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Objectives: Inflammation is an important step in elucidating fluorosis toxicity mechanisms. This study was planned in order to reveal the possible effects of the application of antioxidant vitamins C and E for the treatment of fluorosis on inflammation gene expressions.Material and Methods: In the study, 48 male Wistar-Albino rats weighing 200-250 g were used. Six groups of 8 rats each were used as control(K), Corn oil(M), NaF(N), NaF+vitamin E(NVE), NaF+vitamin C(NVC), NaF+vitamin C+vitamin E(NVCE). NaF was added to the drinking water of the animals for 16 weeks and given as 150 mg / kg. Since vitamin E was dissolved in corn oil, the corn oil control group was formed and Corn oil was given to rats 0.2 ml/day. After NaF was administration to treatment groups16 weeks, vitamin C (100mg/kg), vitamin E (300mg/kg), vitamin C+vitamin E (100 mg/kg+300mg/kg) were administered orally for 4 weeks. At the end of the experiment, the expression of inflammation markers IL1-β, TNF-α genes in RNA isolation products obtained from rat liver tissue in all groups were determined by real time-qPCR. Beta-actin (Actb) was used as the internal control gene. Results: TNF-α expression levels were highest in NaF group. It was significantly lower in all other groups. IL-1 β gene expression levels were the lowest in Corn oil and NaF+vitamin C+E groups. It was found the highest in NaF and NaF+vitamin C groups.Conclusion: In possible kidney damage caused by increased fluoride in the experimentally induced fluorosis with NaF, it was observed that the application of antioxidant vitamins for therapeutic purposes reduced inflammation. It was determined that vitamin C, vitamin E, vitamin C+vitamin E had significant beneficial effects on inflammation markers. It was observed that the combination of vitaminC+E was more effective in reducing inflammation compared to the groups given NaF+vitamin C and NaF+vitamin E., Amaç: İnflamasyon, florozis toksikasyon mekanizmalarının aydınlatılmasında önemli bir adımdır. Antioksidan C ve E vitaminlerinin, floroziste tedavi amacıyla uygulanmasının, inflamasyon gen ekspresyonları üzerine olası etkilerinin ortaya konulması amacıyla bu çalışma planlanmıştır. Materyal ve Metod: Çalışmada 48 adet 200–250 g ağırlığında Wistar-Albino ırkı erkek rat kullanıldı. Kontrol(K), Mısır yağı(M), NaF(N), NaF+vitamin E(NVE), NaF+vitamin C(NVC), NaF+vitamin C+vitamin E(NVCE) olarak her biri 8 rattan oluşan 6 grup kullanıldı. 16 hafta NaF hayvanların içme sularına eklenerek 150 mg/kg olarak verildi. Vitamin E mısır yağında eritilerek verildiği için mısır yağı kontrol grubu oluşturuldu ve ratlara 0,2 ml/gün olarak mısır yağı verildi. Tedavi gruplarına 16 hafta NaF verildikten sonra 4 hafta vitamin C(100 mg/kg), vitamin E(300 mg/kg), vitamin C+vitamin E(100 mg/kg+300 mg/kg) oral olarak uygulandı. Deney sonunda tüm gruplarda rat böbrek dokusundan elde edilen RNA izolasyon ürünlerinde, inflamasyon markırlarından IL1-β, TNF-α genlerinin ekspresyonu real time-qPCR ile belirlendi. İnternal kontrol geni olarak beta-aktin (Actb) kullanıldı. Bulgular: TNF-α ekspresyon seviyeleri, en yüksek NaF grubunda bulundu. Diğer tüm gruplarda önemli oranda düşüktü. IL-1 β gen ekspresyon düzeylerinin Mısır yağı ve NaF+vitamin C+E gruplarında en düşük bulundu. NaF ve NaF+vitamin C gruplarında en yüksek bulundu.Sonuç: NaF ile deneysel oluşturulan floroziste artan florürün oluşturduğu olası böbrek hasarında tedavi amaçlı antioksidan vitamin uygulamasının inflamasyonu azalttığı görüldü. Vitamin C, vitamin E, vitamin C+vitamin E’nin inflamasyon markırları üzerinde kayda değer yararlı etkilerinin olduğu tespit edildi. NaF+vitamin C, NaF+vitamin E verilen gruplara kıyasla vitamin C+E kombinasyonunun inflamasyonu düşürmede daha etkili olduğu görüldü.

Escherichia coli-derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has been used extensively as a model for septic shock and sepsis. In our study, it was aimed to induce experimental endotoxemia in rats by using LPS and the effects of marbofloxacin, diclofenac sodium and methylprednisolone on alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, which are indirect indicators of organ insufficiency, were assessed. 186 rats were divided into 5 groups. Blood samples were obtained from control group at 0 h. To shape endotoxemia, LPS was administered at a dose of 4 mg/rat via intraperitonally (IP). Marbofloxacin (100 mg/kg, IP), diclofenac sodium (10 mg/kg, IP) and metylprednisolone (10 mg/kg, IP) were administered at dosage for the treatment of developing endotoxemia. Blood samples were collected under thiopental anesthesia at 1, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 h. They were analyzed biochemical levels. In the study, it was determined that serum ALP, ALT, AST, GGT,BUN and creatinine levels increased with LPS application (P, Escherichia coli'den türetilen lipopolisakkarit (LPS), sepsis ve septik şok için bir model olarak yaygın olarak kullanılmıştır. Çalışmamızda LPS ile deneysel endotoksemi oluşturulan ratlarda, marbofloksasin, diklofenak sodyum, metilprednizolon kullanılarak, bu ilaçların organ yetmezliğinin indirekt belirteçleri olan alkalen fosfotaz (ALP), alanin aminotransferaz (ALT), aspartat aminotransferaz (AST), gama glutamil transferaz (GGT), kan üre azot (BUN), kreatinin değerleri üzerine olan etkilerinin değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma için gerekli 186 adet rat, 5 gruba ayrıldı. Kontrol grubundan 0. saatte kan örnekleri alındı. Ratlarda endotoksemi oluşturmak amacı ile intraperitoneal (IP) yolla LPS (4mg/rat) uygulandı. Gelişen endotoksemiyi tedavi etmek için marbofloksasin IP yolla 100 mg/kg, diklofenak sodyum IP yolla 10 mg/kg, metilprednizolon IP yolla 10 mg/kg dozunda uygulandı. Daha sonra 1, 2, 4, 8, 12 ve 24. saatlerde tiyopental anestezisi altında kan örnekleri alınarak biyokimyasal değerler ölçüldü. Çalışmada serum ALP, ALT, AST, GGT, BUN ve kreatinin düzeylerinin LPS uygulaması ile arttığı (P

Many diseases are encountered when the care and feeding conditions in reptiles cannot be fullyfulfilled, that is, when their natural environment cannot be provided. For this reason, it is necessaryto understand its anatomy, to know its natural environment and to have knowledge about the diseasesthat can be formed. Respiratory disease is commonly diagnosed in captive reptiles, and is a major causeof morbidity and mortality.For reptiles, although the respiratory system has a simple structure, it is asuitable environment for disease factors due to lack of care. For this reason, bacteria, parasites andfungi in reptiles can cause respiratory system disorders. Respiratory disease is commonly diagnosed inreptiles, and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Although all species of reptiles are susceptible,most commonly, chelonians and snakes present with acute or chronic respiratory tract disease.Inreptiles, which are anatomically different from other species, the respiratory system also differs inmany ways. Since many reptiles do not have a diaphragm structure, respiratory system diseases withoutsymptoms such as coughing and choking may seem like a big problem, but in fact, they can be solvedwith simple precautions and treatment principles.The purpose of this presentation is to help betteridentify emerging new exotic pet medicine has an important place in the infrastructure and to resolvea lack of information for the reptiles against disease and treatment principles to be formed in Turkey.

Giardia duodenalis is a unicellular flagellate parasite that infects the intestinal tract of a variety ofmammals, including humans.The life cycle of this protozoan is direct, cysts are eliminated in thefeces and are infective when ingested. Transmission occurs bythe fecal-oral route or by ingestion ofcontaminated food and water. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of G. duodenalis inAnatolian Buffalos in the Kütahya region in Turkey. In this study A total of 80 Anatolian buffalos calvesfecal samples which were up to 6 months of age were collected some farms in Kütahya region in Turkeyduring 2019-2020 and brought to the laboratory. After that, they were examined in terms of Giardia spp.cysts under microscope by applying native examination method. Then DNA extraction was performedaccording to the kit protocol by using QIAamp Fast DNA Stool Mini Kit. Nested PCR was performed withappropriate primers. The obtained PCR products were run on 1.5% agarose gel stained with RedSafe™Nucleic Acid Staining Solution and images were obtained using gel imaging device. Microscopically,Giardia spp. cysts were found in 25 out of 80 (%31,25) examined samples. As a result of the Nested PCR,30 (%37,5) samples were found positive in terms of Giardia duodenalis. It was determined that Giardiaduodenalis is quite commonly observed in Anatolian buffalos calves in the Kütahya region in Turkey.Moreover, it was suggested that further precautions be taken.

In recent years, human beings have been in different pursuits in cosmetic and medical terms, andhave caused new developments by establishing a historical relationship with natural products. Oneof the best examples of this is donkey milk, which has a historical past and was used for treatment inancient times. Although the number of donkeys has decreased with the development of technology,in recent years, with the thought that the milk obtained from these animals may have positive effectson health, the demand for this milk has increased and donkey breeding has been started in differentregions. It is thought to be a suitable raw material for the production of cosmetic products besidesbeing nutritious and beneficial to health due to components such as essential fatty acids, lactose,immunoglobulins, lactoferrin and lysozyme, which are found in high amounts in donkey milk. The highcontent of polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins A, B and C, and low cholesterol content give donkeymilk different biological functional properties. Donkey milk, which is a product that is increasingly usedin health and cosmetics, although it is a difficult product to obtain stands out as an alternative foodfor babies due to its composition close to breast milk but different from cow’s milk and its structuralproperties, as well as being a nutrient that can be used in the treatment of some health problems. In thispresentation, information about the use of donkey milk in health areas will be given and it is thought tobe a resource for new studies on its use in treatment.

Amaç: Bu çalışma, flor metabolizmasında yer alan ve toksikasyondan etkilenen böbrek dokusunda hücre hasarı ve bu mekanizmaların önlenmesinde, vit C ve Vit E uygulamalarının nekrotik genler üzerine rolünün araştırılması amacıyla planlandı. MateryalMetod: Altı gruba ayrılan deneklerden çalışma sonunda steril ortamda, yaklaşık 200 mg böbrek dokusu alındı. Alınan dokulardan total m-RNA elde edildikten sonra c-DNA’ya dönüştürüldü. Elde edilen nekrotik genlerin (RİPK1 Ve RİPK3) ölçümü Real time-PCR cihazı ile analiz edilerek gruplar arasındaki farklılık azalış ve artış (fold changes) katsayısı ile karşılaştırılıp kontrol genine göre; nekrotik (RIPK 1, RIPK3) hedef genlerinin ekspresyon seviyeleri belirlendi. Bulgular: Florozis ile nekrotik gen expresyonun tetiklendiği ve gen düzeylerinin kontrole göre 6,7 kat arttığı tedavi için verilen vitaminlerin artan RIPK1 ve RIPK3 düzeylerini tek başlarına azalttığı ancak kombine kullanımda ise artış oranında azaltarak kontrole yakın bir düşüş sağladığı tespit edildi.Sonuç: Bu çalışmada, NaF’tan kaynaklı hücre ölümünde nekrotik genlerde gen expresyon artışı şekillendiği, vit E+C kombinasyonu ile down regülasyonu sağlandığı ve netice olarak tedavide uygulamanın başarılı olabileceği söylenebilir Amaç: Bu çalışma, flor metabolizmasında yer alan ve toksikasyondan etkilenen böbrek dokusunda hücre hasarı ve bu mekanizmaların önlenmesinde, vit C ve Vit E uygulamalarının nekrotik genler üzerine rolünün araştırılması amacıyla planlandı. MateryalMetod: Altı gruba ayrılan deneklerden çalışma sonunda steril ortamda, yaklaşık 200 mg böbrek dokusu alındı. Alınan dokulardan total m-RNA elde edildikten sonra c-DNA’ya dönüştürüldü. Elde edilen nekrotik genlerin (RİPK1 Ve RİPK3) ölçümü Real time-PCR cihazı ile analiz edilerek gruplar arasındaki farklılık azalış ve artış (fold changes) katsayısı ile karşılaştırılıp kontrol genine göre; nekrotik (RIPK 1, RIPK3) hedef genlerinin ekspresyon seviyeleri belirlendi. Bulgular: Florozis ile nekrotik gen expresyonun tetiklendiği ve gen düzeylerinin kontrole göre 6,7 kat arttığı tedavi için verilen vitaminlerin artan RIPK1 ve RIPK3 düzeylerini tek başlarına azalttığı ancak kombine kullanımda ise artış oranında azaltarak kontrole yakın bir düşüş sağladığı tespit edildi.Sonuç: Bu çalışmada, NaF’tan kaynaklı hücre ölümünde nekrotik genlerde gen expresyon artışı şekillendiği, vit E+C kombinasyonu ile down regülasyonu sağlandığı ve netice olarak tedavide uygulamanın başarılı olabileceği söylenebilir&nbsp

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of vitamins C (vit C) and E (vit E) on the serum protein fractions in rats with experimentally-induced chronic fluorosis. Wistar-Albino rats (male) were used as material (8 groups, each containing 8 rats). The experimental groups were control, protection groups (daily 150 ppm NaF containing drinking water for 16 weeks as ad-libitum, and, on alternate Vit C (100 mg/kg), Vit E (300 mg/kg) and Vit C+ Vit E (100 mg/kg + 300 mg/kg) for 16 weeks) therapy groups (daily 150 ppm NaF containing drinking water for 16 weeks as ad-libitum, then normal drinking water as ad-libitum, Vit C (100 mg/kg), Vit E (300 mg/kg) and Vit C + Vit E (100 mg/kg + 300 mg/kg) on alternate for 4 weeks). The end of experimental period, blood samples were collected and serums were obtained. Serum protein fractions in blood samples were determined with cellulose-acetate electrophoresis. Alpha-1 was significantly decreased and beta globulins increased in the experimental fluorosis group. In the groups in which vitamin C, vitamin E and combine combination of vitamin C and vitamin E were given for prevention and treatment, it was observed that these changing values approach to the control group., Bu çalışma, deneysel olarak kronik florozis oluşturulan ratlarda vitamin C (vit C) ve E (vit E)'nin serum protein fraksiyonları üzerindeki etkilerini araştırmak amacıyla planlandı. Materyal olarak Wistar-Albino ratlar kullanıldı (Her biri 8 rat içeren, 8 grup). Deneme grupları; kontrol grubu, deneysel florozis grubu, koruma grupları (16 hafta boyunca, içme suyu içeren günlük 150 ppm NaF içeren içme suyu/ad-libitum ile birlikte vit C (100 mg / kg), vit E (300 mg / kg) ve vit C + vit E (100 mg/kg + 300 mg/kg)) ve tedavi grupları (16 hafta boyunca 150 ppm NaF içeren içme suyu/ad-libitum verildikten sonra tedavi amacıyla 4 hafta vit C (100 mg/kg), vit E (300 mg / kg) ve vit C + vit E (100 mg/kg + 300 mg/kg)) olarak oluşturuldu. Deneme sonunda kan örnekleri toplandı ve serumlar alındı. Bu örneklerde serum protein fraksiyonları selüloz-asetat elektroforezi ile belirlendi. Deneysel florozis grubunda total protein yüzde gram açısından, alfa-1’in önemli oranda azaldığı ve beta globülinlerin arttığı tespit edildi. Korunma ve tedavi amacıyla vitamin C, vitamin E ve vitamin C+vitamin E birlikte verildiği gruplarda, değişen bu değerlerin kontrol grubuna yaklaştığı görüldü.

WOS:000583251900021 The present study aims to determine the effect of ivermectin on the duration of anaesthesia performed with etomidate and to find out if there are any interactions between these two drugs at the central nervous system level. For this purpose, 25 Sprague-Dawley female rats were divided into 5 groups with 5 rats in each group. Group I received only subcutaneous saline at a dosage of 0.1 ml/100 g bw. Group II received the intraperitoneal injection of propylene glycol at a dosage of 1 mL/100 g bw. Group III received the subcutaneously 0.2 mg/kg bw ivermectin. Two hours after these treatments, neuropharmacological tests (rotarod and open field) were performed. Also, Group IV received 20 mg/kg bw etomidate intraperitoneally. Group V received subcutaneously 0.2 mg/kg bw ivermectin and 2 hours after the ivermectin administration, 20 mg/kg bw etomidate was given intraperitoneally. In these two groups, anaesthesia was monitored and the sleep duration was calculated based on rectal reflexes. Once the animals were fully awake, neuropharmacological tests were performed. Ivermectin that was administered two hours before the etomidate anaesthesia prolonged etomidate sleeping duration strongly. Also, ivermectin increased motion and decreased motor coordination, in association with etomidate it potentiates CNS depression (with prolonged sleep duration and decreased motor coordination).