals the age of 15 and above living in Turkey. The data used in this paper was obtained from the Turkey Health Survey conducted in 2010, 2012, 2014, and 2016 by the Turkish Statistical Institute. Data were gathered from a total of 77,327 individuals. Results Results revealed that several key variables were found to be a significant determinant of alcohol and tobacco use, such as age, gender, educational status, marital status, monthly income, psychosocial support, and survey year. Conclusion In the last decade, a number of restrictions on combating alcohol and tobacco have been associated with reducing the alcohol and tobacco use habits of individuals. This is the first attempt that simultaneously compares both alcohol use and tobacco use using a Turkish sample.

The aim of this study was to determine the factors affecting the exposure of women in the 15–59 age group in Turkey to economic violence by their husbands/partners. The micro data set of the National Research on Domestic Violence against Women in Turkey, which was conducted by the Hacettepe University Institute of Population Studies, was employed in this study. The factors affecting women’s exposure to economic violence were determined using the binary logistic regression analysis. In the study, women in the 15–24, 25–34 and 35–44 age group had a higher ratio of exposure to economic violence compared to the reference group. Women who graduated from elementary school, secondary school, and high school had a higher ratio of exposure to economic violence compared to those who have never gone to school. Women’s exposure to physical, sexual and verbal violence was also important factor affecting women’s exposure to economic violence. The results obtained in this study are important in that they can be a source of information for establishing policies and programs to prevent violence against women. This study can also be a significant guide in determining priority areas for the resolution of economic violence against women.

The aim of this study is to specify factors influencing tobacco consumption in Turkey, which belongs to developing countries group, and to determine the extent of their influence. Factors related t...

The concept of trade has emerged with the inter-business division of labor. The internet, which is a much more recent concept than trade, has begun to get closer over time. The reason why trade is to see the internet as a commercial tool lies in the fact that the internet is spread over a wide mass network. The aim of this study is to determine socio-economic and demographic factors that are effective in purchasing or ordering goods and services by internet in Turkey. It was found that the number of information equipment, income, being male, working, and education increased the probability of shopping over the internet. It was determined that household size and age decreased. Females shop for clothing and sports goods more than males. The highest correlation with the purchase of other product groups over the internet is through holiday accommodation and other travel-related transactions.

The main objective of this study is to determine key factors that may have a significant effect on alcohol consumption in Turkey. For this purpose, the cross-sectional data obtained from the Turkish Health Survey conducted in 2010 and 2012 by the Turkish Statistical Institute were analyzed through the multinomial probit model. Results revealed that several key variables were found to be a significant determinant of alcohol consumption, such as gender, age, education, marital status, income, general health status, tooth brushing frequency, situation of violence, fruit consumption frequency, tobacco use, exposure to tobacco smoke, and survey year. It is apparent that alcoholics need help to get rid of an addiction. Therefore, it would be inevitable for governments to intervene through national and international public health authorities. In particular, the ability of governments to design and implement comprehensive prevention strategies that combine the strengths of different policy approaches is critical to success.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the serum cardiac troponin I (cTnI) concentrations in weaned calves with moderate and severe bovine respiratory disease. Eighteen healthy weaned calves (group I), 18 weaned calves with moderate bovine respiratory disease (group II) and 18 weaned calves with severe bovine respiratory disease (group III) were included in the study. Clinical signs and severity of respiratory disease according to clinical index scores were determined. Blood cell counts and cardiac biomarkers, such as serum cTnI concentrations and creatine kinase-myocardial band (CK-MB), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities were determined in all groups. Temperature and respiratory and pulse rates were significantly increased in calves with moderate and severe bovine respiratory disease compared to healthy calves (P < 0.05). Serum cTnI concentrations and LDH activities were significantly increased in the calves with severe bovine respiratory disease compared to healthy calves and calves with moderate bovine respiratory disease (P < 0.05). A significant increase in white blood cell counts in calves with moderate and severe bovine respiratory disease and lymphopenia and neutrophilia in calves with severe bovine respiratory disease were also found. The study suggests that severe bovine respiratory disease causes increased serum cTnI concentrations in weaned calves.

WOS: 000418526000001, This paper examines the use of spline functions in linear, squared, and cubic spline regression models and exhibits the estimation of spline parameters from data by ordinary least squares. Determination of the number and the location of knots is central to spline regression. In this paper, we initially propose a method based on the coefficient of determination R-2 related to the estimation of knots in spline regression. This proposed method as applied to export-import ratio distributions in Turkey for the years 1923-2010 determines the knots, and linear, quadratic, and cubic spline regression models are established accordingly. Results reveal that spline regression models offer better results than polynomial regression models, and that the quadratic spline regression model is the best explanatory model for export-import ratio distributions in the smoothest spline regression models.

Pharmaceutical expense constitutes a great part of health service expenses. The increase in pharmaceutical consumption will also increase the health expenses. The aim of this study is to identify the factors affecting pharmaceutical consumption of provinces with the quantile regression model based on 2013 data of Turkey. In the case of not being able to use classic regression hypothesis, quantile regression that is one of the robust regression methods has been used as an alternative to multilinear regression and analysis has been done based on various quantiles. Total pharmaceutical consumption of provinces in 2013 has been used as dependent variable. All variables in OLS and 75th quantile regression models have been found statistically meaningful. According to the results of the analysis, it has been determined that the population of the provinces consisting of 65 years old and above, life for male at birth, life for female at birth and whether the province has a coast on or no are significantly effective in pharmaceutical consumption. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n6p356

The main purpose of this paper is to determine background demographic and socio-economic factors affecting outpatient satisfaction of public hospitals. The present study utilized data from a written-questionnaire administered to six hundred and one adult patients who had received outpatient care at various units of three Turkish pubic hospitals. The dependent variable used in predicting student satisfaction was satisfaction levels of the respondents. Due to the ordinal nature of the dependent variable, an ordered logit model was performed to examine demographic and socio-economic determinants of outpatient satisfaction in Erzurum, Turkey. Ordered logit estimation results revealed that type of hospital, marital status, age group, education level, occupation, residential place, monthly income, and information about private hospitals were statistically significant factors of outpatient satisfaction. This paper attempts to present factors affecting outpatient satisfaction in a municipality which was adopted as the leading health care service provider of its region where little work was done. Considering its geographical location, the results of this substantial region may be a valuable contribution for health care managers and policy makers.