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The social organization of the first fully sedentary societies that emerged during the Neolithic period in Southwest Asia remains enigmatic,1 mainly because material culture studies provide limited insight into this issue. However, because Neolithic Anatolian communities often buried their dead beneath domestic buildings,2 household composition and social structure can be studied through these human remains. Here, we describe genetic relatedness among co-burials associated with domestic buildings in Neolithic Anatolia using 59 ancient genomes, including 22 new genomes from A??kl? Höyük and Çatalhöyük. We infer pedigree relationships by simultaneously analyzing multiple types of information, including autosomal and X chromosome kinship coefficients, maternal markers, and radiocarbon dating. In two early Neolithic villages dating to the 9th and 8th millennia BCE, A??kl? Höyük and Boncuklu, we discover that siblings and parent-offspring pairings were frequent within domestic structures, which provides the first direct indication of close genetic relationships among co-burials. In contrast, in the 7th millennium BCE sites of Çatalhöyük and Barc?n, where we study subadults interred within and around houses, we find close genetic relatives to be rare. Hence, genetic relatedness may not have played a major role in the choice of burial location at these latter two sites, at least for subadults. This supports the hypothesis that in Çatalhöyük,3?5 and possibly in some other Neolithic communities, domestic structures may have served as burial location for social units incorporating biologically unrelated individuals. Our results underscore the diversity of kin structures in Neolithic communities during this important phase of sociocultural development. Results and discussion - Increased genetic diversity from the Aceramic to the Ceramic period - Estimating pedigree relationships among Neolithic co-burials - Co-buried pairs in Aceramic period sites frequently include relatives - Relatives are rare among Catalhoyuk and Barcın intramural burials - Temporal or age-dependent variability in co-burial kinship patterns - Varying traditions linking sex and space STAR+Methods

Bu çalıflmada; tarafımızdan üretilen 3, piyasadan alınan 14 ve bozuk veya bozulmakta olan 9 olmaküzere toplam 26 adet flalgam suyu örne¤inde; kuru madde (KM), tuz, pH, asitlik, toplam aerobikmezofilik bakteri (TAMB), maya/küf (MK), koliform bakteri (KF), laktik asit bakterisi (LAB) tayiniyapılmıfltır. Üretti¤imiz 3 flalgam suyunda; %KM, %tuz, pH, asitlik (g/L), TAMB (KOB/ml), MK(KOB/ml) ve LAB (KOB/ml) ortalama olarak sırasıyla; 3.2; 1.6; 3.4; 7.3; 5.9x104; 3.2x104ve 3.2x106olmufltur. Piyasadan temin edilen toplam 14 farklı flalgam suyu örne¤inde aynı parametreler sırayla;2.0-2.9; 1.1-2.2; 3.3-3.6; 6.1-9.1; 2.8x104-7.4x106; 6.2x103-1.8x106; 2.4x104-8.6x107aralı¤ında de¤iflmifltir.Bozulmufl veya bozulmakta olan flalgam suyu örneklerinde bu parametreler sırasıyla; 1.9-3.2; 1.1-1.6;3.4-6.8; 0.2-8.7; 1.1x105-8.6x108; 9.2x105-2.2x108; 1.4x106-4.9x108arasında bulunmufltur. fialgam sularınınhiçbirinde koliform bakteriye rastlanmamıfltır. Belirtilen parametreler yönünden; üretti¤imiz 3 adetflalgam suyu örne¤i TS 11149’a uygun bulunurken, 14 piyasa örne¤inden 9’unun KM, 1’inin tuz ve 8’ininTAMB yönünden TS 11149 flalgam suyu standardına uymadı¤ı görülmüfltür. Bozulmufl/ bozulmaktaolan 9 örne¤in hepsi en az bir parametre açısından standarda uygunsuz bulunmufltur

In this study, 182 male animals from 12 native sheep breeds, as well as Karacabey Merino and Karagül breeds of Anatolia, wild sheep Anatolian Mouflon (Ovis gmelinii anatolica) were used as the study material. Based on SRY and SRYM18 regions on the Y-chromosome, haplotypes of the populations were analyzed using DNA sequence analyses. The SRY region, A-oY1 allele was observed in all of the individuals studied. On the other hand, four different alleles corresponding to four Y-chromosome haplotypes were detected at the SRYM18 microsatellite region. Among native Anatolian breeds (n=143), H6 haplotype (80.41%), H4 haplotype (9.09%), H8 haplotype (8.40%) and H12 haplotype (2.1%) were identified. H6 haplotype was observed in all 16 individuals of Ovis gmelinii anatolica. Pairwise FST values based on haplotype frequencies were calculated for domestic sheep, and the highest FST value was observed between Karagül and Kıvırcık along with Karagül and Ovis gmelinii anatolica with pairwise FST value of 0.43202 (P, BAP-01-08-2012-014 1176 BAP-01-08-2012-014, [1] The present study was supported by both Harran University [project number: 1176] and Middle East Technical University [project number: BAP-01-08-2012-014] -- The present study was supported by both Harran University Scientific Research Committee with the project number 1176 and Middle East Technical University project number BAP-01-08-2012-014.

The cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of a 12-year-old child with a clinic presentation suggestive of Hallervorden-Spatz disease (HSD) is described. Progressive dystonia, dysarthria and pyramidal signs were present for 2 years. The presence of both increased and decreased signals in globus pallidus was consistent with the pathology of the disease: loss of myelin and increased iron deposition in the basal ganglia.

A rare case of gliosarcoma of an eleven-year-old girl Is reported. Histologically, the tumor resembled that of a malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH). The monomorp- hic gliosarcomas (GS) may cause a diagnostic problem. In this case, the importance of using an immunoperoxidase preparation against the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in diagnosing gliosarcoma is emphasized.

The archaeological documentation of the development of sedentary farming societies in Anatolia is not yet mirrored by a genetic understanding of the human populations involved, in contrast to the spread of farming in Europe [1–3]. Sedentary farming communities emerged in parts of the Fertile Crescent during the tenth millennium and early ninth millennium calibrated (cal) BC and had appeared in central Anatolia by 8300 cal BC [4]. Farming spread into west Anatolia by the early seventh millennium cal BC and quasi-synchronously into Europe, although the timing and process of this movement remain unclear. Using genome sequence data that we generated from nine central Anatolian Neolithic individuals, we studied the transition period from early Aceramic (Pre-Pottery) to the later Pottery Neolithic, when farming expanded west of the Fertile Crescent. We find that genetic diversity in the earliest farmers was conspicuously low, on a par with European foraging groups. With the advent of the Pottery Neolithic, genetic variation within societies reached levels later found in early European farmers. Our results confirm that the earliest Neolithic central Anatolians belonged to the same gene pool as the first Neolithic migrants spreading into Europe. Further, genetic affinities between later Anatolian farmers and fourth to third millennium BC Chalcolithic south Europeans suggest an additional wave of Anatolian migrants, after the initial Neolithic spread but before the Yamnaya-related migrations. We propose that the earliest farming societies demographically resembled foragers and that only after regional gene flow and rising heterogeneity did the farming population expansions into Europe occur. © 2016 The Author(s), John Fell Fund, University of Oxford: 114Z927 Australian Research Council: DP120100969 EMBO Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi M.S.I. Foundation Firat University Scientific Research Projects Management Unit: 13G602003 Firat University Scientific Research Projects Management Unit: 2349 British Institute at Ankara: 2012–2015 BR100077 M.S.I. Foundation, We thank C. Bilgin, A. Birand, R. Özbal, C. Knüsel, M. Özdoğan, F.S. Quinto, and two anonymous referees for helpful suggestions; İ.D. Toker and the Konya and Niğde Museums for support; A. Munters for assistance; and EMBO (Short-Term Fellowship to G.M.K.), Hacettepe University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit (project no. 13G602003 to A.M.B), İstanbul University Scientific Research Projects Unit (project no. 2349 to E.B), Australian Research Council (grant no. DP120100969 to A.F.), British Academy Research Development Award (grant no. BR100077 to D.B.), British Institute at Ankara grants 2012–2015 (to D.B.), National Geographic GEFNE 1–11 (to D.B.), Wainwright Fund University of Oxford (to D.B.), TÜBİTAK (grant no. 114Z927 to M.S.), TÜBA (GEBİP Prize to M.S), Sci. Acad. Turkey (BAGEP Prize to M.S.), METU (internal grants to İ.T. and M.S.), and ERC (starting grant no. 311413 to M.J.). Sequencing was conducted at the Uppsala University SNP&SEQ Technology Platform. Computational analyses were carried out at the Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC-UPPMAX, projects b2013236, b2013240, b2015307, and b2015364).

In this study, a total of 26 flalgam juice samples; which were 3 pieces of our own product, 14 piecesbought from marketplace and 9 spoiled or about to be spoiled pieces; were analyzed in terms of drymaterial, salt, pH, acidity, total aerobic mesophilic bacteria (TVC), yeast and mold , coliform (KF)bacteria, lactic acid bacteria (LAB). In the 3 pieces of flalgam juice of our own product the results as drymaterial (%), salt (%), pH, acidity (g/L), TVC (CFU/ml), yeast and mold (CFU/ml) and LAB (CFU/ml)were as the average 3.2; 1.6; 3.4; 7.3; 5.9x104; 3.2x104and 3.2x106respectively. The same parameters in14 different pieces of flalgam juice bought from the marketplace differed between 2.0-2.9; 1.1-2.2;3.3-3.6; 6.1-9.1; 2.8x104-7.4x106; 6.2x103-1.8x106; 2.4x104-8.6x107respectively. In spoiled or about to bespoiled samples these parameters were in between 1.9-3.2; 1.1-1.6; 3.4-6.8; 0.2-8.7; 1.1x105-8.6x108;9.2x105-2.2x108; 1.4x106-4.9x108respectively. No coliform bacteria were detected in all of the samples.On the basis of the aforementioned parameters; while the 3 flalgam juice samples of our own productwere found in compliance with TS 11149, 9 pieces of the 14 samples from the marketplace were notfound in compliance with TS 11149 flalgam juice standard in terms of dry material, 1 of the 14 sample interms of salt and 8 in terms of TVC. All of the spoiled or about to be spoiled samples were incompliantwith the standard in terms of at least one of the parameters, Bu çalıflmada; tarafımızdan üretilen 3, piyasadan alınan 14 ve bozuk veya bozulmakta olan 9 olmaküzere toplam 26 adet flalgam suyu örne¤inde; kuru madde (KM), tuz, pH, asitlik, toplam aerobikmezofilik bakteri (TAMB), maya/küf (MK), koliform bakteri (KF), laktik asit bakterisi (LAB) tayiniyapılmıfltır. Üretti¤imiz 3 flalgam suyunda; %KM, %tuz, pH, asitlik (g/L), TAMB (KOB/ml), MK(KOB/ml) ve LAB (KOB/ml) ortalama olarak sırasıyla; 3.2; 1.6; 3.4; 7.3; 5.9x104; 3.2x104ve 3.2x106olmufltur. Piyasadan temin edilen toplam 14 farklı flalgam suyu örne¤inde aynı parametreler sırayla;2.0-2.9; 1.1-2.2; 3.3-3.6; 6.1-9.1; 2.8x104-7.4x106; 6.2x103-1.8x106; 2.4x104-8.6x107aralı¤ında de¤iflmifltir.Bozulmufl veya bozulmakta olan flalgam suyu örneklerinde bu parametreler sırasıyla; 1.9-3.2; 1.1-1.6;3.4-6.8; 0.2-8.7; 1.1x105-8.6x108; 9.2x105-2.2x108; 1.4x106-4.9x108arasında bulunmufltur. fialgam sularınınhiçbirinde koliform bakteriye rastlanmamıfltır. Belirtilen parametreler yönünden; üretti¤imiz 3 adetflalgam suyu örne¤i TS 11149’a uygun bulunurken, 14 piyasa örne¤inden 9’unun KM, 1’inin tuz ve 8’ininTAMB yönünden TS 11149 flalgam suyu standardına uymadı¤ı görülmüfltür. Bozulmufl/ bozulmaktaolan 9 örne¤in hepsi en az bir parametre açısından standarda uygunsuz bulunmufltur

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a filled adhesive (One-Step Plus; Bisco) versus an unfilled adhesive (One-Step; Bisco) on the microtensile bond strength (µTBS) to dentin using total-etch (Uni-etch; Bisco) and self-etch (Tyrian SPE; Bisco) techniques. Methods: Twenty extracted human third molars were ground flat to expose occlusal dentin. After the dentin surfaces were polished with 600-grit SiC paper, the teeth were randomly assigned to four groups according to the bonding agent and technique being used. Dentin surfaces were bonded with One-Step Plus+total-etch; One-Step Plus+self-etch; One-Step+total-etch and One-Step+self-etch. Composite buildups were performed with Clearfil AP-X (Kuraray Medical). Following storage in distilled water at 37°C for 24 h, the bonded specimens were serially sectioned into 0.7 mm-thick slabs and then trimmed to hour-glass shapes with a 1 mm2 cross-sectional area (n=20). Microtensile bond strengths were determined using the EZ-test (Shimadzu) at a cross-head speed of 1 mm/min. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test. Results: There were no significant differences in the µTBS between One-Step Plus and One-Step adhesives when they were used with the total-etch and self-etch techniques (p>0.05). However with the total-etch technique both adhesives yielded significantly higher bond strength values than the self-etch technique (p

A standard spinal cord trauma was performed on control and lidocaine-treated (5 mg/kg. i.p.) rats. Spinal cord lipid peroxide levels in the lidocaine-trcaled group were significantly lower than those of controls. No significant difference was observed in plasma lipid peroxide levels. Our results suggest a protective role of lidocaine against lipid peroxidation after experimental spinal cord trauma in rats.

There are many accepted surgical methods in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia. Microvascular decompression is a widely used surgical approach, the purpose of which is to decompress the affected root entry zone of the fifth cranial nerve. It is highly effective in relieving pain and is associated with a low morbidity rate. In this paper we present nine cases of trigeminal neuralgia treated by microvascular decompression and discuss current therapeutical methods.

Contrlateral myélographie filling defect (CMFD) is a situation in which the clinical findings and the myélographie appearance are not in accordance. A case with CMFD is presented and the surgical importance of this finding is discussed.

Aneurysmal dilatation of the cerebral vessels are rarely seen in childhood. In this paper we present a cerebral aneurysm caused by subarachnoid haemorrhage in a 9 year old boy. The rarety and the treatment of this pathology is discussed.