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Acyl-CoA: diacylglycerol–acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) enzyme plays a key role in controlling the synthesis rate triglyceride from diacylglycerol. Leptin (LP, OB, obese) is an important hormone that synthesizes mostly from adipose tissue and regulates glucose metabolism and homeostasis. DGAT1 and Lep genes are closely related to reproduction, growth, milk yield and composition in water buffalo breeds. This study aimed to identify genetic variation in the DGAT1 and Lep gene regions in 150 water buffalo individuals from five different provinces of Turkey using DNA sequencing. A total of 38 nucleotide variations and indels have identified 761 bp long partial intron 2 and exon 3 and 5′ UTR regions of the Lep gene in Anatolian water buffalo populations; 422 bp long partial exon 7–9 and exon 8 regions of DGAT1 gene were amplified and two mutations were defined in the point of 155 and 275 nucleotide that is three genotypes for S allele and Y allele of DGAT1 gene in intron 7 in Anatolian buffalo populations, respectively. These SNPs may have an effect on reproduction, growth, milk yield and composition in water buffalo populations and may prove to be useful for water buffalo breeding.

Acyl-CoA: diacylglycerol-acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) enzyme plays a key role in controlling the synthesis rate triglyceride from diacylglycerol. Leptin (LP, OB, obese) is an important hormone that synthesizes mostly from adipose tissue and regulates glucose metabolism and homeostasis. DGAT1 and Lep genes are closely related to reproduction, growth, milk yield and composition in water buffalo breeds. This study aimed to identify genetic variation in the DGAT1 and Lep gene regions in 150 water buffalo individuals from five different provinces of Turkey using DNA sequencing. A total of 38 nucleotide variations and indels have identified 761 bp long partial intron 2 and exon 3 and 5' UTR regions of the Lep gene in Anatolian water buffalo populations; 422 bp long partial exon 7-9 and exon 8 regions of DGAT1 gene were amplified and two mutations were defined in the point of 155 and 275 nucleotide that is three genotypes for S allele and Y allele of DGAT1 gene in intron 7 in Anatolian buffalo populations, respectively. These SNPs may have an effect on reproduction, growth, milk yield and composition in water buffalo populations and may prove to be useful for water buffalo breeding. Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Namik Kemal University [NKUBAP.00.24.AR.14.32]; Republic of Turkey Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry General Directorate of Agricultural Research and Policies [TAGEM 13/AR-GE/29] This research was supported by the Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Namik Kemal University, under project number NKUBAP.00.24.AR.14.32, and the Republic of Turkey Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry General Directorate of Agricultural Research and Policies, under project number TAGEM 13/AR-GE/29.

Aim Brain metastases are seen in 15–40% of patients diagnosed with cancer. We aimed to search the relationship between the T2 hypointensity, diffusion-weighted imaging characteristics, and the presence and amount of vasogenic edema of brain metastasis in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Methods A total of 292 patients with brain metastasis were included in the study. T2 signals of metastatic lesions, accompanying diffusion restriction and perilesional vasogenic edema findings, were investigated. In metastases accompanied by vasogenic edema, the largest dimension of the vasogenic edema-mass complex on T2-weighted sequences and the largest dimension of the mass in contrast-enhanced T1-weighted series were measured and the edema-mass ratio (EMR) was calculated by comparing these two values. Results The frequency of vasogenic edema was statistically significantly higher in T2 hypointense metastases (89.1% vs 58.8%, χ2 = 18.949, p = Conclusions The frequency of vasogenic edema and EMR rates were higher in patients in T2 hypointense metastases and metastases accompanied by diffusion restriction in MRI.

The animal fibres such as mohair, cashmere and cashgora have a complex structure and affected by genetic variation of keratin associated protein genes as KAP 1.1 (Keratin Associated Protein 1.1, formerly known as B2A), KAP1.3 (Keratin Associated Protein 1.3, formerly known as B2C) and K33 (Keratin Intermediate Filaments Type I, formerly known as KRT1.2). Keratin-associated proteins play a significant role in identifying structural and mechanical properties of the hair and wool fibres. This study was conducted to detect genetic variation at the KAP1.1, KAP1.3 and K33 genes in indigenous Turkish goat populations using DNA sequencing method. The DNA of 100 individuals selected from 5 different native goat breeds (Hair, Honamli, Kilis, Norduz, and Angora) that reared different regions of Turkey were used as materials. A total of 59 nucleotide variations and indels (insertion/deletion) of KAP1.1 gene, 15 nucleotide variations and indels of KAP1.3 gene, 16 nucleotide variations of K33 gene were determined in the studied samples. These nucleotide variations and indels have been causing changes in the number and sequence of amino acids. It is necessary to determine the relationships with mohair yield, quality and polymorphisms that are determined in KAP1.1, KAP1.3 and KRT1.2 genes.

Brain metastases are seen in 15–40% of patients diagnosed with cancer. We aimed to search the relationship between the T2 hypointensity, diffusion weighted imaging characteristics and the presence and amount of vasogenic edema of Brain metastasis in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). 292 patients with brain metastasis were included in the study. T2 signals of metastatic lesions, accompanying diffusion restriction and perilesional vasogenic edema findings were investigated. In metastases accompanied by vasogenic edema, the largest dimension of the vasogenic edema-mass complex on T2-weighted sequences and the largest dimension of the mass in contrast-enhanced T1-weighted series were measured and the edema-mass ratio (EMR) was calculated by comparing these two values.The incidence of vasogenic edema was statistically significantly higher in T2 hypointense metastases(89.1% vs 58.8%, χ2 = 18.949, p = and metastases accompanied by diffusion restriction(81% vs 61.5%, χ2 = 6.971, p = 0.008). EMR value were found to be statistically significantly higher in T2 hypointense metastases (EMR→ Z=-4.507, p = and metastases with diffusion restriction(EMR→ Z=-3.819, p = 0.001 ). The incidence of vasogenic edema and EMR rates were higher in patients in T2 hypointense metastases and metastases accompanied by diffusion restriction in MRI.

Simple Summary Minimizing silage additives cost while increasing silage quality is important for a sustainable livestock enterprise, especially in undeveloped and developing countries. In this study, therefore, commercially available kefir yeast (CK) and homemade kefir culture (HK), as a low-cost additive, was applied at untreated a common control (CON) and three different application doses (5.0, 5.7, and 6.0 log cfu g−1) on wilted alfalfa and evaluated with the fermentation characteristics and aerobic stability. The addition of HK with an application dose greater than 5.0 log cfu g−1 prevents mold formation and inhibits yeast counts in silages. Indeed, both CK and HK improve the silage quality and aerobic stability of alfalfa even with low water-soluble carbohydrate content. Abstract The present study has been one of the first attempts to thoroughly examine the effects of different kefir sources on fermentation characteristics, aerobic stability, and microbial communities of alfalfa silages. The effects of commercial kefir (CK) and homemade kefir culture (HK) applied with untreated a common control (CON) and three different application doses (5.0, 5.7, and 6.0 log cfu g−1) on wilted alfalfa and stored at an ambient temperature of 25–30 °C are studied. After 45 days of ensiling, fermentation characteristics and aerobic stability of silages were measured, and bacterial diversity was investigated by 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing using the GenomeLab™ GeXP platform. Both CK and HK accelerate more lactic acid production and reduced ammonia nitrogen concentration. Factor analysis of kefir sources suggests that the addition of kefir improves the aerobic stability of silages, even the initial water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content is inadequate via its antimicrobial effect on yeast and mold formation. Enterococcus faecium, Pediococcus pentosaceous and Lactobacillus brevis were dominant bacterial species among the treated groups at silo opening, while Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus brevis became dominant bacterial species after 7 days of aerobic exposure. In conclusion, the application of kefir on alfalfa silages improves fermentation quality and aerobic stability even with low WSC content.

Simple Summary In the present study, twenty microsatellite loci were tested to assess and analyze the genetic diversity between and within 17 different populations of Turkish water buffalo. The total number of animals sampled was 837, collected from six geographical regions: Marmara Region (MRM), Black Sea Region (BSR), Aegean Region (AER), Central Anatolia Region (CAR), Eastern Anatolia Region (EAR) and Southeastern Anatolia Region (SAR). All studied microsatellites markers showed allelic polymorphism. In this study, the results indicated a definite genetic diversity among the Turkish water buffalo populations which indicates the existence of at least two major clusters. Abstract The present study was aimed to investigate the genetic diversity among 17 Turkish water buffalo populations. A total of 837 individuals from 17 provincial populations were genotyped, using 20 microsatellites markers. The microsatellite markers analyzed were highly polymorphic with a mean number of alleles of (7.28) ranging from 6 (ILSTS005) to 17 (ETH003). The mean observed and expected heterozygosity values across all polymorphic loci in all studied buffalo populations were 0.61 and 0.70, respectively. Observed heterozygosity varied from 0.55 (Bursa (BUR)) to 0.70 (Muş (MUS)). It was lower than expected heterozygosity in most of the populations indicating a deviation from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. The overall value for the polymorphic information content of noted microsatellite loci was 0.655, indicating their suitability for genetic diversity analysis in buffalo. The mean FIS value was 0.091 and all loci were observed significantly deviated from Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE), most likely based on non-random breeding. The 17 buffalo populations were genetically less diverse as indicated by a small mean FST value (0.032 ± 0.018). The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) analysis indicated that about 2% of the total genetic diversity was clarified by population distinctions and 88 percent corresponded to differences among individuals. The information produced by this study can be used to establish a base of national conservation and breeding strategy of water buffalo population in Turkey.

This study was conducted to investigate the growth hormone (GH; somatotropin-like) gene polymorphisms in 150 water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) from different regions of Turkey. 404 bp long partial intron 4, exon 5, 3’ UTR regions of the GH gene (also called GH/AluI locus) and 347 bp long exon-intron 3 and partial exon 4 regions of the GH gene (also called GH/MspI locus) were amplified, and their PCR products analyzed via DNA sequencing method. Seven genotypes due to twenty single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) and one deletion/insertion were identified in a 347 bp long region of the GH/MspI locus. A missense mutation from glycine to glutamate amino acid and four silent mutations in the serine, threonine, and asparagine amino acids were determined in the exon 3 region of the GH gene. Four genotypes due to eight SNP were identified in a 404 bp long region of the GH/AluI locus. A missense mutation from lysine to arginine amino acid and six silent mutations in Leucine, aspartate, histidine, lysine, arginine, and cysteine amino acids were revealed in the exon 5 region of the GH gene. The partial DNA sequence of the GH gene in water buffalos was reported, and these sequences were deposited at the NCBI Genbank database with the accession numbers MN266903-MN266909 and MN530973-MN530976. These SNP may have an effect on economic (such as body composition) and carcass traits, reproduction, and milk yield and content in water buffalo populations and may prove to be useful for water buffalo breeding. © 2020 All Rights Reserved AR.14.32, NKUBAP.00.24; Tarimsal Araştirmalar ve Politikalar Genel Müdürlüğü, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Tarim Ve Orman Bakanliği: TAGEM ??AR -GE/ ?? This research was supported by the Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Nam?k Kemal University, under project number NKUBAP.00.24.AR.14.32, and the Republic of Turkey Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry General Directorate of Agricultural Research and Policies, under project number TAGEM 13/AR-GE/29. This research was supported by the Scienti ?ic Research Projects Coordination Unit of Namık Kemal University, under project number NKUBAP. ??????AR. ?????? and the Republic of Turkey Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry General Directorate of Agricultural Research and Policies, under project number TAGEM ??AR -GE/ ???

In this study, to analyze the mtDNA D-loop region and the origin of the maternal lineages of 16 different donkey populations, and to assess the domestication of Turkish indigenous donkeys in seven geographical regions, we investigated the DNA sequences of the D-loop region of 315 indigenous donkeys from Turkey. A total of 54 haplotypes, resulting from 35 polymorphic regions (27 parsimoniously informative and 6 singleton sites), were defined. Twenty-eight of these haplotypes are unique (51.85%), and 26 are shared among different Turkish indigenous donkey populations. The most frequent haplotype was Hap 1 (45.71%), followed by two haplotypes (Hap 4, 15.55% and Hap 7, 5.39%). The breed genetic diversity, evaluated by the haplotype diversity (HD) and nucleotide diversity (&pi, D), for the Turkish donkey populations ranged from 0.533 &plusmn, 0.180 (Tekirdağ&ndash, Malkara, MAL) to 0.933 &plusmn, 0.122 (Aydin, AYD), and from 0.01196 &plusmn, 0.0026 (Antalya, ANT) to 0.02101 &plusmn, 0.0041 (Aydin, AYD), respectively. We observed moderate-to-high levels of haplotype diversity and moderate nucleotide diversity, indicating plentiful genetic diversity in all of the Turkish indigenous donkey populations. Phylogenetic analysis (NJT) and median-joining network analysis established that all haplotypes were distinctly grouped into two major haplogroups. The results of AMOVA analyses, based on geographic structuring of Turkish native donkey populations, highlighted that the majority of the observed variance is due to differences among samples within populations. The observed differences between groups were found to be statistically significant. Comparison among Turkish indigenous donkey mtDNA D-loop regions and haplotypes, and different countries&rsquo, donkey breeds and wild asses, identified two clades and which is named Somali (Clade IV) and Nubian (Clade V) lineages. The results can be used to understand the origin of Turkish donkey populations clearly, and to resolve the phylogenetic relationship among all of the different regions.

This study presents the first insights to the genetic diversity and structure of the Turkish donkey populations. The primary objectives were to detect the main structural features of Turkish donkeys by microsatellite markers. A panel of 17 microsatellite markers was applied for genotyping 314 donkeys from 16 locations of Turkey. One hundred and forty-two alleles were identified and the number of alleles per locus ranged from 4 to 12. The highest number of alleles was observed in AHT05 (12) and the lowest in ASB02 and HTG06 (4), while ASB17 was monomorphic. The mean HO in the Turkish donkey was estimated to be 0.677, while mean HE was 0.675. The polymorphic information content (PIC) was calculated for each locus and ranged from 0.36 (locus ASB02) to 0.98 (locus AHT05), which has the highest number of alleles per locus in the present study. The average PIC in our populations was 0.696. The average coefficient of gene differentiation (GST) over the 17 loci was 0.020 &plusmn, 0.037 (p &lt, 0.01). The GST values for single loci ranged from &minus, 0.004 for LEX54 to 0.162 for COR082. Nei&rsquo, s gene diversity index (Ht) for loci ranged from 0.445 (ASB02) to 0.890 (AHT05), with an average of 0.696. A Bayesian clustering method, the Structure software, was used for clustering algorithms of multi-locus genotypes to identify the population structure and the pattern of admixture within the populations. When the number of ancestral populations varied from K = 1 to 20, the largest change in the log of the likelihood function (K) was when K = 2. The results for K = 2 indicate a clear separation between Clade I (KIR, CAT, KAR, MAR, SAN) and Clade II (MAL, MER, TOK, KAS, KUT, KON, ISP, ANT, MUG, AYD and KAH) populations.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in the diagnosis of active sacroiliitis. In this prospective study, 66 patients with clinical prediagnosis of active sacroiliitis were evaluated. Four patients who were not suitable for MRI examination were excluded. Twenty subjects with no complaint of low back pain constituted the control group. All of the patients underwent sacroiliac MRI examination performed with a 1.5 Tesla unit using phase array body coil. Before DWI, oblique axial and coronal T1 and T2-weighted TSE followed by STIR sequences were obtained. DWI examinations were obtained on SS-SE EPI sequence through chemical shifting selective fat suppression technique. ‘b’ value was chosen as 50, 400 and 800 mm2/sec and total scanning time was 114 seconds. ADC calculations were made from the ADC maps by placing ROI on the active inflammatory regions in case group and on sacrum and iliac bones in control group. Of the 62 cases, 42 had a radiologic diagnosis of active sacroiliitis, and 20 were regarded as normal. Mean ADC values in 42 patients with active sacroiliitis were significantly higher than control group. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy rate of DWI in the diagnosis of active sacroiliitis were found to be 100% for all. The cut-off ADC value was 0.94 x 10-3 mm2/sec for right sacroiliitis and 0.89 x 10-3 mm2/sec for left sacroiliitis. We believe that DWI and ADC quantification can be used successfully for the early diagnosis and follow-up of active sacroiliitis. © 2019, Yuzuncu Yil Universitesi Tip Fakultesi. All Rights Reserved.

The 90K Affymetrix Axiom® Buffalo Genotyping Array has been used to genotype river buffalo samples from Pakistan, Iran, Turkey, Egypt, Romania, Bulgaria, Italy, Mozambique, Brazil and Colombia, and swamp buffaloes from China, Thailand, Philippines, Indonesia and Brazil. Model-based clustering algorithms (Admixture and FastStructure software) and graph tools (Treemix and network analysis) have been applied to SNP data to evaluate the levels of molecular diversity and to highlight population structure and migration events. The best-fitting resolution devised by Bayesian clustering highlighted three distinct gene pools in pure river as well as in pure swamp buffalo populations, together with some genomic admixture occurring in the Philippines and in Brazil, in agreement with documented importations of animals for breed improvement purposes. The Mediterranean buffalo and the Carabao breed from Brazil represent the most differentiated gene pools within the river and swamp group, respectively, which is most likely due to genetic bottlenecks, isolation and selection. Gene flow events, evidenced by Treemix and Network analyses, highlighted a likely contribution from the river buffalo gene pool to the admixed swamp populations and, within river buffaloes, from the Mediterranean to the breeds from Colombia and Brazil. When evaluated in a geographical framework, the results of our analyses support archeozoological evidence for the domestication of river and swamp buffalo in the Indian subcontinent and in Southeast Asia, respectively, and furthermore revealed some unexpected patterns of migration, which suggest that the spread of domestic buffaloes out of the domestication center may have followed alternative migration routes.

In this study, 3843 lactation yield records of Anatolian Buffaloes within “Anatolian Water Buffalo Breeding Project” and reared in Istanbul province and district were used. The aim of study was to investigate the effects of environmental factors on the lactation milk yield (LMY), lactation length (LL) and calving interval (CI) of the Anatolian buffalo. For this propose 2034 Anatolian buffalos’ pedigrees in Istanbul between 2012 to 2017 were used. The overall mean and standard error of the LMY, LL and CI were determined as 1223.9 ± 6.83 kg, 230.99 ± 0.89 kg and 417.51 ± 1.73 days respectively. The effects of the province, calving year, lactation number, season and calving age on these characteristics were determined. Also effects of the province, calving year, lactation number, season and calving age on LMY, effect of province, calving year and season on LL and calving year, lactation number and calving age on CI were statistically significant (p, Çalışmada İstanbul ili Anadolu Manda Islahı Porjesinde yer alan Anadolu Mandasına ait 3843 süt verim kaydı kullanılmıştır. Çalışmanın amacı, Anadolu Mandalarında Laktasyon Süt Verimi (LSV), Laktasyon Süresi (LS) ve Buzağıalama Aralığına (BA) etki eden çevresel faktörlerin belirlenmesidir. Bu amaçla İstanbul’da yetiştirilen 2034 Anadolu Mandasının 2012-2017 yılları arasındaki pedigri kayıtları kullanılmıştır. LSV, LS ve BA ilişkin ortalama ve standart hatalar sırası ile 1223.9 ± 6.83 kg, 230.99 ± 0.89 kg ve 417.51 ± 1.73 gün olarak tespit edilmiştir. Bu özellikler üzerine bölge, buzağılama yılı, laktasyon sırası, mevsim ve buzağılama yaşının etkisi araştırılmıştır. Çalışmada LSV üzerine bölge, buzağılama yılı, laktasyon sırası, mevsim ve buzağılama yaşının, LS üzerine bölge, buzağılama yılı, ve mevsim ve BA üzerine buzağılama yılı, laktasyon sırası ve buzağılama yaşının etkisi istatistik olarak önemli bulunmuştur (P

Dünyadaki evcil hayvan türlerinin genetik çeşitliliği, genetik erozyon olarak adlandırılan sürekli bir düşüş durumundadır ve kalan hayvan genetik kaynakları, en verimli şekilde kullanılmamaktadır. Endüstriyel tarımın yüksek girdi-çıktı ihtiyaçları için çok sınırlı sayıda modern ırklara küresel bir bağımlılık eğilimi gibi çeşitli faktörler vardır. Bu eğilimin etkisi, birçok ırkın işlevlerini yitirmiş olmaları ve ırkları zarar riski altında bırakan ve evcil hayvan çeşitliliğini tehdit eden haber verilmeksizin melezleme ile ortadan kalkmasıdır. Çiftlik hayvanı genetik kaynaklarının bu erozyona uğramasını önlemek için, in situ ve ex situ koruma sürülerinin ya da çoğu zaman küçük nüfusların oluşturulması şeklinde sahip olunan ülkeler tarafından çeşitli önlemler alınmaktadır. Ancak, akrabalığa ve rastgele kayma riskine bağlı olarak, küçük üreme sürülerinde sınırlı sayıda canlı hayvanın bulunduğu koruma programlarında genetik çeşitliliğin kaybolmasına neden olabilir. Akrabalığı (ΔF) oranı öngörülebilir bir forma sahiptir ve varyasyon kaybı ile çok önemli bir ilişkiye sahiptir. Etkili popülasyon büyüklüğü (Ne), başka bir deyişle, aynı sayıda rastgele genetik kayma veya aynı miktarda akrabalığa sahip olan ve sayıları erkeklerin sayısı olan ve aynı sayıdaki popülasyonu gösteren idealize edilmiş bir popülasyondaki üreme bireylerinin sayısı ve dişiler, belirli bir popülasyondaki genetik değişkenliğin dinamikleri hakkında genel ölçülebilir bir fikir verir. Bu çalışma, koruma programlarında hayvan ırklarının neslinin tükenme riski statüsündeki tehlike düzeyini (tehlike kategorilerine giren populasyonları) değerlendirme yöntemlerini gözden geçirmeyi amaçlamıştır., The genetic diversity of the World’s livestock species is in a state of continuous decline so called genetic erosion and the animal genetic resources that remain are not used in the most efficient way. There are several factors such as the growing trend to a global reliance on a very limited number of modern breeds suited for the high input-output needs of industrial agriculture. The effect of this trend is that many breeds have lost their function and disappear by means of cross breeding without notice which place breeds at risk of loss and threaten domestic animal diversity. In order to avoid this phenomenon of erosion of farm animal genetic resources several measures are taken by the countries owned as in the form of constructing in situ and ex situ conservation herds or often small populations. However, due to the risk of inbreeding and random drift may cause the loss of genetic diversity in the case of conservation programs with limited number of live animals in small breeding herds. The rate of inbreeding (ΔF) has a predictable form, and has a very important relationship with loss of variation. Effective population size (Ne), in other words, the number of breeding individuals in an idealized population that would show the same amount of random genetic drift or the same amount of inbreeding as the population under consideration which is the function of number of males and females gives general measurable idea of the dynamics of genetic variability within a given population. This work was aimed to review the methods of assessing the degree of endangerment for extinction risk status (assigning populations to categories of endangerment) of livestock breeds in conservation programs.

In this study, 182 male animals from 12 native sheep breeds, as well as Karacabey Merino and Karagül breeds of Anatolia, wild sheep AnatolianMouflon (Ovis gmelinii anatolica) were used as the study material. Based on SRY and SRYM18 regions on the Y-chromosome, haplotypes of thepopulations were analyzed using DNA sequence analyses. The SRY region, A-oY1 allele was observed in all of the individuals studied. On the other hand,four different alleles corresponding to four Y-chromosome haplotypes were detected at the SRYM18 microsatellite region. Among native Anatolianbreeds (n143), H6 haplotype (80.41%), H4 haplotype (9.09%), H8 haplotype (8.40%) and H12 haplotype (2.1%) were identified. H6 haplotype wasobserved in all 16 individuals of Ovis gmelinii anatolica. Pairwise FST values based on haplotype frequencies were calculated for domestic sheep, andthe highest FST value was observed between Karagül and Kıvırcık along with Karagül and Ovis gmelinii anatolica with pairwise FST value of 0.43202(P0.01). Y chromosome polymorphism of sheep from Turkey were examined comparatively with the accumulated data in the literature. Out of sevenhaplotypes (H4, H5, H6, H7, H8, H12, H19) observed in Europe and Asia, 4 haplotypes (H4, H6, H8 and H12) were observed in Anatolia. H12 was aprivate haplotype of Sakız, H6 seems to be the predominant haplotype of domestic sheep (79.51%) as well as being the only haplotype observed inOvis gmelini anatolica. H4 haplotype seemed to be associated with fat tailed sheep migrating to Turkey, entering from south east of Turkey, which maybe related with the arrival of nomadic Turks., Bu çalışmada, Anadolu’dan yerli evcil koyun (Ovis aries) ırklarından 13 ırk ile kökeni Avrupa’dan olan Bandırma Merinosu koyun ırkı ve Anadolu YabanKoyunu (Ovis gmelinii anatolica)’na ait olmak üzere toplam 182 erkek birey materyal olarak kullanılmıştır. Y kromozomunda bulunan SRY 5’promotorbölgesi ve Y kromozomuna özel bir mikrosatellit olan SRYM18 bölgeleri DNA dizi analizi yöntemleriyle incelenmiştir. SRY bölgesine ait analizlerde tümbireylerde SNP A-oY1 alleline rastlanmıştır. SRYM18 mikrosatellit bölgesinde ise 4 farklı allel görülmüş ve toplamda 4 farklı babasal soy, haplotip, tespitedilmiştir. Yerli Anadolu ırklarında (n143), H6 haplotipi (%80.41), H4 haplotipi (%9.09), H8 haplotipi (%8.40) ve H12 haplotipi (%2.1) belirlenmiştir.Ovis gmelinii anatolica’nın 16 bireyinde de sadece H6 haplotipi gözlenmiştir. Evcil koyunlar için haplotip frekanslarına dayalı FST değerleri hesaplanmışve en yüksek FST değeri Karagül-Kıvırcık ve Karagül-Ovis gmelinii anatolica arasında FST değeri 0.43202 (P0.01) gözlenmiştir. Türkiye koyunlarının Ykromozomu polimorfizmi literatürdeki birikmiş verilerle karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmiştir. Avrupa ve Asya’da gözlenen yedi haplotipten (H4, H5,H6, H7, H8, H12, H19) dördü Anadolu’da (H4, H6, H8 ve H12) gözlenmiştir. H12, Sakız’ın özel bir haplotipi, H6 ise evcil koyunların baskın haplotipi(%79.51) ve Ovis gmelini anatolica’ nın tek haplotipi olarak görülmektedir. H4 haplotipinin Türkiye’ye güneydoğudan girmiş olabileceği düşünülenyağlı kuyruklu koyunla ilişkili olduğu görülmüştür ve bu koyunların göçebe Türklerin gelişi ile ilişkili olabileceği düşünülmektedir.

In this study, 182 male animals from 12 native sheep breeds, as well as Karacabey Merino and Karagül breeds of Anatolia, wild sheep Anatolian Mouflon (Ovis gmelinii anatolica) were used as the study material. Based on SRY and SRYM18 regions on the Y-chromosome, haplotypes of the populations were analyzed using DNA sequence analyses. The SRY region, A-oY1 allele was observed in all of the individuals studied. On the other hand, four different alleles corresponding to four Y-chromosome haplotypes were detected at the SRYM18 microsatellite region. Among native Anatolian breeds (n=143), H6 haplotype (80.41%), H4 haplotype (9.09%), H8 haplotype (8.40%) and H12 haplotype (2.1%) were identified. H6 haplotype was observed in all 16 individuals of Ovis gmelinii anatolica. Pairwise FST values based on haplotype frequencies were calculated for domestic sheep, and the highest FST value was observed between Karagül and Kıvırcık along with Karagül and Ovis gmelinii anatolica with pairwise FST value of 0.43202 (P

The etiology of cerebral hemiatrophy may be congenital or acquired. Trauma, infection, vascular abnormality, ischemic and hemorrhagic conditions may be the etiologic factors in acquired type. There is limited information about its association with other disorders in the literature. We presented three new cases of cerebral hemiatrophy associated with some hematological and developmental disorders. Cerebral hemiatrophy was associated with thalassemia major in a 10-year-old girl, acute myeloblastic leukemia and Marfan syndrome in a 23-year-old man, and craniosynostosis in a 1-year-old boy. To the best of our knowledge, thalassemia major, myeloblastic leukemia, Marfan syndrome and craniosynostosis have not been reported in cerebral hemiatrophy in the literature. (J Pediatr Neurol 2004; 2(3): 171-174).

A 9-year-old male admitted for syncope also had the complains of pain and numbness in his legs and frequent falling down. There was a history of upper respiratory tract infection 10 days before. On neurologic examination, paraparesia and fall a sleep were identified. On magnetic resonance imaging, the symetric signal increases were seen in biparieto-occipital white matter intented to corpus callosum at T2-weighted sequences and cytotoxic edema was seen at diffusion-weighted images. Heterogeneous contrast enhancement was seen on these areas. In addition, at the C7-Th5 vertebrae levels, spinal cord had diffuse increased signal intensity and contrast enhancement. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis was thought based on clinical and radiological findings. Steroid therapy was started. Significant improvement was shown after treatment. On 2-year follow-up, there was no recurrence. In conclusion, it must be kept in mind that acute disseminated encephalomyelitis can rarely present with biparieto-occipital involvement which extends to corpus callosum and can mimic adrenoleukodystrophy. For the differential diagnosis butterfly glioma, tumefactive demyelinating lesions or multiple sclerosis should be considered.

In this study, cranial computerized tomography (CT) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings were investigated in nine children with acute herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE). HSE was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction. Our purpose was to evaluate the diagnostic value of CT and MRI in the diagnosis of HSE and to determine the widespread of the cranial abnormalities in HSE in childhood. Cranial CT was examined in all children and found to be normal in four children. Cranial MRI was examined in seven children, of whom, three was normal. Temporal involvement was diagnosed in only two children. Our findings revealed that the range of cranial involvement was fairly variable in childhood HSE; aside from typical temporal involvement, cranial images may be normal or widespread involvement including basal ganglia, thalamus, frontal and parietal lobes may be seen in children with HSE.

Patient Female, 58 FINAL DIAGNOSIS: Solitary paraganglioma of the hypoglossal nerve Symptoms: Neck pain Medication: - Clinical Procedure: Surgical resection Specialty: Otolaryngology. Objective Rare disease. Background Paragangliomas are rare neuroendocrine tumors originating in the neural crest. Only a few cases of hypoglossal paraganglioma have been reported in the published literature. The localization of hypoglossal paragangliomas close to the carotid artery precludes determination of tumor origin preoperatively. Case report A 58-year-old female patient was admitted due to neck pain. During physical examination, a significant mass could not be palpated in the upper left part of the neck, despite sensitivity during palpation. Atrophy and left deviation of the left half of the tongue was observed. MRI of the neck revealed a lesion located superior to the carotid bifurcation between the left internal carotid artery and external carotid artery. There was atrophy in the left half of the tongue. The neck mass displaced the left internal carotid artery anteriorly and medially. The operation was performed with left lateral cervical access. This lesion, which derived from the hypoglossal nerve, was excised. Following histopathological evaluation, the lesion was diagnosed as paraganglioma. Conclusions Hypoglossal paraganglioma is quite rare and there are no established criteria for preoperative diagnosis. Hypoglossal paraganglioma must be considered to determine treatment options if a lateral neck mass and ipsilateral tongue atrophy are present at the level of the 12th cranial nerve tract.

Klonlama teknolojisi; erişkin bir hücre çekirdeğinin yumurta hücresi içerisine konulup geriye programlanarak embriyonal döneme geri döndürülmesi prensibine dayanmaktadır. Ancak bu geri programlamayı etkileyen faktörler tam olarak aydınlatılamamıştır. Bu nedenle elde edilen klonlar ve klonların yavrularının daha detaylı bir şekilde tanımlanması ile klonlama teknolojisi daha anlaşılır ve kontrol edilebilir hale getirilebilir. Bu çalışmanın amacı da bir ırkın bireylerinin farklı bir ırka ait yumurta kaynağı kullanılarak klonlanması sonucu elde edilen klonların normal bir ırk populasyonu oluşturmasının mümkün olup olmadığını ortaya koymak adına klon ve jenerasyonlarını moleküler olarak karakterize etmek ve böylece ileride bu teknolojinin nesli tükenmiş bir ırkın geriye getirilmesindeki muhtemel potansiyelini daha iyi anlamaya çalışmaktır. Bu amaçla çalışmada daha önce TÜBİTAK- TOVAG-104O360- projesi ile üretilmiş 5 klon boz sığır (1 erkek, 4 dişi) ve bu klonların yavruları (2 erkek, 4 dişi) materyal olarak kullanılmıştır. Öncelikle klonlar, onların yavruları ve klonların üretilmesinde kullanılan verici hücreden elde edilen genomik DNA’larda 10 mikrosatellit belirteç kullanılarak klonların genomik DNA açısından verici hücrelerin birebir kopyası olduğu ve yavrularında bu klonlara ait olduğu teyit edilmiş ve mtDNA D-loop bölgesi dizi analizi ile de klonların mtDNA’larının yumurta kaynaklı olduğu ve dolayısıyla verici hücreden farklı olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca bu farklı mtDNA varlığı klonların yavrularında da izlenmiştir.

A 38-year-old female patient experienced a sudden onset of unilateral sensorineural hearing loss due to Moyamoya disease. A detailed summary of audiological and neurological findings indicated that the sudden hearing loss might be due to Moyamoya disease resulting in occlusion of posterior and middle cerebral arteries. Intravenous prednisolone and trimetazidine dihydrochloride may improve hearing thresholds and speech understanding. To our knowledge, this is the first article in the literature reporting a case of sudden hearing loss as the first manifestation of Moyamoya disease in a young adult.

Besiroglu L, Sozen M, Ozbebit O, Avcu S, Selvi Y, Bora A, Atli A, Unal O, Bulut MD. The involvement of distinct neural systems in patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) with autogenous and reactive obsessions. Objective: To investigate the regional metabolite abnormalities and changes after treatment in patients with OCD with autogenous and reactive obsessions. Method: We assessed right anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and amygdala–hippocampal region (Am + Hpp) N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA), choline (Cho) and creatine (Cr) concentrations and NAA/Cr and Cho/Cr ratios using single-voxel proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in 15 patients with autogenous obsessions (OCD-A), 15 patients with reactive obsessions (OCD-R) and 15 healthy controls (HC). Measurements were repeated after 16 weeks of fluoxetine treatment. Results: Baseline ACC NAA/Cr ratios of both OCD groups were significantly lower than HC. OCD-A group had significantly lower baseline NAA/Cr ratios in the Am + Hpp than other groups. These differences were more likely to be explained by higher Cr levels in ACC. We found no significant differences and changes for Cho levels and Cho/Cr ratios between groups and within groups. Significant increase in NAA/Cr ratios of OCD-A group found in the Am + Hpp was more likely to be explained by increased NAA levels. No significant changes were found in ACC NAA/Cr ratios. Conclusion: While disturbed energy metabolism in ACC might reflect a common pathology in patients with OCD regardless of symptom dimension, alterations in mesiotemporal lobe are more likely for autogenous obsessions.

Acute mountain sickness (AMS) is a pathological reaction, occurring as a result of failure to adapt to altitude. The main symptoms reported are headache, nausea, vomiting and fatigue. However, high altitude cerebral and pulmonary edema, occurring in AMS, cause potentially fatal consequences. In our 31-year-old case, who is the group leader and activity organizer among nine mountaineers, who climbed Mt. Aĝri{dotless} for winter climbing, nausea, vomiting, unconsciousness, lack of appetite and severe headache have occurred in connection with high altitude at 4200 m. Brain MRI of the patient revealed wide-spread hyperintense lesions at subcortical white matter, corpus callosum, globus pallidi, and bilateral cerebellar peduncles on T2 and FLAIR series. The patient was referred to anesthesia-intensive care unit of our hospital. Since the appearances are demonstrative, MRI findings are presented. © 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd.

The term "Virchow-Robin spaces" (VRS) refers to the extension of the subarachnoid space accompanying a vessel penetrating the cerebral cortex. In case of widening, they can be seen on magnetic resonance imaging as round, oval, or curvilinear well-defined cystic lesions with smooth margins, isointense to cerebrospinal fluid. Although dilated VRS are normal findings that may be seen at all ages, big and atypical forms are rare. Although they have associated mass effect, they should not be mistaken for neoplasm or other disease. We report seven patients whose ages were between 7 and 66 (mean: 35.8) years showing unilateral or bilateral cerebral intraparenchymal extensive cystic dilations corresponding to atypical VRS (two with Type-I and five with Type-II VRS), with clinical and radiological findings.

Introduction We evaluated chest X-ray and clinical findings of patients with lower respiratory tract infection due to influenza H5N1 and presented the radiological findings and clinical course of the infection. Materials and methods Between December 2005 and February 2006, eight hospitalized patients (median age 10, 5–15 years) with avian-flu were evaluated in this study. All patients were evaluated with chest X-ray and four of them with CT scan. Post mortem pathological characterization were also available for three of the patients. Results A rapidly progressive pneumonia with high mortality rate was observed especially for cases with late admission. The major radiologic abnormalities were extensive pneumonic infiltration with segmental and multifocal distribution, mostly located in lower zones of the lung. No pleural effusion and hilar lymphadenopathy was noted. Conclusion Avian flu may be presented as rapidly progressive pneumonia. The chest radiography has an important role in diagnosis and should be obtained daily because of rapid change of the findings that may necessitate prompt action.

Aim: The efficiency of MRI of the flexed knee was studied concerning meniscal lesion staging, existence of tears and meniscocapsulary separation (MCS). Method: In our study with 50 cases, saggital TSE Pd/T2W sequences were acquired in flexion position in addition to routine MRI sequences in neutral position. Subtle or apparent tears and MCSs observed on neutral position acquisitions (NPA) were also evaluated with knee in flexion acquisitions (KFA) in order to evaluate additional diagnostic findings. Statistical evaluation was performed using Chi-square and reliability of medical diagnostic tests. Result: There was no statistically significant difference between NPA and KFA concerning meniscal lesion grading (p>0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between NPA and KFA concerning tears due to signal increase extending to the joint surface. On the other hand, KFA contributed in tears due to MCSs (28,6%). Conclusion: KFA is an applicable method in closed system MR devices, does not disrupt patient comfort and is not time consuming. Using this method, additional information can be acquired with high contrast resolution images. KFA seems to be a superior method to NPA in patients with suspected meniscal tears and especially in cases of MCS. Further studies with extended number of patients will increase the reliability of the results.

Objective: Superficial venous insufficiency is a common problem associated with varicose veins which, if untreated, may progress to venous ulceration. Endovenous laser ablation (EVLA) is a new, minimally invasive method for management of superficial venous insufficiency and varicose veins. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the effectiveness of 980 nm EVLA for treatment of symptomatic saphenous venous insufficiency and to present its early outcomes. Methods: Thirty-eight great saphenous veins and 5 small saphenous veins in 40 patients with saphenofemoral reflux were treated with 980 nm diode endovenous laser equipment. The diameter and length of the vein treated, total laser energy and energy density (Joules/cm) delivered were recorded. To determine the severity of the venous disease Venous Clinical Severity Score (VCSS) and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) were used. Patients were followed up for 6 months after the procedure. Complications were recorded prospectively. Results: Forty-three saphenous veins in 40 patients were treated. The mean age of the patients was 39.9 (range 21- 72) years. The mean diameter and length of the veins were 4.9 mm (range, 3.5 to 8.5 mm) and 30.2 cm (range, 16 to 50 cm), respectively. At 6 months follow-up, total occlusion rate was 95.4% (41/43), and recanalization rate was 4.6%. Significant decrease was observed for VCSS and VAS scores after the procedure. No major complication was detected. Conclusion: EVLA treatment for superficial venous insufficiency is safe and can be carried out under local anaesthesia in an outpatient setting with good patient satisfaction and low complication rates.

BACKGROUND: To investigate the efficacy of 1 molar (containing 1 mol/mL gadobutrol) contrast material in the differentiation of malignant and benign breast lesions with MRI. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty-seven women (age range: 22-77 years, mean: 43.7 years) with 76 breast lesions were included in this study. Dynamic post-contrast images with 0.2 mL/kg gadobutrol (Gadovist) injection were obtained in all patients. Contrast-to-noise-ratio (CNR) of the lesions, as well as their contrast enhancement patterns (ring, heterogeneous, homogenous), and perilesional increased vascularity were studied. RESULTS: Fifty-six benign and 20 malignant lesions were examined histopathologically. In malignant cases, heterogeneous and peripheral enhancements were most commonly determined, whereas homogeneous enhancement was most commonly determined in benign cases. CNR was 450% in malignant lesions, and 60% in benign lesions. CONCLUSIONS: Type II/III contrast-time curves, ring/heterogeneous enhancement, prominent increase in CNR, and perilesional vascularity increase are important findings determining malignancy, whereas Type I curves, homogenous enhancement, a slight increase in CNR, and absence of perilesional vascularity increase support findings of benign breast lesions. By increasing CNR and providing increased perilesional vascularity, Gadovist can help in the determination of malignant breast lesions.

Purpose: To evaluate the effectiveness of percutaneous treatment under sonographic guidance in abdominal hydatid cysts. Material and Methods: Fifty‐two hydatid cysts in 33 patients were treated using a percutaneous approach under sonographic guidance. Forty‐five cysts were located in the liver, 6 in the spleen, and 1 in the pancreas. Forty‐nine cysts were type I, and 3 were type II. Thirty‐one cysts in 15 patients were treated with puncture and aspiration of the contents, injection of hypertonic saline solution, and respiration (PAIR); 15 cysts in 14 patients were treated with puncture, aspiration of cyst contents, injection of hypertonic saline solution, drainage, and injection of sclerosing agent (PAIDS); and 6 cysts in 4 patients were treated with puncture, aspiration of cyst contents, injection of sclerosing agent, and re‐aspiration (mPAIDS). Hypertonic saline or alcohol was used as a scolicidal agent. The follow‐up period was between 17 and 53 months. Results: A decrease in the dimensions of the cysts, solidification of the contents, and irregularity in the walls of cysts, all of which were considered signs of cure, were found in all patients. Recurrence was observed in one case and anaphylaxis in one. Conclusion: Percutaneous treatment of abdominal hydatid cysts is a safe, easily applicable, well‐tolerated, and effective method.

Aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC), especially in the ribs, is a rare disease, considering to be a benign lesion which occurs mostly in children and young adults. This case, however, concerns a 46-year-old female patient, with complaints of pain and palpable mass in the right thoracic wall, who was diagnosed to have ABC originating from the rib demonstrated by radiological examinations, aspiration biopsy, and histopathological verification. Surgical resection was performed to the lesion.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the patterns of contrast enhancement of hepatic hemangiomas on gadolinium-enhanced MR fluoroscopy imaging prospectively. Method: Investigation was performed on a 0.3-T open MR unit. Gadolinium-enhanced MR fluoroscopy images were obtained in 24 patients with 28 hepatic hemangiomas. Each MR fluoroscopy image was obtained in 2 s and MR fluoroscopy lasted for 10–25 min for each investigation. Results: Three patterns of contrast enhancement were observed in 24 patients on MR fluoroscopy images. Four small lesions were not detected on MR fluoroscopy images. Uniform enhancement was seen in nine lesions (29%), peripheral nodular enhancement progressing centripetally to uniform enhancement was seen in nine lesions (29%), and peripheral nodular enhancement with persistent central hypointensity was seen in six lesions (22%). Conclusion: Enhanced MR fluoroscopy technique could obtain dynamic images of hepatic hemangiomas. It can be suggested as a useful technique for the showing of enhancement of hepatic hemangiomas, keeping in mind its low sensitivity in the diagnosis of small hemangiomas.

In this study, twenty microsatellite loci were used to define genetic diversity among 56 water buffalo samples. Their somatic tissues (the skin and cartilage tissues from ears) and DNAs were deposited in Turkish Gene Banks. Samples of healthy animals were collected from three different geographic regions: Northern Turkey, North-Western Turkey and Eastern Thrace. Three (loci CSSM57, ETH3) to ten (locus CSSM47) different alleles were identified per micro-satellite locus in a total of 103 alleles. PIC values for the micro-satellite loci analysed ranged from 0.14 (CSSM32) to 0.82 (CSSM47) with a mean of 0.4945. In all of the populations for each of the loci, the observed heterozygosities (H-o) were greater than the expected heterozygosities (H-E), indicating that populations suffered from bottleneck. H-E per population ranged between 0.5359 in the Black Sea Region and 0.5208 in the Aegean-South Marmara Region. Within the population, inbreeding estimates (F-IS) was positive in only four of the 20 loci analysed. Individuals of the different geographic populations did not cluster on the neighbour joining tree which was constructed on the basis of allele sharing distances. Population differentiation was further visualized by Factorial Correspondence Analysis and determined by the pairwise estimations of fixation index (F-ST) and Nei's standard genetic distance (D-a). The results revealed that populations have inertia (as depicted by Factorial Correspondence Analysis), they are differentiated significantly but little (by pairwise F-ST values) and the least genetic distance is between Black Sea Region and Thrace Region. Comparative studies indicated that the genetic diversity of water buffalo harboured in the Gene Banks of Turkey is at the lower end of the diversity spectrum. This study thus highlights the usefulness of heterologous bovine microsatellite markers to assess the genetic variability in Anatolian water buffalo breeds. Furthermore, the results can be utilized for future breeding strategies and conservation. TURKHAYGEN-I projectTurkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK); Turkish Scientific and Technical Research CouncilTurkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [KAMAG 106G005] Research for this paper was supported by TURKHAYGEN-I project and the Turkish Scientific and Technical Research Council (Grant number: KAMAG 106G005). We thank Sezen Arat, Oya Akin, Bekir Ankarali, Arzu Tas Caputcu and Fatih Karakaya for the organization and collection of the water buffalo samples.

Early diagnosis of brucellar spondylodiscitis is often difficult because of the long latent period. Radiographs of the spine, bone scan, and computed tomography (CT) scan provide insufficient data. Among 25 patients with brucellar spondylodiscitis studied by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 9 were in the acute stage and 16 were in the chronic stage. MRI is the investigation method of choice in diagnosing brucellar spondylodiscitis.

We report on a 5-year-old boy presenting with tethered cord, diastometamyelia, spinal dysraphism, terminal lipoma, spinal epidermoid, and dermal sinus tract with CT, conventional MRI, and diffusion-weighted MRI findings. To the best of our knowledge, our case has the property to be the first case in the literature showing the association of these pathologies all together.