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We present an optical design of a space-borne hyperspectral imager (HSI) for Earth observation micro-satellite platforms. Space-borne hyperspectral imaging has many crucial applications in fields such as agriculture, water management, environmental monitoring, mineralogy, and remote sensing. An HSI system capable of ground sampling distance (GSD) less than 15 m with a swath width greater than 15 km, spectral resolution less than 10 nm and operating in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) is designed. The system dimensions are restricted to fit in a volume of less than 0.125 m3. A commercial, cooled HgCdTe type imaging sensor is selected to operate 400–2500 nm of the spectrum for the designed imager. The HSI optical design comprises of an off-axis three mirror anastigmat (TMA) type telescope and a modified-Offner type spectrometer. Modified-Offner type spectrometer design with two Féry prisms as a diffractive element is used. The overall HSI system design meets the performance goals described in this paper work.

Background and Aim: Combined use of surgical mask with filtering facepiece (FFP) 2 masks has been popular among the health‑care workers. However, the effect of this preference on the vital values of individuals stays as a challenge among the professionals. The present study aimed to assess the effect of FFP2 mask versus combined use of it with surgical mask on the SpO2 values and pulse rates of individuals. Patients and Methods: This study was conducted on 20 health‑care workers. The pulse rates and SpO2 values were evaluated by pulse oximeter placed in the index fingers of the participants. The participants were divided into two groups: those using the FFP2 mask and those using FFP2–surgical mask combination. Individuals wearing FFP2 mask were examined for a period of 60 min and the same examination was repeated for another period of 60 min in those using combination of FFP2 with surgical mask. The values were measured at the beginning and at 15, 30, 45, and 60 min intervals, respectively. The examinations were conducted in the rest position to obtain standardization. Results: The observed data showed no statistical difference at all periods in either SpO2 values or pulse rates between FFP2 and FFP2–surgical mask combined groups. The SpO2 values reduced from the initial time to 15 min in the FFP2–surgical mask group. Also, in the FFP2–SM group, statistically significant increase in values was observed between 15 and 45 min and 15 and 60 min. Another increase in SpO2 value was found in the observations made between made 30 and 45 min in the same group (P < 0.05). The pulse rates of the individuals showed no statistical difference in both the groups and at all experimental periods (P > 0.05). Conclusion: According to the present study, wearing only the FFP2 mask or FFP2–surgical mask combination seems not to cause any effect on the SpO2 values and pulse rates of the participants.

Change in amount and distribution of precipitation during grain filling period is one of the major limiting stress factorsof wheat quality and yield in Trakya region. Identification of the genetic stability and development of good qualitycultivars are very important issues for wheat production in the region. In the present research, it was investigated that theeffects of various levels of drought stress condition at different plant growth phase in quality parameters of bread wheatgenotypes. This research was conducted in 2008-09 and 2009-2010 growing seasons. The experiment was establishedwith 15 genotypes in randomised complete block design with 3 replications. Drought treatments were on the main parceland genotypes on the sup-plots. In the research; grain yield, 1000-kernel weight, test weight, protein content, hardness,wet gluten, gluten index and sedimentation value and also correlation among these characters with stability parameterswere investigated in wheat genotypes. According to results of the research; protein content, wet gluten content, hardnessand sedimentation were negatively affected under irrigation condition during grain filling phase. Drought stress conditionat GS51-94 had a positive effect on protein content, wet gluten and hardness. The highest test weight and 1000-kernelweight was determined under irrigation conditions. Non-treatment condition had a significant effect on sedimentationvalue. Based on stability parameters genotypes Pehlivan, Aldane and BBVD7 well adapted to overall environmentalconditions for 1000-kernel weight. For test weight cultivars Gelibolu, Kate A-1, and Pehlivan were well adaptable tooverall environmental conditions. Aldane had higher sedimentation under fertile environmental condition. Evaluation ofquality parameters and drought application Aldane was the best performing cultivar and limitation of irrigation duringgrain filling period had a positive effect on quality parameters except 1000-kernel weight and test weight.

Bu araştırmada, fen bilimleri dersinde uygulanan probleme dayalı öğrenme yönteminin 7. sınıf öğrencilerinin ‘Kuvvet ve Enerji’ ünitesindeki akademik başarılarına ve bilimsel süreç becerilerine etkisi incelenmiştir. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu, Denizli ili Pamukkale ilçesi Merkez Okulu’nda 2017-2018 eğitim-öğretim yılında öğrenim gören elliyedi 7. sınıf öğrencisi oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada deney (n=30) ve kontrol (n=27) grubu olmak üzere iki sınıf yer almıştır. Araştırmada, ön test-son test kontrol gruplu yarı deneysel desen kullanılmıştır. 9 hafta, 36 ders saati süren deneysel uygulamada; ‘Kuvvet ve Enerji’ ünitesi boyunca dersler, kontrol grubunda mevcut fen bilimleri öğretim programına bağlı kalınarak probleme dayalı öğrenme olmaksızın, ders kitabında bulunan etkinlikler, sorular ve konular üzerinden yürütülmüştür. Deney grubunda ise aynı ünite bilimsel araştırma basamaklarının yer aldığı senaryo çalışma kağıtları ile probleme dayalı öğrenme yöntemiyle işlenmiştir. Araştırmada veri toplama aracı olarak Kuvvet ve Enerji ünitesi akademik başarı testi ve bilimsel süreç beceri testi uygulanmıştır. Deneysel uygulama boyunca deney grubu öğrencileri, bilimsel araştırma yöntemi basamaklarını yer aldığı senaryo çalışma yaprakları üzerinden probleme dayalı öğrenme sürecine katılmışlardır. Elde edilen nicel veriler, istatistik programı SPSS 16.00 kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Deney ve kontrol gruplarının ön test ve son test puanlarının karşılaştırılmasında bağımsız örneklem t-testinden yararlanılmıştır. Her grubun kendi içinde ölçüm sonuçlarının karşılaştırılmasında ise bağımlı örneklem t-testi kullanılmıştır. Senaryo çalışma yaprakları deneysel işlem sonrasında çalışma yaprağı değerlendirme formu kullanılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Öğrencilerin bilimsel süreç becerileri ile senaryolardan aldıkları puanlar arasındaki ilişki düzeyini belirlemek içinde Pearson korelasyon katsayısı kullanılmıştır. Ayrıca, deney grubu öğrencilerinin probleme dayalı öğrenme yöntemine ilişkin görüşleri belirlemek amacıyla yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme yapılmıştır. Görüşme, deney grubundan gönüllülük esasına dayanarak rastgele seçilen 3 kız, 3 erkek olmak üzere 6 öğrenci ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme sırasında elde edilen veri, araştırmacı tarafından yazıya geçirilmiştir. Yarı yapılandırılmış görüşmeler sonucunda elde edilen bulgular, betimsel olarak incelenmiş ve sunulmuştur. Araştırma sonucunda; deney ve kontrol grubundaki öğrencilerin akademik başarı düzeyleri arasında, deney grubu lehine bir farklılık belirlenmiştir. Deney ve kontrol grubundaki öğrencilerin bilimsel süreç becerileri arasında, deney grubu lehine anlamlı bir farklılık belirlenmiştir. Deney grubundaki öğrencilerin senaryo çalışma yaprağı değerlendirme ölçeği (SÇYDÖ) puanları ile bilimsel süreç becerileri son test puanları arasında yüksek derecede, pozitif ve anlamlı bir ilişki belirlenmiştir. Yapılan yarı yapılandırılmış görüşmeler sonucunda; öğrencilerin PDÖ yöntemini yararlı buldukları, PDÖ’ nün fen konularını günlük hayatla ilişkilendirdiği, kalıcı öğrenmeye katkı sağladığı, öğrencileri grup çalışmasına yönlendirdiği, iletişim ve problem çözme becerilerini geliştirebilmelerine fırsat tanıdığı, yaparak-yaşayarak öğrenmede etkin rol oynadığı belirlenmiştir. Bununla birlikte; PDÖ yönteminin uygulanması sürecinde grup içi çalışmalar sırasında çatışmaların yaşanabildiği ve diğer derslere kıyasla zaman aldığını ifade etmişlerdir. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of problem based learning on seventh grade students’ academic achievement and scientific process skills in the unit of ‘Force and Energy’. The pretest-posttest semi-experimental design with control group was used in the study. The study was implemented in a state middle school in Denizli, in the first semester of 2017-2018. In the study, 57 students were participated in the study group in all, including 30 students in the experimental group and 27 students in the control group. The study was lasted 10 weeks, 40 class hours. The lessons were performed according to problem based learning in the experimental group with scenario woksheets which included the steps of scientific research, whereas in the control group the lessons were performed according to current science course teaching program without PBL, developed by Ministry of Education in Turkey. In the study, ‘Scientific Process Skill Test’ and ‘Force and Motion’ academic achievement test were used to collect data. In the analysis of data, SPSS 16.00 computer software was used. Dependent paired-sample t-test and independent paired-sample t-test was used to compare pretests and posttests. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationship between scientific process skills and the scores obtained from the scenarios. In addition, semi-structured interviews were conducted in order to determine the opinions of the experimental group students about the problem based learning method. The interview was carried out with 6 students (3 girls and 3 boys) who were randomly selected from the experimental group on a voluntary basis. The data obtained during the semi-structured interview was written by the researcher. The findings obtained as a result of semi-structured interviews were analyzed descriptively. As a result of the research; it was found that there is a difference between the academic achievement levels of the students in the experimental and control groups in favor of the experimental group. A significant difference is found between the scientific process skills of the students in the experimental and control groups in favor of the experimental group. In the experimental group, a high, positive and meaningful relationship was determined between the scores of the Scenario Study Leaf Assessment Acale (SSLAC) and the final test scores of the scientific process skills. As a result of semistructured interviews; it is determined that PBL method is found to be useful, PBL is related with daily life, contributed to permanent and meaningful learning, led students to collaborative learning, enable them to develop their communication skills and problem solving skills, and played an active role on learning by hands on activities. However; during the process of implementation of the PBL method, while in the group activities, it is determined that conflicts can be experienced and PBL takes more time when it is compared to other courses.

Objective To identify the demographics, clinical characteristics, disease course, treatment patterns, and disability levels of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients with onset under the age of 10 years (early onset multiple sclerosis, EOMS). Methods EOMS patients were reviewed retrospectively in detailed records from 27 child neurology centers. Patients with preschool (≤7 years) and school age (>7 years) onset were compared. Results There were 30 children (16 girls, 14 boys) who have disease onset between 4 and 10 (mean8.1 ± 1.8) years. MS was relapsing–remitting in 29 (96.7%) and primary progressive in one (3.3%) of the patients. In patients with onset ≤7 years, motor symptoms (54.5%) and encephalopathy (45.5%) predominated, while in those with onset >7 years brainstem (42.1%), sensory (26.3%), and optic nerve (26.3%) involvement were the most frequent presentations. Conclusions MS starting ≤7 years differs from the 7–10–year-old group by the higher rate of motor symptoms and more attacks in the first year: the latter suggests a more inflammatory character for EOMS.

In this study, the measurements were performed 1 mabove the ground in air and surface soils at certain points in the city of Gazianteplocated at south of Turkey with a populatıon of 1.5 million. Air and soil measurements were carried out byportable detectors and gamma spectrometry system. As a result of measurementsperformed in the air, average annual effective dose of 66.81 µSv y-1 andgamma counting of 50.43 1 s-1 were found. On the other hand, as aresult of gamma spectrometric analyses in the surface soil samples, averageactivity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K were found to be 28.92, 29.49 and 255.30 Bq kg-1,respectively. Calculated absorbed dose rate and annual effective dose valuesdepending on the activity concentrations, were found to be 38.45 nGy h-1and 47.17 µSv y-1. When the measured values are compared with UNSCEAR2000 report’s worldwide average value, our result is slightly lower than thesevalues.

The beneficial role of marcasite in pyrite thin films for photoelectrochemical applications is reported by J. P. Hofmann and co-workers on page 9602. A bulk heterojunction with staggered band alignment at the pyrite–marcasite interface enhances charge-carrier separation and leads to a dramatic increase of photocurrent in the FeS2 films.

In this study, a new simple model based on the classical treatment of lattice vibrations and the Franck-Condon principle is developed to describe the shape of thermoluminescence (TL) emission bands of crystalline solids. According to developed model, shape of the emission band has a Gaussian form and depends on just two physical parameters: peak energy E0 and broadening of emission spectra U. In order to demonstrate the success of the developed model, the emission spectra of dosimetric material LiF:Mg,Ti (TLD-100) was also measured. Then, a computerised best-fit program including the developed model was used to analyse the emission spectra. The number of individual bands and their kinetic parameters were also obtained by this program. Two emission bands were observed for all glow peaks with peak energies at around 3.0 eV and 2.75 eV.

The effect of temperature dependency on frequency factor and its relationship to trapping parameters is discussed by using the peak shape method. The coefficients appearing in the peak shape formula for the calculation of the activation energy have been determined and tabulated for the symmetry factor mg(X) for x=0.50 and 0.75 of the peak intensity. It is found that significant errors occur in the value of the trapping parameters if the temperature dependecy of the frequency factor is not consider.

Objective: Inpatient rehabilitation and treatment systems, the Residential Treatment Centers (RTC) are widely used in the treatment of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) cases and offer the advantages of keeping a combination of several applications. 'Oguz Kagan Koksal Social Care and Rehabitation Center' is the first RTC in Turkey providing services to girl CSA victims. In this study, demographic, clinical and follow-up findings of patients treated in this center since the establishment of the six year period will be presented. Methods: This study included 152 girls aged between 8-18 years who had histories of CSA, neglect or other kinds of adverse experiences, and in need for treatment or protecttion. Demographic and abuse-specific data were obtained from file records. The Child Beck Depression Inventory, the Trait-State Anxiety Inventory-1, -2, the Moudsley Obsessive Compulsive Questionnaire, and the Clinical Global Impression Scale were administered at the beginning and at the end of the treatment period. Results: A history of CSA was reported by 120 girls. Almost half of the cases were diagnosed as posttraumatic stress disorder, 23.7% as borderline personality disorder, 21.1% as destructive behavior disorders, and 9.2 as bipolar disorder. In the treatment, 95% of cases taken at least one psychotropic medication. The most commonly used drugs were antipsychotics, and given in treatment of 81.4% of girls. In addition, 51.7% of cases taken mood stabilizers, and 25.5% of them took antidepressants. Mean score of all psychometric tests were improved significantly at the end point compared to the baseline. Conclusion: Our findings support the usefulness of the system presented herein for child and adolescent victims.

Objective: In recent years, interest on prevalence and comorbidity of impulse control disorders is constantly increasing. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of impulse control disorders and its association with the existence of comorbid axis I disorders in young adult university exam preparatory course students. Met hods: Two hundred and twenty-six preparatory course students aged 18-27 (mean age: 19.2) years were included in this study. Axis I diagnoses were evaluated using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID-I). Lifetime impulse control disorders were investigated using the modified version of Minnesota Impulsive Disorders Interview. Impulsivity was measured with the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale Version 11(BIS-11). Results: The prevalence rate of all impulse control disorders in our sample was 23.4% (n=55). The most common impulse control disorder subtype was impulse control disorder not otherwise specified ICD-NOS (%16.8), followed by trichotillomania and intermittent explosive disorder. The most common ICD-NOS subtype was compulsive buying. There was no statistically significant difference between the diagnoses of axis I disorders in students with and without impulse control disorders. A statistically significant difference was found between groups with and without impulse control disorders in terms of total impulsivity and nonplanning scores determined by the BIS-11. C onc lu si on: Considering early age onset and decreasing prevalence with progressive aging, impulse control disorders are expected to be common in the young adult population. Prevalence rates determined at the end of this study were found to be higher in comparison with the peer group in literature. However, the prevalence rates obtained in our study may not be generalized tothe society because of the statistical limitation concerning our sample size. Large-scale, epidemiologic studies are required to be performed on this topic. © Archives of Neuropsychiatry, published by Galenos Publishing.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to find out the level of death anxiety evaluate its relationship with several sociodemographic and clinical variables among elderly patients who have been referred to psychiatry outpatient clinics with consultation from other outpatient clinics in an university hospital. Methods: Two hundred patients (117 male, 83 female) who have been referred to Çukurova University Medical Faculty Psychiatry outpatient clinics via consultation were included in the present study. A formal psychiatric interview were conducted with all cases, and demographic and clinical variables were recorded thereafter. After the interview, all patients completed Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), State and Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Templer Death Anxiety Scale (DAS), Death Depression Scale (DDS) and Short Form-36 (SF-36) quality of life scale. Results: Of all patients included in the present study, 58,5% were female with an average age of 67.16±5.0 for whole group. The mean DAS score for whole group was 7.7. There was a mild positive correlation between SF-36 and DAS scores. The same correlation was alos valid between SF-36 and DDS scores. Evaluation of the relationship between demographic variables and scale scores revealed positive correlation between DAS score and the number of children of the patients, while a negative correlation was present between DAS and length of education. There were no significant differences in DAS and DDS scores with regards to physical disorder type. The presence of bereavement within one year time was not a significant factor for change in DAS scores while there was a significant increase in death anxiety among patients who had frequent death thoughts in the last month. Conclusion: The results of this study presented significant relationship between death anxiety and length of education, number of children and frequency of death thoughts among elderly patients. No such relationship could be determined for the type of physical disease. Prospective studies carefully searching for different variables in elderly cases would reveal and help us to understand the importance of death anxiety and its impact on courses of physical and mental disorders.