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Dans une livraison précédente, nous avons établi le texte d’une inscription portée sur un vase-échantillon, ante exemplar, trouvé à Pompéi. Nous cherchons ici à en fournir une explication. L’origine africaine du blé est confirmée. On défend ensuite l’hypothèse suivante : à l’arrivée à Ostie du navire, le magister navis aurait décidé qu’il était préférable de vendre sa cargaison de blé à Pompéi. Cette hypothèse s’appuie sur l’inscription récemment découverte à la porte de Stabies à Pompéi qui fournit l’exemple d’une disette et de prix élevés du blé dans cette ville autour du milieu du Ier siècle de notre ère. Dans notre cas, le transfert de la cargaison à Pompéi a pu être provoqué par le tremblement de terre de 62 et les difficultés alimentaires qui n’ont pas manqué de s’ensuivre. L’article se termine par un bref examen des leçons à tirer de la mention du taux de fret entre Ostie et Pompéi et par un appendice sur le type d’écriture utilisé. CIL IV, 9591: A grain transport between Ostia and Pompeii. In a previous article (2016), we established the text of a seven-line inscription written on the wall of a small vase found at Pompeii, the container of a sample of grain. We outline here our comments. The grain originated from Africa and was bound for Ostia. To explain why it was redirected to Pompeii, we rely on the recently published inscription of the tomb of Alleius Nigidius Maius, which exemplifies the possibility of periods of shortage and high grain prices in Pompeii, in this case around the middle of the first century. We surmise that the same thing occurred after the 62 earthquake: the magister nauis arriving at Ostia was informed of a better price at Pompeii and decided to change the ship’s destination. The inscription affords the only realistic price of maritime shipping in the Roman period. The article ends with a short commentary on the shipping costs and a study of the paleography of the inscription.

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International audience

Des ruptures les plus marquantes de la Première Guerre, aux expériences en apparence plus anodines du transistor, cet article propose une mise en perspective théorique et méthodologique des observatoires sonores qui ne prétend pas à un état de l’art exhaustif des méthodes et des pratiques balbutiantes d’enquête visant à décrire les inflexions subtiles et complexes des sonorités banales de nos cadres de vie, dont l’articulation aux théories actuelles du paysage apparaît encore fragile et discutable. L’ancrage théorique allie les savoirs de l’anthropologie, des sciences de l’aménagement et de l’architecture ; il s’inspire de la recherche-action comme modalité opératoire. L’argumentaire critique s’appuie essentiellement sur deux corpus inédits issus de deux terrains exploratoires dont il relate les résultats évaluables sur près de 20 ans d’expérimentations parallèles menées respectivement par deux associations françaises, Aciréne et aCousson4. Sans renier les apports défensifs des observatoires du bruit, les dispositifs décrits ici s’inscrivent dans une volonté d’affirmer le son comme fait sociétal majeur pour le xxie siècle et comme ressources créatives dans tout projet de paysage. In fine de penser conjointement les valeurs acoustiques et esthétiques, en faveur de la reconnaissance des cultures sonores du quotidien. Les ambiances sonores sont difficiles à partager en dehors de l’expérience d’immersion de la vie quotidienne. Leur perception, leur classement, la hiérarchie de leurs qualités participent tout aussi bien des expériences historiques collectives, des systèmes de goût institués que des appréciations esthétiques individuelles. Ces hétérogénéités coextensives du média sonore obligent les dispositifs collectifs en charge de leurs médiations à une forte exigence de théorie et de méthode. From the most notable disruptive innovations dating from the First World War to more seemingly mundane experiments such as the transistor, this article offers a theoretical and methodological look at sound observatories. It does not pretend to present an exhaustive list of the state of the art in nascent investigative methods and practices for describing the subtle and complex inflections of the everyday sounds which surround us and of which any connection with current landscape theories appears as tenuous and arguable. Such a theoretical approach combines anthropology with urban planning and architecture and its methodology takes inspiration from action research. The critical argument is essentially based on two unpublished bodies of work conducted at two experimental sites and reviews the results of close to 20 years of concurrent experiments conducted by two French associations, Aricène and aCousson4. Without disowning the preventive contributions of the Noise Observatories, the systems described here are the result of the intention to present sound as a major societal phenomenon of the 21st century and represent creative resources which may be used in any landscape project. Their final objective is to take acoustic and aesthetic values jointly into consideration in order to identify common sound cultures. It is difficult to share sound environments outside the immersive experience of everyday life. The perception, classification, and ranking of the qualities of these sound environments are born from collective historical experiences and instituted systems of taste just as much as they are born from individual aesthetic experiences. These coextensive heterogeneities of sound media require theoretical and methodological rigour on the part of collective organisations in charge of their mediations.

National audience

Parmi les différentes étapes du développement d’un médicament telles que la recherche de nouvelles molécules actives ou encore le développement pré-clinique, les essais cliniques s’inscrivent comme une étape clé.Pour supporter ces essais cliniques, les médicaments expérimentaux produits par l’industrie pharmaceutique doivent être des médicaments de qualité, efficaces et sûrs pour garantir la sécurité des personnes se prêtant à la recherche. Cela permet également de s’assurer que les résultats de ces recherches ne sont pas affectés par de mauvaises conditions de fabrication.Pour cela, l’industrie pharmaceutique doit se soumettre à des textes réglementaires qui définissent des conditions de fabrication précises. L’une des demandes des autorités en matière de fabrication des médicaments expérimentaux est la mise en place d’un lieu de conservation d’échantillons représentatifs de chaque lot de matière première, d’article de conditionnement et de produits finis. Ces lieux de conservation sont appelés « échantillothèque » et nécessitent un processus de gestion robuste.Ce travail a pour objectif de décrire le processus d’optimisation de la gestion de l’échantillothèque des médicaments expérimentaux au sein d’un laboratoire pharmaceutique.

International audience; Cette courte note fait partie du deuxième des deux articles consacrés par Jean Andreau, Lucia Rossi et André Tchernia à l’inscription CIL IV, 9591, peinte sur la panse d'une petite cruche en céramique commune et mentionnant un échantillon de blé. Dans ces deux articles, les auteurs démontrent l’origine africaine de cet échantillon et en cherchent confirmation dans l’examen archéologique et archéométrique du vase-conteneur. De fait, l’absence de composante volcanique dans la pâte permet d’exclure une origine locale, campanienne, voire même de la côte tyrrhénienne de l’Italie en général. L’ensemble des caractères morphologiques et pétrographiques est compatible avec une provenance africaine.

River Flow 2018: 9th International Conference on Fluvial Hydraulics, Lyon, FRA, 05-/09/2018 - 08/09/2018; International audience; SSC (Suspended Solid Concentration) measurements in rivers are a complex scientific issue. Many questions arise on the spatial and temporal distribution of particles throughout a cross-section, on the properties of particles and grain-size, and also on the sediment transport capacity of streams and rivers. In this study, we focused on the SSC and grain size distribution measured from river samples, automatically or manually acquired. Many agencies suggested slightly different methods for measuring SSC: The European standard NF EN 872, which related to the US EPA 160.2 requires sub-sampling using shake-and-pour aliquot selection. The APHA 2540D requires sub-sampling by pipetting at mid-depth in the original sample shaken with a magnetic stirrer. These methods lead to significant uncertainty when particles larger than 63 µm are present in the samples. The ASTM D3977 analysis method, endorsed by the USGS is more accurate to capture and quantify particles larger than 63 µm. In this study we confirm the sub-sampling problem in a large concentration range using a set of samples from an alpine river.

[Departement_IRSTEA]Eaux [ADD1_IRSTEA]Dynamique et fonctionnement des écosystèmesINFORSID, Nantes, FRA, 28-/05/2018 - 31/05/2018; International audience; Scientific teams for environmental research collect many samples (biological or physical) from fields for their analysis, and have to store them for a long while. The management of such samples requires a strategy relying on an efficient Laboratory Information Management System, with regards to the specific needs of this domain. This paper exposes such a strategy, and how it is implemented inside a software named Collec-Science. In particular, it adresses the need for tracability, security, and a greater genericity and freedom for researchers. The whole information system has to be integrated inside an ecosystem of tools for the research, and we explain how we face the challenge in terms of organisation and interoperability around the solution.; Les acteurs des laboratoires de recherche scientifique environnementale collectent régulièrement de nombreux échantillons qui sont ensuite analysés et stockés. Leur gestion sur le long terme s'inscrit dans une stratégie qu'il s'agit de définir puis de mettre en oeuvre via desoutils informatiques adaptés. Cet article présente cette stratégie, puis sa déclinaison dans un système d'information développé sous le nom de Collec-Science, offrant un support adéquat pour la traçabilité, la diversité des données à traiter et l'autonomie des utilisateurs. Il présente également les perspectives de ces travaux en matière d'animation de communauté scientifique, à la fois sur les plans organisationnels et opérationnels, dans le contexte d'une science ouverte.

International audience

International audience; Plankton are a major component of food web structure in aquatic ecosystems. Their distribution and community structure are driven by the combination and interactions between physical, chemical, and biological factors within the environment. In the present study, water quality and the community structure of phytoplankton and zooplankton were monthly investigated from January to December 2015 at 11 sampling sites along the gradient course of the Day River (Red River Delta, northern Vietnam). The study demonstrated that the Day River was eutrophic with the average values of total phosphorus concentration 0.17 mg/L, total nitrogen concentration 1.98 mg/L, and Chl a 54 mu g/L. Microscopic plankton analysis showed that phytoplankton comprised 87 species belonging to seven groups in which Chlorophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, and Cyanobacteria accounted for the most important constituents of the river's phytoplankton assemblage. A total 53 zooplankton species belonging to three main groups including Copepoda, Cladocera, and Rotatoria were identified. Plankton biomass values were greatest in rainy season (3002.10-3 cell/L for phytoplankton and 12.573 individuals/m(3) for zooplankton). Using principal correspondence and Pearson correlation analyses, it was found that the Day River was divided into three main site groups based on water quality and characteristics of plankton community. Temperature and nutrients (total phosphorus and total nitrogen) are key factors regulating plankton abundance and distribution in the Day River.

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Pepsin localization in digested meat : a Tof-SIMS analysis. 5. International Conference in Food Digestion

1er Séminaire MoDe / WP2 : Demotorisation in France : existing data analysis, Marne-la-Vallée, FRANCE, 06-/03/2017 - 06/03/2017; Cette intervention au sein du séminaire de lancement du projet ANR MoDe présente le panel 'Parc Auto', et en particulier les questions liées à la thématique de la démotorisation. Après avoir rappelé les résultats quantitatifs que nous avions obtenus au début des années 2000 (distinguer les types de démotorisation, transitions statiques et analyses longitudinales, facteurs socio-éco-démographiques influençant la démotorisation et raisons déclaratives avancées à la démotorisation), l'exposé fournit quelques premières actualisations aux dernières vagues annuelles disponibles (2014 et 2015), avant d'esquisser ce que pourrait être la suite du travail quantitatif à partir de cette source. Quelques diapos supplémentaires montrent sur quel nombre d'observations on pourrait se fonder, par ré-interrogation des panélistes du même échantillon (issu de Metascope, TNS-Sofres) pour la nouvelle enquête du WP3 et les entretiens qualitatifs du WP4 sur Paris, Lyon, Bordeaux et Dijon.

Comme Robert Marichal l’a expliqué en 1973, l’inscription CIL IV, 9591 annonce que la petite amphore sur laquelle elle est peinte contenait un échantillon de blé. Dans cet article, nous précisons la lecture de plusieurs mots et montrons que cet échantillon précédait le transport d’une cargaison de blé d’Ostie à Pompéi ; l’inscription mentionne le coût de la vectura. As Robert Marichal explained in 1973, the CIL IV, 9591 inscription indicates that the small amphora on which it is painted contained a sample of wheat. Here we clarify the interpretation of several words from this inscription. We demonstrate that this sample preceded a cargo of wheat to be delivered from Ostia to Pompeii. The inscription mentions the cost of the vectura.

Background: The availability of fresh stool samples is a prerequisite in most gut microbiota functional studies. Objective: Strategies for amplification and long-term gut microbiota preservation from fecal samples would favor sample sharing, help comparisons and reproducibility over time and between laboratories, and improve the safety and ethical issues surrounding fecal microbiota transplantations. Design: Taking advantage of in vitro gut-simulating systems, we amplified the microbial repertoire of a fresh fecal sample and assessed the viability and resuscitation of microbes after preservation with some common intracellular and extracellular acting cryoprotective agents (CPAs), alone and in different combinations. Preservation efficiencies were determined after 3 and 6 months and compared with the fresh initial microbiota diversity and metabolic activity, using the chemostat-based Environmental Control System for Intestinal Microbiota (ECSIM) in vitro model of the gut environment. Microbial populations were tested for fermentation gas, short-chain fatty acids, and composition of amplified and resuscitated microbiota, encompassing methanogenic archaea. Results: Amplification of the microbial repertoire from a fresh fecal sample was achieved with high fidelity. Dimethylsulfoxide, alone or mixed with other CPAs, showed the best efficiency for functional preservation, and the duration of preservation had little effect. Conclusions: The amplification and resuscitation of fecal microbiota can be performed using specialized in vitro gut models. Correct amplification of the initial microbes should ease the sharing of clinical samples and improve the safety of fecal microbiota transplantation. Abbreviations: CDI, Clostridium difficile infection; CPA, cryoprotective agent; D, DMSO, dimethylsulfoxide; FMT, fecal microbiota transplantation; G, glycerol; IBD, inflammatory bowel disease; P, PEG-4000, polyethylene glycol 4000 g.mol(-1); SCFA, short-chain fatty acid; SNR, signal-to-noise ratio.

[Departement_IRSTEA]Eaux [TR1_IRSTEA]QUASARE; International audience; Ensuring traceability of field experimental data or laboratory sampling data to conduct reproducible research is a challenge at the present time. Between the time when geolocalized specimens (biotic or abiotic) are taken, and the time the resulting data ends up in analysis published within a study, many manual operations take place and may generate errors. The French LTSER have joined forces at the national level to propose a solution as generic as possible to this problem of monitoring of the samples and the data associated with them. Compared to existing solutions (such as Laboratory Information Management Systems), we target a robust labeling solution adapted to outdoor working conditions, with the management of stocks and movements of samples. We designed and realized a prototype tested from end to end, using an open source software (https://github.com/Irstea/collec), cheap Zebra printers (mobile or not) and raspberries as devices. This solution provides sufficient flexibility for the wide variety of existing protocols. Its strength is the record of all contextual data associated with the samples, which constitute important parameters of the subsequent analyzes. At last, not only traceability is guaranteed, but also a gain of time and a rationalization of the storage of samples that will induce a return on investment.

Stable isotope ratios (δ13C and δ18O) of tree-ring α-cellulose are important tools in paleoclimatology, ecology, plant physiology and genetics. The Multiple Sample Isolation System for Solids (MSISS) was a major advance in the tree-ring α-cellulose extraction methods, offering greater throughput and reduced labor input compared to traditional alternatives. However, the usability of the method for resinous conifer species may be limited by the need to remove extractives from some conifer species in a separate pretreatment step. Here we test the necessity of pretreatment for α-cellulose extraction in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.), and the efficiency of a modified acetone-based ambient-temperature step for the removal of extractives (i) in loblolly pine from five geographic locations representing its natural range in the southeastern USA, and (ii) on five other common coniferous species (black spruce (Picea mariana Mill.), Fraser fir (Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.), Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco), Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa D.)) with contrasting extractive profiles. The differences of δ13C values between the new and traditional pretreatment methods were within the precision of the isotope ratio mass spectrometry method used (±0.2‰), and the differences between δ18O values were not statistically significant. Although some unanticipated results were observed in Fraser fir, the new ambient-temperature technique was deemed as effective as the more labor-consuming and toxic traditional pretreatment protocol. The proposed technique requires a separate acetone-inert multiport system similar to MSISS, and the execution of both pretreatment and main extraction steps allows for simultaneous treatment of up to several hundred microsamples from resinous softwood, while the need of additional labor input remains minimal.

Meat, is a highly structured product consisting of muscle fibres, lipids and connective tissue sheaths. These differents compounds are suspected of modulating the diffusion of digestive enzymes in meat during its gastric digestion. To follow the pepsin diffusion in digested meat and better understand the role of meat structure organization we investigated the use of high resolution time of flight secondary-ion mass spectrometry (Tof-SIMS) imaging to detect pepsin in food. Two beef muscle samples (1.5 X 1.5 X 2.5 cm) were incubated in a pepsin solution at pH 2. After 2 hours incubation at 37°C under agitation, the samples were cryofixed, histological sections were collected on glass slides and used for chemical imaging. The entire surface area of the sections (1.5 X 1.5 cm) was mapped by ToF-SIMS imaging (ToF-SIMS V; ION-TOF GmbH, Münster,Germany). Mass spectra of commercial pepsin powder and aqueous solution were acquired using the same tool. Pepsin powder analyzes revealed signals of nitrogen species that seems to be characteristic of pepsin. Lipids and connective tissue were revealed by the map which also exhibit large amounts of chlorine on the periphery of the section associated with a depletion of phosphorus species. This result reflects the penetration of the digestion solution which is rich in HCl, and that probably extract the soluble endogenous phosphorus compounds. Finally, an enrichment in nitrogen species CxHyN, assigned to pepsin, was observed in the penetration zone of the digestive solution, but also along the connective tissue layers. The use of ToF SIMS allowed the visualization of pepsin in a food. This result opens great perspectives to understanding the mechanisms of digestion of solid foods.

Crédits Incitatifs 2014Champ thématique: Adaptation; DICER : Dialogue pendant l'Implantation entre le Conceptus et l'Endomètre : implication des microARN. Journées d’Animation des Crédits Incitatifs du Département de Physiologie Animale et Systèmes d’Elevage (JACI Phase 2016)

Ce guide tient à rappeler les bonnes pratiques pour la gestion des données de la recherche tout au long de leur cycle de vie , de leur production à leur diffusion et valorisation. Le guide traite également de la gestion des échantillons qui peut s’avérer aussi nécessaire pour une réutilisation ou un partage.

International audience; From the most notable disruptive innovations dating from the First World War to more seemingly mundane experiments such as the transistor, this article offers a theoretical and methodological look at sound observatories. It does not pretend to present an exhaustive list of the state of the art in nascent investigative methods and practices for describing the subtle and complex inflections of the everyday sounds which surround us and of which any connection with current landscape theories appears as tenuous and arguable. Such a theoretical approach combines anthropology with urban planning and architecture and its methodology takes inspiration from action research. The critical argument is essentially based on two unpublished bodies of work conducted at two experimental sites and reviews the results of close to 20 years of concurrent experiments conducted by two French associations, Aricène and aCousson4. Without disowning the preventive contributions of the Noise Observatories, the systems described here are the result of the intention to present sound as a major societal phenomenon of the 21st century and represent creative resources which may be used in any landscape project. Their final objective is to take acoustic and aesthetic values jointly into consideration in order to identify common sound cultures. It is difficult to share sound environments outside the immersive experience of everyday life. The perception, classification, and ranking of the qualities of these sound environments are born from collective historical experiences and instituted systems of taste just as much as they are born from individual aesthetic experiences. These coextensive heterogeneities of sound media require theoretical and methodological rigour on the part of collective organisations in charge of their mediations.; Des ruptures les plus marquantes de la Première Guerre, aux expériences en apparence plus anodines du transistor, cet article propose une mise en perspective théorique et méthodologique des observatoires sonores qui ne prétend pas à un état de l'art exhaustif des méthodes et des pratiques balbutiantes d'enquête visant à décrire les inflexions subtiles et complexes des sonorités banales de nos cadres de vie, dont l'articulation aux théories actuelles du paysage apparaît encore fragile et discutable. L'ancrage théorique allie les savoirs de l'anthropologie, des sciences de l'aménagement et de l'architecture ; il s'inspire de la recherche-action comme modalité opératoire. L'argumentaire critique s'appuie essentiellement sur deux corpus inédits issus de deux terrains exploratoires dont il relate les résultats évaluables sur près de 20 ans d'expérimentations parallèles menées respectivement par deux associations françaises, Aciréne et aCousson4. Sans renier les apports défensifs des observatoires du bruit, les dispositifs décrits ici s'inscrivent dans une volonté d'affirmer le son comme fait sociétal majeur pour le XXIe siècle et comme ressources créatives dans tout projet de paysage. In fine de penser conjointement les valeurs acoustiques et esthétiques, en faveur de la reconnaissance des cultures sonores du quotidien. Les ambiances sonores sont difficiles à partager en dehors de l'expérience d'immersion de la vie quotidienne. Leur perception, leur classement, la hiérarchie de leurs qualités participent tout aussi bien des expériences historiques collectives, des systèmes de goût institués que des appréciations esthétiques individuelles. Ces hétérogénéités coextensives du média sonore obligent les dispositifs collectifs en charge de leurs médiations à une forte exigence de théorie et de méthode.

Two well-dated delta 18O-speleothem records from Shatuca cave, situated on the northeastern flank of the Peruvian Andes (1960 m asl) were used to reconstruct high-resolution changes in precipitation during the Holocene in the South American Summer Monsoon region (SASM). The records show that precipitation increased gradually throughout the Holocene in parallel with the austral summer insolation trend modulated by the precession cycle. Additionally the Shatuca speleothem record shows several hydroclimatic changes on both longer- and shorter-term time scales, some of which have not been described in previous paleoclimatic reconstructions from the Andean region. Such climate episodes, marked by negative excursions in the Shatuca delta 18O record were logged at 9.7-9.5, 9.2, 8.4, 8.1, 5.0, 4.1, 3.5, 3.0, 2.5, 2.1 and 1.5 ka b2k, and related to abrupt multi-decadal events in the SASM. Some of these events were likely associated with changes in sea surface temperatures (SST) during Bond events in the North Atlantic region. On longer time scales, the low delta 18O values reported between 5.1-5.0, 3.5-3.0 and 1.5 ka b2k were contemporaneous with periods of increased sediment influx at Lake Pallcacocha in the Andes of Ecuador, suggesting that the late Holocene intensification of the monsoon recorded at Shatuca site may also have affected high altitudes of the equatorial Andes further north. Numerous episodes of low SASM intensity (dry events) were recorded by the Shatuca record during the Holocene, in particular at 10.2, 9.8, 9.3, 6.5, 5.1, 4.9, 2.5 and 2.3 ka b2k, some of them were synchronous with dry periods in previous Andean records.

The large floodplains associated with the Amazon River and its main tributaries affect water transport, influence sediment and chemical budgets and support highly diverse ecosystems and productive fi sheries. Approximately 25% of the Amazon River discharge is routed through these systems along a 2,000 km reach between Sao Paulo de Olivença and Obidos (Riche y et al., 1989), with an extension of over 100,000 km2 (Melack and Hess, 2010). A major challenge in understanding the Amazon fluvial system is evaluating how and to what extent biogeochemical floodplain processes influence the hydrological, chemical and biological dynamics of the Amazon River. We focus our study on one of the largest floodplain systems of the Amazon, "Lago Grande de Curuai", which is representative of the central and lower reaches of the Amazon basin. A ten-year study of the "Varzea do Lago Grande de Curuai" floodplain allowed us to obtain a comprehensive understanding of how hydrological and geochemical processes occurring in floodplains alter the dissolved and particulate flux of the Amazon River. In terms of internal hydrological functioning, we demonstrated that floodplain water balances are influenced by direct rainfall, local runoff and seepage as weil as flooding from the river and that the relative importance of different inputs varies seasonally. Regarding the sediment and particulate carbon budget of the Curuai floodplain, the annual volume of sediment trapped in the floodplain was of the same order of magnitude as the mean annual sediment fluxes outflowing from the floodplain into the Amazon River, and the floodplains act as an important source of particulate and dissolved organic carbon. The water passing through the floodplains undergoes important biogeochemical transformations under the influence of biotic processes, sorption and redox reactions. Floodplains also play an important role in the organic carbon balance of the Amazon basin. Coupling the hydrological model with the database of elemental concentrations, we discuss the conservativity or non-conservativity of certain selected elements and present the mass balance of these elements between the floodplain and the main stream.

Background Volatile organic compounds determine important quality traits in cheese. The aim of this work was to infer genetic parameters of the profile of volatile compounds in cheese as revealed by direct-injection mass spectrometry of the headspace gas from model cheeses that were produced from milk samples from individual cows. Methods A total of 1075 model cheeses were produced using raw whole-milk samples that were collected from individual Brown Swiss cows. Single spectrometry peaks and a combination of these peaks obtained by principal component analysis (PCA) were analysed. Using a Bayesian approach, we estimated genetic parameters for 240 individual spectrometry peaks and for the first ten principal components (PC) extracted from them. Results Our results show that there is some genetic variability in the volatile compound fingerprint of these model cheeses. Most peaks were characterized by a substantial heritability and for about one quarter of the peaks, heritability (up to 21.6%) was higher than that of the best PC. Intra-herd heritability of the PC ranged from 3.6 to 10.2% and was similar to heritabilities estimated for milk fat, specific fatty acids, somatic cell count and some coagulation parameters in the same population. We also calculated phenotypic correlations between PC (around zero as expected), the corresponding genetic correlations (from −0.79 to 0.86) and correlations between herds and sampling-processing dates (from −0.88 to 0.66), which confirmed that there is a relationship between cheese flavour and the dairy system in which cows are reared. Conclusions This work reveals the existence of a link between the cow’s genetic background and the profile of volatile compounds in cheese. Analysis of the relationships between the volatile organic compound (VOC) content and the sensory characteristics of cheese as perceived by the consumer, and of the genetic basis of these relationships could generate new knowledge that would open up the possibility of controlling and improving the sensory properties of cheese through genetic selection of cows. More detailed investigations are necessary to connect VOC with the sensory properties of cheese and gain a better understanding of the significance of these new phenotypes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12711-016-0263-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

La biodisponibilité d'une substance chimique désigne sa capacité à interagir avec les organismes vivants. Cette notion est très importante dans l’évaluation du risque écotoxicologique dont la pertinence repose notamment sur l'aptitude à prédire quelle sera la fraction contaminante des micro-polluants susceptible d'exercer une action toxique sur les organismes. Plusieurs méthodes chimique et/ou biologique, sont proposées pour estimer la biodisponiblité des susbtances, qui dépend à la fois des caractéristiques physico-chimiques du milieu et de la physiologie des organismes exposés. Néanmoins, que savons-nous de la biodisponibilité des contaminants et sur ce qui l'influence dans le milieu aquatique ? Cet article fait le point sur ce nouveau champ d'étude encore méconnu.

River Flow 2018: 9th International Conference on Fluvial Hydraulics, Lyon, FRA, 05-/09/2018 - 08/09/2018; International audience; SSC (Suspended Solid Concentration) measurements in rivers are a complex scientific issue. Many questions arise on the spatial and temporal distribution of particles throughout a cross-section, on the properties of particles and grain-size, and also on the sediment transport capacity of streams and rivers. In this study, we focused on the SSC and grain size distribution measured from river samples, automatically or manually acquired. Many agencies suggested slightly different methods for measuring SSC: The European standard NF EN 872, which related to the US EPA 160.2 requires sub-sampling using shake-and-pour aliquot selection. The APHA 2540D requires sub-sampling by pipetting at mid-depth in the original sample shaken with a magnetic stirrer. These methods lead to significant uncertainty when particles larger than 63 µm are present in the samples. The ASTM D3977 analysis method, endorsed by the USGS is more accurate to capture and quantify particles larger than 63 µm. In this study we confirm the sub-sampling problem in a large concentration range using a set of samples from an alpine river.

Préambule En mai 2012, un appel à contribution pour un projet d’étude du comportement des scientifiques, notamment biologistes, face à Wikipedia était lancé sur la page de discussion du « projet biologie » de cette encyclopédie en ligne. Contributrice et utilisatrice régulière de Wikipédia depuis plusieurs années, botaniste de formation, j’ai proposé d’apporter mon témoignage. Cette expérience, mise en relation avec mon parcours professionnel, est ici relatée à la première personne ; afin de ...

National audience; In order to clarify physical digestibility of beef patties during human gastric digestion, patties prepared from two beef breeds were subjected to digestion experiments using a human gastric digestion simulator with peristaltic movement. Patties were digested for 180 min in the simulator after cooking and cutting in 5 mm cube. Size distribution of the meat pieces before and after digestion was measured. After the digestion, meat pieces that did not pass through a sieve of the coarsest mesh size (3.35 mm) were left significant amount. Reduction rate of the meat weight of this size fraction (> 3.35 mm) was different between breeds. It was higher in Japanese Black beef than in Angus beef (72.5% and 53.7%, respectively). The difference may be due to variation in content/structure of adipose and collagenous tissues between the two breeds.

National audience; The glycerine metabolization have influence on lipogenesis and could potentially improve the meat quality. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of dietary glycerine level (as an energy source) on the Longissimus muscle (LM) fatty acids in bulls finished in feedlot. Forty Purunã bulls (¼ Aberdeen Angus + ¼ Caracu + ¼ Charolais + ¼ Canchim) were distributed in a completely randomised design into 4 treatments during 229-d: G00: without glycerine; G06: 6% glycerine; G12: 12% glycerine; G18: 18% glycerine on a DM. The bulls were slaughtered (472 ± 57.3 kg) at commercial slaughterhouse. LM samples were taken between the 12th and 13th ribs after chilling (24-h at 4 ºC) of the carcass. LM saturated FA concentration was reduced in bulls receiving glycerine in their diets. LM mono-unsaturated and poly-unsaturated FA increased in bulls fed diets with glycerine. The n-6 and n-3 PUFA concentrations increased in bulls fed diets with glycerine. The PUFA:SFA ratio was lower with the diet containing no glycerine. The PUFA n-6:PUFA n-3 ratio was not significantly different between treatments. Glycerine is an interesting source of dietary energy, which can successfully substitute corn in beef finishing diets and which provides a meat healthier fatty acids profile.

National audience; Homogenization of salt content in meat is known to be a key factor for quality of tumbled meat products, like cooked ham. However no spatial salt distribution were found during tumbling after brine injection. In addition, deformation of meat cuts in tumblers which enhances salt migration was unknown. First, both kinetics and rates of deformation were estimated from slow-motion films (1000 frames/s) of two types of ham muscles falling. Duration and rate of muscle deformation varied from 20 to 120 ms and from a few % to 40%, respectively. Then, such deformations were applied to Semimembranosus pork muscles after brine injection (25 % NaCl content and injection rate 10 % w/w ) thanks to a new laboratory tumbling simulator. NaCl content spatial distributions were assessed from 39 samples in each muscle. The distribution was logically very uneven a few minutes after injection. After 2500 deformations at 30% deformation rate it roughly followed a Gauss like curve, centred on the expected mean NaCl content value but was still inhomogeneous.

National audience; The aim of the present paper was to develop a multiresidue method based on GC×GC-TOF/MS in order to investigate changes induced by cooking in the composition of a complex food matrix spiked with 226 dioxin-related micropollutants. In a first step, a GC×GC-TOF/MS method was developed to achieve a satisfactory separation of the 209 PCBs and the 17 toxic PCDD/Fs in hexane. The best GC×GC-TOF/MS conditions determined according to peak shape (width and symmetry) and resolution enabled to separate 206 dioxin-related micropollutants. Starting with meat as a model matrix, the second step enabled to set up procedures for both micropollutant spiking and sample preparation. The later included accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), centrifugal evaporation and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Recoveries in the acceptable range of 70–130% and satisfactory standard deviations (≤10%) were obtained for most of the compounds studied. Limits of detection of the GC×GC-TOF/MS method ranged between 50 and 100 pg/g of spiked fresh meat for PCBs and between 65 and 227 pg/g for PCDD/Fs. Finally, the multiresidue method was implemented to assess the modulating influence of cooking on meat content on the 206 dioxin-related micropollutants.

For many years Staphylococcus aureus has been recognized as an important human pathogen. In this study, the surfacome and exoproteome of a clinical sample of MRSA was analyzed. The C2355 strain, previously typed as ST398 and spa-t011 and showing a phenotype of multiresistance to antibiotics, has several resistance genes. Using shotgun proteomics and bioinformatics tools, 236 proteins were identified in the surfaceome and 99 proteins in the exoproteome. Although many of these proteins are related to basic cell functions, some are related to virulence and pathogenicity like catalase and isdA, main actors in S. aureus infection, and others are related to antibiotic action or eventually resistance like penicillin binding protein, a cell-wall protein. Studying the proteomes of different subcellular compartments should improve our understanding of this pathogen, a microorganism with several mechanisms of resistance and pathogenicity, and provide valuable data for bioinformatics databases., Graphical abstract, Highlights • We examine the surface proteome and exoproteome of multiresistant strains. • We identify bacterial infection proteins in the extracellular proteome. • Confirmation that moonlighting proteins will extend the localization data.

National audience; The potential of multispectral VIS-NIR imaging to identified beef muscles in relation with their type and breed origin was examined in the present study. Samples (120 Longissimus thoracis, Biceps femoris and Semimembranosus muscles of three breeds of young bulls (Limousin, Blond d’Aquitaine, Aberdeen Angus) were investigated by a multispectral device. A total of 10,279 images (i.d. 541 cube images) were collected with the nineteen emitting LEDs (405 to 1050 nm). The muscle image cubes were analyzed by considering mean spectral data and image shape features from co-occurrence and difference of histogram matrices. The results of the PLSDA performed on image texture features and spectral data showed good classification depending on the muscle classes considered (i.e. muscles types and animal breed). This study demonstrated the promising potential of the VIS-NIR images to authenticate beef muscles.

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