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Bu çalışmada, Agelenidae familyasına ait Agelescape levyi Guseinov, Marusik & Koponen, 2005 türünün karyolojik analizi ilk defa araştırılmıştır. Türe ait diploid kromozom sayısı ve eşey kromozom sistemi tespit edilmiş, kromozom morfolojisi ile birlikte kromozomların mayoz bölünme sırasındaki davranışları incelenmiştir. Kromozom preparatları yayma metodunda bazı değişiklikler yapılarak hazırlanmış ve türe ait karyotip Adobe Photoshop CS3 programı kullanılarak yapılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda kromozom morfolojisinin telosentrik tipte olduğu ve kromozomların relatif uzunluklarının kademeli olarak azalış gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca diploid kromozom sayısı ve eşey kromozomu sisteminin 2n♂=42, X1X20 şeklinde olduğu belirlenmiştir., In this study, the karyological analysis of Agelescape levyi Guseinov, Marusik & Koponen, 2005 belonging to Agelenidae family was investigated for the first time. Diploid chromosome number and sex chromosome system of the species were determined, and the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis was investigated along with chromosome morphology. Chromosome preparations were made according to the protocol of spreading method and the karyotype of the species was made using Adobe Photoshop CS3 program. As a result of the study, it was determined that the chromosome morphology was of telocentric type and the relative lengths of the chromosomes gradually decreased, the number of diploid chromosomes and the sex chromosome system was 2n♂=42, X1X20.

In this study, Micaria formicaria (Sundevall, 1831) karyotype properties of the species were analyzed for the first time by using standard giemsa staining method. Gonads derived from the testicles were put through hypotonic application and, fixation and staining processes then, chromosome preparations were prepared. In this study, the number of diploid chromosomes belonging to the species was determined as 2n=22. All chromosomes including sex chromosomes are telocentric type; the sexual chromosome system was determined as X1X20. In the meiosis I phases, 10 autosomal bivalent and two heteropicnotic sexual chromosomes with at least one chiasm point were observed. In meiosis II phases, sexual chromosomes showed an isopicnotic feature.

Here we present the first data on karyotype structures in five spider species belonging to the families Agelenidae, Salticidae and Thomisidae collected from Mediterranean and central regions of Turkey. An air-drying method was used to obtain mitotic and meiotic chromosomes. The karyotype characteristics including diploid chromosome number and sex chromosome systems were in Salticidae: Euophrys frontalis (Walckenaer, 1802) and Attulus distinguendus (Simon, 1868), 2n♂ = 28, X1X20; Thomisidae: Xysticus lanio C. L. Koch, 1835 and Xysticus ferrugineus Menge, 1876, 2n♂ = 23, X0; Agelenidae: Agelena orientalis C. L. Koch, 1837, 2n♂ = 42, X1X20. Sex chromosomes were identified tentatively. All species contained monoarmed chromosomes and there was a gradual decrease in their total lengths.

In this study, karyotype analysis of Arctosa maculata (Hahn, 1822) species in Lycosidae family was performed for the first time in our country. Standard giemsa staining method was applied to obtain chromosomes. This method includes four main steps: obtaining gonads, hypotonic application, fixation and staining. In the study, the number of diploid chromosomes belonging to the species was determined as 2n♂ = 28. The sex chromosome system is X1X20; all chromosomes are of telosentric type. It has been noted that the relative lengths of the autosomal chromosomes gradually decrease. It was determined that sex chromosomes have positive heteropicnotic features in meiosis I phases and isopicnotic features in meiosis II phases., Bu çalışmada Lycosidae familyası içerisinde yer alan Arctosa maculata (Hahn, 1822) türünün karyotip analizi ülkemizde ilk kez yapılmıştır. Kromozomların elde edilmesinde standart giemsa boyama yöntemi uygulanmıştır. Bu yöntem, gonadların elde edilmesi, hipotonik uygulama, fiksasyon ve boyama olmak üzere dört ana basamak içermektedir. Çalışmada türe ait diploid kromozom sayısı 2n♂=28 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Eşey kromozomu sistemi X1X20 olup; tüm kromozomlar telosentrik tiptedir. Otozomal kromozomların relatif uzunluklarının kademeli olarak bir azalış gösterdiği kaydedilmiştir. Eşey kromozomlarının mayoz I evrelerinde pozitif heteropiknotik özellikte, mayoz II evrelerinde ise izopiknotik özellikte oldukları belirlenmiştir.

Cytogenetic features, mitotic metaphase chromosomes, karyogram and course of meiosis of Hersiliola bayrami were determined based on Giemsa-stained testicular chromosomes for the first time. Results of spermatogonial metaphases showed that the chromosome number and the karyotype formula of the species was 2n♂=35 (X1X2X30) which is the first record for the family Hersiliidae. Both autosomes and sex chromosomes were acrocentric. The lengths of the chromosomes indicated no significant difference between autosomal pairs, however, X3 was the smallest chromosome but X1 and X2 were intermediate in the karyotype.

There are 55 species of agelenid spiders in our country and the genus Tegenaria represents the widest group in terms of species number. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the cytogenetic properties of Tegenaria elysii species. Chromosomes were obtained by making some modifications to the method of Pekár and Král (2001). Hypotonic, fixation and staining steps were applied to the gonads respectively. As a result, the number of diploid chromosomes and the sex chromosome system were found as 2n=42, ♂X1X20/♀X1X1X2X2. Total relative lengths of chromosomes decreased gradually from 6,83% to 3,31%. Sex chromosomes which positive heteropycnotics in the stage of meiosis I have been detected to be isopycnic in the stage of meiosis II. 20 autosomal bivalent and two sex chromosomes were identified in which diplotene and diakinesis stages.

Karyotypes and meiosis of five spider species belonging to the families Gnaphosidae, Miturgidae and Philodromidae were studied using standard Giemsa staining. The male diploid chromosome numbers (2n) and the sex chromosome systems were as follows: Drassodes lutescens: 2n = 21 (X0), Micaria albovittata: 2n = 22 (X1X20), Cheiracanthium mildei: 2n = 26 (X1X20), Cheiracanthium pennyi: 2n = 26 (X1X20) and Philodromus lividus: 2n = 28 (X1X20). Chromosomes of all specimens were telocentric. During the first meiotic division, 10, 10, 12, 12 and 13 autosomal bivalents, respectively, and two sex chromosomes were obtained, with the exception of Drassodes lutescens, which had a different type of sex chromosome system (♂X0/♀XX). During the second meiotic division, two types of nuclei were determined, with or without the sex chromosomes. These karyological data are useful for a better understanding of the chromosomal evolution of araneomorph spiders.

Gnaphosa lugubris is a ground spider species found from Europe to Central Asia. The difficulties in interpretation of diploid chromosome numbers, sex chromosome systems and the need for modification of the applied method for different species has restricted the number of studies in spider genetics. Despite these difficulties in chromosomal studies, Giemsa staining is the most effective method for studying gnaphosids. This method is carried out in three steps: hypotonic application, fixation and squashing the tissues and air drying. In this study, the chromosomal characteristics of Gnaphosa lugubris were investigated in male specimens which were collected from the central part of Turkey. As a result, the diploid chromosome number and sex chromosome system were determined as ♂X1X2/♀X1X1X2X2 type. All chromosomes were telocentric and the gradual decrease in the lengths of autosome pairs was from 10±0.46% to 4±0.32%. X1 was medium-sized and X2 was the smallest element in the karyotype. The results which have been presented for the first time will contribute to increasing our knowledges about cytogenetic properties of the ground spiders.

The diploid chromosome set and male meiosis of two spider species belonging to the family Gnaphosidae from Turkey are described. Both Pterotricha kochi and Pterotricha lesserti exhibited the diploid chromosome number as 2n♂=22 and X1X20 sex chromosome type. All chromosomes were acrocentric. During the first meiotic division, both species had ten autosomal bivalents and two sex chromosomes that were positively heteropycnotic. At the second meiotic division, two kinds of nuclei were determined, with or without sex chromosome. These data will contribute to our knowledge of the evolution of the genus Pterotricha.

The chromosome diploid number (2n) and the sex chromosome system in males of five species belonging to the families Gnaphosidae and Lycosidae were determined as 2n = 22 (20 + X1X2) and 2n = 28 (26 + X1X2), respectively. Nomisia conigera (Spassky 1941), Haplodrassus morosus (O. Pickard-Cambridge 1872) and Haplodrassus dalmatensis (L. Koch 1866) have 10 autosomal bivalents and two univalent sex chromosomes, while Pardosa bifasciata (C.L. Koch 1834) and Arctosa cinerea (Fabricius 1777) have 13 autosomal bivalents and two univalent sex chromosomes during first meiotic stages of prophase I and metaphase I. All species have acrocentric chromosomes and chiasmatic meiosis.

In the present study, in vitro cytotoxic and genotoxic effect of copper-zinc alloy nanoparticles (Cu-Zn ANPs) on human lung epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) were investigated. XTT test and clonogenic assay were used to determine cytotoxic effects. Cell death mode and intracellular reactive oxygen species formations were analyzed using M30, M65 and ROS Elisa assays. Genotoxic effects were evaluated using micronucleus, comet and gamma-H2AX foci assays. Cu-Zn ANPs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta potential measurements. Characterization of Cu-Zn ANPs showed an average size of 200 nm and zeta potential of -22 mV. TEM analyses further revealed the intracellular localization of Cu-Zn ANPs in cytoplasm within 24 h. Analysis of micronucleus, comet and gamma-H2AX foci counts showed that exposure to Cu-Zn ANPs significantly induced chromosomal damage as well as single and double stranded DNA damage in BEAS-2B cells. Our results further indicated that exposure to Cu-Zn ANPs significantly induced intracellular ROS formation. Evaluation of M30:M65 ratios suggested that cell death was predominantly due to necrosis.