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Peaches and nectarines are among the fruit groups that are cultivated and have economic value. Plants with certain characteristics such as resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses are developed by interspecies hybridization. Reproduction of hybrid plants is carried out by plant tissue culture techniques and their response to stress factors in vitro conditions is examined. In this study, the response of peach-nectarine hybrids to iron stress in vitro was investigated. In this study, 10 hybrids were used as plant material. MS (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) medium containing FeSO4.7H2O (100%=27.8 mg/l) at different concentrations (0, 25, 50 and 100%) was used in in vitro iron stress experiments. 1 mg/l BAP was added to the nutrient media. The data on the growth coefficient (sibling/plantlet), plant height (cm) and number of leaves (number) as a result of in vitro iron stress were examined. As a result of the stress experiment, chlorosis was observed intensely in the nutrient medium without Fe, while better results were obtained in all other ratios. As a result of the study, it was determined that the hybrids (RÜ-8, RÜ-46 and VÜ-74) that developed well in nutrient media containing low Fe concentration had better responses to iron stress.

Turunçgiller yetiştiriciliği yapılan en önemli ve yüksek tür çeşitliliğine sahip meyve gruplarından biridir. Taze olarak tüketilmesi ve farklı endüstrilerde ham madde olarak kullanılması turunçgillerin önemini artırmaktadır. Bu nedenle turunçgillerde yeni çeşit ve anaç geliştirme çalışmaları oldukça önemlidir. Melezleme çalışmaları sonucunda elde edilen değerli bitkilerin çoğaltılması için bitki doku kültürü çalışmaları güçlü bir alternatiftir. Bu çalışmada, Sunki mandarin X Rubidoux üç yapraklı melezlerinin in vitro koşullarda mikroçoğaltımında genotip ve farklı besin ortamlarının (Murashige and Skoog Medium -MS, Woody Plant Medium -WPM, Rugini Olive Medium -ROM) etkisi incelenmiştir. Ayrıca bitkilerin köklendirilmesi üzerine genotip ve farklı bitki büyüme düzenleyicilerin (indol bütirik asit - IBA ve naftalen asetik asit - NAA) etkisi araştırılmıştır. Elde edilen köklü bitkiler dış koşullara alıştırılmıştır. Çalışmada kullanılan genotiplerden mikroçoğaltım aşamasında en başarılı genotipler SR-60 ve SR-75 olurken, köklenme aşamasında en başarılı genotipler SR-41, SR-47 ve SR-60 olmuştur. Besin ortamlarının mikroçoğaltım üzerine etkisi istatistiksel olarak önemsiz bulunmuştur (P

Türkiye, süs bitkileri yetiştiriciliği açısından elverişli koşulları, pazar ülkelere yakınlığı ve ucuz işgücüne sahip olması gibi sebeplerle avantajlı bir konuma sahiptir. Bir iç mekân bitkisi olan spathiphyllum talebini karşılamak amacıyla, klasik üretim yöntemlerine ek olarak biyoteknolojik yöntemlerden de yararlanılmaktadır. Son yıllarda bitkilerin Mikroçoğaltım’ında klasik doku kültürü sistemleri ile beraber, geçici daldırma biyoreaktörler olarak adlandırılan sistemlerin de kullanımına başlanmıştır. Bu çalışma kapsamında, ticari olarak öneme sahip spathiphyllum ‘Chico’ genotipinde, klasik doku kültürü ve geçici daldırma biyoreaktör sistemlerinden biri olan Plantform kullanılarak, Mikroçoğaltım ve köklendirme çalışmaları yürütülmüştür. Her iki sistemde kurulan Mikroçoğaltım denemelerinde 1 mg L-1 6-Benzilaminopürin (BAP) içeren Murashige ve Skoog (MS) besin ortamı, köklendirme denemelerinde ise 1 mg L-1 İndol-3-bütirik asit (IBA) içeren MS ortamı kullanılmıştır. Mikroçoğaltım ve köklenme sonuçlarının, her iki sistemde de başarılı olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Dizi İlişkili Çoğaltılmış̧ Polimorfizm (SRAP) markırları ile yapılan DNA analizleri sonucunda da, çoğaltılan ve köklendirilen bitkilerde herhangi bir genetik açılımın olmadığı belirlenmiştir., Turkey has an advantageous position for the cultivation of ornamental plants for reasons such as favourable conditions, proximity to markets and cheap labour. In addition to classical production methods, biotechnological methods are used to meet the demand of Spathiphyllum, which is an indoor plant. In recent years, it has been started to be used in micropropagation of plants called temporary immersion system as well as classical tissue culture systems. Within the scope of the present study, micropropagation and rooting studies were carried out using classical tissue culture system and Plantform, one of the temporary immersion bioreactor systems, in the commercially important Spathiphyllum ‘Chico’ genotype. MS medium containing 1 mg L-1 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) was used in micropropagation experiments established in both systems, and Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 1 mg L-1 Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) was used in rooting experiments. The results of micropropagation and rooting have been found to be successful in both systems. As a result of the screening with Sequence-Related Amplified Polymorphism (SRAP) markers, it was determined that there were no genetic differences in the plants that were reproduced and rooted.

The Spathiphyllum is an indoor ornamental plant belonging to the Araceae family. Spathiphyllum genus, which has 36 species in nature, is a robust growth and easy to care for an indoor plant. Vegetative propagation of spathiphyllum is known to be complicated. For this reason, current production does not meet the demand sufficiently. Today, plant tissue culture methods and classical production methods are used to meet the increasing demand for spathiphyllum. In the present study, we aimed to detect the effects of different strengths (full, ½, and ¼) of MS media on micropropagation and rooting of spathiphyllum. Shoot tips of spathiphyllum ‘chico’ variety were cultured in different strengths of MS media containing 1 mg L-1 BAP for micropropagation. Plantlets obtained from micropropagation were transferred to different strengths of MS media containing 1 mg L-1 IBA for rooting. Plantlets in magenta boxes were removed and replaced in a controlled greenhouse. The best strength of medium was detected as the full MS in all parameters in vitro propagation. The rooting rate was determined 100% for each medium. However, there are significant differences among the media in view of the number of roots and length of roots., Spathiphyllum Araceae familyasına ait bir iç mekan süs bitkisidir. Doğada 36 türü bulunan Spathiphyllum cinsinin doğada 30 türü bulunmaktadır. Spathiphyllum çok güçlü büyüyen ve bakımı kolay iç mekân bitkisidir. Spathiphyllum'un vejetatif çoğaltımının zor olduğu bilinmektedir. Bu nedenle mevcut üretim talebi yeterince karşılayamamaktadır. Artış gösteren spathiphyllum ihtiyacını karşılamak için klasik üretim yöntemleri ile bitki doku kültürü yöntemleri de kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, spathiphyllum'un mikroçoğaltımı ve köklenmesi üzerine MS besin ortamlarının farklı kuvvetlerinin (tam, ½ ve ¼) etkilerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Sürgün uçları, mikroçoğaltım için 1 mg L-1 BAP eklenmiş farklı kuvvetteki MS ortamlarında kültüre alınmıştır. Mikroçoğaltımdan gelen bitkicikler, köklenme için 1 mg L-1 IBA ilave edilmiş farklı güçteki MS ortamlarına aktarılmıştır. Köklü bitkiler kontrollü sera koşullarına alıştırılmıştır. Mikroçoğaltımda tüm parametrelerde ortamın en iyi gücü tam MS olarak tespit edilmiştir. Köklenme oranı her ortam için %100 olarak belirlenmiştir. Ancak kök sayısı, kök uzunluğu açısından ortamlar arasında önemli farklılıklar tespit edilmiştir.

© 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.Background: Banana is largely grown in tropical and subtropical climates. It is rich in various food components and has quite a high economic value. Unavailable ecological and agricultural conditions cause quantitative and qualitative losses in banana cultivation. Along with global climate change, drought stress is becoming prominent day by day. Methods and results: Micropropagation and rooting performance of Azman and Grand Naine banana cultivars were investigated under in vitro drought stress conditions. The expression levels of four different genes of CDPK gene family in leaf and root tissues of the rooted plants were determined with the use of qRT-PCR. Greater expression levels of four MaCDPK genes were seen in Azman cultivar than in Grand Naine cultivar. MaCDPK9 and MaCDPK21 had greater expression levels in root tissue and MaCDPK1 and MaCDPK40 genes in leaf tissues. Conclusions: Response of different banana cultivars to in vitro drought stress was determined in this study. The expression levels of the genes of CDPK gene family with a significant role in drought stress had significant contributions in elucidation of banana plant response to drought stress.

Myrtle (Myrtus communis L.) is a typical plant cover of the Mediterranean region. It is an evergreen perennial shrub or small tree belonging to Myrtaceae family with a natural spread in tropical and subtropical areas. RNA sequencing technique is a common method used to identify transcriptomes. Next-generation sequencing technologies have recently been used for identification and development of SSR markers. This study was conducted to develop SSR markers in myrtle plants with the use of next-generation sequencing technologies. Illumina HiSeq 2000 sequencing device was used for RNA sequencing in two different myrtle genotypes (one with black fruits and the other one with white fruits). RNA-Seq analyses were conducted in two different myrtle genotypes and de novo analyses were performed to identify repeat regions of the genome. Present analyses revealed the greatest repeat pattern as 12,885 di-nucleotide. Number of repeat patterns varied between 12-11,776. Appropriate SSR primers able to amplify these repeat patterns were designed. Within the scope of this study, more than 12,000 SSR primers were developed.

The application of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) can be an excellent and eco-friendly alternative to the use of chemical fertilizers. While PGPRs are often used in traditional agriculture to facilitate yield increases, their use in soilless agriculture has been limited. Soilless agriculture is growing in popularity among commercial farmers because it eliminates soil-borne problems, and the essential strategy is to keep the system as clean as possible. However, a new trend is the inclusion of PGPRs to enhance plant development. Despite the plethora of research that has been performed to date, there remains a huge knowledge gap that needs to be addressed to facilitate the commercialization of PGPRs for sustainable soilless agriculture. Hence, the development of proper strategies and additional research and trials are required. The present review provides an update on recent developments in the use of PGPRs in soilless agriculture, examining these bacteria from different perspectives in an attempt to generate critical discussion and aid in the understanding of the interaction between soilless agriculture and PGPRs.

Nar çok yıllık, çalı formunda, çok kuvvetli kök sistemine sahip bir subtropik iklim bitkisi olarak bilinmektedir. Mikrosatellitler yüksek organizmalara ait kromozomlar üzerinde ardışık olarak tekrarlanmakta olan 1-6 bp nükleotid gruplarından oluşmaktadır. Son yıllarda geliştirilen ve günümüzde en önemli teknolojilerden biri olarak karşımıza çıkan yeni nesil DNA dizileme teknolojileri yüksek doğrulukla, ultra hızlı dizileme yapabilmektedir. RNA dizileme gen ifadesinin kantitatif analizi için en güçlü ve yeni teknolojilerden biridir. Bu çalışmada yeni nesil dizileme teknolojileri kullanılarak narda mikrosatellit bölgelerinin tespit edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla RNA-seq çalışmaları yürütülmüştür. RNA-seq analizlerinde 'Hicaznar' ve '33N26' çeşitleri kullanılmıştır. Biyoinformatik çalışmalar sonucunda DNA üzerinde mikrosatellit bölgelerin tanımlanması sağlanmıştır. Çalışma sonunda yaklaşık 19,000 mikrosatellit belirlenmiştir. Bu bölgeler arasından rastgele seçilen 20 SSR (Basit Dizi Tekrarları) primeri çifti 40 farklı nar genotipinde test edilmiştir. Yapılan analizler sonucunda 20 SSR primer çiftinden de başarılı bir şekilde amplifikasyon sağlandığı, bunlardan 5 tanesinin polimorfik sonuçlar verdiği tespit edilmiştir.

Turunçgiller dünyanın tropik ve subtropik bölgelerinde ticari olarak yetiştiriciliği yapılan bir meyve türüdür. Bitkilerin büyüme ve gelişimleri tuzluluk, kuraklık gibi abiyotik faktörlerden etkilenmektedir. Küresel iklim değişikliğinin yakın gelecekte su stresi riskini artıracağı beklenmektedir. Bitki biyoteknolojisinin amaçlarından biri kuraklığa tolerant bitkilerin geliştirilmesidir. Çevresel stresler arasında kuraklık stresi bitki büyüme ve verimini en olumsuz etkileyen faktörlerden biridir. Bitkilerin kuraklık stresine verdiği cevap oldukça karmaşık ve birçok genin ifadesinin gerçekleştiği bir süreçtir. Bu çalışmada turunçgil anaçları arasında yer alan Troyer sitranjı ve C-35 sitranjı kullanılmıştır. Bitkisel materyallere ait tohumlar çimlendirildikten sonra in vitro koşullarda kuraklık stresi uygulanmıştır. Bitkilerin in vitro’da kuraklık stresi altında çoğaltım performansları ve verdikleri tepkiler belirlenmiştir. Her iki anacında artan PEG dozlarında yaşamları ve çoğalmalarına devam ettirdikleri ancak performanslarının gerilediği tespit edilmiştir.

Myrtle is known to be an important aromatic and medicinal plant species. Myrtle plant isconsumed mainly as spice having several uses in the perfumery, food and pharmaceutical industries. It isalso widely used for ornamental purposes such as fencing, roadsides, and green cutting. Plant tissueculture techniques are an essential tool to micropropagate for the plant producer. TIS (Temporaryimmersion systems) is an alternative plant tissue culture technique for micropropagation mechanism inplant species. A new culture vessel named PlantForm TIS bioreactor has been recently developed. In thepresent study, we aimed to evaluate and compare a new type of TIS bioreactors with agar media formyrtle. MS (Murashige and Skoog) medium supplemented with 1 mg l-1 BAP (benzylaminopurine) wasused for multiplication, with 1 mg l-1IBA (indole-3-butyric acid) for rooting. Two different immersiontimes (4 h and 8 h) were compared with the solid agar medium. Plantlets growing in PlantForm systemsperformed better than those in the solid medium. All data recorded at micropropagation and rootingtreatments were much more successful. In conclusion, PlantForm TIS bioreactor presents a validalternative to traditional in vitro micropropagation and rooting systems, resulting in a reduction of cost,labor, and time for the mass propagation

Agrobacterium-mediated transformation represents an effective and universal method for transferring target genes to plant species. The obtainment of dwarf rootstocks is one of the essential goals in breeding of fruit tree species and especially for citrus. In the present study, non-recombinant wild-typeA. rhizogenesstrain ATCC15834 was used to obtain dwarf citrus rootstock in in vitro conditions. Tuzcu 3131 Sour Orange, Carrizo citrange, Gou Tou Sour Orange, Swingle citrumelo and Troyer citrange were used as plant materials. Internodal stem explants were obtained from seedlings. Two different methods were applied for transformation. In the first treatment, explants were excised and inoculated withA. rhizogenessuspension and shaken at 80 rpm for 30 min, and explants were transferred to MS medium for 2 days in darkness at 24°C. After co-cultivation, the explants were cultured on MS medium containing 500 mg L‑1cefotaxime. In the second treatment bacterial cells were pelleted by centrifugation at 5000 rpm for 10 min, resuspended and diluted in bacterial suspension medium. The explants were immersed for 15 min in bacterial suspension and transferred to Petri dishes containing cocultivation medium (MS, 2 mg L‑1IAA, 1 mg L‑12IP, 2 mg L‑12,4-D) for 3 days at darkness. Then the explants were transferred to shoot regeneration medium (MS supplemented with 500 mg L‑1of cefotaxime and 1 mg L‑1of BAP). The presence ofrolgenes in the putative transformed plants was confirmed by PCR analysis. Based on molecular analysis, 13 clones containingrolgenes were recovered from Troyer citrange, they were rooted in in vitro conditions, and maintained their vitality and continued to develop. Four clones containingrolgenes were recovered from Carrizo citrange, they were rooted in in vitro conditions, but these clones were not survived during acclimatization.

Mandarin (Citrus reticulate Blanco) and lemon (C.limon L.) are among the most cultivated Citrus species in the world.Amongdifferent approaches, gamma radiation is widely used to induce mutations in citrus breeding studies. Gamma radiation causes DNAdamage, randomly inducing several mutations in the genome. Molecular techniquesarewidely used to detect such induced mutationsand genetic diversity in plants.In this study, simple sequence repeats (SSR), inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) and single-strandconformation polymorphism (SSCP) markers were used to detectthe induced mutations andgenetic diversityin someirradiatedmandarin and lemon genotypes in comparison with standard citrus varieties. The irradiated genotypes used in this study derived frompopulationsthat had been originally obtained with gamma radiation with different gray doses applied on Yerli Mandarin and AntalyaYerliYuvarlak lemon varieties. Out of 82 primers (22 SSCP, 30 ISSR and 30 SSR) tested, 55 primers (9 SSCP, 24 ISSR and 22 SSR primers)successfully amplified a total number of 363 amplicons.A single band with an approximate size of 500 nucleotides was determinedusing the primer ISSR 868 as differentiating between seedy parent and irradiated seedless mandarin genotypes. The polymorphisminformation content (PIC) values of SSCP, ISSR, and SSR markers ranged from 0.61–0.99, 0.31–0.96, and 0.33–0.96, respectively. Clusteranalysis classified lemons and mandarins into 2 subgroups as mutant and commercial lemon genotypes. ISSR markers were foundto be more effective to determine the genetic differences among the varieties in comparison to SSCP and SSR markers. The resultsclearly showed that SSCP, SSR and ISSR markers are important tools to distinguish mutant genotypes andconfirmed their usefulness forphylogenetic studies.&nbsp

In this research, Cm-AAT antisense genes responsible for synthesis of aroma volatiles in melon (Cucumis melo L., var. cantalupensis Naud) were transformed by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Commercial recombinant RNAi - pFGC5941 plasmid transformed from Escherichia coli (DH5?) to Agrobacterium tumefaciens, was used. Based on the results, from the 1200 seeds used in the experiment, 58 putative transgenic plants for AAT1 gene, 39 putative transgenic plants for AAT3, 28 putative transgenic plants for AAT4 were obtained. These results were confirmed by PCR analysis. Transformation efficiency of antisense genes was found as 2.5% for AAT1, 1.7% for AAT3 and 1.25% for AAT4. Cotyledone and proximal explants from the seeds were cultured on the selective medium. Proximal explants gave better results in view of regeneration and shoot rates for all genes.

Nar çokyıllık, çalı formunda, çok kuvvetli kök sistemine sahip bir subtropik iklimbitkisi olarak bilinmektedir. Mikrosatellitler yüksek organizmalara aitkromozomlar üzerinde ardışık olarak tekrarlanmakta olan 1-6 bp nükleotidgruplarından oluşmaktadır. Son yıllarda geliştirilen ve günümüzde en önemliteknolojilerden biri olarak karşımıza çıkan yeni nesil DNA dizilemeteknolojileri yüksek doğrulukla, ultra hızlı dizileme yapabilmektedir. RNAdizileme gen ifadesinin kantitatif analizi için en güçlü ve yeniteknolojilerden biridir. Bu çalışmada yeni nesil dizileme teknolojilerikullanılarak narda mikrosatellit bölgelerinin tespit edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Buamaçla RNA-seq çalışmaları yürütülmüştür. RNA-seq analizlerinde 'Hicaznar' ve'33N26' çeşitleri kullanılmıştır. Biyoinformatik çalışmalar sonucunda DNAüzerinde mikrosatellit bölgelerin tanımlanması sağlanmıştır. Çalışma sonundayaklaşık 19,000 mikrosatellit belirlenmiştir. Bu bölgeler arasından rastgeleseçilen 20 SSR (Basit Dizi Tekrarları) primeri çifti 40 farklı nar genotipindetest edilmiştir. Yapılan analizler sonucunda 20 SSR primer çiftinden debaşarılı bir şekilde amplifikasyon sağlandığı, bunlardan 5 tanesinin polimorfiksonuçlar verdiği tespit edilmiştir., Pomegranateis known as a subtropical climate plant with very strong root system, inperennial, bushy form. Microsatellites are composed of 1-6 bp nucleotide groupswhich are repeated on successive chromosomes of high organisms. New generationDNA sequencing technologies developed in recent years and emerging as one ofthe most important technologies today can perform highly accurate, ultra-fastsequencing. RNA sequencing is one of the most powerful and new technologies forthe quantitative analysis of gene expression. In the present study, it is aimedto identify microsatellite regions in pomegranate by using new generationsequencing technologies. RNA-seq studies have been carried out for thispurpose. The 'Hicaznar' and '33N26' varieties were used in RNA-seq analyzes. Asa result of the bioinformatics studies, identification of microsatelliteregions on DNA has been achieved. Approximately 19,000 microsatellites weredetermined at the end of the study. 20 SSR primer pairs randomly selected fromthese regions were tested in 40 different pomegranate genotypes. As a result ofthe analysis, 20 SSR primer pairs were successfully amplified and 5 of themprovided polymorphic results.

The genetic diversity of Turkish watermelon genotypes selected from the watermelon genetic resource collection was evaluated by simple sequence repeat (SSR) and sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers. Most of the accessions were collected from various geographical regions of Turkey. Different Citrullus species, wild relatives, foreign landraces, open pollinated (OP), and commercial hybrid cultivars were also assessed for genetic relatedness. Fourteen SSR primers and 31 SRAP primer combinations were used in the experiment. Both SSR markers (100%) and SRAP markers (97.3%) generated high polymorphisms. Based on the SSR and SRAP data, the genetic similarity coefficients were calculated, and dendrograms were constructed using the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic average (UPGMA). Cluster and principle coordinate analyses indicated that Citrullus lanatus var. Lanatus subspecies genotypes collected from the different regions of Turkey were closely genetically related. Overall, our results displayed low genetic variability within the Turkish watermelon germplasm in contrast with their high morphological diversity.

Turunçgillerin sahip olduğu tür çeşitliliği ve ekonomik değeri nedeniyle klasik ıslah çalışmaları yanında bitki biyoteknolojisi çalışmaları da ön plana çıkmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Carrizo sitranjının in vıtro koşullarda çimlendirilen tohumlarından gelişen kök eksplantları kullanılarak kökten bitki rejenerasyonunun optimizasyonu hedeflenmiştir. Carrizo sitranjına ait kök eksplantları BA (6-Benzil amino purin) ve NAA (1- Naftalenasetik asit)’nın 21 farklı konsantrasyonunu içeren MS (Murashige ve Skoog, 1962) besin ortamında kültüre alınmışlardır. Çalışma sonucunda en iyi kallus oluşumu 0.5 mg/L BA+1.5 mg/L NAA; 1 mg/L BA+0.5 mg/L NAA; 1 mg/L BA+1 mg/L NAA; 0.5 mg/L BA; 1.5 mg/L BA+0.5 mg/L NAA; 1.5 mg/L BA+1.5 mg/L NAA; 2 mg/L BA veya 2.5 mg/L BA+1.5 mg/L NAA içeren MS ortamından elde edilmiştir (%100). Sürgün oluşumunda 0.5 mg/L BA, 1 mg/L BA+0.5 mg/L NAA veya 2 mg/L BA içeren MS ortamlarında %100 başarı elde edilmiştir. The diversity and economic value of citrus encourages study of plant biotechnology in addition to classical plant breeding. In this study, optimization of plant regeneration was aimed at using root explants developed from the seeds of Carrizo citrange germinated in in vitro conditions. Root explants of Carrizo citrange were cultured in MS nutrient medium containing 21 different concentrations of BA (6-Benzyl amino purine) and NAA (1-Naphthaleneacetic acid). The best callus formation (100%) was obtained from MS medium containing 0.5 mg/L BA+1.5 mg/L NAA; 1 mg/L BA+0.5 mg/L NAA; 1 mg/L BA+1 mg/L NAA; 0.5 mg/L BA; 1.5 mg/L BA+0.5 mg/L NAA; 1.5 mg/L BA+1.5 mg/L NAA; 2 mg/L BA or 2.5 mg/L BA+1.5 mg/L NAA. In shoot formation, 100% success was achieved in MS media containing 0.5 mg/L BA, 1 mg/L BA+0.5 mg/L NAA or 2 mg/L BA.

Molecular diversity and genetic relationships among the most typical Hungarian and Turkish melon accessions were analysed using SSR markers. Thirty melon accessions were characterized by 15 SSR primers. SSR primers generated a total of 69 bands across the 30 melon accessions, of which 66 were polymorphic. The sizes of the bands ranged from 112 to 237 bp. Accessions Kav 13 and Kav 173 showed the largest genetic distance, while the accessions Kav 30 and Kav 39 (two Kirkagac type accessions from different geographic origin) were the most similar genotypes in the germplasm. Based on the pair-wise genetic distances obtained by SSR marker results, Hungarian accession S6 showed 62% similarity with the Turkish genotype Kav 16 and 50% with Kav 13. A clustering dendrogram based on the genetic distance matrix was produced by NTSYS-PC. Accessions were divided into two main groups (I-II). There were three sub-clusters (SC) within the two groups, two in cluster I and one in cluster II. The obtained data showed that the investigated germplasm contained high genetic variability.

The effects of IBA and activated charcoal concentrations for in vitro rooting in Myrtus communis were investigated. Shoot tips of M. communis were cultured and propagated on MS medium supplemented with 1 mg L-1 BAP. Shoots were transferred to MS medium containing different IBA concentrations (0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 mg L-1). All media were duplicated with four different activated charcoal concentrations (0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 g L-1). At the end of 6 weeks, rooting rate (%), number of roots plant-1, average root length (cm) and average plant length (cm) were recorded. Percentage data were arcsine-transformed and analysis of variance was performed. The means separation was determined by LSD test. Positive effects on rooting and the development of active carbon was observed. The results obtained from all medium concentrations and combinations were recorded and discussed.

European Biotechnology Congress -- MAY 25-27, 2017 -- Dubrovnik, CROATIA Simsek, Ozhan/0000-0001-5552-095X WOS: 000413585400352 …

WOS: 000379533500016 PubMed ID: 27193591 Snake melon is an important cucurbit crop especially in the Southeastern and the Mediterranean region of Turkey. It is consumed as fresh or pickled. The production is mainly done with the local landraces in the country. Turkey is one of the secondary diversification centers of melon and possesses valuable genetic resources which have different morphological characteristics in case of snake melon. Genetic diversity of snake melon genotypes collected from different regions of Turkey and reference genotypes obtained from World Melon Gene Bank in Avignon-France was examined using 13 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. A total of 69 alleles were detected, with an average of 5.31 alleles per locus. The polymorphism information content of SSR markers ranged from 0.19 to 0.57 (average 0.38). Based on cluster analysis, two major groups were defined. The first major group included only one accession (61), while the rest of all accessions grouped in the second major group and separated into different sub-clusters. Based on SSR markers, cluster analysis indicated that considerably high genetic variability exists among the examined accessions; however, Turkish snake melon accessions were grouped together with the reference snake melon accessions. Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Cukurova UniversityCukurova University [FBA-2014-2380] This research was supported by the Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Cukurova University (FBA-2014-2380). The authors are grateful to Dr. Aydin Uzun for his kindly help in the PIC analysis; AARI, TAEA, EMTZARI, INRA (Michel Pitrat), and Veysel Aras for seed supplying.

The genus Crataegus known as hawthorns, is the largest genus among the Maloideae, which comprises 265 species. Turkey is one of the genetic centers of Crataegus and there are more than 20 species found in Turkey. The fruits of Crataegus are used as food and have high flavonoid, vitamin C, glycoside, anthocyanidin, saponin, tannin, and antioxidant levels. In this study, we attempted to characterize 15 Crataegus accessions sampled from Hatay, located in Eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey. The accessions belonged to several species; C. aronia (L.) DC. var. aronia, C. aronia var. dentata Browicz, C. aronia var. minuta Browicz, C. monogyna Jacq. subsp. azarella (Griseb.) Franco, and C. orientalis Pall. ex M. Bieb. var. orientalis. Fruit characteristics of the accessions exhibited considerable variation. The multivariate, principle component and cluster analyses indicated that the accessions belonged to three groups: (1) C. aronia var. arona accessions; (2) C. aronia var. dentata accessions; and, (3) C. monogyna subsp. azarella and C. orientalis var. orientalis accessions. The principle component analysis results also revealed that the first three components explained 46, 21, and 14% of the variation, comprising a total of 81%. The fruit length and width, leaf area, and soluble solids contents were highly correlated characteristics for the first three components. The 19 RAPD primers generated a total of 107 bands, where 76 of these were polymorphic. The molecular data analyses by principle coordinate and clustering showed similar results to those of pomological characteristics. There were three groups, (1) C. aronia var. arona accessions; (2) C. aronia var. dentata accession; and, (3) C. monogyna subsp. azarella. C. orientalis var. orientalis accession grouped with C. aronia var. arona accessions. Therefore, it can be concluded that, overall, the diversity patterns of pomological and molecular data, generated by RAPD, for Crataegus are in good agreement and the accessions of C. aronia var. aronia, C. aronia var. minuta, C. monogyna subsp. azarella and C. orientalis var. orientalis accessions. © 2010 Springer Science+Business Media B.V. TOVAG-107O904 Acknowledgments We gratefully acknowledge the financial supports from the Scientific and Technological Council of Turkey (TOVAG-107O904).

The aim of this study was to determine some morphological characters and genetic relations of indeterminate green bean accessions having different seed coat color collected from the Black Sea region of Turkey. In this research, a total of 39 green bean accessions and one kidney bean accession consisting of different main seed coat colors (white, black, yellow, green, brown, red, and dark red) and mixed seed coat colors were used. Plants were produced under greenhouse conditions for morphological characterization. We used 43 morphological characters described by UPOV for indeterminate green bean. In molecular analysis, the sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) marker system was used. A total of 21 primer combinations produced 138 bands. DNA band profiles were analyzed by NTSYS and a UPGMA dendrogram was generated. The total polymorphism rate was found to be 85.5%. According to research results, indeterminate green bean accessions showed a high level of morphological variation; however, narrow genetic diversity was detected based on molecular analysis.

In this study, embryo-like structures (ELSs) were induced in four endemic Turkish Cyclamen species (C. cilicium Boiss. et Heldr., C. parviflorum Pobed., C. mirabile Hildebr. and C. pseudibericum Hildebr.) in the presence of 13 combinations of two plant growth regulators (PGRs) (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 6-(?,?-dimethylallylamino)purine) and four explant types (ovules, ovaries, leaves and petioles). The ratio of callus induction, different stages of ELS formation and the conversion of ELSs to plantlets were quantified. The most effective explant types for callus induction were leaves (56 % for C. cilicium and 59 % for C. parviflorum) and petioles (80 % for C. mirabile and 100 % for C. pseudibericum). Callus growth from the leaves and petioles of C. cilicium was 30 days earlier than that of C. mirabile and C. pseudibericum. In contrast, most callus formed from the petioles of C. pseudibericum (100 %) in medium with 2.5 mg l-1 2,4-D and 1 mg l-1 2iP. The highest number of ELSs was obtained succesfully from petioles (2.5 mg l-1 2,4-D and 1 mg l-1 2iP) and ovaries (2.5 mg l-1 2,4-D and 0.5 mg l-1 2iP) of C. pseudibericum, in 39 % and as 32 % of explants, respectively. The percentage conversion of ELSs to plantlets was 38, 31, 16 and 15 % for C. mirabile, C. cilicium, C. pseudibericum and C. parviflorum, respectively. The plantlets were successfully acclimatized in the greenhouse with 54, 70, 63 and 25 % of C. cilicium, C. mirabile, C. pseudibericum and C. parviflorum plantlets, respectively surviving after transfer to ex vitro conditions. This paper describes a unique, reliable and consistent protocol for the induction of ELSs from four endangered endemic Turkish Cyclamen species, opening up the possibility of preserving these valuable genetic resources in vitro and also other applied biotechnologies that rely on a stable embryogenic or callus-based protocol. © 2016, Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.

The genetic diversity of Turkish watermelon genotypes selected from the watermelon genetic resource collection was evaluated by simple sequence repeat (SSR) and sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers. Most of the accessions were collected from various geographical regions of Turkey. Different Citrullus species, wild relatives, foreign landraces, open pollinated (OP), and commercial hybrid cultivars were also assessed for genetic relatedness. Fourteen SSR primers and 31 SRAP primer combinations were used in the experiment. Both SSR markers (100%) and SRAP markers (97.3%) generated high polymorphisms. Based on the SSR and SRAP data, the genetic similarity coefficients were calculated, and dendrograms were constructed using the unweighted pairgroup method with arithmetic average (UPGMA). Cluster and principle coordinate analyses indicated that Citrullus lanatus var. lanatus subspecies genotypes collected from the different regions of Turkey were closely genetically related. Overall, our results displayed low genetic variability within the Turkish watermelon germplasm in contrast with their high morphological diversity. The genetic diversity of Turkish watermelon genotypes selected from the watermelon genetic resource collection was evaluated by simple sequence repeat (SSR) and sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers. Most of the accessions were collected from various geographical regions of Turkey. Different Citrullus species, wild relatives, foreign landraces, open pollinated (OP), and commercial hybrid cultivars were also assessed for genetic relatedness. Fourteen SSR primers and 31 SRAP primer combinations were used in the experiment. Both SSR markers (100%) and SRAP markers (97.3%) generated high polymorphisms. Based on the SSR and SRAP data, the genetic similarity coefficients were calculated, and dendrograms were constructed using the unweighted pairgroup method with arithmetic average (UPGMA). Cluster and principle coordinate analyses indicated that Citrullus lanatus var. lanatus subspecies genotypes collected from the different regions of Turkey were closely genetically related. Overall, our results displayed low genetic variability within the Turkish watermelon germplasm in contrast with their high morphological diversity.

Clementine mandarins, is a very important fruit group due the production of high quality fruits that can be seedless as consequence to their sexual self-incompatibility. In this study, the self-compatible/incompatible status of 40 clementine mandarins provided by the Cukurova University collection was determined by histological analysis. For this purpose, self-pollinations were performed and pistil samples were taken 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15 and 20 days after pollination. All samples were fixed in FPA70 solution and stored at 4°C. Pistil samples were stained with aniline blue and observed by fluorescence microscope following the staining and squashing. All pollen tubes of the genotypes arrested growth in the upper or middle part of style and none reached the base of the style. As a result, all the 40 clementine cultivars tested have been identified as self-incompatible.

Obtaining haploid plants is one of the important tool that shorten the plant breeding process. Anther culture is one of the method used for obtaining haploid plants. Anther culture studies are carried out for several plant species. In the present study, flowers at different sizes of W. Murcott mandarin were collected at the blooming period. Stage of mononuclear microspore of anthers was determined according to method of acetocarmine. Mononuclear microspore stage of anthers was observed in flowers 4-5 mm in diameter. Anther culture experiments were carried out with 4-5 mm in diameter anthers. In this study, temperature pre-treatment was performed at 4˚C and 25˚C for two days. Surface sterilization was performed in flowers and anthers were cultured in nutrient medium N6. Anther culture assays were performed with the three different concentrations of TDZ (0 mg l-1 TDZ, 0.1 mg l-1 TDZ, 0.5 mg l-1 TDZ). Half of anthers were cultured in dark condition while the other half in 16 hours light, 8 hours dark climate room conditions. Anthers containing mononuclear microspore stage were cultured and, changes occurring in the anther explants were discussed in the article., Haploid bitkilerin elde edilmesi, bitki ıslahında, ıslah sürecini kısaltan önemli yöntemlerden bir tanesidir. Haploid bitkilerin elde edilmesinde kullanılan yöntemlerden biri olan anter kültürü çalışmaları birçok bitki türünde yürütülmektedir. Bu çalışmada anterlerden haploid bitki elde etmek amacıyla W. Murcott mandarin çeşidinde, çiçeklenme dönemlerinde farklı boyutlardaki çiçekler toplanmış ve asetokarmin yöntemine göre anterler içerisindeki tek çekirdekli mikrospor aşaması belirlenmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda tek çekirdekli mikrospor aşamasının olduğu dönem çiçeklerin 4-5 mm çapında oldukları dönem olarak belirlenmiş ve bu boyuttaki çiçekler temin edilerek anter kültürü denemesi kurulmuştur. Çalışmada çiçeklere 25˚C ve 4˚C’de iki gün bekletilmesi şeklinde ön uygulama gerçekleştirilmiş ve ardından çiçeklerde yüzey sterilizasyonu uygulanarak anterler N6 besin ortamı içerisinde kültüre alınmışlardır. Anter kültürü denemelerinde 0 mg l-1 TDZ (Thidiazuron), 0.1 mg l-1 TDZ ve 0.5 mg l-1 TDZ olmak üzere TDZ’nin üç farklı konsantrasyonu denenmiş ve anterlerin yarısı karanlıkta, diğer yarısı ise 16 saat aydınlık, 8 saat karanlık iklim odası koşullarında kültüre alınmıştır. W. Murcott çeşidinde tek çekirdekli mikrospor aşamasında olan anterlerin kültüre alınması sonucunda yapılan incelemelerde anter eksplantlarında meydana gelen değişimler gözlemlenerek makalede tartışılmıştır.

Iron is one of the most important elements in plant mineral nutrition. Fe deficiency is a critical abiotic stress factor for Mediterranean citriculture; the development of marker-assisted selection for this trait would greatly enhance rootstock breeding. In this study, DNA sequencing and single-stranded conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analyses were performed to determine the allelic diversity of genes associated with tolerance to iron chlorosis in citrus. Two candidate iron chlorosis tolerance genes were selected from existing Citrus EST databases and Arabidopsis thaliana genome databases. Ferritin-3 chloroplast precursor and putative membrane transporter candidate gene sequences were used to define primers in conserved regions. Six citrus genotypes from the basic taxon of Citrus were used to identify polymorphic regions in the genes. Direct sequencing of the amplified DNA fragments from the candidate genes was performed, and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and insertions/deletions (indels) were identified after sequence alignment. Based on the DNA sequencing analysis, a total of 6840 nucleotides of DNA were sequenced to identify SNPs and indels. In total, 263 SNPs and 15 indels were identified for both genes. We detected 38.45 SNPs and 2.19 indels for each 1000 b on average from the DNA sequencing results. New primers were designed in conserved areas flanking polymorphic ones for SSCP analysis. SSCP-PCR analysis was performed with 25 citrus genotypes. The neighbor-joining method was used for cluster analysis. Trifoliate genotypes and their hybrids (known to be sensitive to iron chlorosis) clustered together, whereas genotypes tolerant to iron chlorosis were more spread out on the dendrogram. Mandarins also showed high diversity for both genes according to SSCP results. Differences were found among sour orange genotypes known to have differential tolerance behavior to iron chlorosis. Iron is one of the most important elements in plant mineral nutrition. Fe deficiency is a critical abiotic stress factor for Mediterranean citriculture; the development of marker-assisted selection for this trait would greatly enhance rootstock breeding. In this study, DNA sequencing and single-stranded conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analyses were performed to determine the allelic diversity of genes associated with tolerance to iron chlorosis in citrus. Two candidate iron chlorosis tolerance genes were selected from existing Citrus EST databases and Arabidopsis thaliana genome databases. Ferritin-3 chloroplast precursor and putative membrane transporter candidate gene sequences were used to define primers in conserved regions. Six citrus genotypes from the basic taxon of Citrus were used to identify polymorphic regions in the genes. Direct sequencing of the amplified DNA fragments from the candidate genes was performed, and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and insertions/deletions (indels) were identified after sequence alignment. Based on the DNA sequencing analysis, a total of 6840 nucleotides of DNA were sequenced to identify SNPs and indels. In total, 263 SNPs and 15 indels were identified for both genes. We detected 38.45 SNPs and 2.19 indels for each 1000 b on average from the DNA sequencing results. New primers were designed in conserved areas flanking polymorphic ones for SSCP analysis. SSCP-PCR analysis was performed with 25 citrus genotypes. The neighbor-joining method was used for cluster analysis. Trifoliate genotypes and their hybrids (known to be sensitive to iron chlorosis) clustered together, whereas genotypes tolerant to iron chlorosis were more spread out on the dendrogram. Mandarins also showed high diversity for both genes according to SSCP results. Differences were found among sour orange genotypes known to have differential tolerance behavior to iron chlorosis.

Cyclamen sp. occupies a wide swathe of habitats across Turkey. Ten wild Cyclamen species grow naturally in Turkey, some being endemic. Due to this genetic variation, wild Cyclamen sp. with traits such as flower shape and colour, leaf shape and colour and disease resistance make these species important for cyclamen breeders. In this study, the potential of somatic embryogenesis from different explants (ovules, divided ovary parts, leaves and petiole segments) of 15 separate genotypes from one wild species (Cyclamen persicum Mill.) was studied. Explants were cultured on medium containing half-strength Murashige and Skoog macro- and micro-elements and 2.0mgl-1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 0.8mgl-1 6-(?,?-dimethylallylamino) purine for inducing embryogenic callus. Embryogenic potential differed significantly between explants and genotypes. Although callus was most prolific from petiole explants, somatic embryos formed most efficiently on ovary explants. The ability of petiole, ovary, ovule and leaf explants, when averaged for the 15 genotypes, to form callus, was 34.3, 30.16, 26.6 and 15.6%, respectively while the percentages of somatic embryos formed were 11.3, 8.00, 4.16 and 2.83% of ovary, petiole, leaf and ovule explants, respectively. © 2014 Elsevier B.V. TOVAG 110O102 This research was supported by TUBITAK (The Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey) (Project no.: TOVAG 110O102 ) project.

The genus Cyclamen (family Myrsinaceae) contains about 20 species, most of which occur in the Mediterranean region. Turkey has critically important Cyclamen genetic resources. Molecular characterization of plant materials collected from different regions of Turkey in which Cyclamen species grow naturally, namely Adana, Antalya, Aydin, Mugla, Izmir, Denizli, Kahramanmaras, Osmaniye, Eskisehir, Trabzon, and Rize provinces, was performed using RAPD and SRAP markers. DNA was successfully amplified by 30 RAPD primers and 14 SRAP primer pairs. Among the 470 bands generated by the RAPD primers, 467 were polymorphic. The number of bands detected by a single primer set ranged from 11 to 22 (average of 15.6). The percentage polymorphism was 99.3 % based on the RAPD data. In the SRAP analysis, a total of 216 bands were generated, showing 100 % polymorphism. The number of bands detected by a single primer set ranged from 9 to 22 (average of 15.4). All data were scored and UPGMA dendrograms were constructed with similar results in both marker systems, i.e., different species from nine provinces of Turkey were separated from each other in the dendrograms with the same species being clustered together.

Citrus is one of the world’s important fruit crops. Recently, citrus molecular genetics and biotechnology work have been accelerated in the world. Genetic transformation, a biotechnological tool, allows the release of improved cultivars with desirable characteristics in a shorter period of time and therefore may be useful in citrus breeding programs.Citrustransformation has now been achieved in a number of laboratories by various methods.Agrobacterium tumefaciensis used mainly in citrus transformation studies. Particle bombardment, electroporation,A. rhizogenes, and a new method called RNA interference are used in citrus transformation studies in addition toA. tumefaciens. In this review, we illustrate how different gene transformation methods can be employed in different citrus species.

WOS: 000313960500106 PubMed ID: 23315810 Melon (Cucumis melo) is an important vegetable crop in Turkey, where it is grown in many regions; the most widely planted lines are local winter types belonging to the var. inodorous. We examined 81 melon genotypes collected from different provinces of Turkey, compared with 15 reference melon genotypes obtained from INRA/France, to determine genetic diversity among Turkish melons. Twenty polymorphic primers were used to generate the SSR markers. PCR amplification was performed and electrophoresis was conducted. SSR data were used to generate a binary matrix. For cluster analysis, UPGMA was employed to construct a clustering dendrogram based on the genetic distance matrix. The cophenetic correlation was compared with the similarity matrix using the Mantel matrix correspondence test to evaluate the representativeness of the dendrogram. A total of 123 alleles were amplified using the 20 SSR primer sets. The number of alleles detected by a single primer set ranged from 2 to 12, with an average of 6.15. The similarity ranged from 0.22 to 1.00 in the dendrogram developed from microsatellite analysis. Based on this molecular data, we concluded that genetic diversity among these Turkish accessions is relatively high. Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK)Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [Bosphorus-106 T 616] Research supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) (Bosphorus-106 T 616).

In vitro organogenesis of ‘Carrizo’ citrange (Citrus sinensis L. × Poncirus trifoliate Raf.) and ‘Cleopatra’ mandarin (Citrus reshni Hort. ex. Tan.) was studied considering three explant types: cotyledon, epicotyl and root explants. The explants were cultured in MS (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) medium supplemented with 0.0, 2.5, 5.0 mg L-1 6-benzyl-aminopurine (BAP) with 0.5 mg L-1 naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). Compared with cotyledon and epicotyl explants, a higher percentage responded and a higher number of shoots per explant were obtained with root explants, regardless of the 2.5 mg L-1 BAP and 0.5 mg L-1 NAA concentration (4.9 shoots/explant) in ‘Carrizo’ citrange. Cotyledon explants for both genotypes were not responsive in all plant growth regulator (PGR) concentrations and combinations studied. Only callus formation was obtained from root explants of ‘Cleopatra’ mandarin in all different PGR concentrations and combinations. 0.5 mg L-1 NAA without BAP gave the best results for shoot formation of ‘Cleopatra’ mandarin.